1
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Hou Y, Wang H, Wu J, Guo H, Chen X. Dissecting the pleiotropic roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung cancer: From carcinogenesis toward therapy. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1566-1595. [PMID: 38284170 DOI: 10.1002/med.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The specific pulmonary structure to directly connect with ambient air makes it more susceptible to damage from airborne toxins. External oxidative stimuli and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in promoting lung carcinogenesis and development. The biological properties of higher ROS levels in tumor cells than in normal cells make them more sensitive and vulnerable to ROS injury. Therefore, the strategy of targeting ROS has been proposed for cancer therapy for decades. However, it is embarrassing that countless attempts at ROS-based therapies have had very limited success, and no FDA approval in the anticancer list was mechanistically based on ROS manipulation. Even compared with the untargetable proteins, such as transcription factors, ROS are more difficult to be targeted due to their chemical properties. Thus, the pleiotropic roles of ROS provide therapeutic potential for anticancer drug discovery, while a better dissection of the mechanistic action and signaling pathways is a prerequisite for future breakthroughs. This review discusses the critical roles of ROS in cancer carcinogenesis, ROS-inspired signaling pathways, and ROS-based treatment, exemplified by lung cancer. In particular, an eight considerations rule is proposed for ROS-targeting strategies and drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules & College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
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2
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Ping Z, Shuxia Z, Xinyu D, Kehe H, Xingxiang C, Chunfeng W. Mitophagy-regulated Necroptosis plays a vital role in the nephrotoxicity of Fumonisin B1 in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114714. [PMID: 38705344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), one of the most widely distributed mycotoxins found in grains and feeds as contaminants, affects many organs including the kidney once ingested. However, the nephrotoxicity of FB1 remains to be further uncovered. The connection between necroptosis and nephrotoxicity of FB1 has been investigated in this study. The results showed that mice exposed to high doses of FB1 (2.25 mg/kg b.w.) developed kidney damage, with significant increases in proinflammatory cytokines (Il-6, Il-1β), kidney injury-related markers (Ngal, Ntn-1), and gene expressions linked to necroptosis (Ripk1, Ripk3, Mlkl). The concentration-dependent damage effects of FB1 on PK-15 cells contain cytotoxicity, cellular inflammatory response, and necroptosis. These FB1-induced effects can be neutralized by pretreatment with the necroptosis inhibitor Nec-1. Additionally, FB1 caused mitochondrial damage and mitophagy in vivo and in vitro, whereas Mdivi-1, a mitophagy inhibitor, prevented these effects on PK-15 cells as well as, more crucially, necroptosis. In conclusion, the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signal route of necroptosis, which may be controlled by mitophagy, mediated nephrotoxicity of FB1. Our findings clarify the underlying molecular pathways of FB1-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ping
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhang Shuxia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Du Xinyu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huang Kehe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Xingxiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Wang Chunfeng
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China.
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3
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Cai X, Warburton C, Perez OF, Wang Y, Ho L, Finelli C, Ehlen QT, Wu C, Rodriguez CD, Kaplan L, Best TM, Huang CY, Meng Z. Hippo-PKCζ-NFκB signaling axis: A druggable modulator of chondrocyte responses to mechanical stress. iScience 2024; 27:109983. [PMID: 38827404 PMCID: PMC11140209 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated a crucial role of Hippo signaling in cell fate determination by biomechanical signals. Here we show that mechanical loading triggers the activation of a Hippo-PKCζ-NFκB pathway in chondrocytes, resulting in the expression of NFκB target genes associated with inflammation and matrix degradation. Mechanistically, mechanical loading activates an atypical PKC, PKCζ, which phosphorylates NFκB p65 at Serine 536, stimulating its transcriptional activation. This mechanosensitive activation of PKCζ and NFκB p65 is impeded in cells with gene deletion or chemical inhibition of Hippo core kinases LATS1/2, signifying an essential role of Hippo signaling in this mechanotransduction. A PKC inhibitor AEB-071 or PKCζ knockdown prevents p65 Serine 536 phosphorylation. Our study uncovers that the interplay of the Hippo signaling, PKCζ, and NFκB in response to mechanical loading serves as a therapeutic target for knee osteoarthritis and other conditions resulting from mechanical overloading or Hippo signaling deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Warburton
- USOAR Scholar Program, Medical Education, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Olivia F. Perez
- USOAR Scholar Program, Medical Education, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lucy Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Christina Finelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Quinn T. Ehlen
- USOAR Scholar Program, Medical Education, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chenzhou Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carlos D. Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lee Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chun-Yuh Huang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- USOAR Scholar Program, Medical Education, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhipeng Meng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- USOAR Scholar Program, Medical Education, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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4
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Peng Z, Xiao H, Tan Y, Zhang X. Spotlight on macrophage pyroptosis: A bibliometric and visual analysis from 2001 to 2023. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31819. [PMID: 38845992 PMCID: PMC11154638 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage pyroptosis plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, especially acute lung injury, atherosclerosis, and sepsis. Despite its importance, analysis of the existing literature has been limited. Therefore, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of research on macrophage pyroptosis and identify the current research foci and trends in this field. We collected articles related to macrophage pyroptosis published between 2001 and 2022 from the Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed. Citespace, VOSviewer, bibliometrix R package, and Microsoft Excel 2019 were used to analyze co-occurrence relationships and the contribution of countries/regions, institutions, journals, authors, references, and keywords. In total, 1321 papers were included. China and the United States of America published the most articles in this field. TD Kanneganti had the most publications; BT Cookson was the most cited. Although China contributed the most publications, it had a relatively low ratio of multiple-country collaborations (0.132). Among journals, Frontiers in Immunology and Cell Death Disease published the most papers; Nature and the Journal of Immunology were frequently co-cited. Frequently occurring keywords included "inflammation," "NLRP3 inflammasome," "apoptosis," "caspase-1," and "cell death." Moreover, with the advancement of gene editing technology and the integration of clinical applications, novel molecules ("caspases," "GSDMD," "ASC"), programmed cell death topics ("pyroptosis," "ferroptosis," "necrosis"), and clinical applications ("alveolar macrophage," "atherosclerosis," "prognosis") emerged as frontiers. The macrophage pyroptosis field is rapidly evolving and holds promise as a potential target for treating macrophage pyroptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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5
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Balusu S, De Strooper B. The necroptosis cell death pathway drives neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:96. [PMID: 38852117 PMCID: PMC11162975 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Although apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis have been implicated in AD, none fully explains the extensive neuronal loss observed in AD brains. Recent evidence shows that necroptosis is abundant in AD, that necroptosis is closely linked to the appearance of Tau pathology, and that necroptosis markers accumulate in granulovacuolar neurodegeneration vesicles (GVD). We review here the neuron-specific activation of the granulovacuolar mediated neuronal-necroptosis pathway, the potential AD-relevant triggers upstream of this pathway, and the interaction of the necrosome with the endo-lysosomal pathway, possibly providing links to Tau pathology. In addition, we underscore the therapeutic potential of inhibiting necroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, as this presents a novel avenue for drug development targeting neuronal loss to preserve cognitive abilities. Such an approach seems particularly relevant when combined with amyloid-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Balusu
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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6
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Ji K, Yao Y, Gao Y, Huang S, Ma L, Pan Q, Wu J, Zhang W, Chen H, Zhang L. Evaluating the cytotoxicity mechanism of the cell-penetrating peptide TP10 on Jurkat cells. Biochimie 2024; 221:182-192. [PMID: 37922978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
TP10, a classic cell-penetrating peptide, shows a high degree of similarity to AMPs in structure. Although TP10 has been widely used in drug delivery, the mechanism underlying its cytotoxicity is yet to be elucidated. Herein, we explored the cell-killing mechanism of TP10 against human leukemia Jurkat cells. TP10 induced necrosis in Jurkat cells via rapid disruption of cell membranes, particularly at high concentrations. Although mitochondria in Jurkat cells were damaged by TP10, mitochondria-mediated apoptosis did not occur, possibly due to intracellular ATP depletion. Necroptosis in TP10-treated Jurkat cells became an alternative route of apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that necrosis and necroptosis rather than apoptosis are involved in the cell-killing mechanism of TP10, which contributes to the understanding of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ji
- The First Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yufan Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sujie Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qing Pan
- The First Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jun Wu
- The First Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Hongmei Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Hospital, The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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7
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Helgoe J, Davy SK, Weis VM, Rodriguez-Lanetty M. Triggers, cascades, and endpoints: connecting the dots of coral bleaching mechanisms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:715-752. [PMID: 38217089 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis is the engine that underpins the success of coral reefs, one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. However, the breakdown of the symbiosis and the loss of the microalgal symbiont (i.e. coral bleaching) due to environmental changes are resulting in the rapid degradation of coral reefs globally. There is an urgent need to understand the cellular physiology of coral bleaching at the mechanistic level to help develop solutions to mitigate the coral reef crisis. Here, at an unprecedented scope, we present novel models that integrate putative mechanisms of coral bleaching within a common framework according to the triggers (initiators of bleaching, e.g. heat, cold, light stress, hypoxia, hyposalinity), cascades (cellular pathways, e.g. photoinhibition, unfolded protein response, nitric oxide), and endpoints (mechanisms of symbiont loss, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis, exocytosis/vomocytosis). The models are supported by direct evidence from cnidarian systems, and indirectly through comparative evolutionary analyses from non-cnidarian systems. With this approach, new putative mechanisms have been established within and between cascades initiated by different bleaching triggers. In particular, the models provide new insights into the poorly understood connections between bleaching cascades and endpoints and highlight the role of a new mechanism of symbiont loss, i.e. 'symbiolysosomal digestion', which is different from symbiophagy. This review also increases the approachability of bleaching physiology for specialists and non-specialists by mapping the vast landscape of bleaching mechanisms in an atlas of comprehensible and detailed mechanistic models. We then discuss major knowledge gaps and how future research may improve the understanding of the connections between the diverse cascade of cellular pathways and the mechanisms of symbiont loss (endpoints).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Helgoe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 2701 SW Campus Way, 2403 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Mauricio Rodriguez-Lanetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, USA
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8
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Sun Y, Yin Y, Yang S, Ai D, Qin H, Xia X, Xu X, Song J. Lipotoxicity: The missing link between diabetes and periodontitis? J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:431-445. [PMID: 38419425 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity refers to the accumulation of lipids in tissues other than adipose tissue (body fat). It is one of the major pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the progression of diabetes complications such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetic nephropathy. Accumulating evidence indicates that lipotoxicity also contributes significantly to the toxic effects of diabetes on periodontitis. Therefore, we reviewed the current in vivo, in vitro, and clinical evidence of the detrimental effects of lipotoxicity on periodontitis, focusing on its molecular mechanisms, especially oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, ceramides, adipokines, and programmed cell death pathways. By elucidating potential therapeutic strategies targeting lipotoxicity and describing their associated mechanisms and clinical outcomes, including metformin, statins, liraglutide, adiponectin, and omega-3 PUFA, this review seeks to provide a more comprehensive and effective treatment framework against diabetes-associated periodontitis. Furthermore, the challenges and future research directions are proposed, aiming to contribute to a more profound understanding of the impact of lipotoxicity on periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Sihan Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongqing Ai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Qin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuyun Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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Chen R, Zhang H, Tang B, Luo Y, Yang Y, Zhong X, Chen S, Xu X, Huang S, Liu C. Macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:130. [PMID: 38816371 PMCID: PMC11139930 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune response holds a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease development. As multifunctional cells of the innate immune system, macrophages play an essential role in initial inflammatory response that occurs following cardiovascular injury, thereby inducing subsequent damage while also facilitating recovery. Meanwhile, the diverse phenotypes and phenotypic alterations of macrophages strongly associate with distinct types and severity of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, valvular disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aneurysm, which underscores the importance of investigating macrophage regulatory mechanisms within the context of specific diseases. Besides, recent strides in single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed macrophage heterogeneity, cell-cell interactions, and downstream mechanisms of therapeutic targets at a higher resolution, which brings new perspectives into macrophage-mediated mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Remarkably, myocardial fibrosis, a prevalent characteristic in most cardiac diseases, remains a formidable clinical challenge, necessitating a profound investigation into the impact of macrophages on myocardial fibrosis within the context of cardiac diseases. In this review, we systematically summarize the diverse phenotypic and functional plasticity of macrophages in regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and unprecedented insights introduced by single-cell sequencing technologies, with a focus on different causes and characteristics of diseases, especially the relationship between inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac diseases (myocardial infarction, pressure overload, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy and cardiac aging) and the relationship between inflammation and vascular injury in vascular diseases (atherosclerosis and aneurysm). Finally, we also highlight the preclinical/clinical macrophage targeting strategies and translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Botao Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yukun Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Sifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xinjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Shengkang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Heart Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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10
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Gonçalves J, Amaral JD, Capela R, Perry MDJ, Braga C, Gaspar MM, Piedade FM, Bijlsma L, Roig A, Pinto SN, Moreira R, Florindo P, Rodrigues CMP. Necroptosis induced by ruthenium (II) complexes as mitochondrial disruptors. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:261. [PMID: 38806468 PMCID: PMC11133381 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Inducing necroptosis in cancer cells has emerged as an effective strategy to overcome drug resistance. However, while organic small molecules have been extensively studied for this purpose, metal-based compounds have received relatively little attention as triggers of necroptosis. The development of ruthenium (II) hybrid compounds, particularly those containing triazene (Ru-TRZ), highlights a novel avenue for modulating necroptotic cell death. Here we show that incorporating a methyltriazene moiety, a known alkylating warhead, confers superior mitochondrial-targeting properties and enhances cell death compared to amide-containing counterparts. Ru-hybrid TRZ2 exhibits also antitumor efficacy against in vivo drug-resistant cancer cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Ru-TRZ hybrids induce apoptosis. In addition, by activating downstream RIPK3-driven cell death, TRZ2 proficiently restrains normal mitochondrial function and activity, leading to cancer cell necroptosis. Finally, TRZ2 synergizes anti-proliferative activity and cell death effects induced by conventional drugs. In conclusion, Ru-TRZ2 stands as a promising ruthenium-based chemotherapeutic agent inducing necroptosis in drug resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana D Amaral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Capela
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria de Jesus Perry
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Braga
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima M Piedade
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Antoni Roig
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Sandra N Pinto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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11
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Nam YW, Shin JH, Kim S, Hwang CH, Lee CS, Hwang G, Kim HR, Roe JS, Song J. EGFR inhibits TNF-α-mediated pathway by phosphorylating TNFR1 at tyrosine 360 and 401. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01316-3. [PMID: 38789573 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) induces the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling pathway and regulated cell death processes when TNF-α ligates with it. Although mechanisms regulating the downstream pathways of TNFR1 have been elucidated, the direct regulation of TNFR1 itself is not well known. In this study, we showed that the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates NF-κB signalling and TNF-α-induced cell death by directly phosphorylating TNFR1 at Tyr 360 and 401 in its death domain. In contrast, EGFR inhibition by EGFR inhibitors, such as erlotinib and gefitinib, prevented their interaction. Once TNFR1 is phosphorylated, its death domain induces the suppression of the NF-κB pathways, complex II-mediated apoptosis, or necrosome-dependent necroptosis. Physiologically, in mouse models, EGF treatment mitigates TNF-α-dependent necroptotic skin inflammation induced by treatment with IAP and caspase inhibitors. Our study revealed a novel role for EGFR in directly regulating TNF-α-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Ha Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chi Hyun Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong-Sil Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyuho Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa-Ryeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Roe
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaewhan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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12
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Li Y, Rasheed M, Liu J, Chen Z, Deng Y. Deciphering the Molecular Nexus: An In-Depth Review of Mitochondrial Pathways and Their Role in Cell Death Crosstalk. Cells 2024; 13:863. [PMID: 38786088 PMCID: PMC11119937 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular demise is a pivotal event in both developmental processes and disease states, with mitochondrial regulation playing an essential role. Traditionally, cell death was categorized into distinct types, considered to be linear and mutually exclusive pathways. However, the current understanding has evolved to recognize the complex and interconnected mechanisms of cell death, especially within apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis are governed by intricate molecular pathways, with mitochondria acting as central decision-makers in steering cells towards either apoptosis or pyroptosis through various mediators. The choice between apoptosis and necroptosis is often determined by mitochondrial signaling and is orchestrated by specific proteins. The molecular dialogue and the regulatory influence of mitochondria within these cell death pathways are critical research areas. Comprehending the shared elements and the interplay between these death modalities is crucial for unraveling the complexities of cellular demise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zixuan Chen
- Beijing Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (M.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Yulin Deng
- Beijing Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (M.R.); (J.L.)
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13
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Qin Y, Sheng Y, Ren M, Hou Z, Xiao L, Chen R. Identification of necroptosis-related gene signatures for predicting the prognosis of ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11133. [PMID: 38750159 PMCID: PMC11096311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most prevalent and fatal malignant tumors of the female reproductive system. Our research aimed to develop a prognostic model to assist inclinical treatment decision-making.Utilizing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and copy number variation (CNV) data from the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) database, we conducted analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), gene function, and tumor microenvironment (TME) scores in various clusters of OC samples.Next, we classified participants into low-risk and high-risk groups based on the median risk score, thereby dividing both the training group and the entire group accordingly. Overall survival (OS) was significantly reduced in the high-risk group, and two independent prognostic factors were identified: age and risk score. Additionally, three genes-C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10), RELB, and Caspase-3 (CASP3)-emerged as potential candidates for an independent prognostic signature with acceptable prognostic value. In Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, pathways related to immune responses and inflammatory cell chemotaxis were identified. Cellular experiments further validated the reliability and precision of our findings. In conclusion, necroptosis-related genes play critical roles in tumor immunity, and our model introduces a novel strategy for predicting the prognosis of OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Qin
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5, Beixiange Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yawen Sheng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Mengxue Ren
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5, Beixiange Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zitong Hou
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5, Beixiange Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5, Beixiange Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ruixue Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5, Beixiange Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
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14
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Gary AS, Amouret S, Montoni A, Rochette PJ. MLKL, a new actor of UVB-induced apoptosis in human diploid dermal fibroblasts. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:232. [PMID: 38744823 PMCID: PMC11093999 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major environmental mutagen. In skin, UVR can initiate cancer through the induction of mutagenic DNA damage and promote its progression. An important cancer prevention mechanism is the regulated cell death (RCD), which can safely dispose of damaged cells. Apoptosis, a well-known RCD, is known to be activated by UVR, but part of the mechanism and proteins involved in UVR-induced apoptosis are still to be discovered. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) are two proteins involved in necroptosis, a form of RCD. Here, we have evaluated the implication of RIPK3 and MLKL in UVB-induced cell death in human diploid dermal fibroblasts. Our results show that RIPK3 and MLKL play opposite roles in UVB-induced cell death, in a necroptosis independent pathway. We showed that RIPK3 protects cells from UVB cell death, while MLKL sensitizes cells to UVB-induced apoptosis. Taken together these results are the first to show the implication of RIPK3 and MLKL in survival and apoptosis, respectively, bringing two new actors in UVB-induced cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Gary
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Amouret
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alicia Montoni
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick J Rochette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Département d'Ophtalmologie et ORL - chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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15
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Liu T, Wei H, Zhang L, Ma C, Wei Y, Jiang T, Li W. Metformin attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and necroptosis through AMPK pathway in type 2 diabetic recipient rats. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:237. [PMID: 38745191 PMCID: PMC11094932 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) can aggravate lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and is a significant risk factor for recipient mortality after lung transplantation. Metformin protects against I/R injury in a variety of organs. However, the effect of metformin on diabetic lung I/R injury remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to observe the effect and mechanism of metformin on lung I/R injury following lung transplantation in type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following six groups: the control + sham group (CS group), the control + I/R group (CIR group), the DM + sham group (DS group), the DM + I/R group (DIR group), the DM + I/R + metformin group (DIRM group) and the DM + I/R + metformin + Compound C group (DIRMC group). Control and diabetic rats underwent the sham operation or left lung transplantation operation. Lung function, alveolar capillary permeability, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, necroptosis and the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio were determined after 24 h of reperfusion. RESULTS Compared with the CIR group, the DIR group exhibited decreased lung function, increased alveolar capillary permeability, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and necroptosis, but decreased the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio. Metformin improved the function of lung grafts, decreased alveolar capillary permeability, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and necroptosis, and increased the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio. In contrast, the protective effects of metformin were abrogated by Compound C. CONCLUSIONS Metformin attenuates lung I/R injury and necroptosis through AMPK pathway in type 2 diabetic lung transplant recipient rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hei Long Jiang Province Key Laboratory of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.246, Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hei Long Jiang Province Key Laboratory of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.246, Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Can Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hei Long Jiang Province Key Laboratory of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.246, Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hei Long Jiang Province Key Laboratory of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.246, Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hei Long Jiang Province Key Laboratory of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.246, Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hei Long Jiang Province Key Laboratory of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.246, Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China.
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16
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Meng X, Song Q, Liu Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Liu J. Neurotoxic β-amyloid oligomers cause mitochondrial dysfunction-the trigger for PANoptosis in neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1400544. [PMID: 38808033 PMCID: PMC11130508 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1400544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
As the global population ages, the incidence of elderly patients with dementia, represented by Alzheimer's disease (AD), will continue to increase. Previous studies have suggested that β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition is a key factor leading to AD. However, the clinical efficacy of treating AD with anti-Aβ protein antibodies is not satisfactory, suggesting that Aβ amyloidosis may be a pathological change rather than a key factor leading to AD. Identification of the causes of AD and development of corresponding prevention and treatment strategies is an important goal of current research. Following the discovery of soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ (AβO) in 1998, scientists began to focus on the neurotoxicity of AβOs. As an endogenous neurotoxin, the active growth of AβOs can lead to neuronal death, which is believed to occur before plaque formation, suggesting that AβOs are the key factors leading to AD. PANoptosis, a newly proposed concept of cell death that includes known modes of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, is a form of cell death regulated by the PANoptosome complex. Neuronal survival depends on proper mitochondrial function. Under conditions of AβO interference, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs, releasing lethal contents as potential upstream effectors of the PANoptosome. Considering the critical role of neurons in cognitive function and the development of AD as well as the regulatory role of mitochondrial function in neuronal survival, investigation of the potential mechanisms leading to neuronal PANoptosis is crucial. This review describes the disruption of neuronal mitochondrial function by AβOs and elucidates how AβOs may activate neuronal PANoptosis by causing mitochondrial dysfunction during the development of AD, providing guidance for the development of targeted neuronal treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinyu Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Zhou B, Xiao K, Guo J, Xu Q, Xu Q, Lv Q, Zhu H, Zhao J, Liu Y. Necroptosis contributes to the intestinal toxicity of deoxynivalenol and is mediated by methyltransferase SETDB1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134601. [PMID: 38823098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi, which causes serious health issues worldwide due to its widespread presence in human and animal diets. Necroptosis is a newly proposed cell death mode and has been proposed as a potential mechanism of intestinal disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of necroptosis in intestinal damage caused by DON exposure. Piglets were fed diets with or without 4 mg/kg DON for 3 weeks or given a gavage of 2 mg/kg BW DON or sterile saline to investigate the effects of chronic or acute DON exposure on the gut, respectively. IPEC-1 cells were challenged with different concentrations of DON to investigate the effect of DON exposure on the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. Subsequently, the inhibitors of necroptosis were used to treat cells or piglets prior to DON challenge. Chronic and acute DON exposure both caused morphological damage, reduction of disaccharidase activity, decrease of tight junction protein expression, inflammation of the small intestine, and necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in piglets. Necroptosis was also detected when IPEC-1 cell damage was induced by DON in vitro. The suppression of necroptosis in IPEC-1 cells by inhibitors (necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), GSK'872, or GW806742X) alleviated cell death, the decrease of tight junction protein expression, oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response induced by DON. Furthermore, pre-treatment with Nec-1 in piglets was also observed to protect the intestine against DON-induced enterotoxicity. Additionally, the expression of histone methyltransferase SETDB1 was abnormally downregulated upon chronic and acute DON exposure in piglets, and necroptosis was activated in IPEC-1 cells due to knockout of SETDB1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that necroptosis of IECs is a mechanism of DON-induced enterotoxicity and SETDB1 mediates necroptosis upon DON exposure in IECs, suggesting the potential for targeted inhibition of necroptosis to alleviate mycotoxin-induced enterotoxicity and intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Kan Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qilong Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qingqing Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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18
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Sun C, Wang S, Ma Z, Zhou J, Ding Z, Yuan G, Pan Y. Neutrophils in glioma microenvironment: from immune function to immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1393173. [PMID: 38779679 PMCID: PMC11109384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a malignant tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, effective treatment options for gliomas are still lacking. Neutrophils, as an important member of the tumor microenvironment (TME), are widely distributed in circulation. Recently, the discovery of cranial-meningeal channels and intracranial lymphatic vessels has provided new insights into the origins of neutrophils in the CNS. Neutrophils in the brain may originate more from the skull and adjacent vertebral bone marrow. They cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) under the action of chemokines and enter the brain parenchyma, subsequently migrating to the glioma TME and undergoing phenotypic changes upon contact with tumor cells. Under glycolytic metabolism model, neutrophils show complex and dual functions in different stages of cancer progression, including participation in the malignant progression, immune suppression, and anti-tumor effects of gliomas. Additionally, neutrophils in the TME interact with other immune cells, playing a crucial role in cancer immunotherapy. Targeting neutrophils may be a novel generation of immunotherapy and improve the efficacy of cancer treatments. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of neutrophils infiltrating the central nervous system from the external environment, detailing the origin, functions, classifications, and targeted therapies of neutrophils in the context of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Siwen Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinghuan Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zilin Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yawen Pan
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Day ZI, Mayfosh AJ, Baxter AA, Williams SA, Hildebrand JM, Rau TF, Poon IKH, Hulett MD. Defining a Water-Soluble Formulation of Arachidonic Acid as a Novel Ferroptosis Inducer in Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:555. [PMID: 38785962 PMCID: PMC11118058 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe GS-9, a novel water-soluble fatty acid-based formulation comprising L-lysine and arachidonic acid, that we have shown to induce ferroptosis. GS-9 forms vesicle-like structures in solution and mediates lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by increased C11-BODIPY fluorescence and an accumulation of toxic malondialdehyde, a downstream product of lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis inhibitors counteracted GS-9-induced cell death, whereas caspase 3 and 7 or MLKL knock-out cell lines are resistant to GS-9-induced cell death, eliminating other cell death processes such as apoptosis and necroptosis as the mechanism of action of GS-9. We also demonstrate that through their role of sequestering fatty acids, lipid droplets play a protective role against GS-9-induced ferroptosis, as inhibition of lipid droplet biogenesis enhanced GS-9 cytotoxicity. In addition, Fatty Acid Transport Protein 2 was implicated in GS-9 uptake. Overall, this study identifies and characterises the mechanism of GS-9 as a ferroptosis inducer. This formulation of arachidonic acid offers a novel tool for investigating and manipulating ferroptosis in various cellular and anti-cancer contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe I. Day
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (Z.I.D.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.B.); (I.K.H.P.)
| | - Alyce J. Mayfosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (Z.I.D.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.B.); (I.K.H.P.)
- Wintermute Biomedical, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Amy A. Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (Z.I.D.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.B.); (I.K.H.P.)
| | - Scott A. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (Z.I.D.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.B.); (I.K.H.P.)
| | - Joanne M. Hildebrand
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | | | - Ivan K. H. Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (Z.I.D.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.B.); (I.K.H.P.)
| | - Mark D. Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (Z.I.D.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.B.); (I.K.H.P.)
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20
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Liang JY, Gao S, Jiang JM, Zhang P, Zou W, Tang XQ, Tang YY. Itaconate inhibits corticosterone-induced necroptosis and neuroinflammation via up-regulating menin in HT22 cells. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:393-405. [PMID: 38427168 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Corticosterone (CORT) damages hippocampal neurons as well as induces neuroinflammation. The tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite itaconate has an anti-inflammatory role. Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death, also known as inflammatory cell death. Menin is a multifunctional scaffold protein, which deficiency aggravates neuroinflammation. In this study, we explored whether itaconate inhibits CORT-induced neuroinflammation as well as necroptosis and further investigated the mediatory role of Menin in this protective effect of itaconate by using an exposure of CORT to HT22 cells (a hippocampal neuronal cell line). The viability of HT22 cells was examined by the cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8). The morphology of HT22 cells was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The expressions of necroptosis-related proteins (p-RIP1/RIP1, p-RIP3/RIP3, and p-MLKL/MLKL) were evaluated by western blotting. The contents of inflammatory factors were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Our results showed that CORT increases the contents of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α) as well as decreases the contents of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10) in HT22 cells. We also found that CORT increases the expressions of necroptosis-related proteins (p-RIP1/RIP1, p-RIP3/RIP3, and p-MLKL/MLKL) and decreases the cell viability in HT22 cells, indicating that CORT induces necroptosis in HT22 cells. Itaconate improves CORT-induced neuroinflammation and necroptosis. Furthermore, itaconate upregulates the expression of Menin in CORT-exposed HT22 cells. Importantly, silencing Menin abolishes the antagonistic effect of itaconate on CORT-induced necroptosis and neuroinflammation. In brief, these results indicated that itaconate protects HT22 cells against CORT-induced neuroinflammation and necroptosis via upregulating Menin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Mei Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336 S Dongfeng Road, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336 S Dongfeng Road, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Yun Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Song M, Qiang Y, Wang S, Shan S, Zhang L, Liu C, Song F, Zhao X. High-fat diet exacerbates 1-Bromopropane-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of mice through mitochondrial damage associated necroptotic pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116280. [PMID: 38574648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating evidence supports that occupational exposure to solvents is associated with an increased incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) among workers. The neurotoxic effects of 1-bromopropane (1-BP), a widely used new-type solvent, are well-established, yet data on its relationship with the etiology of PD remain limited. Simultaneously, high-fat consumption in modern society is recognized as a significant risk factor for PD. However, whether there is a synergistic effect between a high-fat diet and 1-BP exposure remains unclear. In this study, adult C57BL/6 mice were fed either a chow or a high-fat diet for 18 weeks prior to 12-week 1-BP treatment. Subsequent neurobehavioral and neuropathological examinations were conducted to assess the effects of 1-BP exposure on parkinsonian pathology. The results demonstrated that 1-BP exposure produced obvious neurobehavioral abnormalities and dopaminergic degeneration in the nigral region of mice. Importantly, a high-fat diet further exacerbated the impact of 1-BP on motor and cognitive abnormalities in mice. Mechanistic investigation revealed that mitochondrial damage and mtDNA release induced by 1-BP and high-fat diet activate NLRP3 and cGAS-STING pathway- mediated neuroinflammatory response, and ultimately lead to necroptosis of dopaminergic neurons. In summary, our study unveils a potential link between chronic 1-BP exposure and PD-like pathology with motor and no-motor defects in experimental animals, and long-term high-fat diet can further promote 1-BP neurotoxicity, which underscores the pivotal role of environmental factors in the etiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Song
- Department of Health Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yalong Qiang
- Department of Health Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Health Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Department of Health Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Caipei Liu
- Department of Health Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Health Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Health Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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22
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Zhou Y, Xiang Y, Liu S, Li C, Dong J, Kong X, Ji X, Cheng X, Zhang L. RIPK3 signaling and its role in regulated cell death and diseases. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:200. [PMID: 38684668 PMCID: PMC11059363 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), a member of the receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) family with serine/threonine protein kinase activity, interacts with RIPK1 to generate necrosomes, which trigger caspase-independent programmed necrosis. As a vital component of necrosomes, RIPK3 plays an indispensable role in necroptosis, which is crucial for human life and health. In addition, RIPK3 participates in the pathological process of several infections, aseptic inflammatory diseases, and tumors (including tumor-promoting and -suppressive activities) by regulating autophagy, cell proliferation, and the metabolism and production of chemokines/cytokines. This review summarizes the recent research progress of the regulators of the RIPK3 signaling pathway and discusses the potential role of RIPK3/necroptosis in the aetiopathogenesis of various diseases. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms and functions of RIPK3 may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Department of Pathology, the Second People's Hospital of Jiaozuo; The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
- Faculty of Basic Medical Subjects, Shu-Qing Medical College of Zhengzhou, No. 6 Gong-Ming Rd, Mazhai Town, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450064, China
| | - Yaxuan Xiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Sijie Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chenyao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jiaheng Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Wushu College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xinying Ji
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Faculty of Basic Medical Subjects, Shu-Qing Medical College of Zhengzhou, No. 6 Gong-Ming Rd, Mazhai Town, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450064, China
| | - Xiaoxia Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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23
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Hu L, Cheng Z, Chu H, Wang W, Jin Y, Yang L. TRIF-dependent signaling and its role in liver diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1370042. [PMID: 38694821 PMCID: PMC11061444 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1370042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) is a crucial adaptor molecule downstream of toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) and 4 (TLR4). TRIF directly binds to TLR3 through its TIR domain, while it associates with TLR4 indirectly through the bridge adaptor molecule TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM). TRIF plays a pivotal role in regulating interferon beta 1 (IFN-β) response, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, apoptosis, and necroptosis signaling mediated by TLR3 and TLR4. It accomplishes these by recruiting and activating various kinases or transcription factors via its distinct domains. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways mediated by TLR3 and TLR4, elucidating key target molecules and downstream pathways. Furthermore, we provide an overview of TRIF's impact on several liver disorders, including drug-induced liver injury, ischemia-reperfusion liver injury, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). We also explore its effects on liver steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways, as well as the intricate relationship between TRIF and liver diseases, can facilitate the identification of potential drug targets and the development of novel and effective therapeutics against hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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24
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Sciaccotta R, Gangemi S, Penna G, Giordano L, Pioggia G, Allegra A. Potential New Therapies "ROS-Based" in CLL: An Innovative Paradigm in the Induction of Tumor Cell Apoptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:475. [PMID: 38671922 PMCID: PMC11047475 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in spite of recent advancements, is still an incurable disease; the majority of patients eventually acquire resistance to treatment through relapses. In all subtypes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the disruption of normal B-cell homeostasis is thought to be mostly caused by the absence of apoptosis. Consequently, apoptosis induction is crucial to the management of this illness. Damaged biological components can accumulate as a result of the oxidation of intracellular lipids, proteins, and DNA by reactive oxygen species. It is possible that cancer cells are more susceptible to apoptosis because of their increased production of reactive oxygen species. An excess of reactive oxygen species can lead to oxidative stress, which can harm biological elements like DNA and trigger apoptotic pathways that cause planned cell death. In order to upset the balance of oxidative stress in cells, recent therapeutic treatments in chronic lymphocytic leukemia have focused on either producing reactive oxygen species or inhibiting it. Examples include targets created in the field of nanomedicine, natural extracts and nutraceuticals, tailored therapy using biomarkers, and metabolic targets. Current developments in the complex connection between apoptosis, particularly ferroptosis and its involvement in epigenomics and alterations, have created a new paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Sciaccotta
- Hematology Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (G.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giuseppa Penna
- Hematology Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (G.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Laura Giordano
- Hematology Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (G.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Hematology Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (G.P.); (L.G.)
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25
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Jiang R, Xu B, Zhi S, Sun L, Yu B, Huang Q, Shi Y. Scaffold hopping derived novel benzoxazepinone receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) inhibitors as anti-necroptosis agents: Anti-inflammatory effect in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and epilepsy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116304. [PMID: 38484677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a type of regulated cell death known for its pro-inflammatory nature due to the substantial release of cellular contents. The phosphorylation of key proteins, namely RIP1, RIP3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), plays a pivotal role in the processes associated with necroptosis. Consequently, inhibiting the phosphorylation of any of these three key protein kinases could effectively block necroptosis. Utilizing a scaffold hopping strategy, we have successfully designed and synthesized a series of novel RIP1 inhibitors with selective and anti-necrotic properties, using compound o1 as the lead compound. In comparison to o1, SY1 has demonstrated heightened antinecroptosis activity and binding affinity in vitro studies. Moreover, SY1 has exhibited superior efficacy in both in vivo studies, specifically in the context of SIRS, and pharmacokinetic assessments. Furthermore, SY1 has proven effective in significantly suppressing the central inflammatory response induced by epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shumeng Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Baocong Yu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Ying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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26
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Sagris M, Apostolos A, Theofilis P, Ktenopoulos N, Katsaros O, Tsalamandris S, Tsioufis K, Toutouzas K, Tousoulis D. Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Unraveling Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Emerging Prevention Strategies. Biomedicines 2024; 12:802. [PMID: 38672157 PMCID: PMC11048318 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) remains a challenge in the context of reperfusion procedures for myocardial infarction (MI). While early revascularization stands as the gold standard for mitigating myocardial injury, recent insights have illuminated the paradoxical role of reperfusion, giving rise to the phenomenon known as ischemia-reperfusion injury. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate pathophysiological pathways involved in MIRI, placing a particular focus on the pivotal role of endothelium. Beyond elucidating the molecular intricacies, we explore the diverse clinical manifestations associated with MIRI, underscoring its potential to contribute substantially to the final infarct size, up to 50%. We further navigate through current preventive approaches and highlight promising emerging strategies designed to counteract the devastating effects of the phenomenon. By synthesizing current knowledge and offering a perspective on evolving preventive interventions, this review serves as a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers engaged in the dynamic field of MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Sagris
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-213-2088099; Fax: +30-2132088676
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27
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Sun C, Zhan J, Li Y, Zhou C, Huang S, Zhu X, Huang K. Non-apoptotic regulated cell death mediates reprogramming of the tumour immune microenvironment by macrophages. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18348. [PMID: 38652105 PMCID: PMC11037416 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) plays an indispensable role in tumour progression, and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in TIME. Non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) can avoid the influence of tumour apoptosis resistance on anti-tumour immune response. Specifically, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis mediate the crosstalk between TAMs and tumour cells in TIME, thus reprogram TIME and affect the progress of tumour. In addition, although some achievements have been made in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), there is still defect that ICIs are only effective for some people because non-apoptotic RCD can bypass the apoptosis resistance of tumour. As a result, ICIs combined with targeting non-apoptotic RCD may be a promising solution. In this paper, the basic molecular mechanism of non-apoptotic RCD, the way in which non-apoptotic RCD mediates crosstalk between TAMs and tumour cells to reprogram TIME, and the latest research progress in targeting non-apoptotic RCD and ICIs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpeng Sun
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- HuanKui Academy, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Jianhao Zhan
- HuanKui Academy, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Yao Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Chulin Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Shuo Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular DiseasesNanchangChina
- JXHC Key Laboratory of Neurological MedicineNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular DiseasesNanchangChina
- JXHC Key Laboratory of Neurological MedicineNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
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28
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Kang Y, Hepojoki J, Maldonado RS, Mito T, Terzioglu M, Manninen T, Kant R, Singh S, Othman A, Verma R, Uusimaa J, Wartiovaara K, Kareinen L, Zamboni N, Nyman TA, Paetau A, Kipar A, Vapalahti O, Suomalainen A. Ancestral allele of DNA polymerase gamma modifies antiviral tolerance. Nature 2024; 628:844-853. [PMID: 38570685 PMCID: PMC11041766 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical modulators of antiviral tolerance through the release of mitochondrial RNA and DNA (mtDNA and mtRNA) fragments into the cytoplasm after infection, activating virus sensors and type-I interferon (IFN-I) response1-4. The relevance of these mechanisms for mitochondrial diseases remains understudied. Here we investigated mitochondrial recessive ataxia syndrome (MIRAS), which is caused by a common European founder mutation in DNA polymerase gamma (POLG1)5. Patients homozygous for the MIRAS variant p.W748S show exceptionally variable ages of onset and symptoms5, indicating that unknown modifying factors contribute to disease manifestation. We report that the mtDNA replicase POLG1 has a role in antiviral defence mechanisms to double-stranded DNA and positive-strand RNA virus infections (HSV-1, TBEV and SARS-CoV-2), and its p.W748S variant dampens innate immune responses. Our patient and knock-in mouse data show that p.W748S compromises mtDNA replisome stability, causing mtDNA depletion, aggravated by virus infection. Low mtDNA and mtRNA release into the cytoplasm and a slow IFN response in MIRAS offer viruses an early replicative advantage, leading to an augmented pro-inflammatory response, a subacute loss of GABAergic neurons and liver inflammation and necrosis. A population databank of around 300,000 Finnish individuals6 demonstrates enrichment of immunodeficient traits in carriers of the POLG1 p.W748S mutation. Our evidence suggests that POLG1 defects compromise antiviral tolerance, triggering epilepsy and liver disease. The finding has important implications for the mitochondrial disease spectrum, including epilepsy, ataxia and parkinsonism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Age of Onset
- Alleles
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/genetics
- DNA Polymerase gamma/genetics
- DNA Polymerase gamma/immunology
- DNA Polymerase gamma/metabolism
- DNA, Mitochondrial/immunology
- DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Founder Effect
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Herpes Simplex/genetics
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interferon Type I/immunology
- Mitochondrial Diseases/enzymology
- Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics
- Mitochondrial Diseases/immunology
- Mutation
- RNA, Mitochondrial/immunology
- RNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Kang
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rocio Sartori Maldonado
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takayuki Mito
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mügen Terzioglu
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Manninen
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sachin Singh
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alaa Othman
- Swiss Multi-Omics Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rohit Verma
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kirmo Wartiovaara
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Kareinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Swiss Multi-Omics Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tuula Anneli Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Paetau
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland.
- HiLife, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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DeAngelo SL, Dziechciarz S, Solanki S, Shin M, Zhao L, Balia A, El-Derany MO, Das NK, Castillo C, Bell HN, Paulo JA, Zhang Y, Rossiter NJ, McCulla EC, He J, Talukder I, Schafer ZT, Neamati N, Mancias JD, Koutmos M, Shah YM. Recharacterization of RSL3 reveals that the selenoproteome is a druggable target in colorectal cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587381. [PMID: 38617233 PMCID: PMC11014488 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of cell death resulting from the accumulation of lipid peroxides. Colorectal cancer (CRC) accumulates high levels of intracellular iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby sensitizing cells to ferroptosis. The selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase (GPx4) is a key enzyme in the detoxification of lipid peroxides and can be inhibited by the compound (S)-RSL3 ([1S,3R]-RSL3). However, the stereoisomer (R)-RSL3 ([1R,3R]-RSL3), which does not inhibit GPx4, exhibits equipotent activity to (S)-RSL3 across a panel of CRC cell lines. Utilizing CRC cell lines with an inducible knockdown of GPx4, we demonstrate that (S)-RSL3 sensitivity does not align with GPx4 dependency. Subsequently, a biotinylated (S)-RSL3 was then synthesized to perform affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS), revealing that (S)-RSL3 acts as a pan-inhibitor of the selenoproteome, targeting both the glutathione and thioredoxin peroxidase systems as well as multiple additional selenoproteins. To investigate the therapeutic potential of broadly disrupting the selenoproteome as a therapeutic strategy in CRC, we employed further chemical and genetic approaches to disrupt selenoprotein function. The findings demonstrate that the selenoprotein inhibitor Auranofin can induce ferroptosis and/or oxidative cell death both in-vitro and in-vivo. Consistent with this data we observe that AlkBH8, a tRNA-selenocysteine methyltransferase required for the translational incorporation of selenocysteine, is essential for CRC growth. In summary, our research elucidates the complex mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in CRC and reveals that modulation of the selenoproteome provides multiple new therapeutic targets and opportunities in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L DeAngelo
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sofia Dziechciarz
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sumeet Solanki
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Myungsun Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrii Balia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Marwa O El-Derany
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nupur K Das
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Cristina Castillo
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hannah N Bell
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yuezhong Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas J Rossiter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Elizabeth C McCulla
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jianping He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Indrani Talukder
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. United States
| | - Markos Koutmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Li Y, Liu Y, Yao X, Zhu L, Yang L, Zhan Q. MLKL Protects Pulmonary Endothelial Cells in Acute Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:295-307. [PMID: 38207123 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0207oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) is controversial in LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) has recently been reported to maintain cell survival by facilitating autophagic flux in response to starvation rather than its well-recognized role in necroptosis. Using a mouse PMVEC and LPS-induced ALI model, we showed that in PMVECs, MLKL was phosphorylated (p-MLKL) and autophagic flux was accelerated at the early stage of LPS stimulation (1-3 h), manifested by increases in concentrations of lipidated MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β; LC3-II), decreases in concentrations of SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1), and fusion of the autophagosome and lysosome by pHluorin-mKate2-human LC3 assay, which were all reversed by either MLKL inhibitor or siRNA MLKL. In mice, the inhibition of MLKL increased vascular permeability and aggravated mouse ALI upon 3-hour LPS stimulation. The p-MLKL induced by short-term LPS formed multimers to facilitate the closure of the phagophore by HaloTag-LC3 autophagosome completion assay. The charged multivesicular body protein 2A (CHMP2A) is essential in the process of phagophore closure into the nascent autophagosome. In agreement with the p-MLKL change, CHMP2A concentrations markedly increased during 1-3-hour LPS stimulation. CHMP2A knockdown blocked autophagic flux upon LPS stimulation, whereas CHMP2A overexpression boosted autophagic flux and attenuated mouse ALI even in the presence of MLKL inhibitor. We propose that the activated MLKL induced by short-term LPS facilitates autophagic flux by accelerating the closure of the phagophore via CHMP2A, thus protecting PMVECs and alleviating LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueya Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qionghui Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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Lu Z, Lai Q, Li ZF, Zhong MY, Jiang YL, Feng LY, Zha J, Yao JW, Li Y, Deng XM, Xu B. Novel PIKfyve/Tubulin Dual-target Inhibitor as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:298-308. [PMID: 38619682 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), current intensive chemotherapies for adult patients fail to achieve durable responses in more than 50% of cases, underscoring the urgent need for new therapeutic regimens for this patient population. The present study aimed to determine whether HZX-02-059, a novel dual-target inhibitor targeting both phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase (PIKfyve) and tubulin, is lethal to B-ALL cells and is a potential therapeutic for B-ALL patients. METHODS Cell proliferation, vacuolization, apoptosis, cell cycle, and in-vivo tumor growth were evaluated. In addition, Genome-wide RNA-sequencing studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of action underlying the anti-leukemia activity of HZX-02-059 in B-ALL. RESULTS HZX-02-059 was found to inhibit cell proliferation, induce vacuolization, promote apoptosis, block the cell cycle, and reduce in-vivo tumor growth. Downregulation of the p53 pathway and suppression of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway and the downstream transcription factors c-Myc and NF-κB were responsible for these observations. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest that HZX-02-059 is a promising agent for the treatment of B-ALL patients resistant to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qian Lai
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Meng-Ya Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yue-Long Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Li-Ying Feng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jing-Wei Yao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Xian-Ming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Tang Y, Zhuang C. Design, synthesis and anti-necroptosis activity of fused heterocyclic MLKL inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 102:117659. [PMID: 38442525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Necroptosis is an important form of programmed cell death (PCD), which is mediated by a death receptor and independent of the caspase proteolytic enzyme. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is the final effector of necroptosis, playing an irreplaceable role in the execution of necroptosis. However, the studies on MLKL inhibitors are in their infancy. Necrosulfonamide (NSA) is an early-discovered covalent MLKL inhibitor, possessing medium anti-necroptosis activity and a structure-activity relationship (SAR) not widely disclosed. In this study, with the covalent motif maintained, we aim to improve the activity by introducing the terminal fused heterocycles and meanwhile revealing the SAR on the part. As a result, compounds 9 and 14 showed the best activity (EC50 = 148.4 and 595.9 nM) against necroptosis among the analogues by covalently binding to MLKL. The SAR was also concluded to guide further structural optimization in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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33
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Alajroush DR, Smith CB, Anderson BF, Oyeyemi IT, Beebe SJ, Holder AA. A Comparison of In Vitro Studies between Cobalt(III) and Copper(II) Complexes with Thiosemicarbazone Ligands to Treat Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Inorganica Chim Acta 2024; 562:121898. [PMID: 38282819 PMCID: PMC10810091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Metal complexes have gained significant attention as potential anti-cancer agents. The anti-cancer activity of [Co(phen)2(MeATSC)](NO3)3•1.5H2O•C2H5OH 1 (where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and MeATSC = 9-anthraldehyde-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) and [Cu(acetylethTSC)Cl]Cl•0.25C2H5OH 2 (where acetylethTSC = (E)-N-ethyl-2-[1-(thiazol-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamide) was investigated by analyzing DNA cleavage activity. The cytotoxic effect was analyzed using CCK-8 viability assay. The activities of caspase 3/7, 9, and 1, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell cycle arrest, and mitochondrial function were further analyzed to study the cell death mechanisms. Complex 2 induced a significant increase in nicked DNA. The IC50 values of complex 1 were 17.59 μM and 61.26 μM in cancer and non-cancer cells, respectively. The IC50 values of complex 2 were 5.63 and 12.19 μM for cancer and non-cancer cells, respectively. Complex 1 induced an increase in ROS levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activated caspases 3/7, 9, and 1, which indicated the induction of intrinsic apoptotic pathway and pyroptosis. Complex 2 induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase, ROS generation, and caspase 3/7 activation. Thus, complex 1 induced cell death in the breast cancer cell line via activation of oxidative stress which induced apoptosis and pyroptosis while complex 2 induced cell cycle arrest through the induction of DNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa R. Alajroush
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, U.S.A
| | - Chloe B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, U.S.A
| | - Brittney F. Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Virgin Islands, 2 John Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, VI 00802, U.S.A
| | - Ifeoluwa T. Oyeyemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Nigeria
| | - Stephen J. Beebe
- Frank Reidy Research center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, U.S.A
| | - Alvin A. Holder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, U.S.A
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Wu X, Yang J, Wu J, Yang X. Therapeutic potential of MCC950, a specific inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116261. [PMID: 38340397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder with a pathogenesis that remains incompletely understood, resulting in limited treatment options. MCC950, a highly specific NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, effectively suppresses the activation of NLRP3, thus reducing the production of caspase-1, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. This review highlights the pivotal role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathways in the pathogenesis of SLE and discusses the potential therapeutic application of MCC950 in SLE. Notably, it comprehensively elucidates the mechanism of MCC950 targeting the NLRP3 pathway in SLE treatment, outlining its potential role in regulating autophagy and necroptosis. The insights gained contribute to a deeper understanding of the value of MCC950 in SLE therapy, serving as a robust foundation for further research and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Junhao Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Juanjie Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xuyan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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Tan W, Zhang J, Dai F, Yang D, Gu R, Tang L, Liu H, Cheng YX. Insights on the NF-κB system in polycystic ovary syndrome, attractive therapeutic targets. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:467-486. [PMID: 37097332 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor κappa B (NF-κB) signaling plays a well-known function in inflammation and regulates a wide variety of biological processes. Low-grade chronic inflammation is gradually considered to be closely related to the pathogenesis of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this review, we provide an overview on the involvement of NF-κB in the progression of PCOS particularly, such as hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and endometrial dysfunction. From a clinical perspective, progressive recognition of NF-κB pathway provides opportunities for therapeutic interventions aimed at inhibiting pathway-specific mechanisms. With the accumulation of basic experimental and clinical data, NF-κB signaling pathway was recognized as a therapeutic target. Although there have been no specific small molecule NF-κB inhibitors in PCOS, a plethora of natural and synthetic compound have emerged for the pharmacologic intervention of the pathway. The traditional herbs developed for NF-κB pathway have become increasingly popular in recent years. Abundant evidence elucidated that NF-κB inhibitors can significantly improve the symptoms of PCOS. Herein, we summarized evidence relating to how NF-κB pathway is involved in the development and progression of PCOS. Furthermore, we present an in-depth overview of NF-κB inhibitors for therapy interventions of PCOS. Taken together, the NF-κB signaling may be a futuristic treatment strategy for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujia Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Xiang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Meng Y, Meng S, Zhang Y, Song Y, Wang E, Wang G, Xie K, Cui Y. THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE ON THE LIVER INJURY IN SEPSIS THROUGH INHIBITION OF NECROPTOSIS. Shock 2024; 61:424-432. [PMID: 38320216 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Sepsis-induced liver injury leads to extensive necroptosis in hepatocytes, which is the main factor of liver dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on septic liver and to explore whether its molecular mechanism is related to the modulation of necroptosis. Methods: The model of septic liver injury was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. DEX and necrostatin-1(Nec-1), a specific antagonist of necroptosis, were administered 1 h before CLP. The levels of arterial blood gas, serum aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were measured at 6, 12 and 24 h after CLP. The survival rate was observed 24 h after CLP. Liver pathological changes and apoptosis, the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α in liver tissue homogenates, the ROS content in liver tissue, and the expression levels of RIP1, RIP3, MLKL, and HMGB1 were detected. Results: At 6, 12, and 24 h after CLP, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels increased, and liver enzyme levels gradually increased with the progression of sepsis. In arterial blood gas analysis, P a O 2 gradually decreased and lactic acid concentration gradually increased during these three periods. The morphological impairment of liver tissues, increased apoptosis, elevated inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α), increased ROS level, and necroptosis components (RIP1, RIP3, MLKL, and HMGB1) were all observed in sepsis rats. However, these injuries can be ameliorated by pretreatment with DEX. Meanwhile, Nec-1 pretreatment also reduced the expression of RIP1, RIP3, MLKL, HMGB1, and ROS level. Conclusion: Our study suggests that DEX alleviates septic liver injury, and the mechanism is associated with the inhibition of necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Enquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | - Yan Cui
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Kawakatsu R, Tadagaki K, Yamasaki K, Yoshida T. Venetoclax efficacy on acute myeloid leukemia is enhanced by the combination with butyrate. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4975. [PMID: 38424468 PMCID: PMC10904797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax has been approved recently for treatment of Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Venetoclax is a BH3-mimetic and induces apoptosis via Bcl-2 inhibition. However, venetoclax's effect is still restrictive and a novel strategy is needed. In the present study, we demonstrate that sodium butyrate (NaB) facilitates the venetoclax's efficacy of cell death in AML cells. As a single agent, NaB or venetoclax exerted just a weak effect on cell death induction for AML cell line KG-1. The combination with NaB and venetoclax drastically induced cell death. NaB upregulated pro-apoptotic factors, Bax and Bak, indicating the synergistic effect by the collaboration with Bcl-2 inhibition by venetoclax. The combined treatment with NaB and venetoclax strongly cleaved a caspase substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and a potent pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh almost completely blocked the cell death induced by the combination, meaning that the combination mainly induced apoptosis. The combination with NaB and venetoclax also strongly induced cell death in another AML cell line SKNO-1 but did not affect chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell line K562, indicating that the effect was specific for AML cells. Our results provide a novel strategy to strengthen the effect of venetoclax for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshi Kawakatsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Tadagaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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Pradhan AJ, Chitkara S, Ramirez RX, Monje-Galvan V, Sancak Y, Atilla-Gokcumen GE. Acylation of MLKL Impacts Its Function in Necroptosis. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:407-418. [PMID: 38301282 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is a key signaling protein of necroptosis. Upon activation by phosphorylation, MLKL translocates to the plasma membrane and induces membrane permeabilization, which contributes to the necroptosis-associated inflammation. Membrane binding of MLKL is initially initiated by electrostatic interactions between the protein and membrane phospholipids. We previously showed that MLKL and its phosphorylated form (pMLKL) are S-acylated during necroptosis. Here, we characterize the acylation sites of MLKL and identify multiple cysteines that can undergo acylation with an interesting promiscuity at play. Our results show that MLKL and pMLKL undergo acylation at a single cysteine, with C184, C269, and C286 as possible acylation sites. Using all-atom molecular dynamic simulations, we identify differences that the acylation of MLKL causes at the protein and membrane levels. Through investigations of the S-palmitoyltransferases that might acylate pMLKL in necroptosis, we showed that zDHHC21 activity has the strongest effect on pMLKL acylation, inactivation of which profoundly reduced the pMLKL levels in cells and improved membrane integrity. These results suggest that blocking the acylation of pMLKL destabilizes the protein at the membrane interface and causes its degradation, ameliorating the necroptotic activity. At a broader level, our findings shed light on the effect of S-acylation on MLKL functioning in necroptosis and MLKL-membrane interactions mediated by its acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva J Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Shweta Chitkara
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Ricardo X Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Viviana Monje-Galvan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Yasemin Sancak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Feng L, Dai S, Zhang C, Zhang W, Zhu W, Wang C, He Y, Song W. Ripa-56 protects retinal ganglion cells in glutamate-induced retinal excitotoxic model of glaucoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3834. [PMID: 38360971 PMCID: PMC10869350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a prevalent cause of blindness globally, characterized by the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Among various factors, glutamate excitotoxicity stands out as a significant contributor of RGCs loss in glaucoma. Our study focused on Ripa-56 and its protective effect against NMDA-induced retinal damage in mice, aiming to delve into the potential underlying mechanism. The R28 cells were categorized into four groups: glutamate (Glu), Glu + Ripa-56, Ripa-56 and Control group. After 24 h of treatment, cell death was assessed by PI / Hoechst staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential changes, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were analyzed using flow cytometry. The alterations in the expression of RIP-1, p-MLKL, Bcl-2, BAX, Caspase-3, Gpx4 and SLC7A11 were examined using western blot analysis. C57BL/6j mice were randomly divided into NMDA, NMDA + Ripa-56, Ripa-56 and control groups. Histological changes in the retina were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RGCs survival and the protein expression changes of RIP-1, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, Gpx4 and SLC7A11 were observed using immunofluorescence. Ripa-56 exhibited a significant reduction in the levels of RIP-1, p-MLKL, Caspase-3, and BAX induced by glutamate, while promoting the expression of Bcl-2, Gpx-4, and SLC7A1 in the Ripa-56-treated group. In our study, using an NMDA-induced normal tension glaucoma mice model, we employed immunofluorescence and H&E staining to observe that Ripa-56 treatment effectively ameliorated retinal ganglion cell loss, mitigating the decrease in retinal ganglion cell layer and bipolar cell layer thickness caused by NMDA. In this study, we have observed that Ripa-56 possesses remarkable anti- necroptotic, anti-apoptotic and anti-ferroptosis properties. It demonstrates the ability to combat not only glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in R28 cells, but also NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity in mice. Therefore, Ripa-56 could be used as a potential retinal protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Feng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirui Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wulong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye He
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
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Xin Y, Dai P, Shao H, Zhuang C, Li J. Discovery of novel biaryl benzoxazepinones as dual-mode receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 100:117611. [PMID: 38309200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), an exaggerated defense response of the organism to a noxious stressor, involves a massive inflammatory cascade that ultimately leads to reversible or irreversible end-organ dysfunction and even death. Suppressing RIPK1, a key protein in necroptosis pathway, has been proven to be an effective therapeutic strategy for inflammation and SIRS. In this study, a series of novel biaryl benzoxazepinone RIPK1 inhibitors were designed and synthesized by introducing different aryl substituents at the C7 position of benzoxazepinone. As a result, p-cyanophenyl substituted analog 19 exhibited the most potent in vitro anti-necroptotic effect in HT-29 cells (EC50 = 1.7 nM) and superior protection against temperature loss and death in mice in the TZ-induced SIRS model compared to GSK'772. What's more, in vivo analysis of the levels of inflammatory factors in mice also revealed that compound 19 had better anti-inflammatory activity than GSK'772.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuFeng Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengcheng Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongming Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Hsieh MY, Hsu SK, Liu TY, Wu CY, Chiu CC. Melanoma biology and treatment: a review of novel regulated cell death-based approaches. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:63. [PMID: 38336727 PMCID: PMC10858604 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma, the most lethal form of skin cancer, has increased due to ultraviolet exposure. The treatment of advanced melanoma, particularly metastatic cases, remains challenging with poor outcomes. Targeted therapies involving BRAF/MEK inhibitors and immunotherapy based on anti-PD1/anti-CTLA4 antibodies have achieved long-term survival rates of approximately 50% for patients with advanced melanoma. However, therapy resistance and inadequate treatment response continue to hinder further breakthroughs in treatments that increase survival rates. This review provides an introduction to the molecular-level pathogenesis of melanoma and offers an overview of current treatment options and their limitations. Cells can die by either accidental or regulated cell death (RCD). RCD is an orderly cell death controlled by a variety of macromolecules to maintain the stability of the internal environment. Since the uncontrolled proliferation of tumor cells requires evasion of RCD programs, inducing the RCD of melanoma cells may be a treatment strategy. This review summarizes studies on various types of nonapoptotic RCDs, such as autophagy-dependent cell death, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and the recently discovered cuproptosis, in the context of melanoma. The relationships between these RCDs and melanoma are examined, and the interplay between these RCDs and immunotherapy or targeted therapy in patients with melanoma is discussed. Given the findings demonstrating melanoma cell death in response to different stimuli associated with these RCDs, the induction of RCD shows promise as an integral component of treatment strategies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Zhang C, Liu R, Chen M, Xu Y, Jin X, Shen B, Wang J. Autophagy inhibitors 3-MA and BAF may attenuate hippocampal neuronal necroptosis after global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats by inhibiting the interaction of the RIP3/AIF/CypA complex. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25301. [PMID: 38361405 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Our previous study found that receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were involved in neuronal programmed necrosis during global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, we further studied its downstream mechanisms and the role of the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafilomycin A1 (BAF). A 20-min global cerebral I/R injury model was constructed using the 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) method in male rats. 3-MA and BAF were injected into the lateral ventricle 1 h before ischemia. Spatial and activation changes of proteins were detected by immunofluorescence (IF), and protein interaction was determined by immunoprecipitation (IP). The phosphorylation of H2AX (γ-H2AX) and activation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (p-MLKL) occurred as early as 6 h after reperfusion. RIP3, AIF, and cyclophilin A (CypA) in the neurons after I/R injury were spatially overlapped around and within the nucleus and combined with each other after reperfusion. The survival rate of CA1 neurons in the 3-MA and BAF groups was significantly higher than that in the I/R group. Autophagy was activated significantly after I/R injury, which was partially inhibited by 3-MA and BAF. Pretreatment with both 3-MA and BAF almost completely inhibited nuclear translocation, spatial overlap, and combination of RIP3, AIF, and CypA proteins. These findings suggest that after global cerebral I/R injury, RIP3, AIF, and CypA translocated into the nuclei and formed the DNA degradation complex RIP3/AIF/CypA in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors could reduce neuronal necroptosis by preventing the formation of the RIP3/AIF/CypA complex and its nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Renhui Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Jin
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jingye Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Samare-Najaf M, Samareh A, Savardashtaki A, Khajehyar N, Tajbakhsh A, Vakili S, Moghadam D, Rastegar S, Mohsenizadeh M, Jahromi BN, Vafadar A, Zarei R. Non-apoptotic cell death programs in cervical cancer with an emphasis on ferroptosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 194:104249. [PMID: 38145831 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer, a pernicious gynecological malignancy, causes the mortality of hundreds of thousands of females worldwide. Despite a considerable decline in mortality, the surging incidence rate among younger women has raised serious concerns. Immortality is the most important characteristic of tumor cells, hence the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer cells pivotally requires compromising with cell death mechanisms. METHODS The current study comprehensively reviewed the mechanisms of non-apoptotic cell death programs to provide possible disease management strategies. RESULTS Comprehensive evidence has stated that focusing on necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy for disease management is associated with significant limitations such as insufficient understanding, contradictory functions, dependence on disease stage, and complexity of intracellular pathways. However, ferroptosis represents a predictable role in cervix carcinogenesis, and ferroptosis-related genes demonstrate a remarkable correlation with patient survival and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Ferroptosis may be an appropriate option for disease management strategies from predicting prognosis to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samare-Najaf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Samareh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Nastaran Khajehyar
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Vakili
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Delaram Moghadam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Rastegar
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Majid Mohsenizadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Asma Vafadar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Zarei
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Zhao N, Yu X, Zhu X, Song Y, Gao F, Yu B, Qu A. Diabetes Mellitus to Accelerated Atherosclerosis: Shared Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:133-152. [PMID: 38091232 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the critical independent risk factors for the progression of cardiovascular disease, and the underlying mechanism regarding this association remains poorly understood. Hence, it is urgent to decipher the fundamental pathophysiology and consequently provide new insights into the identification of innovative therapeutic targets for diabetic atherosclerosis. It is now appreciated that different cell types are heavily involved in the progress of diabetic atherosclerosis, including endothelial cells, macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, dependence on altered metabolic pathways, intracellular lipids, and high glucose. Additionally, extensive studies have elucidated that diabetes accelerates the odds of atherosclerosis with the explanation that these two chronic disorders share some common mechanisms, such as endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. In this review, we initially summarize the current research and proposed mechanisms and then highlight the role of these three cell types in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis and finally establish the mechanism pinpointing the relationship between diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 You'anmen Outer West 1st Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaoting Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 You'anmen Outer West 1st Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 You'anmen Outer West 1st Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yanting Song
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baoqi Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 You'anmen Outer West 1st Street, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 You'anmen Outer West 1st Street, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100069, China.
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45
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Zhou Y, Cai Z, Zhai Y, Yu J, He Q, He Y, Jitkaew S, Cai Z. Necroptosis inhibitors: mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Apoptosis 2024; 29:22-44. [PMID: 38001341 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a type of programmed cell death that is morphologically similar to necrosis. This type of cell death is involved in various pathophysiological disorders, including inflammatory, neurodegenerative, infectious, and malignant diseases. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) pseudokinase constitute the core components of the necroptosis signaling pathway and are considered the most promising targets for therapeutic intervention. The discovery and characterization of necroptosis inhibitors not only accelerate our understanding of the necroptosis signaling pathway but also provide important drug candidates for the treatment of necroptosis-related diseases. Here, we will review recent research progress on necroptosis inhibitors, mechanisms of action and their potential applications for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Zhou
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhangtao Cai
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yijia Zhai
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jintao Yu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qiujing He
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuan He
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Siriporn Jitkaew
- Center of Excellence for Cancer and Inflammation, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Zhang Y, Hao M, Yang X, Zhang S, Han J, Wang Z, Chen HN. Reactive oxygen species in colorectal cancer adjuvant therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166922. [PMID: 37898425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a prevalent global malignancy, often necessitates adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy to mitigate tumor burden in advanced stages. The efficacy of these therapies is significantly influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous research underscores the pivotal role of ROS in gut pathology, targeted therapy, and drug resistance. ROS-mediated CRC adjuvant therapies encompass a myriad of mechanisms, including cell death and proliferation, survival and cell cycle, DNA damage, metabolic reprogramming, and angiogenesis. Preliminary clinical trials have begun to unveil the potential of ROS-manipulating therapy in enhancing CRC adjuvant therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of studies exploring the role of ROS in CRC adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengqiu Hao
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuyang Yang
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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47
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Ni ST, Li Q, Chen Y, Shi FL, Wong TS, Yuan LS, Xu R, Gan YQ, Lu N, Li YP, Zhou ZY, Xu LH, He XH, Hu B, Ouyang DY. Anti-Necroptotic Effects of Itaconate and its Derivatives. Inflammation 2024; 47:285-306. [PMID: 37759136 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Itaconate is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid that is derived from the decarboxylation of the Krebs cycle intermediate cis-aconitate and has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial/viral properties. But the mechanisms underlying itaconate's anti-inflammatory activities are not fully understood. Necroptosis, a lytic form of regulated cell death (RCD), is mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) signaling. It has been involved in the pathogenesis of organ injury in many inflammatory diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore whether itaconate and its derivatives can inhibit necroptosis in murine macrophages, a mouse MPC-5 cell line and a human HT-29 cell line in response to different necroptotic activators. Our results showed that itaconate and its derivatives dose-dependently inhibited necroptosis, among which dimethyl itaconate (DMI) was the most effective one. Mechanistically, itaconate and its derivatives inhibited necroptosis by suppressing the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling and the oligomerization of MLKL. Furthermore, DMI promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 that is a critical regulator of intracellular redox homeostasis, and reduced the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide (mtROS) that were induced by necroptotic activators. Consistently, DMI prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by the necroptotic activators. In addition, DMI mitigated caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice accompanied by reduced activation of the necroptotic signaling in vivo. Collectively, our study demonstrates that itaconate and its derivatives can inhibit necroptosis by suppressing the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling, highlighting their potential applications for treating necroptosis-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Tao Ni
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fu-Li Shi
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tak-Sui Wong
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Li-Sha Yuan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying-Qing Gan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Ya Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, 517000, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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48
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Tashkandi HM, Althagafy HS, Jaber FA, Alamri T, Al-Abbas NS, Shaer NA, Harakeh S, Hassanein EHM. Vinpocetine mitigates methotrexate-induced duodenal intoxication by modulating NF-κB, JAK1/STAT-3, and RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signals. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:11-19. [PMID: 37493389 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2239491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite agent widely used to manage a variety of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Nonetheless, MTX-induced intestinal intoxication is a serious adverse effect limiting its clinical utility. Inflammation and oxidative stress are possible mechanisms for MTX-induced intestinal toxicity. Vinpocetine (VNP) is a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The current study investigated the protective intestinal impact of VNP in attenuating MTX-induced intestinal intoxication in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS VNP was administered orally in a dose of 20 mg/kg, while MTX was injected intraperitoneal in a dose of 20 mg/kg. RESULTS VNP administration attenuated drastic histological changes induced by MTX and preserved both normal villus and crypt histology. VNP significantly attenuated oxidative injury by upregulating intestinal Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. VNP attenuated inflammation by reducing MPO, NO2-, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels mediated by downregulating NF-κB, NDAPH-oxidase, IRF3, p-JAK-1, and p-STAT-3 expressions. Moreover, VNP potently counteracted intestinal necroptosis by effectively downregulating RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, and caspase-8 proteins. CONCLUSION Therefore, VNP may represent a promising approach that can attenuate intestinal toxicity in patients receiving MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa M Tashkandi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan S Althagafy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A Jaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Alamri
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf S Al-Abbas
- Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad A Shaer
- Department of Chemistry, Al Lieth University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdul Lateef Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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49
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Chen TH, Wang HC, Chang CJ, Lee SY. Mitochondrial Glutathione in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Disease Manifestation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1314. [PMID: 38279310 PMCID: PMC10816320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for providing energy to maintain cell viability. Oxidative phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons from energy substrates to oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate. Mitochondria also regulate cell proliferation, metastasis, and deterioration. The flow of electrons in the mitochondrial respiratory chain generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are harmful to cells at high levels. Oxidative stress caused by ROS accumulation has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, and cardiovascular and liver diseases. Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant cellular antioxidant that is primarily synthesized in the cytoplasm and delivered to the mitochondria. Mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) metabolizes hydrogen peroxide within the mitochondria. A long-term imbalance in the ratio of mitochondrial ROS to mGSH can cause cell dysfunction, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, which may lead to disease. This study aimed to review the physiological functions, anabolism, variations in organ tissue accumulation, and delivery of GSH to the mitochondria and the relationships between mGSH levels, the GSH/GSH disulfide (GSSG) ratio, programmed cell death, and ferroptosis. We also discuss diseases caused by mGSH deficiency and related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiang-Chen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Jung Chang
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Lee
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
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50
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Hao K, Xu H, Jiang S, Sun L. Paralichthys olivaceus MLKL-mediated necroptosis is activated by RIPK1/3 and involved in anti-microbial immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348866. [PMID: 38292869 PMCID: PMC10825024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a type of proinflammatory programmed necrosis essential for innate immunity. The receptor interacting protein kinases 1/3 (RIPK1/3) and the substrate mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) are core components of the necroptotic axis. The activation and immunological function of necroptosis in fish remain elusive. Herein, we studied the function and activation of RIPK1/3 (PoRIPK1/3) and MLKL (PoMLKL) in teleost Paralichthys olivaceus. Bacterial infection increased the expression of RIPK1/3 and MLKL. The N-terminal four-helix bundle (4HB) domain of PoMLKL exhibited necroptosis-inducing activity, and the C-terminal pseudokinase domain exerted auto-inhibitory effect on the 4HB domain. PoRIPK3 was capable of phosphorylating the T360/S361 residues in the PoMLKL C-terminal domain and initiated necroptosis, and this necroptosis-inducing activity was enhanced by PoRIPK1. PoRIPK1/3 interacted with PoMLKL in a manner that depended on the RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM), and deletion of RHIM from PoRIPK1/3 led to the dissociation of PoRIPK1/3 with PoMLKL. Inhibition of PoMLKL-mediated necroptosis increased Edwardsiella tarda infection in fish cells and tissues, and led to significantly enhanced lethality of the host. Taken together, these results revealed the activation mechanism of PoRIPK1/3-PoMLKL signaling pathway and the immunological function of necroptosis in the immune defense of teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Hao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Xu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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