1
|
Karami O, Khadem A, Rahimi A, Zagari N, Aigner S, Offringa R. Transient efflux inhibition improves plant regeneration by natural auxins. Plant J 2024; 118:295-303. [PMID: 38361343 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant genome editing and propagation are important tools in crop breeding and production. Both rely heavily on the development of efficient in vitro plant regeneration systems. Two prominent regeneration systems that are widely employed in crop production are somatic embryogenesis (SE) and de novo shoot regeneration. In many of the protocols for SE or shoot regeneration, explants are treated with the synthetic auxin analog 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), since natural auxins, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), are less effective or even fail to induce regeneration. Based on previous reports that 2,4-D, compared to endogenous auxins, is not effectively exported from plant cells, we investigated whether efflux inhibition of endogenous auxins could convert these auxins into efficient inducers of SE in Arabidopsis immature zygotic embryos (IZEs). We show that natural auxins and synthetic analogs thereof become efficient inducers of SE when their efflux is transiently inhibited by co-application of the auxin transport inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Moreover, IZEs of auxin efflux mutants pin2 or abcb1 abcb19 show enhanced SE efficiency when treated with IAA or efflux-inhibited IAA, confirming that auxin efflux reduces the efficiency of Arabidopsis SE. Importantly, in contrast to the 2,4-D system, where only 50-60% of the embryos converted to seedlings, all SEs induced by transport-inhibited natural auxins converted to seedlings. Efflux-inhibited IAA, like 2,4-D, also efficiently induced SE from carrot suspension cells, whereas IAA alone could not, and efflux-inhibited 4-Cl-IAA significantly improved de novo shoot regeneration in Brassica napus. Our data provides new insights into the action of 2,4-D as an efficient inducer of plant regeneration but also shows that replacing this synthetic auxin for efflux-inhibited natural auxin significantly improves different types of plant regeneration, leading to a more synchronized and homogenous development of the regenerated plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Azadeh Khadem
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicola Zagari
- ENZA Zaden, Haling 1-E, 1602 DB, Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Aigner
- ENZA Zaden, Haling 1-E, 1602 DB, Enkhuizen, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mirhashemi H, Ahmadi K, Heydari M, Karami O, Valkó O, Khwarahm NR. Climatic variables are more effective on the spatial distribution of oak forests than land use change across their historical range. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:289. [PMID: 38381166 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The current research is conducted to model the effect of climate change and land use change (LUC) on the geographical distribution of Quercus brantii Lindl. (QB) forests across their historical range. Forecasting was done based on six general circulation models under RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 future climate change scenarios for the future years 2050 and 2070. In order to model the species distribution, different modeling methods were used. The results indicated that, in general, climatic variables had a higher influence on the distribution of QB than land use-related attributes. The mean diurnal range (bio2), the precipitation seasonality (bio15), and the mean temperature of the driest quarter (bio9) were the main predictors in the distribution of QB forests, while land use variables were less important in oak species distribution. The GBM, MaxEnt, and RF had higher accuracy and performance in modeling species distribution. The outputs also showed that in the current climate circumstances, 97,608.81 km2 of the studied area has high desirability for the presence of QB, and by 2070, under the pessimistic scenario, 96.29% of these habitats will be lost under the concomitant effect of LUC and climate change. By using the results of this research, it is possible to predict and identify the effective factors in changing the habitat of this oak species with more certainty. Based on the insights obtained from the results of such studies, the protection and restoration planning of the habitat of this key species, which supports diverse species, will be provided more efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Mirhashemi
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Kourosh Ahmadi
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Heydari
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Omid Karami
- General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam Province, Ilam, Iran
| | - Orsolya Valkó
- HUN-REN 'Lendület' Seed Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Nabaz R Khwarahm
- Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Sulaimani, 46001, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karami O, de Jong H, Somovilla VJ, Villanueva Acosta B, Sugiarta AB, Ham M, Khadem A, Wennekes T, Offringa R. Structure-activity relationship of 2,4-D correlates auxinic activity with the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2023; 116:1355-1369. [PMID: 37647363 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a synthetic analogue of the plant hormone auxin that is commonly used in many in vitro plant regeneration systems, such as somatic embryogenesis (SE). Its effectiveness in inducing SE, compared to the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), has been attributed to the stress triggered by this compound rather than its auxinic activity. However, this hypothesis has never been thoroughly tested. Here we used a library of forty 2,4-D analogues to test the structure-activity relationship with respect to the capacity to induce SE and auxinic activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Four analogues induced SE as effectively as 2,4-D and 13 analogues induced SE but were less effective. Based on root growth inhibition and auxin response reporter expression, the 2,4-D analogues were classified into different groups, ranging from very active to not active auxin analogues. A halogen at the 4-position of the aromatic ring was important for auxinic activity, whereas a halogen at the 3-position resulted in reduced activity. Moreover, a small substitution at the carboxylate chain was tolerated, as was extending the carboxylate chain with an even number of carbons. The auxinic activity of most 2,4-D analogues was consistent with their simulated TIR1-Aux/IAA coreceptor binding characteristics. A strong correlation was observed between SE induction efficiency and auxinic activity, which is in line with our observation that 2,4-D-induced SE and stress both require TIR1/AFB auxin co-receptor function. Our data indicate that the stress-related effects triggered by 2,4-D and considered important for SE induction are downstream of auxin signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hanna de Jong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor J Somovilla
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villanueva Acosta
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Aldo Bryan Sugiarta
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marvin Ham
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Azadeh Khadem
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karami O, Mueller-Roeber B, Rahimi A. The central role of stem cells in determining plant longevity variation. Plant Commun 2023; 4:100566. [PMID: 36840355 PMCID: PMC10504568 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants display a huge variety of longevity patterns, from a few weeks for several annual species up to thousands of years for some perennial species. Understanding how longevity variation is structured has long been considered a fundamental aspect of the life sciences in view of evolution, species distribution, and adaptation to diverse environments. Unlike animals, whose organs are typically formed during embryogenesis, vascular plants manage to extend their life by continuously producing new tissues and organs in apical and lateral directions via proliferation of stem cells located within specialized tissues called meristems. Stem cells are the main source of plant longevity. Variation in plant longevity is highly dependent on the activity and fate identity of stem cells. Multiple developmental factors determine how stem cells contribute to variation in plant longevity. In this review, we provide an overview of the genetic mechanisms, hormonal signaling, and environmental factors involved in controlling plant longevity through long-term maintenance of stem cell fate identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Karami O, Philipsen C, Rahimi A, Nurillah AR, Boutilier K, Offringa R. Endogenous auxin maintains embryonic cell identity and promotes somatic embryo development in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2023; 113:7-22. [PMID: 36345646 PMCID: PMC10098609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE), or embryo development from in vitro cultured vegetative explants, can be induced in Arabidopsis by the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or by overexpression of specific transcription factors, such as AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15). Here, we explored the role of endogenous auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] during 2,4-D and AHL15-induced SE. Using the pWOX2:NLS-YFP reporter, we identified three distinct developmental stages for 2,4-D and AHL15-induced SE in Arabidopsis, with these being (i) acquisition of embryo identity; (ii) formation of pro-embryos; and (iii) somatic embryo patterning and development. The acquisition of embryo identity coincided with enhanced expression of the indole-3-pyruvic acid auxin biosynthesis YUCCA genes, resulting in an enhanced pDR5:GFP-reported auxin response in the embryo-forming tissues. Chemical inhibition of the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway did not affect the acquisition of embryo identity, but significantly reduced or completely inhibited the formation of pro-embryos. Co-application of IAA with auxin biosynthesis inhibitors in the AHL15-induced SE system rescued differentiated somatic embryo formation, confirming that increased IAA levels are important during the last two stages of SE. Our analyses also showed that polar auxin transport, with AUXIN/LIKE-AUX influx and PIN-FORMED1 efflux carriers as important drivers, is required for the transition of embryonic cells to proembryos and, later, for correct cell fate specification and differentiation. Taken together, our results indicate that endogenous IAA biosynthesis and its polar transport are not required for the acquisition of embryo identity, but rather to maintain embryonic cell identity and for the formation of multicellular proembryos and their development into histodifferentiated embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Cheryl Philipsen
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Plus ProjectsZwaardstraat 162584 TXThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | - Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Annisa Ratna Nurillah
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
BearingPoint CaribbeanKaya Flamboyan 7WillemstadCuraçao
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karami O, Rahimi A. The end of flowering: interactions between cytokinin and regulatory genes. Trends Plant Sci 2022; 27:840-842. [PMID: 35701292 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the molecular regulation of global proliferative arrest (GPA) in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has been studied extensively, the precise role of the different contributors and their interconnections requires further research. A recent contribution by Merelo et al. now provides evidence that repression of cytokinin (CK) signaling affects the promotion of GPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rahimi A, Karami O, Balazadeh S, Offringa R. miR156-independent repression of the ageing pathway by longevity-promoting AHL proteins in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2022; 235:2424-2438. [PMID: 35642455 PMCID: PMC9540020 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants age by developmental phase changes. In Arabidopsis, the juvenile to adult vegetative phase change (VPC) is marked by clear heteroblastic changes in leaves. VPC and the subsequent vegetative to reproductive phase change are promoted by SQUAMOSA PROMOTOR BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors and repressed by miR156/157 targeting SPL transcripts. By genetic, phenotypic, and gene expression analyses, we studied the role of the longevity-promoting AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15) and family members in SPL-driven plant ageing. Arabidopsis ahl loss-of-function mutants showed accelerated VPC and flowering, whereas AHL15 overexpression delayed these phase changes. Expression analysis and tissue-specific AHL15 overexpression revealed that AHL15 affects VPC and flowering time directly through its expression in the shoot apical meristem and young leaves, and that AHL15 represses SPL2/9/13/15 gene expression in a miR156/157-independent manner. The juvenile traits of spl loss-of-function mutants appeared to depend on enhanced expression of the AHL15 gene, whereas SPL activity prevented vegetative growth from axillary meristem by repressing AHL15 expression. Our results place AHL15 and close family members together with SPLs in a reciprocal regulatory feedback loop that modulates VPC, flowering time, and axillary meristem development in response to both internal and external signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenthe Netherlands
- Plant Molecular Stress Biology, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Plant Molecular Stress Biology, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rahimi A, Karami O, Lestari AD, de Werk T, Amakorová P, Shi D, Novák O, Greb T, Offringa R. Control of cambium initiation and activity in Arabidopsis by the transcriptional regulator AHL15. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1764-1775.e3. [PMID: 35294866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary growth, which is the basis of wood formation, includes the production of secondary xylem, which is derived from meristematic cambium cells embedded in vascular tissue. Here, we identified an important role for the Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) AT-HOOK MOTIF CONTAINING NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15) transcriptional regulator in controlling vascular cambium activity. The limited secondary xylem development in inflorescence stems of herbaceous Arabidopsis plants was significantly reduced in ahl15 loss-of-function mutants, whereas constitutive or vascular meristem-specific AHL15 overexpression produced woody inflorescence stems. AHL15 was required for enhanced secondary xylem formation in the woody suppressor of overexpression of constans 1 (soc1) fruitfull (ful) double loss-of-function mutant. Moreover, we found that AHL15 induces vascular cambium activity downstream of the repressing SOC1 and FUL transcription factors, most likely similar to how it enhances lateral branching by promoting biosynthesis of the hormone cytokinin. Our results uncover a novel pathway driving cambium development, in which AHL15 expression levels act in parallel to and are dependent on the well-established TDIF-PXY-WOX pathway to differentiate between herbaceous and woody stem growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Angga Dwituti Lestari
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias de Werk
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Petra Amakorová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dongbo Shi
- Department of Developmental Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Greb
- Department of Developmental Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thonglim A, Delzon S, Larter M, Karami O, Rahimi A, Offringa R, Keurentjes JJB, Balazadeh S, Smets E, Lens F. Intervessel pit membrane thickness best explains variation in embolism resistance amongst stems of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Ann Bot 2021; 128:171-182. [PMID: 33216143 PMCID: PMC8324034 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ability to avoid drought-induced embolisms in the xylem is one of the essential traits for plants to survive periods of water shortage. Over the past three decades, hydraulic studies have been focusing on trees, which limits our ability to understand how herbs tolerate drought. Here we investigate the embolism resistance in inflorescence stems of four Arabidopsis thaliana accessions that differ in growth form and drought response. We assess functional traits underlying the variation in embolism resistance amongst the accessions studied using detailed anatomical observations. METHODS Vulnerability to xylem embolism was evaluated via vulnerability curves using the centrifuge technique and linked with detailed anatomical observations in stems using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS The data show significant differences in stem P50, varying 2-fold from -1.58 MPa in the Cape Verde Island accession to -3.07 MPa in the woody soc1 ful double mutant. Out of all the anatomical traits measured, intervessel pit membrane thickness (TPM) best explains the differences in P50, as well as P12 and P88. The association between embolism resistance and TPM can be functionally explained by the air-seeding hypothesis. There is no evidence that the correlation between increased woodiness and increased embolism resistance is directly related to functional aspects. However, we found that increased woodiness is strongly linked to other lignification characters, explaining why mechanical stem reinforcement is indirectly related to increased embolism resistance. CONCLUSIONS The woodier or more lignified accessions are more resistant to embolism than the herbaceous accessions, confirming the link between increased stem lignification and increased embolism resistance, as also observed in other lineages. Intervessel pit membrane thickness and, to a lesser extent, theoretical vessel implosion resistance and vessel wall thickness are the missing functional links between stem lignification and embolism resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajaree Thonglim
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Research Group Functional Traits, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maximilian Larter
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Research Group Functional Traits, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joost J B Keurentjes
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Research Group Functional Traits, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Research Group Functional Traits, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Karami O, Rahimi A, Khan M, Bemer M, Hazarika RR, Mak P, Compier M, van Noort V, Offringa R. A suppressor of axillary meristem maturation promotes longevity in flowering plants. Nat Plants 2020; 6:368-376. [PMID: 32284551 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Post-embryonic development and longevity of flowering plants are, for a large part, determined by the activity and maturation state of stem cell niches formed in the axils of leaves, the so-called axillary meristems (AMs)1,2. The genes that are associated with AM maturation and underlie the differences between monocarpic (reproduce once and die) annual and the longer-lived polycarpic (reproduce more than once) perennial plants are still largely unknown. Here we identify a new role for the Arabidopsis AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15) gene as a suppressor of AM maturation. Loss of AHL15 function accelerates AM maturation, whereas ectopic expression of AHL15 suppresses AM maturation and promotes longevity in monocarpic Arabidopsis and tobacco. Accordingly, in Arabidopsis grown under longevity-promoting short-day conditions, or in polycarpic Arabidopsis lyrata, expression of AHL15 is upregulated in AMs. Together, our results indicate that AHL15 and other AHL clade-A genes play an important role, directly downstream of flowering genes (SOC1, FUL) and upstream of the flowering-promoting hormone gibberellic acid, in suppressing AM maturation and extending the plant's lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Majid Khan
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Marian Bemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and B.U. Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick Mak
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Sanquin Plasma Products BV, Department of Product Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Compier
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Rijk Zwaan, De Lier, the Netherlands
| | - Vera van Noort
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Monikh FA, Karami O, Hosseini M, Karami N, Bastami AA, Ghasemi AF. The effect of primary producers of experimental aquatic food chains on mercury and PCB153 biomagnification. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2013; 94:112-115. [PMID: 23735895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The biomagnification of mercury and PCB153 was studied in experimental aquatic food chains involving three species of phytoplankton, one species of zooplankton and one species of fish. The phytoplankton species Ceratium furca, Ceratium tripos and Chaetoceros brevis were exposed to 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l of Hg and 0, 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg of PCB 153. Subsequently, each species was fed to the zooplankton Daphnia hyaline, which was then used as food for the fish Liza abu. The results indicated biomagnification of Hg and PCB153 in all three chains. Highest concentration of mercury was found in C. brevis and the highest concentration of PCB153 was observed in C. tripos. Accordingly, highest concentration of Hg and PCB 153 was found in D. hyaline and in the liver of L. abu belonging to food chains started from Chaetoceros brevis and Ceratium tripos respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khoramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abdolahpur Monikh F, Peery S, Karami O, Hosseini M, Bastami AA, Ghasemi AF. Distribution of metals in the tissues of benthic, Euryglossa orientalis and Cynoglossus arel., and bentho-pelagic, Johnius belangerii., fish from three estuaries, Persian Gulf. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 89:489-494. [PMID: 22825008 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe and Zn were determined in the muscle, liver and gills of three commercial benthic and pelagic fish species (Johnius belangerii, Euryglossa orientalis and Cynoglossus arel) from three estuaries in the northwest Persian Gulf. Metals levels varied significantly depending on the tissues, species and locations. Generally, the results showed that liver accumulate higher concentrations of the metals in comparison to muscle and gills, except in few cases. Among the species, E. orientalis showed the highest levels of Co, Cu, Ni and Fe, while the highest concentrations of Pb and Zn were observed in C. arel. J. belangerii accumulated the highest level of Pb element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khoramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 64199-669, Khoramshahr, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karami O, Aghavaisi B, Mahmoudi Pour A. Molecular aspects of somatic-to-embryogenic transition in plants. J Chem Biol 2009; 2:177-90. [PMID: 19763658 PMCID: PMC2763145 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-009-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a model system for understanding the physiological, biochemical, and molecular biological events occurring during plant embryo development. Plant somatic cells have the ability to undergo sustained divisions and give rise to an entire organism. This remarkable feature is called plant cell totipotency. SE is a notable illustration of plant totipotency and involves reprogramming of development in somatic cells toward the embryogenic pathway. Plant growth regularities, especially auxins, are key components as their exogenous application recapitulates the embryogenic potential of the mitotically quiescent somatic cells. It has been observed that there are genetic and also physiological factors that trigger in vitro embryogenesis in various types of plant somatic cells. Analysis of the proteome and transcriptome has led to the identification and characterization of certain genes involved in SE. Most of these genes, however, are upregulated only in the late developmental stages, suggesting that they do not play a direct role in the vegetative-to-embryogenic transition. However, the molecular bases of those triggering factors and the genetic and biochemical mechanisms leading to in vitro embryogenesis are still unknown. Here, we describe the plant factors that participate in the vegetative-to-embryogenic transition and discuss their possible roles in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Department of Biotechnology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karami O, Saidi A. The molecular basis for stress-induced acquisition of somatic embryogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2493-507. [PMID: 19705297 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) has been studied as a model system for understanding of molecular events in the physiology, biochemistry, and biology areas occurring during plant embryo development. Stresses are also the factors that have been increasingly recognized as having important role in the induction of SE. Plant growth regulators such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), ABA, ethylene, and high concentrations of 2,4-D are known as stress-related substances for acquisition of embryogenic competence by plant cells. Gene expression analysis in both the proteome and transcriptome levels have led to the identification and characterization of some stress-related genes and proteins associated with SE. This review focuses on the molecular basis for stress-induced acquisition of SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Department of Biotechnology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saki AA, Abbasinezhad M, Ghazi S, Tabatabai MM, Goodarzi M, Ahmadi A, Zaboli K, Karami O, Zamani Z, Mahmoudi H. Protein Pattern and Urease Activity of Two Types of Soybean Meal on Protein Digestibility and Chicken Performance. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2009.9706982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
16
|
|