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Wybouw B, Zhang X, Mähönen AP. Vascular cambium stem cells: past, present and future. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:851-865. [PMID: 38890801 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Secondary xylem and phloem originate from a lateral meristem called the vascular cambium that consists of one to several layers of meristematic cells. Recent lineage tracing studies have shown that only one of the cambial cells in each radial cell file functions as the stem cell, capable of producing both secondary xylem and phloem. Here, we first review how phytohormones and signalling peptides regulate vascular cambium formation and activity. We then propose how the stem cell concept, familiar from apical meristems, could be applied to cambium studies. Finally, we discuss how this concept could set the basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Wybouw
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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2
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Liu W, Yang Z, Cai G, Li B, Liu S, Willemsen V, Xu L. MpANT regulates meristem development in Marchantia polymorpha. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114466. [PMID: 38985681 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Meristems are crucial for organ formation, but our knowledge of their molecular evolution is limited. Here, we show that AINTEGUMENTA (MpANT) in the euANT branch of the APETALA2-like transcription factor family is essential for meristem development in the nonvascular plant Marchantia polymorpha. MpANT is expressed in the thallus meristem. Mpant mutants show defects to maintain meristem identity and undergo meristem duplication, while MpANT overexpressers show ectopic thallus growth. MpANT directly upregulates MpGRAS9 in the SHORT-ROOT (SHR) branch of the GRAS family. In the vascular plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the euANT-branch genes PLETHORAs (AtPLTs) and AtANT are involved in the formation and maintenance of root/shoot apical meristems and lateral organ primordia, and AtPLTs directly target SHR-branch genes. In addition, euANTs bind through a similar DNA-binding motif to many conserved homologous genes in M. polymorpha and A. thaliana. Overall, the euANT pathway has an evolutionarily conserved role in meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China; Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Gui Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingyu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujing Liu
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China.
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3
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Liu Z, Sun P, Li X, Xiao W, Pi L, Liang YK. BIG coordinates auxin and SHORT ROOT to promote asymmetric stem cell divisions in Arabidopsis roots. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:188. [PMID: 38960994 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE BIG regulates ground tissue formative divisions by bridging the auxin gradient with SHR abundance in Arabidopsis roots. The formative divisions of cortex/endodermis initials (CEIs) and CEI daughter cells (CEIDs) in Arabidopsis roots are coordinately controlled by the longitudinal auxin gradient and the radial SHORT ROOT (SHR) abundance. However, the mechanism underlying this coordination remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that BIG regulates ground tissue formative divisions by bridging the auxin gradient with SHR abundance. Mutations in BIG gene repressed cell cycle progression, delaying the formative divisions within the ground tissues and impairing the establishment of endodermal and cortical identities. In addition, we uncovered auxin's suppressive effect on BIG expression, triggering CYCLIND6;1 (CYCD6;1) activation in an SHR-dependent fashion. Moreover, the degradation of RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED (RBR) is jointly regulated by BIG and CYCD6;1. The loss of BIG function led to RBR protein accumulation, detrimentally impacting the SHR/SCARECROW (SCR) protein complex and the CEI/CEID formative divisions. Collectively, these findings shed light on a fundamental mechanism wherein BIG intricately coordinates the interplay between SHR/SCR and auxin, steering ground tissue patterning within Arabidopsis root tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pengyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Limin Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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4
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Cui G, Li Y, Zheng L, Smith C, Bevan MW, Li Y. The peptidase DA1 cleaves and destabilizes WUSCHEL to control shoot apical meristem size. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4627. [PMID: 38821962 PMCID: PMC11143343 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells in plants and animals are the source of new tissues and organs. In plants, stem cells are maintained in the central zone (CZ) of multicellular meristems, and large shoot meristems with an increased stem cell population hold promise for enhancing yield. The mobile homeodomain transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) is a central regulator of stem cell function in plant shoot meristems. Despite its central importance, the factors that directly modulate WUS protein stability have been a long-standing question. Here, we show that the peptidase DA1 physically interacts with and cleaves the WUS protein, leading to its destabilization. Furthermore, our results reveal that cytokinin signaling represses the level of DA1 protein in the shoot apical meristem, thereby increasing the accumulation of WUS protein. Consistent with these observations, loss of DA1 function results in larger shoot apical meristems with an increased stem cell population and also influences cytokinin-induced enlargement of shoot apical meristem. Collectively, our findings uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism by which the repression of DA1 by cytokinin signaling stabilizes WUS, resulting in the enlarged shoot apical meristems with the increased stem cell number during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guicai Cui
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leiying Zheng
- College of Advanced Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | - Yunhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Advanced Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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5
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Yu Q, Li H, Zhang B, Song Y, Sun Y, Ding Z. ATP Hydrolases Superfamily Protein 1 (ASP1) Maintains Root Stem Cell Niche Identity through Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1469. [PMID: 38891278 PMCID: PMC11174532 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of the root stem cell niche identity in Arabidopsis relies on the delicate balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in root tips; however, the intricate molecular mechanisms governing ROS homeostasis within the root stem cell niche remain unclear. In this study, we unveil the role of ATP hydrolase superfamily protein 1 (ASP1) in orchestrating root stem cell niche maintenance through its interaction with the redox regulator cystathionine β-synthase domain-containing protein 3 (CBSX3). ASP1 is exclusively expressed in the quiescent center (QC) cells and governs the integrity of the root stem cell niche. Loss of ASP1 function leads to enhanced QC cell division and distal stem cell differentiation, attributable to reduced ROS levels and diminished expression of SCARECROW and SHORT ROOT in root tips. Our findings illuminate the pivotal role of ASP1 in regulating ROS signaling to maintain root stem cell niche homeostasis, achieved through direct interaction with CBSX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (H.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (H.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (H.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (H.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yueying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (H.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
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6
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Possenti M, Sessa G, Alfè A, Turchi L, Ruzza V, Sassi M, Morelli G, Ruberti I. HD-Zip II transcription factors control distal stem cell fate in Arabidopsis roots by linking auxin signaling to the FEZ/SOMBRERO pathway. Development 2024; 151:dev202586. [PMID: 38563568 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, specialized tissues are generated by specific populations of stem cells through cycles of asymmetric cell divisions, where one daughter undergoes differentiation and the other maintains proliferative properties. In Arabidopsis thaliana roots, the columella - a gravity-sensing tissue that protects and defines the position of the stem cell niche - represents a typical example of a tissue whose organization is exclusively determined by the balance between proliferation and differentiation. The columella derives from a single layer of stem cells through a binary cell fate switch that is precisely controlled by multiple, independent regulatory inputs. Here, we show that the HD-Zip II transcription factors (TFs) HAT3, ATHB4 and AHTB2 redundantly regulate columella stem cell fate and patterning in the Arabidopsis root. The HD-Zip II TFs promote columella stem cell proliferation by acting as effectors of the FEZ/SMB circuit and, at the same time, by interfering with auxin signaling to counteract hormone-induced differentiation. Overall, our work shows that HD-Zip II TFs connect two opposing parallel inputs to fine-tune the balance between proliferation and differentiation in columella stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Possenti
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome 00178, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sessa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Altea Alfè
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Luana Turchi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Valentino Ruzza
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sassi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Giorgio Morelli
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome 00178, Italy
| | - Ida Ruberti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
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7
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Zeng J, Geng X, Zhao Z, Zhou W. Tipping the balance: The dynamics of stem cell maintenance and stress responses in plant meristems. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 78:102510. [PMID: 38266375 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Plant meristems contain pools of dividing stem cells that produce new organs for plant growth and development. Environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic stresses and nutrient availability, affect meristem activity and thus the architecture of roots and shoots; understanding how meristems react to changing environmental conditions will shed light on how plants optimize nutrient acquisition and acclimate to different environmental conditions. This review highlights recent exciting advances in this field, mainly in Arabidopsis. We discuss the signaling pathways, genetic regulators, and molecular mechanisms involved in the response of plant meristems to environmental and nutrient cues, and compare the similarities and differences of stress responses between the shoot and root apical meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zeng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Xin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Wenkun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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8
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Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zhao D, Tang Z, Zhang T, Zhang K, Dong J, Zhang H. Genetic regulation of lateral root development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2081397. [PMID: 35642513 PMCID: PMC10761116 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2081397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) are an important part of plant root systems. In dicots, for example, after plants adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments, filamentous pseudorhizae evolved to allow nutrient absorption. A typical plant root system comprises a primary root, LRs, root hairs, and a root cap. Classical plant roots exhibit geotropism (the tendency to grow downward into the ground) and can synthesize plant hormones and other essential substances. Root vascular bundles and complex spatial structures enable plants to absorb water and nutrients to meet their nutrient quotas and grow. The primary root carries out most functions during early growth stages but is later overtaken by LRs, underscoring the importance of LR development water and mineral uptake and the soil fixation capacity of the root. LR development is modulated by endogenous plant hormones and external environmental factors, and its underlying mechanisms have been dissected in great detail in Arabidopsis, thanks to its simple root anatomy and the ease of obtaining mutants. This review comprehensively and systematically summarizes past research (largely in Arabidopsis) on LR basic structure, development stages, and molecular mechanisms regulated by different factors, as well as future prospects in LR research, to provide broad background knowledge for root researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Pear Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yuru Ma
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei, China
| | - Ziyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Song X, Yu Y, Zhu J, Li C. BRIP1 and BRIP2 maintain root meristem by affecting auxin-mediated regulation. PLANTA 2023; 259:8. [PMID: 38019301 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study reveals that mutations in BRIP1/2 subunits of the BAS complex disrupt root meristem development by decreasing PIN genes expression, affecting auxin transport, and downregulating essential root genes PLT. Switch defective/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes play vital roles in plant development. BRAHMA-interacting proteins1 (BRIP1) and BRIP2 are subunits of BRAHMA (BRM)-associated SWI/SNF complex (BAS) in plants; however, their role and underlying regulatory mechanism in root development are still unknown. Here, we show that brip1 brip2 double mutants have a significantly shortened root meristem and an irregular arrangement in a portion of the root stem cell niche. The mutations in BRIP1 and BRIP2 cause decreased expression of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes, which in turn reduces the transport of auxin at the root tip, leading to the disruption of the accurate establishment of normal auxin concentration gradients in the stem cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments indicated that BRIP1 and BRIP2 directly bind to the PINs. Furthermore, we found a significant down-regulation in the expression of key root development genes, PLETHORA (PLT), in brip1 brip2. The brip1 brip2 plt1 plt2 quadruple mutations do not show further exacerbation in the short-root phenotype compared to plt1 plt2 double mutants. Using a dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible PLT2 transgenic line, we showed that acute overexpression of PLT2 partially rescues root meristem defects of brip1 brip2, suggesting that BRIP1 and BRIP2 act in part through the PLT1/2 pathway. Taken together, our results identify the critical role and the underlying mechanism of BRIP1/2 in maintaining the development of root meristem through the regulation of auxin output and expression of PLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yaoguang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiameng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chenlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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10
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Hong L, Fletcher JC. Stem Cells: Engines of Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14889. [PMID: 37834339 PMCID: PMC10573764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of both animals and plants relies on populations of pluripotent stem cells that provide the cellular raw materials for organ and tissue formation. Plant stem cell reservoirs are housed at the shoot and root tips in structures called meristems, with the shoot apical meristem (SAM) continuously producing aerial leaf, stem, and flower organs throughout the life cycle. Thus, the SAM acts as the engine of plant development and has unique structural and molecular features that allow it to balance self-renewal with differentiation and act as a constant source of new cells for organogenesis while simultaneously maintaining a stem cell reservoir for future organ formation. Studies have identified key roles for intercellular regulatory networks that establish and maintain meristem activity, including the KNOX transcription factor pathway and the CLV-WUS stem cell feedback loop. In addition, the plant hormones cytokinin and auxin act through their downstream signaling pathways in the SAM to integrate stem cell activity and organ initiation. This review discusses how the various regulatory pathways collectively orchestrate SAM function and touches on how their manipulation can alter stem cell activity to improve crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Fletcher
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Hill RD, Igamberdiev AU, Stasolla C. Preserving root stem cell functionality under low oxygen stress: the role of nitric oxide and phytoglobins. PLANTA 2023; 258:89. [PMID: 37759033 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The preservation of quiescent center stem cell integrity in hypoxic roots by phytoglobins is exercised through their ability to scavenge nitric oxide and attenuate its effects on auxin transport and cell degradation. Under low oxygen stress, the retention or induction of phytoglobin expression maintains cell viability while loss or lack of induction of phytoglobin leads to cell degradation. Plants have evolved unique attributes to ensure survival in the environment in which they must exist. Common among the attributes is the ability to maintain stem cells in a quiescent (or low proliferation) state in unfriendly environments. From the seed embryo to meristematic regions of the plant, quiescent stem cells exist to regenerate the organism when environmental conditions are suitable to allow plant survival. Frequently, plants dispose of mature cells or organs in the process of acclimating to the stresses to ensure survival of meristems, the stem cells of which are capable of regenerating cells and organs that have been sacrificed, a feature not generally available to mammals. Most of the research on plant stress responses has dealt with how mature cells respond because of the difficulty of specifically examining plant meristem responses to stress. This raises the question as to whether quiescent stem cells behave in a similar fashion to mature cells in their response to stress and what factors within these critical cells determine whether they survive or degrade when exposed to environmental stress. This review attempts to examine this question with respect to the quiescent center (QC) stem cells of the root apical meristem. Emphasis is put on how varying levels of nitric oxide, influenced by the expression of phytoglobins, affect QC response to hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hill
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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12
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Karami O, Mueller-Roeber B, Rahimi A. The central role of stem cells in determining plant longevity variation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100566. [PMID: 36840355 PMCID: PMC10504568 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants display a huge variety of longevity patterns, from a few weeks for several annual species up to thousands of years for some perennial species. Understanding how longevity variation is structured has long been considered a fundamental aspect of the life sciences in view of evolution, species distribution, and adaptation to diverse environments. Unlike animals, whose organs are typically formed during embryogenesis, vascular plants manage to extend their life by continuously producing new tissues and organs in apical and lateral directions via proliferation of stem cells located within specialized tissues called meristems. Stem cells are the main source of plant longevity. Variation in plant longevity is highly dependent on the activity and fate identity of stem cells. Multiple developmental factors determine how stem cells contribute to variation in plant longevity. In this review, we provide an overview of the genetic mechanisms, hormonal signaling, and environmental factors involved in controlling plant longevity through long-term maintenance of stem cell fate identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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Gombos M, Raynaud C, Nomoto Y, Molnár E, Brik-Chaouche R, Takatsuka H, Zaki A, Bernula D, Latrasse D, Mineta K, Nagy F, He X, Iwakawa H, Őszi E, An J, Suzuki T, Papdi C, Bergis C, Benhamed M, Bögre L, Ito M, Magyar Z. The canonical E2Fs together with RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED are required to establish quiescence during plant development. Commun Biol 2023; 6:903. [PMID: 37666980 PMCID: PMC10477330 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining stable and transient quiescence in differentiated and stem cells, respectively, requires repression of the cell cycle. The plant RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED (RBR) has been implicated in stem cell maintenance, presumably by forming repressor complexes with E2F transcription factors. Surprisingly we find that mutations in all three canonical E2Fs do not hinder the cell cycle, but similarly to RBR silencing, result in hyperplasia. Contrary to the growth arrest that occurs when exit from proliferation to differentiation is inhibited upon RBR silencing, the e2fabc mutant develops enlarged organs with supernumerary stem and differentiated cells as quiescence is compromised. While E2F, RBR and the M-phase regulatory MYB3Rs are part of the DREAM repressor complexes, and recruited to overlapping groups of targets, they regulate distinct sets of genes. Only the loss of E2Fs but not the MYB3Rs interferes with quiescence, which might be due to the ability of E2Fs to control both G1-S and some key G2-M targets. We conclude that collectively the three canonical E2Fs in complex with RBR have central roles in establishing cellular quiescence during organ development, leading to enhanced plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna Gombos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Yuji Nomoto
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Eszter Molnár
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rim Brik-Chaouche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hirotomo Takatsuka
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ahmad Zaki
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Dóra Bernula
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - David Latrasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Keito Mineta
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Fruzsina Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Xiaoning He
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hidekazu Iwakawa
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Erika Őszi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jing An
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Csaba Papdi
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Clara Bergis
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - László Bögre
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Masaki Ito
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Zoltán Magyar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
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14
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Xie C, Li C, Wang F, Zhang F, Liu J, Wang J, Zhang X, Kong X, Ding Z. NAC1 regulates root ground tissue maturation by coordinating with the SCR/SHR-CYCD6;1 module in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:709-725. [PMID: 36809880 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Precise spatiotemporal control of the timing and extent of asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) is essential for plant development. In the Arabidopsis root, ground tissue maturation involves an additional ACD of the endodermis that maintains the inner cell layer as the endodermis and generates the middle cortex to the outside. Through regulation of the cell cycle regulator CYCLIND6;1 (CYCD6;1), the transcription factors SCARECROW (SCR) and SHORT-ROOT (SHR) play critical roles in this process. In the present study, we found that loss of function of NAC1, a NAC transcription factor family gene, causes markedly increased periclinal cell divisions in the root endodermis. Importantly, NAC1 directly represses the transcription of CYCD6;1 by recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS (TPL), creating a fine-tuned mechanism to maintain proper root ground tissue patterning by limiting production of middle cortex cells. Biochemical and genetic analyses further showed that NAC1 physically interacts with SCR and SHR to restrict excessive periclinal cell divisions in the endodermis during root middle cortex formation. Although NAC1-TPL is recruited to the CYCD6;1 promoter and represses its transcription in an SCR-dependent manner, NAC1 and SHR antagonize each other to regulate the expression of CYCD6;1. Collectively, our study provides mechanistic insights into how the NAC1-TPL module integrates with the master transcriptional regulators SCR and SHR to control root ground tissue patterning by fine-tuning spatiotemporal expression of CYCD6;1 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuantian Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Cuiling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Fengxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiangpei Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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15
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Fedoreyeva LI. Molecular Mechanisms of Regulation of Root Development by Plant Peptides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1320. [PMID: 36987008 PMCID: PMC10053774 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptides perform many functions, participating in the regulation of cell differentiation, regulating plant growth and development, and also involved in the response to stress factors and in antimicrobial defense. Peptides are an important class biomolecules for intercellular communication and in the transmission of various signals. The intercellular communication system based on the ligand-receptor bond is one of the most important molecular bases for creating complex multicellular organisms. Peptide-mediated intercellular communication plays a critical role in the coordination and determination of cellular functions in plants. The intercellular communication system based on the receptor-ligand is one of the most important molecular foundations for creating complex multicellular organisms. Peptide-mediated intercellular communication plays a critical role in the coordination and determination of cellular functions in plants. The identification of peptide hormones, their interaction with receptors, and the molecular mechanisms of peptide functioning are important for understanding the mechanisms of both intercellular communications and for regulating plant development. In this review, we drew attention to some peptides involved in the regulation of root development, which implement this regulation by the mechanism of a negative feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa I Fedoreyeva
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Comparisons between Plant and Animal Stem Cells Regarding Regeneration Potential and Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054392. [PMID: 36901821 PMCID: PMC10002278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration refers to the process by which organisms repair and replace lost tissues and organs. Regeneration is widespread in plants and animals; however, the regeneration capabilities of different species vary greatly. Stem cells form the basis for animal and plant regeneration. The essential developmental processes of animals and plants involve totipotent stem cells (fertilized eggs), which develop into pluripotent stem cells and unipotent stem cells. Stem cells and their metabolites are widely used in agriculture, animal husbandry, environmental protection, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences in animal and plant tissue regeneration, as well as the signaling pathways and key genes involved in the regulation of regeneration, to provide ideas for practical applications in agriculture and human organ regeneration and to expand the application of regeneration technology in the future.
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17
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Geem KR, Kim H, Ryu H. SCF FBS1 Regulates Root Quiescent Center Cell Division via Protein Degradation of APC/C CCS52A2. Mol Cells 2022; 45:695-701. [PMID: 36116942 PMCID: PMC9589370 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of meristematic stem cells accomplished by maintaining a balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is critical for proper plant growth and development. The quiescent center (QC) regulates root apical meristem homeostasis by maintaining stem cell fate during plant root development. Cell cycle checkpoints, such as anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome/CELL CYCLE SWITCH 52 A2 (APC/CCCS52A2), strictly control the low proliferation rate of QC cells. Although APC/CCCS52A2 plays a critical role in maintaining QC cell division, the molecular mechanism that regulates its activity remains largely unknown. Here, we identified SCFF-BOX STRESS INDUCED 1 (FBS1), a ubiquitin E3 ligase, as a key regulator of QC cell division through the direct proteolysis of CCS52A2. FBS1 activity is positively associated with QC cell division and CCS52A2 proteolysis. FBS1 overexpression or ccs52a2-1 knockout consistently resulted in abnormal root development, characterized by root growth inhibition and low mitotic activity in the meristematic zone. Loss-of-function mutation of FBS1, on the other hand, resulted in low QC cell division, extremely low WOX5 expression, and rapid root growth. The 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of CCS52A2 was facilitated by its direct interaction with F-box stress induced 1 (FBS1). The FBS1 genetically interacted with APC/CCCS52A2-ERF115-PSKR1 signaling module for QC division. Thus, our findings establish SCFFBS1-mediated CCS52A2 proteolysis as the molecular mechanism for controlling QC cell division in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Rok Geem
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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18
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Müller-Xing R, Xing Q. The plant stem-cell niche and pluripotency: 15 years of an epigenetic perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1018559. [PMID: 36388540 PMCID: PMC9659954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem-cells are slowly dividing cells giving rise to daughter cells that can either differentiate to new tissues and organs, or remain stem-cells. In plants, stem-cells are located in specific niches of the shoot and root apical meristems (SAMs and RAMs). After ablation of stem-cell niches, pluripotent meristematic cells can establish new stem-cells, whereas the removal of the whole meristem destructs the regeneration process. In tissue cultures, after detached plant organs are transferred to rooting or callus induction medium (G5 or CIM), vasculature-associated pluripotent cells (VPCs) immediately start proliferation to form adventitious roots or callus, respectively, while other cell types of the organ explants basically play no part in the process. Hence, in contrast to the widely-held assumption that all plant cells have the ability to reproduce a complete organism, only few cell types are pluripotent in practice, raising the question how pluripotent stem-cells differ from differentiated cells. It is now clear that, in addition to gene regulatory networks of pluripotency factors and phytohormone signaling, epigenetics play a crucial role in initiation, maintenance and determination of plant stem-cells. Although, more and more epigenetic regulators have been shown to control plant stem-cell fate, only a few studies demonstrate how they are recruited and how they change the chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation of pluripotency factors. Here, we highlight recent breakthroughs but also revisited classical studies of epigenetic regulation and chromatin dynamics of plant stem-cells and their pluripotent precursor-cells, and point out open questions and future directions.
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19
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Xie C, Ding Z. NAC1 Maintains Root Meristem Activity by Repressing the Transcription of E2Fa in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012258. [PMID: 36293114 PMCID: PMC9603599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Root meristem is a reserve of undifferentiated cells which guide root development. To maintain root meristem identity and therefore continuous root growth, the rate of cell differentiation must coordinate with the rate of generation of new cells. The E2 promoter-binding factor a (E2Fa) has been shown to regulate root growth through controlling G1/S cell cycle transitions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we found that NAC1, a member of the NAM/ATAF/CUC family of transcription factors, regulated root growth by directly repressing the transcription of E2Fa. Loss of NAC1 triggers an up-regulation of the E2Fa expression and causes a reduced meristem size and short-root phenotype, which are largely rescued by mutation of E2Fa. Further analysis showed that NAC1 was shown to regulate root meristem by controlling endopolyploidy levels in an E2Fa-dependent manner. This study provides evidence to show that NAC1 maintains root meristem size and root growth by directly repressing the transcription of E2Fa in Arabidopsis.
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20
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Avilez-Montalvo JR, Quintana-Escobar AO, Méndez-Hernández HA, Aguilar-Hernández V, Brito-Argáez L, Galaz-Ávalos RM, Uc-Chuc MA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Auxin-Cytokinin Cross Talk in Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffea canephora. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152013. [PMID: 35956493 PMCID: PMC9370429 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CK) are plant growth regulators involved in multiple physiological processes in plants. One less studied aspect is CK homeostasis (HM). The primary genes related to HM are involved in biosynthesis (IPT), degradation (CKX), and signaling (ARR). This paper demonstrates the effect of auxin (Aux) and CK and their cross talk in a Coffea canephora embryogenic system. The transcriptome and RT-qPCR suggest that Aux in pre-treatment represses biosynthesis, degradation, and signal CK genes. However, in the induction, there is an increase of genes implicated in the CK perception/signal, indicating perhaps, as in other species, Aux is repressing CK, and CK are inducing per se genes involved in its HM. This is reflected in the endogenous concentration of CK; pharmacology experiments helped study the effect of each plant growth regulator in our SE system. We conclude that the Aux–CK balance is crucial to directing somatic embryogenesis in C. canephora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johny R. Avilez-Montalvo
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Ana O. Quintana-Escobar
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Hugo A. Méndez-Hernández
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Víctor Aguilar-Hernández
- Catedrático CONACYT, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico;
| | - Ligia Brito-Argáez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Rosa M. Galaz-Ávalos
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Miguel A. Uc-Chuc
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-999-942-83-30 (ext. 243)
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21
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Li R, Wei Z, Li Y, Shang X, Cao Y, Duan L, Ma L. SKI-INTERACTING PROTEIN interacts with SHOOT MERISTEMLESS to regulate shoot apical meristem formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2193-2209. [PMID: 35640153 PMCID: PMC9342996 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM), which is formed during embryogenesis, generates leaves, stems, and floral organs during the plant life cycle. SAM development is controlled by SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), a conserved Class I KNOX transcription factor that interacts with another subclass homeodomain protein, BELL, to form a heterodimer, which regulates gene expression at the transcriptional level in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Meanwhile, SKI-INTERACTING PROTEIN (SKIP), a conserved protein in eukaryotes, works as both a splicing factor and as a transcriptional regulator in plants to control gene expression at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by interacting with distinct partners. Here, we show that, similar to plants with a loss of function of STM, a loss of function of SKIP or the specific knockout of SKIP in the SAM region resulted in failed SAM development and the inability of the mutants to complete their life cycle. In comparison, Arabidopsis mutants that expressed SKIP specifically in the SAM region formed a normal SAM and were able to generate a shoot system, including leaves and floral organs. Further analysis confirmed that SKIP interacts with STM in planta and that SKIP and STM regulate the expression of a similar set of genes by binding to their promoters. In addition, STM also interacts with EARLY FLOWERING 7 (ELF7), a component of Polymerase-Associated Factor 1 complex, and mutation in ELF7 exhibits similar SAM defects to that of STM and SKIP. This work identifies a component of the STM transcriptional complex and reveals the mechanism underlying SKIP-mediated SAM formation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xudong Shang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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22
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Mercadal J, Betegón-Putze I, Bosch N, Caño-Delgado AI, Ibañes M. BRAVO self-confined expression through WOX5 in the Arabidopsis root stem-cell niche. Development 2022; 149:dev200510. [PMID: 35899779 PMCID: PMC9440757 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In animals and plants, stem-cell niches are local microenvironments that are tightly regulated to preserve their unique identity while communicating with adjacent cells that will give rise to specialized cell types. In the primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana, two transcription factors, BRAVO and WOX5, among others, are expressed in the stem-cell niche. Intriguingly, BRAVO, a repressor of quiescent center divisions, confines its own gene expression to the stem-cell niche, as evidenced in a bravo mutant background. Here, we propose through mathematical modeling that BRAVO confines its own expression domain to the stem-cell niche by attenuating a WOX5-dependent diffusible activator of BRAVO. This negative feedback drives WOX5 activity to be spatially restricted as well. The results show that WOX5 diffusion and sequestration by binding to BRAVO are sufficient to drive the experimentally observed confined BRAVO expression at the stem-cell niche. We propose that the attenuation of a diffusible activator can be a general mechanism acting at other stem-cell niches to spatially confine genetic activity to a small region while maintaining signaling within them and with the surrounding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Mercadal
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Betegón-Putze
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadja Bosch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I. Caño-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ibañes
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Gutierrez C. A Journey to the Core of the Plant Cell Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8154. [PMID: 35897730 PMCID: PMC9330084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of new cells as a result of progression through the cell division cycle is a fundamental biological process for the perpetuation of both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In the case of plants, their developmental strategies and their largely sessile nature has imposed a series of evolutionary trends. Studies of the plant cell division cycle began with cytological and physiological approaches in the 1950s and 1960s. The decade of 1990 marked a turn point with the increasing development of novel cellular and molecular protocols combined with advances in genetics and, later, genomics, leading to an exponential growth of the field. In this article, I review the current status of plant cell cycle studies but also discuss early studies and the relevance of a multidisciplinary background as a source of innovative questions and answers. In addition to advances in a deeper understanding of the plant cell cycle machinery, current studies focus on the intimate interaction of cell cycle components with almost every aspect of plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Vroomans R, Helariutta Y. In preprints: new insights into root stem cells and their diversity. Development 2022; 149:275860. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.201005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renske Vroomans
- University of Cambridge 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory , , Cambridge, CB2 1LR , UK
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- University of Cambridge 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory , , Cambridge, CB2 1LR , UK
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme 2 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences , , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki 2 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences , , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
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25
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BIG Modulates Stem Cell Niche and Meristem Development via SCR/SHR Pathway in Arabidopsis Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126784. [PMID: 35743225 PMCID: PMC9224481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BIG, a regulator of polar auxin transport, is necessary to regulate the growth and development of Arabidopsis. Although mutations in the BIG gene cause severe root developmental defects, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that disruption of the BIG gene resulted in decreased quiescent center (QC) activity and columella cell numbers, which was accompanied by the downregulation of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 (WOX5) gene expression. BIG affected auxin distribution by regulating the expression of PIN-FORMED proteins (PINs), but the root morphological defects of big mutants could not be rescued solely by increasing auxin transport. Although the loss of BIG gene function resulted in decreased expression of the PLT1 and PLT2 genes, genetic interaction assays indicate that this is not the main reason for the root morphological defects of big mutants. Furthermore, genetic interaction assays suggest that BIG affects the stem cell niche (SCN) activity through the SCRSCARECROW (SCR)/SHORT ROOT (SHR) pathway and BIG disruption reduces the expression of SCR and SHR genes. In conclusion, our findings reveal that the BIG gene maintains root meristem activity and SCN integrity mainly through the SCR/SHR pathway.
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26
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Du Y, Roldan MVG, Haraghi A, Haili N, Izhaq F, Verdenaud M, Boualem A, Bendahmane A. Spatially expressed WIP genes control Arabidopsis embryonic root development. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:635-645. [PMID: 35710883 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of plant organs is a highly organized process. In Arabidopsis, proper root development requires that distinct cell types and tissue layers are specified and formed in a restricted manner in space and over time. Despite its importance, genetic controls underlying such regularity remain elusive. Here we found that WIP genes expressed in the embryo and suspensor functionally oppose those expressed in the surrounding maternal tissues to orchestrate cell division orientation and cell fate specification in the embryonic root, thereby promoting regular root formation. The maternal WIPs act non-cell autonomously to repress root cell fate specification through SIMILAR TO RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH ONE (SRO) family members. When losing all WIPs, root cells divide irregularly in the early embryo, but this barely alters their fate specification and the morphology of post-embryonic roots. Our results reveal cross-communication between the embryonic and maternal WIPs in controlling root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Du
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), INRAE, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Evry, University of Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Maria Victoria Gomez Roldan
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), INRAE, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Evry, University of Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Aimen Haraghi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), INRAE, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Evry, University of Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nawel Haili
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), INRAE, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Evry, University of Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Farhaj Izhaq
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), INRAE, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Evry, University of Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marion Verdenaud
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), INRAE, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Evry, University of Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Adnane Boualem
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), INRAE, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Evry, University of Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), INRAE, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Evry, University of Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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27
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Serra O, Mähönen AP, Hetherington AJ, Ragni L. The Making of Plant Armor: The Periderm. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:405-432. [PMID: 34985930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102720-031405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The periderm acts as armor protecting the plant's inner tissues from biotic and abiotic stress. It forms during the radial thickening of plant organs such as stems and roots and replaces the function of primary protective tissues such as the epidermis and the endodermis. A wound periderm also forms to heal and protect injured tissues. The periderm comprises a meristematic tissue called the phellogen, or cork cambium, and its derivatives: the lignosuberized phellem and the phelloderm. Research on the periderm has mainly focused on the chemical composition of the phellem due to its relevance as a raw material for industrial processes. Today, there is increasing interest in the regulatory network underlying periderm development as a novel breeding trait to improve plant resilience and to sequester CO2. Here, we discuss our current understanding of periderm formation, focusing on aspects of periderm evolution, mechanisms of periderm ontogenesis, regulatory networks underlying phellogen initiation and cork differentiation, and future challenges of periderm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Serra
- University of Girona, Department of Biology, Girona, Spain;
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Laura Ragni
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
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28
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Ramakrishnan M, Papolu PK, Satish L, Vinod KK, Wei Q, Sharma A, Emamverdian A, Zou LH, Zhou M. Redox status of the plant cell determines epigenetic modifications under abiotic stress conditions and during developmental processes. J Adv Res 2022; 42:99-116. [PMID: 35690579 PMCID: PMC9788946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidation-reduction (redox) status of the cell influences or regulates transcription factors and enzymes involved in epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histone protein modifications, and chromatin structure and remodeling. These changes are crucial regulators of chromatin architecture, leading to differential gene expression in eukaryotes. But the cell's redox homeostasis is difficult to sustain since the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is not equal in plants at different developmental stages and under abiotic stress conditions. Exceeding optimum ROS and RNS levels leads to oxidative stress and thus alters the redox status of the cell. Consequently, this alteration modulates intracellular epigenetic modifications that either mitigate or mediate the plant growth and stress response. AIM OF REVIEW Recent studies suggest that the altered redox status of the cell reform the cellular functions and epigenetic changes. Recent high-throughput techniques have also greatly advanced redox-mediated gene expression discovery, but the integrated view of the redox status, and its associations with epigenetic changes and subsequent gene expression in plants are still scarce. In this review, we accordingly focus on how the redox status of the cell affects epigenetic modifications in plants under abiotic stress conditions and during developmental processes. This is a first comprehensive review on the redox status of the cell covering the redox components and signaling, redox status alters the post-translational modification of proteins, intracellular epigenetic modifications, redox interplay during DNA methylation, redox regulation of histone acetylation and methylation, redox regulation of miRNA biogenesis, redox regulation of chromatin structure and remodeling and conclusion, future perspectives and biotechnological opportunities for the future development of the plants. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The interaction of redox mediators such as ROS, RNS and antioxidants regulates redox homeostasis and redox-mediated epigenetic changes. We discuss how redox mediators modulate epigenetic changes and show the opportunities for smart use of the redox status of the cell in plant development and abiotic stress adaptation. However, how a redox mediator triggers epigenetic modification without activating other redox mediators remains yet unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lakkakula Satish
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, & The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva - 84105, Israel; Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, Marine Algal Research Station, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam 623519, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Qiang Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China; Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Abolghassem Emamverdian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long-Hai Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingbing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Bamboo Resources and High-efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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29
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Hernández-Herrera P, Ugartechea-Chirino Y, Torres-Martínez HH, Arzola AV, Chairez-Veloz JE, García-Ponce B, Sánchez MDLP, Garay-Arroyo A, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Dubrovsky JG, Corkidi G. Live Plant Cell Tracking: Fiji plugin to analyze cell proliferation dynamics and understand morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:846-860. [PMID: 34791452 PMCID: PMC8825436 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) primary and lateral roots (LRs) are well suited for 3D and 4D microscopy, and their development provides an ideal system for studying morphogenesis and cell proliferation dynamics. With fast-advancing microscopy techniques used for live-imaging, whole tissue data are increasingly available, yet present the great challenge of analyzing complex interactions within cell populations. We developed a plugin "Live Plant Cell Tracking" (LiPlaCeT) coupled to the publicly available ImageJ image analysis program and generated a pipeline that allows, with the aid of LiPlaCeT, 4D cell tracking and lineage analysis of populations of dividing and growing cells. The LiPlaCeT plugin contains ad hoc ergonomic curating tools, making it very simple to use for manual cell tracking, especially when the signal-to-noise ratio of images is low or variable in time or 3D space and when automated methods may fail. Performing time-lapse experiments and using cell-tracking data extracted with the assistance of LiPlaCeT, we accomplished deep analyses of cell proliferation and clonal relations in the whole developing LR primordia and constructed genealogical trees. We also used cell-tracking data for endodermis cells of the root apical meristem (RAM) and performed automated analyses of cell population dynamics using ParaView software (also publicly available). Using the RAM as an example, we also showed how LiPlaCeT can be used to generate information at the whole-tissue level regarding cell length, cell position, cell growth rate, cell displacement rate, and proliferation activity. The pipeline will be useful in live-imaging studies of roots and other plant organs to understand complex interactions within proliferating and growing cell populations. The plugin includes a step-by-step user manual and a dataset example that are available at https://www.ibt.unam.mx/documentos/diversos/LiPlaCeT.zip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hernández-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Imágenes y Visión por Computadora, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Yamel Ugartechea-Chirino
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Héctor H Torres-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandro V Arzola
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - José Eduardo Chairez-Veloz
- Departamento de Control Automático, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Cd. de México, C.P. 07350, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Corkidi
- Laboratorio de Imágenes y Visión por Computadora, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
- Author for communication:
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30
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Bayat F, Afshar A, Baghban N. Algal Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Review With Special Emphasis on Their Antimicrobial Effects. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:785716. [PMID: 35003018 PMCID: PMC8733718 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) originated from different cells of approximately all kinds of organisms, recently got more attention because of their potential in the treatment of diseases and reconstructive medicine. To date, lots of studies have been performed on mammalian-derived vesicles, but little attention has been paid to algae and marine cells as valuable sources of EVs. Proving the promising role of EVs in medicine requires sufficient resources to produce qualified microvesicles. Algae, same as its other sister groups, such as plants, have stem cells and stem cell niches. Previous studies showed the EVs in plants and marine cells. So, this study was set out to talk about algal extracellular vesicles. EVs play a major role in cell-to-cell communication to convey molecules, such as RNA/DNA, metabolites, proteins, and lipids within. The components of EVs depends on the origin of the primitive cells or tissues and the isolation method. Sufficient resources are needed to produce high-quality, stable, and compatible EVs as a drug or drug delivery system. Plant stem cells have great potential as a new controllable resource for the production of EVs. The EVs secreted from stem cells can easily be extracted from the cell culture medium and evaluated for medicinal uses. In this review, the aim is to introduce algae stem cells as well as EVs derived from algal cells. In the following, the production of the EVs¸ the properties of EVs extracted from these sources and their antimicrobial effects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Bayat
- Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Alireza Afshar
- The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Neda Baghban
- The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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31
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Tian Y, Zhao N, Wang M, Zhou W, Guo J, Han C, Zhou C, Wang W, Wu S, Tang W, Fan M, Bai MY. Integrated regulation of periclinal cell division by transcriptional module of BZR1-SHR in Arabidopsis roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:795-808. [PMID: 34693527 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The timing and extent of cell division are crucial for the correct patterning of multicellular organism. In Arabidopsis, root ground tissue maturation involves the periclinal cell division of the endodermis to generate two cell layers: endodermis and middle cortex. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this pattern formation remains unclear. Here, we report that phytohormone brassinosteroid (BR) and redox signal hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) interdependently promote periclinal division during root ground tissue maturation by regulating the activity of SHORT-ROOT (SHR), a master regulator of root growth and development. BR-activated transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BZR1) directly binds to the promoter of SHR to induce its expression, and physically interacts with SHR to increase the transcripts of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGs (RBOHs) and elevate the levels of H2 O2 , which feedback enhances the interaction between BZR1 and SHR. Additionally, genetic analysis shows that SHR is required for BZR1-promoted periclinal division, and BZR1 enhances the promoting effects of SHR on periclinal division. Together, our finding reveals that the transcriptional module of BZR1-SHR fine-tunes periclinal division during root ground tissue maturation in response to hormone and redox signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Na Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Minmin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jieqiong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chao Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- College of Horticulture, College of Life Sciences, Hai xia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, College of Life Sciences, Hai xia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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32
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Dhar S, Kim H, Segonzac C, Lee JY. The Danger-Associated Peptide PEP1 Directs Cellular Reprogramming in the Arabidopsis Root Vascular System. Mol Cells 2021; 44:830-842. [PMID: 34764230 PMCID: PMC8627833 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When perceiving microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or plant-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), plants alter their root growth and development by displaying a reduction in the root length and the formation of root hairs and lateral roots. The exogenous application of a MAMP peptide, flg22, was shown to affect root growth by suppressing meristem activity. In addition to MAMPs, the DAMP peptide PEP1 suppresses root growth while also promoting root hair formation. However, the question of whether and how these elicitor peptides affect the development of the vascular system in the root has not been explored. The cellular receptors of PEP1, PEPR1 and PEPR2 are highly expressed in the root vascular system, while the receptors of flg22 (FLS2) and elf18 (EFR) are not. Consistent with the expression patterns of PEP1 receptors, we found that exogenously applied PEP1 has a strong impact on the division of stele cells, leading to a reduction of these cells. We also observed the alteration in the number and organization of cells that differentiate into xylem vessels. These PEP1-mediated developmental changes appear to be linked to the blockage of symplastic connections triggered by PEP1. PEP1 dramatically disrupts the symplastic movement of free green fluorescence protein (GFP) from phloem sieve elements to neighboring cells in the root meristem, leading to the deposition of a high level of callose between cells. Taken together, our first survey of PEP1-mediated vascular tissue development provides new insights into the PEP1 function as a regulator of cellular reprogramming in the Arabidopsis root vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Dhar
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyoujin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Desvoyes B, Echevarría C, Gutierrez C. A perspective on cell proliferation kinetics in the root apical meristem. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6708-6715. [PMID: 34159378 PMCID: PMC8513163 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organogenesis in plants is primarily postembryonic and relies on a strict balance between cell division and cell expansion. The root is a particularly well-suited model to study cell proliferation in detail since the two processes are spatially and temporally separated for all the different tissues. In addition, the root is amenable to detailed microscopic analysis to identify cells progressing through the cell cycle. While it is clear that cell proliferation activity is restricted to the root apical meristem (RAM), understanding cell proliferation kinetics and identifying its parameters have required much effort over many years. Here, we review the main concepts, experimental settings, and findings aimed at obtaining a detailed knowledge of how cells proliferate within the RAM. The combination of novel tools, experimental strategies, and mathematical models has contributed to our current view of cell proliferation in the RAM. We also discuss several lines of research that need to be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Desvoyes
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Echevarría
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Matosevich R, Efroni I. The quiescent center and root regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6739-6745. [PMID: 34324634 PMCID: PMC8513162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery by F.A.L Clowes, extensive research has been dedicated to identifying the functions of the quiescent center (QC). One of the earliest hypotheses was that it serves a key role in regeneration of the root meristem. Recent works provided support for this hypothesis and began to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. There are two scenarios to consider when assessing the role of the QC in regeneration: one, when the damage leaves the QC intact; and the other, when the QC itself is destroyed. In the first scenario, multiple factors are recruited to activate QC cell division in order to replace damaged cells, but whether the QC has a role in the second scenario is less clear. Both using gene expression studies and following the cell division pattern have shown that the QC is assembled gradually, only to appear as a coherent identity late in regeneration. Similar late emergence of the QC was observed during the de novo formation of the lateral root meristem. These observations can lead to the conclusion that the QC has no role in regeneration. However, activities normally occurring in QC cells, such as local auxin biosynthesis, are still found during regeneration but occur in different cells in the regenerating meristem. Thus, we explore an alternative hypothesis, that following destruction of the QC, QC-related gene activity is temporarily distributed to other cells in the regenerating meristem, and only coalesce into a distinct cell identity when regeneration is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Matosevich
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Sahoo DP, Van Winkle LJ, Díaz de la Garza RI, Dubrovsky JG. Interkingdom Comparison of Threonine Metabolism for Stem Cell Maintenance in Plants and Animals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672545. [PMID: 34557481 PMCID: PMC8454773 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, tissue generation, maintenance, and homeostasis depend on stem cells. Cellular metabolic status is an essential component of different differentiated states, from stem to fully differentiated cells. Threonine (Thr) metabolism has emerged as a critical factor required to maintain pluripotent/multipotent stem cells in both plants and animals. Thus, both kingdoms conserved or converged upon this fundamental feature of stem cell function. Here, we examine similarities and differences in Thr metabolism-dependent mechanisms supporting stem cell maintenance in these two kingdoms. We then consider common features of Thr metabolism in stem cell maintenance and predict and speculate that some knowledge about Thr metabolism and its role in stem cell function in one kingdom may apply to the other. Finally, we outline future research directions to explore these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debee Prasad Sahoo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lon J. Van Winkle
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
- Department of Medical Humanities, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO, United States
| | | | - Joseph G. Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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36
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Llamas E, Torres‐Montilla S, Lee HJ, Barja MV, Schlimgen E, Dunken N, Wagle P, Werr W, Zuccaro A, Rodríguez‐Concepción M, Vilchez D. The intrinsic chaperone network of Arabidopsis stem cells confers protection against proteotoxic stress. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13446. [PMID: 34327811 PMCID: PMC8373342 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological purpose of plant stem cells is to maintain themselves while providing new pools of differentiated cells that form organs and rejuvenate or replace damaged tissues. Protein homeostasis or proteostasis is required for cell function and viability. However, the link between proteostasis and plant stem cell identity remains unknown. In contrast to their differentiated counterparts, we find that root stem cells can prevent the accumulation of aggregated proteins even under proteotoxic stress conditions such as heat stress or proteasome inhibition. Notably, root stem cells exhibit enhanced expression of distinct chaperones that maintain proteome integrity. Particularly, intrinsic high levels of the T-complex protein-1 ring complex/chaperonin containing TCP1 (TRiC/CCT) complex determine stem cell maintenance and their remarkable ability to suppress protein aggregation. Overexpression of CCT8, a key activator of TRiC/CCT assembly, is sufficient to ameliorate protein aggregation in differentiated cells and confer resistance to proteotoxic stress in plants. Taken together, our results indicate that enhanced proteostasis mechanisms in stem cells could be an important requirement for plants to persist under extreme environmental conditions and reach extreme long ages. Thus, proteostasis of stem cells can provide insights to design and breed plants tolerant to environmental challenges caused by the climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Llamas
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Salvador Torres‐Montilla
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - María Victoria Barja
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Elena Schlimgen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Nick Dunken
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Prerana Wagle
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Wolfgang Werr
- Developmental Biology Biocenter University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Manuel Rodríguez‐Concepción
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP) CSIC‐UPV Valencia Spain
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Faculty of Medicine University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany
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37
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Tang X, Zuo C, Fang P, Liu G, Qiu Y, Huang Y, Tang R. Targeting Glioblastoma Stem Cells: A Review on Biomarkers, Signal Pathways and Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:701291. [PMID: 34307170 PMCID: PMC8297686 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.701291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most lethal and common primary brain tumor, even after treatment with multiple therapies, such as surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation. Although great advances in medical development and improvements in therapeutic methods of GBM have led to a certain extension of the median survival time of patients, prognosis remains poor. The primary cause of its dismal outcomes is the high rate of tumor recurrence, which is closely related to its resistance to standard therapies. During the last decade, glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) have been successfully isolated from GBM, and it has been demonstrated that these cells are likely to play an indispensable role in the formation, maintenance, and recurrence of GBM tumors, indicating that GSCs are a crucial target for treatment. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding GSCs, their related signaling pathways, resistance mechanisms, crosstalk linking mechanisms, and microenvironment or niche. Subsequently, we present a framework of targeted therapy for GSCs based on direct strategies, including blockade of the pathways necessary to overcome resistance or prevent their function, promotion of GSC differentiation, virotherapy, and indirect strategies, including targeting the perivascular, hypoxic, and immune niches of the GSCs. In summary, targeting GSCs provides a tremendous opportunity for revolutionary approaches to improve the prognosis and therapy of GBM, despite a variety of challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghai Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Pengchao Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guojing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongyi Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongrui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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38
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Wang C, Ma H, Zhu W, Zhang J, Zhao X, Li X. Seedling-derived leaf and root tip as alternative explants for callus induction and plant regeneration in maize. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1570-1581. [PMID: 33502786 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While being one of the world's most important crops, maize (Zea mays L.) is still relatively difficult to regenerate in tissue culture, which severely limits its improvement by genetic engineering. Currently, immature zygotic embryos provide the predominant material for transformation and regeneration. However, the procedures involved are often laborious and season-dependent. Therefore, new explants to replace or complement immature embryos are desirable. Here, we exploited root tips and young leaves isolated from 3-day-old dark-grown seedlings as alternative explant sources for establishing plant regeneration. As novel explants, the root tips could generate embryogenic calli similar to that from the young leaves. The rate of primary callus induction from root tips reached 97.2% and almost as high as 98.8% from immature embryos. The difference in callus induction rates among these explants may be closely related to the differences in expression level of stem cell-related genes in callus tissue. Moreover, the alternative explants are easy to obtain in large quantities. These combined results indicate that explants from seedling-derived root tips and leaf tissue have the potential to replace immature embryos for plant regeneration and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Haizhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jiedao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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Betegón‐Putze I, Mercadal J, Bosch N, Planas‐Riverola A, Marquès‐Bueno M, Vilarrasa‐Blasi J, Frigola D, Burkart RC, Martínez C, Conesa A, Sozzani R, Stahl Y, Prat S, Ibañes M, Caño‐Delgado AI. Precise transcriptional control of cellular quiescence by BRAVO/WOX5 complex in Arabidopsis roots. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9864. [PMID: 34132490 PMCID: PMC8207686 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding stem cell regulatory circuits is the next challenge in plant biology, as these cells are essential for tissue growth and organ regeneration in response to stress. In the Arabidopsis primary root apex, stem cell-specific transcription factors BRAVO and WOX5 co-localize in the quiescent centre (QC) cells, where they commonly repress cell division so that these cells can act as a reservoir to replenish surrounding stem cells, yet their molecular connection remains unknown. Genetic and biochemical analysis indicates that BRAVO and WOX5 form a transcription factor complex that modulates gene expression in the QC cells to preserve overall root growth and architecture. Furthermore, by using mathematical modelling we establish that BRAVO uses the WOX5/BRAVO complex to promote WOX5 activity in the stem cells. Our results unveil the importance of transcriptional regulatory circuits in plant stem cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Betegón‐Putze
- Department of Molecular GeneticsCentre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Josep Mercadal
- Departament de Matèria CondensadaFacultat de FísicaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Nadja Bosch
- Department of Molecular GeneticsCentre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ainoa Planas‐Riverola
- Department of Molecular GeneticsCentre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mar Marquès‐Bueno
- Department of Molecular GeneticsCentre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Josep Vilarrasa‐Blasi
- Department of Molecular GeneticsCentre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès)BarcelonaSpain
- Present address:
Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - David Frigola
- Departament de Matèria CondensadaFacultat de FísicaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Rebecca C Burkart
- Institute for Developmental GeneticsHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Department of Plant Molecular GeneticsCentro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)MadridSpain
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell ScienceInstitute for Food and Agricultural ResearchGenetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental GeneticsHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Salomé Prat
- Department of Plant Molecular GeneticsCentro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)MadridSpain
| | - Marta Ibañes
- Departament de Matèria CondensadaFacultat de FísicaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ana I Caño‐Delgado
- Department of Molecular GeneticsCentre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Campus UAB (Cerdanyola del Vallès)BarcelonaSpain
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40
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Chen Y, Inzé D, Vanhaeren H. Post-translational modifications regulate the activity of the growth-restricting protease DA1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3352-3366. [PMID: 33587751 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are a primary food source and can form the basis for renewable energy resources. The final size of their organs is by far the most important trait to consider when seeking increased plant productivity. Being multicellular organisms, plant organ size is mainly determined by the coordination between cell proliferation and cell expansion. The protease DA1 limits the duration of cell proliferation and thereby restricts final organ size. Since its initial identification as a negative regulator of organ growth, various transcriptional regulators of DA1, but also interacting proteins, have been identified. These interactors include cleavage substrates of DA1, and also proteins that modulate the activity of DA1 through post-translational modifications, such as ubiquitination, deubiquitination, and phosphorylation. In addition, many players in the DA1 pathway display conserved phenotypes in other dicot and even monocot species. In this review, we provide a timely overview of the complex, but intriguing, molecular mechanisms that fine-tune the activity of DA1 and therefore final organ size. Moreover, we lay out a roadmap to identify and characterize substrates of proteases and frame the substrate cleavage events in their biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Vanhaeren
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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Jeon BW, Kim MJ, Pandey SK, Oh E, Seo PJ, Kim J. Recent advances in peptide signaling during Arabidopsis root development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2889-2902. [PMID: 33595615 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Roots provide the plant with water and nutrients and anchor it in a substrate. Root development is controlled by plant hormones and various sets of transcription factors. Recently, various small peptides and their cognate receptors have been identified as controlling root development. Small peptides bind to membrane-localized receptor-like kinases, inducing their dimerization with co-receptor proteins for signaling activation and giving rise to cellular signaling outputs. Small peptides function as local and long-distance signaling molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication networks, coordinating root development. In this review, we survey recent advances in the peptide ligand-mediated signaling pathways involved in the control of root development in Arabidopsis. We describe the interconnection between peptide signaling and conventional phytohormone signaling. Additionally, we discuss the diversity of identified peptide-receptor interactions during plant root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Wook Jeon
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Shashank K Pandey
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Eunkyoo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jungmook Kim
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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42
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Vigneaud J, Maury S. [Developmental plasticity in plants: an interaction between hormones and epigenetics at the meristem level]. Biol Aujourdhui 2020; 214:125-135. [PMID: 33357371 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants are fixed organisms with continuous development throughout their life and great sensitivity to environmental variations. They react in this way by exhibiting large developmental phenotypic plasticity. This plasticity is partly controlled by (phyto)hormones, but recent studies also suggest the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. It seems that these two factors may interact in a complex way and especially in the stem cells grouped together in meristems. The objective of this review is to present the current arguments about this interaction which would promote developmental plasticity. Three major points are thus addressed to justify this interaction between hormonal control and epigenetics (control at the chromatin level) for the developmental plasticity of plants: the arguments in favor of an effect of hormones on chromatin and vice versa, the arguments in favor of their roles on developmental plasticity and finally the arguments in favor of the central place of these interactions, the meristems. Various perspectives and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Vigneaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAe, Université d'Orléans, EA1207 USC1328, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Stéphane Maury
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAe, Université d'Orléans, EA1207 USC1328, 45067 Orléans, France
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Liu Z, Shpak ED, Hong T. A mathematical model for understanding synergistic regulations and paradoxical feedbacks in the shoot apical meristem. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3877-3889. [PMID: 33335685 PMCID: PMC7720093 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is the primary stem cell niche in plant shoots. Stem cells in the SAM are controlled by an intricate regulatory network, including negative feedback between WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3). Recently, we identified a group of signals, Epidermal Patterning Factor-Like (EPFL) proteins, that are produced at the peripheral region and are important for SAM homeostasis. Here, we present a mathematical model for the SAM regulatory network. The model revealed that the SAM uses EPFL and signals such as HAIRY MERISTEM from the middle in a synergistic manner to constrain both WUS and CLV3. We found that interconnected negative and positive feedbacks between WUS and CLV3 ensure stable WUS expression in the SAM when facing perturbations, and the positive feedback loop also maintains distinct cell populations containing WUS on and CLV3 on cells in the apical-basal direction. Furthermore, systematic perturbations of the parameters revealed a tradeoff between optimizations of multiple patterning features. Our results provide a holistic view of the regulation of SAM patterning in multiple dimensions. They give insights into how Arabidopsis integrates signals from lateral and apical-basal axes to control the SAM patterning, and they shed light into design principles that may be widely useful for understanding regulatory networks of stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Elena D. Shpak
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Tian Hong
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, Knoxville, TN, United States
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44
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Tian R, Paul P, Joshi S, Perry SE. Genetic activity during early plant embryogenesis. Biochem J 2020; 477:3743-3767. [PMID: 33045058 PMCID: PMC7557148 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seeds are essential for human civilization, so understanding the molecular events underpinning seed development and the zygotic embryo it contains is important. In addition, the approach of somatic embryogenesis is a critical propagation and regeneration strategy to increase desirable genotypes, to develop new genetically modified plants to meet agricultural challenges, and at a basic science level, to test gene function. We briefly review some of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in establishing primary and apical meristems during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as TFs necessary and/or sufficient to drive somatic embryo programs. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis for which many tools are available, and review as well as speculate about comparisons and contrasts between zygotic and somatic embryo processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tian
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sanjay Joshi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sharyn E. Perry
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
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45
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Zhai H, Zhang X, You Y, Lin L, Zhou W, Li C. SEUSS integrates transcriptional and epigenetic control of root stem cell organizer specification. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105047. [PMID: 32926464 PMCID: PMC7560201 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of homeotic gene expression is critical for stem cell fate in both plants and animals. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the WUSCHEL (WUS)-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) gene is specifically expressed in a group of root stem cell organizer cells called the quiescent center (QC) and plays a central role in QC specification. Here, we report that the SEUSS (SEU) protein, homologous to the animal LIM-domain binding (LDB) proteins, assembles a functional transcriptional complex that regulates WOX5 expression and QC specification. SEU is physically recruited to the WOX5 promoter by the master transcription factor SCARECROW. Subsequently, SEU physically recruits the SET domain methyltransferase SDG4 to the WOX5 promoter, thus activating WOX5 expression. Thus, analogous to its animal counterparts, SEU acts as a multi-adaptor protein that integrates the actions of genetic and epigenetic regulators into a concerted transcriptional program to control root stem cell organizer specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanrong You
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenkun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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46
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Desvoyes B, Gutierrez C. Roles of plant retinoblastoma protein: cell cycle and beyond. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105802. [PMID: 32865261 PMCID: PMC7527812 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human retinoblastoma (RB1) protein is a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates cell cycle progression through its interaction with members of the E2F/DP family of transcription factors. However, RB-related (RBR) proteins are an early acquisition during eukaryote evolution present in plant lineages, including unicellular algae, ancient plants (ferns, lycophytes, liverworts, mosses), gymnosperms, and angiosperms. The main RBR protein domains and interactions with E2Fs are conserved in all eukaryotes and not only regulate the G1/S transition but also the G2/M transition, as part of DREAM complexes. RBR proteins are also important for asymmetric cell division, stem cell maintenance, and the DNA damage response (DDR). RBR proteins play crucial roles at every developmental phase transition, in association with chromatin factors, as well as during the reproductive phase during female and male gametes production and embryo development. Here, we review the processes where plant RBR proteins play a role and discuss possible avenues of research to obtain a full picture of the multifunctional roles of RBR for plant life.
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47
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Wallner ES, Tonn N, Shi D, Jouannet V, Greb T. SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE 5 promotes secondary phloem formation during radial stem growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:903-915. [PMID: 31910293 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As a pre-requisite for constant growth, plants produce vascular tissues at different sites within their post-embryonic body. Interestingly, the formation of vascular tissues during longitudinal and radial expansion of shoot and root axes differs fundamentally with respect to its anatomical configuration. This raises the question to which level regulatory mechanisms of vascular tissue formation are shared throughout plant development. Here, we show that, similar to primary phloem formation during longitudinal growth, the cambium-based formation of secondary phloem depends on the function of SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE (SMXL) genes. In particular, local SMXL5 deficiency results in the absence of secondary phloem. Moreover, the additional disruption of SMXL4 activity increases tissue production in the cambium region without secondary phloem being formed. Using promoter-reporter lines, we observed that SMXL4 and SMXL5 activities are associated with different stages of secondary phloem formation in the Arabidopsis stem. Based on genome-wide transcriptional profiling and expression analyses of phloem-related markers, we concluded that early steps of phloem formation are impaired in smxl4;smxl5 double mutants and that the additional cambium-derived cells fail to establish phloem-related features. Our results showed that molecular mechanisms determining primary and secondary phloem formation share important properties, but differ slightly with SMXL5 playing a more dominant role in the formation of secondary phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Sophie Wallner
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
| | - Nina Tonn
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dongbo Shi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Virginie Jouannet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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48
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A system-level mechanistic explanation for asymmetric stem cell fates: Arabidopsis thaliana root niche as a study system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3525. [PMID: 32103059 PMCID: PMC7044435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric divisions maintain long-term stem cell populations while producing new cells that proliferate and then differentiate. Recent reports in animal systems show that divisions of stem cells can be uncoupled from their progeny differentiation, and the outcome of a division could be influenced by microenvironmental signals. But the underlying system-level mechanisms, and whether this dynamics also occur in plant stem cell niches (SCN), remain elusive. This article presents a cell fate regulatory network model that contributes to understanding such mechanism and identify critical cues for cell fate transitions in the root SCN. Novel computational and experimental results show that the transcriptional regulator SHR is critical for the most frequent asymmetric division previously described for quiescent centre stem cells. A multi-scale model of the root tip that simulated each cell's intracellular regulatory network, and the dynamics of SHR intercellular transport as a cell-cell coupling mechanism, was developed. It revealed that quiescent centre cell divisions produce two identical cells, that may acquire different fates depending on the feedback between SHR's availability and the state of the regulatory network. Novel experimental data presented here validates our model, which in turn, constitutes the first proposed systemic mechanism for uncoupled SCN cell division and differentiation.
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49
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Posner R, Laubenbacher R. The contribution of microRNA-mediated regulation to short- and long-term gene expression predictability. J Theor Biol 2020; 486:110055. [PMID: 31647935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of short, noncoding RNAs which are essential for the coordination and timing of cell differentiation and embryonic development. However, despite their guiding role in development, microRNAs are dysregulated in many pathologies, including nearly all cases of cancer. While both development and oncogenesis can be thought of as extremes of phenotypic plasticity, they characteristically manifest on much different time scales: one taking place over a matter of weeks, the other typically requiring decades. Because microRNAs are believed to support this plasticity, a critically important question is how microRNAs affect phenotypic stability on different time scales, and what dynamical characteristics shift the balance between these two roles. To address this question, we extend a well-established mathematical model of transcriptional gene regulation to include translational regulation by microRNAs, and examine their effects on both short- and long-term gene expression predictability. Our findings show that microRNAs greatly improve short-term predictability for earlier, developmental phenotypes while causing a small decrease in long-term predictability, and that these effects are difficult to separate. In addition to providing a theoretical explanation for this seemingly duplicitous behavior, we describe some of the properties which determine the cost-benefit balance between short-term stabilization and long-term destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Posner
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Reinhard Laubenbacher
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue Farmington, CT 06030, USA; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Dr, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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50
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Ornelas-Ayala D, Vega-León R, Petrone-Mendoza E, Garay-Arroyo A, García-Ponce B, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Sanchez MDLP. ULTRAPETALA1 maintains Arabidopsis root stem cell niche independently of ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1261-1272. [PMID: 31545512 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During plant development, morphogenetic processes rely on the activity of meristems. Meristem homeostasis depends on a complex regulatory network constituted by different factors and hormone signaling that regulate gene expression to coordinate the correct balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. ULTRAPETALA1, a transcriptional regulatory protein described as an Arabidopsis Trithorax group factor, has been characterized as a regulator of the shoot and floral meristems activity. Here, we highlight the role of ULTRAPETALA1 in root stem cell niche maintenance. We found that ULTRAPETALA1 is required to regulate both the quiescent center cell division rate and auxin signaling at the root tip. Furthermore, ULTRAPETALA1 regulates columella stem cell differentiation. These roles are independent of the ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1, suggesting a different mechanism by which ULTRAPETALA1 can act in the root apical meristem of Arabidopsis. This work introduces a new component of the regulatory network needed for the root stem cell niche maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ornelas-Ayala
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rosario Vega-León
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Emilio Petrone-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
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