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Yadav R, Mahajan S, Singh H, Mehra NK, Madan J, Doijad N, Singh PK, Guru SK. Emerging In Vitro and In Vivo Models: Hope for the Better Understanding of Cancer Progression and Treatment. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300487. [PMID: 38581078 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Various cancer models have been developed to aid the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tumor development and evaluate the effectiveness of various anticancer drugs in preclinical studies. These models accurately reproduce the critical stages of tumor initiation and development to mimic the tumor microenvironment better. Using these models for target validation, tumor response evaluation, resistance modeling, and toxicity comprehension can significantly enhance the drug development process. Herein, various in vivo or animal models are presented, typically consisting of several mice and in vitro models ranging in complexity from transwell models to spheroids and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies. While in vitro models have been used for decades and dominate the early stages of drug development, they are still limited primary to simplistic tests based on testing on a single cell type cultivated in Petri dishes. Recent advancements in developing new cancer therapies necessitate the generation of complicated animal models that accurately mimic the tumor's complexity and microenvironment. Mice make effective tumor models as they are affordable, have a short reproductive cycle, exhibit rapid tumor growth, and are simple to manipulate genetically. Human cancer mouse models are crucial to understanding the neoplastic process and basic and clinical research improvements. The following review summarizes different in vitro and in vivo metastasis models, their advantages and disadvantages, and their ability to serve as a model for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Srushti Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Hoshiyar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Nandkumar Doijad
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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Janssen R, Benito-Zarza L, Cleijpool P, Valverde MG, Mihăilă SM, Bastiaan-Net S, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM, Masereeuw R. Biofabrication Directions in Recapitulating the Immune System-on-a-Chip. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304569. [PMID: 38625078 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Ever since the implementation of microfluidics in the biomedical field, in vitro models have experienced unprecedented progress that has led to a new generation of highly complex miniaturized cell culture platforms, known as Organs-on-a-Chip (OoC). These devices aim to emulate biologically relevant environments, encompassing perfusion and other mechanical and/or biochemical stimuli, to recapitulate key physiological events. While OoCs excel in simulating diverse organ functions, the integration of the immune organs and immune cells, though recent and challenging, is pivotal for a more comprehensive representation of human physiology. This comprehensive review covers the state of the art in the intricate landscape of immune OoC models, shedding light on the pivotal role of biofabrication technologies in bridging the gap between conceptual design and physiological relevance. The multifaceted aspects of immune cell behavior, crosstalk, and immune responses that are aimed to be replicated within microfluidic environments, emphasizing the need for precise biomimicry are explored. Furthermore, the latest breakthroughs and challenges of biofabrication technologies in immune OoC platforms are described, guiding researchers toward a deeper understanding of immune physiology and the development of more accurate and human predictive models for a.o., immune-related disorders, immune development, immune programming, and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robine Janssen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Benito-Zarza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Cleijpool
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Marta G Valverde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia M Mihăilă
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Danone Global Research & Innovation Center, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
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Xiang XW, Liu HT, Tao XN, Zeng YL, Liu J, Wang C, Yu SX, Zhao H, Liu YJ, Liu KF. Glioblastoma behavior study under different frequency electromagnetic field. iScience 2023; 26:108575. [PMID: 38125027 PMCID: PMC10730381 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor-treating fields (TTFields) technology has revolutionized the management of recurrent and newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) cases. To ameliorate this treatment modality for GBM and other oncological conditions, it is necessary to understand the biophysical principles of TTFields better. In this study, we further analyzed the mechanism of the electromagnetic exposure with varying frequencies and electric field strengths on cells in mitosis, specifically in telophase. In reference to previous studies, an intuitive finite element model of the mitotic cell was built for electromagnetic simulations, predicting a local increase in the cleavage furrow region, which may help explain TTFields' anti-proliferative effects. Cell experiments confirmed that the reduction in proliferation and migration of glioma cell by TTFields was in a frequency- and field-strength-dependent manner. This work provides unique insights into the selection of frequencies in the anti-proliferative effect of TTFields on tumors, which could improve the application of TTFields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Xiang
- Academy for engineering & technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao-Tian Liu
- Academy for engineering & technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Tao
- School of information science and technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu-Lian Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of information science and technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sai-Xi Yu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of information science and technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke-Fu Liu
- School of information science and technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Panda A, Winkler RG, Singh SP. Characteristic features of self-avoiding active Brownian polymers under linear shear flow. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:8577-8586. [PMID: 37905462 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01334k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
We present Brownian dynamics simulation results of a flexible linear polymer with excluded-volume interactions under shear flow in the presence of active noise. The active noise strongly affects the polymer's conformational and dynamical properties, such as the stretching in the flow direction and compression in the gradient direction, shear-induced alignment, and shear viscosity. In the asymptotic limit of large activities and shear rates, the power-law scaling exponents of these quantities differ significantly from those of passive polymers. The chain's shear-induced stretching at a given shear rate is reduced by active noise, and it displays a non-monotonic behavior, where an initial polymer compression is followed by its stretching with increasing active force. The compression of the polymer in the gradient direction follows the relation ∼WiPe-3/4 as a function of the activity-dependent Weissenberg number WiPe, which differs from the scaling observed in passive systems ∼WiPe-1/2. The flow-induced alignment at large Péclet numbers Pe ≫ 1, where Pe is the Péclet number, and large shear rates WiPe ≫ 1 displays the scaling behavior WiPe-1/2, with an exponent differing from the passive value -1/3. Furthermore, the polymer's zero-shear viscosity displays a non-monotonic behavior, decreasing in an intermediate activity regime due to excluded-volume interactions and increasing again for large Pe. Shear thinning appears with increasing Weissenberg number with the power-laws WiPe-1/2 and WiPe-3/4 for passive and active polymers, respectively. In addition, our simulation results are compared with the results of an analytical approach, which predicts quantitatively similar behaviors for the various aforementioned physical quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Panda
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Roland G Winkler
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Sunil P Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Emery G. [I lead, follow me! How cells coordinate during collective migrations.]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:619-624. [PMID: 37695151 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During development and wound healing, cells frequently move in a so-called "collective cell migration" process. The same type of migration is used by some cancer cells during metastasis formation. A powerful model to study collective cell migration is the border cell cluster in Drosophila as it allows the observation and manipulation of a collective cell migration in its normal environment. This review describes the molecular machinery used by the border cells to migrate directionally, focusing on the mechanisms used to detect and reacts to chemoattractants, and to organise the group in leader and follower cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Emery
- Unité de recherche en transport vésiculaire et signalisation cellulaire, Institut pour la recherche en immunologie et en cancérologie de l'université de Montréal (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada - Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Rafnsdóttir ÓB, Kiuru A, Tebäck M, Friberg N, Revstedt P, Zhu J, Thomasson S, Czopek A, Malakpour-Permlid A, Weber T, Oredsson S. A new animal product free defined medium for 2D and 3D culturing of normal and cancer cells to study cell proliferation and migration as well as dose response to chemical treatment. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:509-520. [PMID: 37396848 PMCID: PMC10313884 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culturing methods are increasingly used to reduce and replace the use of live animals in biomedical research and chemical toxicity testing. Although live animals are avoided when using cell culturing methods, they often contain animal-derived components of which one of the most commonly used is foetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS is added to cell culture media among other supplements to support cell attachment/spreading and cell proliferation. The safety, batch-to-batch variation, and ethical problems with FBS are acknowledged and therefore world-wide efforts are ongoing to produce FBS free media. Here, we present the composition of a new defined medium with only human proteins either recombinant or derived from human tissues. This defined medium supports long-term culturing/routine culturing of normal cells and of cancer cells, and can be used for freezing and thawing of cells, i.e. for cell banking. Here, we show for our defined medium, growth curves and dose response curves of cells grown in two and three dimensions, and applications such as cell migration. Cell morphology was studied in real time by phase contrast and phase holographic microscopy time-lapse imaging. The cell lines used are human cancer-associated fibroblasts, keratinocytes, breast cancer JIMT-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells, colon cancer CaCo-2 cells, and pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells as well as the mouse L929 cell line. In conclusion, we present the composition of a defined medium without animal-derived products which can be used for routine culturing and in experimental settings for normal cells and for cancer cells, i.e. our defined medium provides a leap towards a universal animal product free cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ólöf Birna Rafnsdóttir
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Anna Kiuru
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mattis Tebäck
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Zhu
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Microbiology and Infection Prevention and Control, Region Skåne, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Thomasson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Atos Medical AB, 242 35 Hörby, Sweden
| | | | - Atena Malakpour-Permlid
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tilo Weber
- Animal Welfare Academy of the German Animal Welfare Federation, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Stina Oredsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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Solbu AA, Caballero D, Damigos S, Kundu SC, Reis RL, Halaas Ø, Chahal AS, Strand BL. Assessing cell migration in hydrogels: An overview of relevant materials and methods. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100537. [PMID: 36659998 PMCID: PMC9842866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is essential in numerous living processes, including embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses, and cancer metastasis. From individual cells to collectively migrating epithelial sheets, the locomotion of cells is tightly regulated by multiple structural, chemical, and biological factors. However, the high complexity of this process limits the understanding of the influence of each factor. Recent advances in materials science, tissue engineering, and microtechnology have expanded the toolbox and allowed the development of biomimetic in vitro assays to investigate the mechanisms of cell migration. Particularly, three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels have demonstrated a superior ability to mimic the extracellular environment. They are therefore well suited to studying cell migration in a physiologically relevant and more straightforward manner than in vivo approaches. A myriad of synthetic and naturally derived hydrogels with heterogeneous characteristics and functional properties have been reported. The extensive portfolio of available hydrogels with different mechanical and biological properties can trigger distinct biological responses in cells affecting their locomotion dynamics in 3D. Herein, we describe the most relevant hydrogels and their associated physico-chemical characteristics typically employed to study cell migration, including established cell migration assays and tracking methods. We aim to give the reader insight into existing literature and practical details necessary for performing cell migration studies in 3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Akbarzadeh Solbu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, NOBIPOL, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David Caballero
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal,ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Spyridon Damigos
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, NOBIPOL, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Subhas C. Kundu
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal,ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal,ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Øyvind Halaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aman S. Chahal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, NOBIPOL, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway,Corresponding author. Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, NOBIPOL, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Berit L. Strand
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, NOBIPOL, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,Corresponding author.
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Barin N, Balcioglu HE, de Heer I, de Wit M, Lamfers MLM, van Royen ME, French PJ, Accardo A. 3D-Engineered Scaffolds to Study Microtubes and Localization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Patient-Derived Glioma Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204485. [PMID: 36207287 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in glioma research is the lack of in vitro models that can retain cellular features of glioma cells in vivo. To overcome this limitation, a 3D-engineered scaffold, fabricated by two-photon polymerization, is developed as a cell culture model system to study patient-derived glioma cells. Scanning electron microscopy, (live cell) confocal microscopy, and immunohistochemistry are employed to assess the 3D model with respect to scaffold colonization, cellular morphology, and epidermal growth factor receptor localization. Both glioma patient-derived cells and established cell lines successfully colonize the scaffolds. Compared to conventional 2D cell cultures, the 3D-engineered scaffolds more closely resemble in vivo glioma cellular features and allow better monitoring of individual cells, cellular protrusions, and intracellular trafficking. Furthermore, less random cell motility and increased stability of cellular networks is observed for cells cultured on the scaffolds. The 3D-engineered glioma scaffolds therefore represent a promising tool for studying brain cancer mechanobiology as well as for drug screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Barin
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Hayri E Balcioglu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Iris de Heer
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice de Wit
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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Campanale JP, Mondo JA, Montell DJ. A Scribble/Cdep/Rac pathway controls follower-cell crawling and cluster cohesion during collective border-cell migration. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2483-2496.e4. [PMID: 36347240 PMCID: PMC9725179 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell movements drive normal development and metastasis. Drosophila border cells move as a cluster of 6-10 cells, where the role of the Rac GTPase in migration was first established. In border cells, as in most migratory cells, Rac stimulates leading-edge protrusion. Upstream Rac regulators in leaders have been identified; however, the regulation and function of Rac in follower border cells is unknown. Here, we show that all border cells require Rac, which promotes follower-cell motility and is important for cluster compactness and movement. We identify a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Cdep, which also regulates follower-cell movement and cluster cohesion. Scribble, Discs large, and Lethal giant larvae localize Cdep basolaterally and share phenotypes with Cdep. Relocalization of Cdep::GFP partially rescues Scribble knockdown, suggesting that Cdep is a major downstream effector of basolateral proteins. Thus, a Scrib/Cdep/Rac pathway promotes cell crawling and coordinated, collective migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Campanale
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - James A Mondo
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Alexandrova A, Lomakina M. How does plasticity of migration help tumor cells to avoid treatment: Cytoskeletal regulators and potential markers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962652. [PMID: 36278174 PMCID: PMC9582651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor shrinkage as a result of antitumor therapy is not the only and sufficient indicator of treatment success. Cancer progression leads to dissemination of tumor cells and formation of metastases - secondary tumor lesions in distant organs. Metastasis is associated with acquisition of mobile phenotype by tumor cells as a result of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and further cell migration based on cytoskeleton reorganization. The main mechanisms of individual cell migration are either mesenchymal, which depends on the activity of small GTPase Rac, actin polymerization, formation of adhesions with extracellular matrix and activity of proteolytic enzymes or amoeboid, which is based on the increase in intracellular pressure caused by the enhancement of actin cortex contractility regulated by Rho-ROCK-MLCKII pathway, and does not depend on the formation of adhesive structures with the matrix, nor on the activity of proteases. The ability of tumor cells to switch from one motility mode to another depending on cell context and environmental conditions, termed migratory plasticity, contributes to the efficiency of dissemination and often allows the cells to avoid the applied treatment. The search for new therapeutic targets among cytoskeletal proteins offers an opportunity to directly influence cell migration. For successful treatment it is important to assess the likelihood of migratory plasticity in a particular tumor. Therefore, the search for specific markers that can indicate a high probability of migratory plasticity is very important.
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Jana A, Tran A, Gill A, Kiepas A, Kapania RK, Konstantopoulos K, Nain AS. Sculpting Rupture-Free Nuclear Shapes in Fibrous Environments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203011. [PMID: 35863910 PMCID: PMC9443471 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeleton-mediated force transmission regulates nucleus morphology. How nuclei shaping occurs in fibrous in vivo environments remains poorly understood. Here suspended nanofiber networks of precisely tunable (nm-µm) diameters are used to quantify nucleus plasticity in fibrous environments mimicking the natural extracellular matrix. Contrary to the apical cap over the nucleus in cells on 2-dimensional surfaces, the cytoskeleton of cells on fibers displays a uniform actin network caging the nucleus. The role of contractility-driven caging in sculpting nuclear shapes is investigated as cells spread on aligned single fibers, doublets, and multiple fibers of varying diameters. Cell contractility increases with fiber diameter due to increased focal adhesion clustering and density of actin stress fibers, which correlates with increased mechanosensitive transcription factor Yes-associated protein (YAP) translocation to the nucleus. Unexpectedly, large- and small-diameter fiber combinations lead to teardrop-shaped nuclei due to stress fiber anisotropy across the cell. As cells spread on fibers, diameter-dependent nuclear envelope invaginations that run the nucleus's length are formed at fiber contact sites. The sharpest invaginations enriched with heterochromatin clustering and sites of DNA repair are insufficient to trigger nucleus rupture. Overall, the authors quantitate the previously unknown sculpting and adaptability of nuclei to fibrous environments with pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Jana
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburgVA24061USA
| | - Avery Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Amritpal Gill
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburgVA24061USA
| | - Alexander Kiepas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Rakesh K. Kapania
- Kevin T. Crofton Department of Aerospace EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburgVA24061USA
| | | | - Amrinder S. Nain
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburgVA24061USA
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12
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Nagle I, Richert A, Quinteros M, Janel S, Buysschaert E, Luciani N, Debost H, Thevenet V, Wilhelm C, Prunier C, Lafont F, Padilla-Benavides T, Boissan M, Reffay M. Surface tension of model tissues during malignant transformation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:926322. [PMID: 36111347 PMCID: PMC9468677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.926322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition is associated with migration, invasion, and metastasis. The translation at the tissue scale of these changes has not yet been enlightened while being essential in the understanding of tumor progression. Thus, biophysical tools dedicated to measurements on model tumor systems are needed to reveal the impact of epithelial–mesenchymal transition at the collective cell scale. Herein, using an original biophysical approach based on magnetic nanoparticle insertion inside cells, we formed and flattened multicellular aggregates to explore the consequences of the loss of the metastasis suppressor NME1 on the mechanical properties at the tissue scale. Multicellular spheroids behave as viscoelastic fluids, and their equilibrium shape is driven by surface tension as measured by their deformation upon magnetic field application. In a model of breast tumor cells genetically modified for NME1, we correlated tumor invasion, migration, and adhesion modifications with shape maintenance properties by measuring surface tension and exploring both invasive and migratory potential as well as adhesion characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Nagle
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Alain Richert
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Michael Quinteros
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Sébastien Janel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Edgar Buysschaert
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Luciani
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Henry Debost
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Thevenet
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Paris, France
| | - Céline Prunier
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Mathieu Boissan
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Mathieu Boissan, ; Myriam Reffay,
| | - Myriam Reffay
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Mathieu Boissan, ; Myriam Reffay,
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13
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Audoin M, Søgaard MT, Jauffred L. Tumor spheroids accelerate persistently invading cancer cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14713. [PMID: 36038698 PMCID: PMC9424244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma brain tumors form in the brain’s white matter and remain one of the most lethal cancers despite intensive therapy and surgery. The complex morphology of these tumors includes infiltrative growth and gain of cell motility. Therefore, various brain-mimetic model systems have been developed to investigate invasion dynamics. Despite this, exactly how gradients of cell density, chemical signals and metabolites influence individual cells’ migratory behavior remains elusive. Here we show that the gradient field induced by the spheroid—accelerates cells’ invasion of the extracellular matrix. We show that cells are pushed away from the spheroid along a radial gradient, as predicted by a biased persistent random walk. Thus, our results grasp in a simple model the complex behavior of metastasizing cells. We anticipate that this well-defined and quantitative assay could be instrumental in the development of new anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Audoin
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,DTU Health Tech, Denmark's Technical University, Ørsteds Pl. 344, 108, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maria Tangen Søgaard
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liselotte Jauffred
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Safara FMR, Melo HPM, Telo da Gama MM, Araújo NAM. Model for active particles confined in a two-state micropattern. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5699-5705. [PMID: 35876272 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00616b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose a model, based on active Brownian particles, for the dynamics of cells confined in a two-state micropattern, composed of two rectangular boxes connected by a bridge, and investigate the transition statistics. A transition between boxes occurs when the active particle crosses the center of the bridge, and the time between subsequent transitions is the dwell time. By assuming that the rotational diffusion time τ is a function of the position, some experimental observations are qualitatively recovered as, for example, the shape of the survival function. τ controls the transition from a ballistic regime at short time scales to a diffusive regime at long time scales, with an effective diffusion coefficient proportional to τ. For small values of τ, the dwell time is determined by the characteristic diffusion timescale which is constant for very low values of τ, when the rotational diffusion is much faster than the translational one and decays with τ for intermediate values of τ. For large values of τ, the interaction with the walls dominates and the particle stays mostly at the corners of the boxes increasing the dwell time. We find that there is an optimal τ for which the dwell time is minimal and its value can be tuned by changing the geometry of the pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M R Safara
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Hygor P M Melo
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Margarida M Telo da Gama
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno A M Araújo
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Guo Z, Yang CT, Chien CC, Selth LA, Bagnaninchi PO, Thierry B. Optical Cellular Micromotion: A New Paradigm to Measure Tumor Cells Invasion within Gels Mimicking the 3D Tumor Environments. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200471. [PMID: 35764869 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measuring tumor cell invasiveness through 3D tissues, particularly at the single-cell level, can provide important mechanistic understanding and assist in identifying therapeutic targets of tumor invasion. However, current experimental approaches, including standard in vitro invasion assays, have limited physiological relevance and offer insufficient insight into the vast heterogeneity in tumor cell migration through tissues. To address these issues, here the concept of optical cellular micromotion is reported on, where digital holographic microscopy is used to map the optical nano- to submicrometer thickness fluctuations within single-cells. These fluctuations are driven by the dynamic movement of subcellular structures including the cytoskeleton and inherently associated with the biological processes involved in cell invasion within tissues. It is experimentally demonstrated that the optical cellular micromotion correlates with tumor cells motility and invasiveness both at the population and single-cell levels. In addition, the optical cellular micromotion significantly reduced upon treatment with migrastatic drugs that inhibit tumor cell invasion. These results demonstrate that micromotion measurements can rapidly and non-invasively determine the invasive behavior of single tumor cells within tissues, yielding a new and powerful tool to assess the efficacy of approaches targeting tumor cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Guo
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Chih-Tsung Yang
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Chia-Chi Chien
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Pierre O Bagnaninchi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
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16
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Singh S, Sahadevan R, Roy R, Biswas M, Ghosh P, Kar P, Sonawane A, Sadhukhan S. Structure-based design and synthesis of a novel long-chain 4''-alkyl ether derivative of EGCG as potent EGFR inhibitor: in vitro and in silico studies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17821-17836. [PMID: 35765335 PMCID: PMC9201511 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the discovery of a novel long-chain ether derivative of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol as a potent EGFR inhibitor. A series of 4′′-alkyl EGCG derivatives have been synthesized via regio-selectively alkylating the 4′′ hydroxyl group in the D-ring of EGCG and tested for their antiproliferative activities against high (A431), moderate (HeLa), and low (MCF-7) EGFR-expressing cancer cell lines. The most potent compound, 4′′-C14 EGCG showed the lowest IC50 values across all the tested cell lines. 4′′-C14 EGCG was also found to be significantly more stable than EGCG under physiological conditions (PBS at pH 7.4). Further western blot analysis and imaging data revealed that 4′′-C14 EGCG induced cell death in A431 cells with shrunken nuclei, nuclear fragmentation, membrane blebbing, and increased population of apoptotic cells where BAX upregulation and BCLXL downregulation were observed. In addition, autophosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream signalling proteins Akt and ERK were markedly inhibited by 4′′-C14 EGCG. MD simulation and the MM/PBSA analysis disclosed the binding mode of 4′′-C14 EGCG in the ATP-binding site of EGFR kinase domain. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that 4′′-C14 EGCG can act as a promising potent EGFR inhibitor with enhanced stability. Among the synthesized 4′′-alkyl EGCG derivatives, 4′′-C14 EGCG inhibited EGF stimulated phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream signaling pathways, ERK and Akt. 4′′-C14 EGCG showed significantly improved stability than EGCG and induced apoptosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Mainak Biswas
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar Orissa 751 024 India
| | - Priya Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India .,Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India.,Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
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17
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Wang W, Xie N, Yi C, Zhang M, Xiong G, Xu X, Hou J, Wang C. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of cytocapsular tubes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2022; 51:520-528. [PMID: 35652154 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytocapsular tubes (CTs) provide membranous channels for cancer cells interconnection and multidirectional locomotion, which facilitate cancer cell transportation and metastasis. However, the clinicopathological significance of CTs has not been documented in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Herein, we aimed to identify CTs and assess their clinicopathological significance in OSCC. METHODS Operetta CLS™ high-content analysis system was used to detect the CTs originated from OSCC cells cultured in a 3D Matrigel matrix. Then, pan-cadherin and γ-actin immunostaining were performed to identify CTs in 4NQO-induced murine OSCC tissues, OSCC xenografts and 88 human primary OSCC samples. Finally, the prognostic value and clinicopathological significance of CTs in OSCC were further examined by using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS CTs were observed in OSCC cells in a 3D Matrigel matrix. In vivo, CTs were frequently identified in 4NQO-induced murine OSCC tissues, OSCC xenografts and human primary OSCC samples. CTs density was significantly associated with T stage, lymph node metastasis, differentiation, invasive depth, tumor budding, TNM stage and tumor recurrence. Importantly, the high-CTs density indicated a decreased overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in OSCC patients. Cox regression models showed that CTs could serve as a prognostic factor for OS and PFS. CONCLUSION CTs, which are correlated with the cell migration and invasion, can be readily identified in OSCC and appear to be a novel biomarker for patients at risk of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Xie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Yi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Xiong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyun Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Hou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Mahmoud N, Dawood M, Huang Q, Ng JPL, Ren F, Wong VKW, Efferth T. Nimbolide inhibits 2D and 3D prostate cancer cells migration, affects microtubules and angiogenesis and suppresses B-RAF/p.ERK-mediated in vivo tumor growth. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:153826. [PMID: 34775358 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prominent malignancy among men worldwide. PCa cells have a high tendency to metastasize to various distant organs, and this activity is the main cause of PCa mortality. Nimbolide is a promising phytochemical constituent of neem Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae). Previous studies showed that nimbolide exhibited potent anticancer activity however, its role against PCa tumorigenesis has not been fully elucidated. PURPOSE Our work aims to explore the role of nimbolide in regulating the essential tumor-associated processes involved in the metastatic cascade in PCa cells. STUDY DESIGN Cytotoxicity assay, wound healing and spheroid invasion assays, western blotting, immunofluorescence, tube-formation assay, in vivo and immunohistochemistry. METHODS The cytotoxicity of nimbolide towards PCa cell lines was assessed by resazurin assays. The cell mobility and migration of nimbolide-treated DU145 cells were determined by wound healing and spheroid invasion assays. Tubulin network was visualized using U2OS cells and DU145 cells. The effect of nimbolide on E-cadherin, β-catenin, acetylated α-tubulin and HDAC6 protein expressions levels were measured by Western blot. The potentiality of nimbolide to inhibit angiogenesis was revealed by HUVEC tube-formation assay. Nimbolide antitumor effect was studied in a syngeneic model of murine prostate cancer. RESULTS The current study indicated that nimbolide negatively affected the migratory and invasive capacity of DU145 prostate cancer cells in 2D and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures. Interestingly, nimbolide induced downregulation of E-cadherin without any influence on the expression level of β-catenin. Additionally, we demonstrated that nimbolide influenced the microtubule network which was supported by the upregulation of acetylated α-tubulin and the reduction in HDAC6 protein. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of nimbolide on angiogenesis was clearly observed in HUVEC tube formation assay. In vivo experiments revealed the significant suppression of PCa growth and targeting of the B-RAF/p.ERK signaling pathway by nimbolide. CONCLUSION Our results showed that nimbolide inhibited 2D and 3D prostate cancer cells migration and downregulated E-cadherin protein expression, a marker for metastatic chemoresistance and tumor recurrence. Nimbolide stabilized the microtubules, combated angiogenesis and suppressed B.RAF/ERK-mediated in vivo tumor growth. Nimbolide may be considered as potential therapeutic agent for metastatic and advanced PCa patients and merits further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Qi Huang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jerome P L Ng
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Fang Ren
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Vincent K W Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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19
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Nousi A, Søgaard MT, Audoin M, Jauffred L. Single-cell tracking reveals super-spreading brain cancer cells with high persistence. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101120. [PMID: 34541340 PMCID: PMC8435994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental characteristic of vital processes such as tissue morphogenesis, wound healing and immune cell homing to lymph nodes and inflamed or infected sites. Therefore, various brain defect diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases as well as tumor formation and metastasis are associated with aberrant or absent cell migration. We embedded multicellular brain cancer spheroids in Matrigel™ and utilized single-particle tracking to extract the paths of cells migrating away from the spheroids. We found that - in contrast to local invasion - single cell migration is independent of Matrigel™ concentration and is characterized by high directionality and persistence. Furthermore, we identified a subpopulation of super-spreading cells with >200-fold longer persistence times than the majority of cells. These results highlight yet another aspect of cell heterogeneity in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Tangen Søgaard
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | | | - Liselotte Jauffred
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
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20
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Brain and Breast Cancer Cells with PTEN Loss of Function Reveal Enhanced Durotaxis and RHOB Dependent Amoeboid Migration Utilizing 3D Scaffolds and Aligned Microfiber Tracts. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205144. [PMID: 34680293 PMCID: PMC8533830 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with PTEN mutations often lead to brain dissemination with poor patient outcome, thus new therapeutic targets are needed. To understand signaling, controlling the dynamics and mechanics of brain tumor cell migration, we implemented GBM and TNBC cell lines and designed 3D aligned microfibers and scaffolds mimicking brain structures. METHODS 3D microfibers and scaffolds were printed using melt electrowriting. GBM and TNBC cell lines with opposing PTEN genotypes were analyzed with RHO-ROCK-PTEN inhibitors and PTEN rescue using live-cell imaging. RNA-sequencing and qPCR of tumor cells in 3D with microfibers were performed, while scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy addressed cell morphology. RESULTS In contrast to the PTEN wildtype, GBM and TNBC cells with PTEN loss of function yielded enhanced durotaxis, topotaxis, adhesion, amoeboid migration on 3D microfibers and significant high RHOB expression. Functional studies concerning RHOB-ROCK-PTEN signaling confirmed the essential role for the above cellular processes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a significant role of the PTEN genotype and RHOB expression for durotaxis, adhesion and migration dependent on 3D. GBM and TNBC cells with PTEN loss of function have an affinity for stiff brain structures promoting metastasis. 3D microfibers represent an important tool to model brain metastasizing tumor cells, where RHO-inhibitors could play an essential role for improved therapy.
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21
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Lou Y, Jiang Y, Liang Z, Liu B, Li T, Zhang D. Role of RhoC in cancer cell migration. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:527. [PMID: 34627249 PMCID: PMC8502390 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is one of the five major behaviors of cells. Although RhoC—a classic member of the Rho gene family—was first identified in 1985, functional RhoC data have only been widely reported in recent years. Cell migration involves highly complex signaling mechanisms, in which RhoC plays an essential role. Cell migration regulated by RhoC—of which the most well-known function is its role in cancer metastasis—has been widely reported in breast, gastric, colon, bladder, prostate, lung, pancreatic, liver, and other cancers. Our review describes the role of RhoC in various types of cell migration. The classic two-dimensional cell migration cycle constitutes cell polarization, adhesion regulation, cell contraction and tail retraction, most of which are modulated by RhoC. In the three-dimensional cell migration model, amoeboid migration is the most classic and well-studied model. Here, RhoC modulates the formation of membrane vesicles by regulating myosin II, thereby affecting the rate and persistence of amoeba-like migration. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to describe the role of RhoC in all cell migration processes. We believe that understanding the detail of RhoC-regulated migration processes will help us better comprehend the mechanism of cancer metastasis. This will contribute to the study of anti-metastatic treatment approaches, aiding in the identification of new intervention targets for therapeutic or genetic transformational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Lou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingzhang Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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22
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Mei J, Böhland C, Geiger A, Baur I, Berner K, Heuer S, Liu X, Mataite L, Melo-Narváez MC, Özkaya E, Rupp A, Siebenwirth C, Thoma F, Kling MF, Friedl AA. Development of a model for fibroblast-led collective migration from breast cancer cell spheroids to study radiation effects on invasiveness. Radiat Oncol 2021; 16:159. [PMID: 34412654 PMCID: PMC8375131 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-021-01883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasiveness is a major factor contributing to metastasis of tumour cells. Given the broad variety and plasticity of invasion mechanisms, assessing potential metastasis-promoting effects of irradiation for specific mechanisms is important for further understanding of potential adverse effects of radiotherapy. In fibroblast-led invasion mechanisms, fibroblasts produce tracks in the extracellular matrix in which cancer cells with epithelial traits can follow. So far, the influence of irradiation on this type of invasion mechanisms has not been assessed. METHODS By matrix-embedding coculture spheroids consisting of breast cancer cells (MCF-7, BT474) and normal fibroblasts, we established a model for fibroblast-led invasion. To demonstrate applicability of this model, spheroid growth and invasion behaviour after irradiation with 5 Gy were investigated by microscopy and image analysis. RESULTS When not embedded, irradiation caused a significant growth delay in the spheroids. When irradiating the spheroids with 5 Gy before embedding, we find comparable maximum migration distance in fibroblast monoculture and in coculture samples as seen in unirradiated samples. Depending on the fibroblast strain, the number of invading cells remained constant or was reduced. CONCLUSION In this spheroid model and with the cell lines and fibroblast strains used, irradiation does not have a major invasion-promoting effect. 3D analysis of invasiveness allows to uncouple effects on invading cell number and maximum invasion distance when assessing radiation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Mei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, LMU Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Böhland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Geiger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Iris Baur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Berner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Heuer
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer', Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xue Liu
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Mataite
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Erdem Özkaya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Rupp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Felix Thoma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias F Kling
- Department of Physics, LMU Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Center for Advanced Laser Applications, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anna A Friedl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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23
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The mechanics and dynamics of cancer cells sensing noisy 3D contact guidance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024780118. [PMID: 33658384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024780118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact guidance is a major physical cue that modulates cancer cell morphology and motility, and is directly linked to the prognosis of cancer patients. Under physiological conditions, particularly in the three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM), the disordered assembly of fibers presents a complex directional bias to the cells. It is unclear how cancer cells respond to these noncoherent contact guidance cues. Here we combine quantitative experiments, theoretical analysis, and computational modeling to study the morphological and migrational responses of breast cancer cells to 3D collagen ECM with varying degrees of fiber alignment. We quantify the strength of contact guidance using directional coherence of ECM fibers, and find that stronger contact guidance causes cells to polarize more strongly along the principal direction of the fibers. Interestingly, sensitivity to contact guidance is positively correlated with cell aspect ratio, with elongated cells responding more strongly to ECM alignment than rounded cells. Both experiments and simulations show that cell-ECM adhesions and actomyosin contractility modulate cell responses to contact guidance by inducing a population shift between rounded and elongated cells. We also find that cells rapidly change their morphology when navigating the ECM, and that ECM fiber coherence modulates cell transition rates between different morphological phenotypes. Taken together, we find that subcellular processes that integrate conflicting mechanical cues determine cell morphology, which predicts the polarization and migration dynamics of cancer cells in 3D ECM.
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24
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Chiang MY, Lo YC, Lai YH, Yong YYA, Chang SJ, Chen WL, Chen SY. Protein-based soft actuator with high photo-response and easy modulation for anisotropic cell alignment and proliferation in a liquid environment. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6634-6645. [PMID: 34365493 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell alignment and elongation, which are critical factors correlated with differentiation and maturation in cell biology and tissue engineering, have been widely studied in organisms. Several strategies such as external mechanical strain, geometric topography, micropatterning approaches, and microfabricated substrates have been developed to guide cell alignment, but these methodologies cannot be used for easily denatured natural proteins to modulate the cell behaviour. Herein, for the first time, a novel biocompatible light-controlled protein-based bilayer soft actuator composed of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), silk fibroin (SF), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), named ESGRG, is developed for efficiently driving cellular orientation and elongation with anisotropic features on soft actuator via remote NIR laser exposure. The actuation of ESGRG could be manipulated by modulating the intensity of NIR and the relative ratio of GO to rGO for promoting myoblasts alignment and nucleus elongation to generate different motions. The results indicate that the YAP and MHC protein expression of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells on ESGRG can be rapidly induced and enhanced by controlling the relative ratio of rGO/GO = 1/4 at a multiple-cycle stimulation with a very low power intensity of 1.2 W cm-2 in friendly liquid environments. This study demonstrates that the ESGRG hydrogel actuator system can modulate the cell-level behaviors via light-driven cyclic bending-motions and can be utilized in applications of soft robotic and tissue engineering such as artificial muscle and maturation of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Chiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 Ta-Hsueh Rd, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, Republic of China.
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25
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Scott M, Żychaluk K, Bearon RN. A mathematical framework for modelling 3D cell motility: applications to glioblastoma cell migration. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2021; 38:333-354. [PMID: 34189581 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The collection of 3D cell tracking data from live images of micro-tissues is a recent innovation made possible due to advances in imaging techniques. As such there is increased interest in studying cell motility in 3D in vitro model systems but a lack of rigorous methodology for analysing the resulting data sets. One such instance of the use of these in vitro models is in the study of cancerous tumours. Growing multicellular tumour spheroids in vitro allows for modelling of the tumour microenvironment and the study of tumour cell behaviours, such as migration, which improves understanding of these cells and in turn could potentially improve cancer treatments. In this paper, we present a workflow for the rigorous analysis of 3D cell tracking data, based on the persistent random walk model, but adaptable to other biologically informed mathematical models. We use statistical measures to assess the fit of the model to the motility data and to estimate model parameters and provide confidence intervals for those parameters, to allow for parametrization of the model taking correlation in the data into account. We use in silico simulations to validate the workflow in 3D before testing our method on cell tracking data taken from in vitro experiments on glioblastoma tumour cells, a brain cancer with a very poor prognosis. The presented approach is intended to be accessible to both modellers and experimentalists alike in that it provides tools for uncovering features of the data set that may suggest amendments to future experiments or modelling attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZL, UK
| | - K Żychaluk
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZL, UK
| | - R N Bearon
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZL, UK
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26
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Zhou DW, Fernández-Yagüe MA, Holland EN, García AF, Castro NS, O'Neill EB, Eyckmans J, Chen CS, Fu J, Schlaepfer DD, García AJ. Force-FAK signaling coupling at individual focal adhesions coordinates mechanosensing and microtissue repair. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2359. [PMID: 33883558 PMCID: PMC8060400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How adhesive forces are transduced and integrated into biochemical signals at focal adhesions (FAs) is poorly understood. Using cells adhering to deformable micropillar arrays, we demonstrate that traction force and FAK localization as well as traction force and Y397-FAK phosphorylation are linearly coupled at individual FAs on stiff, but not soft, substrates. Similarly, FAK phosphorylation increases linearly with external forces applied to FAs using magnetic beads. This mechanosignaling coupling requires actomyosin contractility, talin-FAK binding, and full-length vinculin that binds talin and actin. Using an in vitro 3D biomimetic wound healing model, we show that force-FAK signaling coupling coordinates cell migration and tissue-scale forces to promote microtissue repair. A simple kinetic binding model of talin-FAK interactions under force can recapitulate the experimental observations. This study provides insights on how talin and vinculin convert forces into FAK signaling events regulating cell migration and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Zhou
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marc A Fernández-Yagüe
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elijah N Holland
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrés F García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicolas S Castro
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B O'Neill
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeroen Eyckmans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrés J García
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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27
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Schwab M, Lohr S, Schneider J, Kaiser M, Krunic D, Helbig D, Géraud C, Angel P. Podoplanin is required for tumor cell invasion in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1619-1630. [PMID: 33783869 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The invasiveness of late-stage cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is associated with poor patients' prognosis and linked to strong upregulation of the glycoprotein Podoplanin (PDPN) in cancer cells. However, the function of PDPN in these processes in cSCC carcinogenesis has not been characterized in detail yet. Employing a CRISPR/Cas9-based loss-of-function approach on murine cSCC cells, we show that the loss of Pdpn results in decreased migration and invasion in vitro. Complementing these in vitro studies, labelled murine control and Pdpn knockout cells were injected orthotopically into the dermis of nude mice to recapitulate the formation of human cSCC displaying a well-differentiated morphology with a PDPN-positive reaction in fibroblasts in the tumor stroma. Smaller tumors were observed upon Pdpn loss, which is associated with reduced tumor cell infiltration into the stroma. Utilizing Pdpn mutants in functional experiments in vitro, we provide evidence that both the intra- and extracellular domains are essential for cancer cell invasion. These findings underline the critical role of PDPN in cSCC progression and highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting PDPN-dependent cancer cell invasion, especially in late-stage cSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schwab
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Lohr
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Schneider
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Kaiser
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Damir Krunic
- Light Microscopy Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doris Helbig
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Clinic of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyrill Géraud
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Section of Clinical and Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Eichinger JF, Haeusel LJ, Paukner D, Aydin RC, Humphrey JD, Cyron CJ. Mechanical homeostasis in tissue equivalents: a review. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:833-850. [PMID: 33683513 PMCID: PMC8154823 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that growth and remodeling of load bearing soft biological tissues is to a large extent controlled by mechanical factors. Mechanical homeostasis, which describes the natural tendency of such tissues to establish, maintain, or restore a preferred mechanical state, is thought to be one mechanism by which such control is achieved across multiple scales. Yet, many questions remain regarding what promotes or prevents homeostasis. Tissue equivalents, such as collagen gels seeded with living cells, have become an important tool to address these open questions under well-defined, though limited, conditions. This article briefly reviews the current state of research in this area. It summarizes, categorizes, and compares experimental observations from the literature that focus on the development of tension in tissue equivalents. It focuses primarily on uniaxial and biaxial experimental studies, which are well-suited for quantifying interactions between mechanics and biology. The article concludes with a brief discussion of key questions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Eichinger
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lea J Haeusel
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Paukner
- Institute of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Roland C Aydin
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Christian J Cyron
- Institute of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
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29
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Tefft JB, Chen CS, Eyckmans J. Reconstituting the dynamics of endothelial cells and fibroblasts in wound closure. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:016102. [PMID: 33511324 PMCID: PMC7817247 DOI: 10.1063/5.0028651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of healthy vascularized granulation tissue is essential for rapid wound closure and the prevention of chronic wounds in humans, yet how endothelial cells and fibroblasts coordinate during this process has been difficult to study. Here, we have developed an in vitro system that reveals how human endothelial and stromal cells in a 3D matrix respond during wound healing and granulation tissue formation. By creating incisions in engineered cultures composed of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human lung fibroblasts embedded within a 3D matrix, we observed that these tissues are able to close the wound within approximately 4 days. Live tracking of cells during wound closure revealed that the process is mediated primarily by fibroblasts. The fibroblasts migrate circumferentially around the wound edge during early phases of healing, while contracting the wound. The fibroblast-derived matrix is, then, deposited into the void, facilitating fibroblast migration toward the wound center and filling of the void. Interestingly, the endothelial cells remain at the periphery of the wound rather than actively sprouting into the healing region to restore the vascular network. This study captures the dynamics of endothelial and fibroblast-mediated closure of three-dimensional wounds, which results in the repopulation of the wound with the cell-derived extracellular matrix representative of early granulation tissue, thus presenting a model for future studies to investigate factors regulating vascularized granulation tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann B. Tefft
- The Biological Design Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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30
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Ustunel S, Prévôt ME, Clements RJ, Hegmann E. Cradle-to-cradle: designing biomaterials to fit as truly biomimetic cell scaffolds– a review. LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1358314x.2020.1855919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Senay Ustunel
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Marianne E. Prévôt
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Robert J. Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Elda Hegmann
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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31
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2D and 3D in vitro assays to quantify the invasive behavior of glioblastoma stem cells in response to SDF-1α. Biotechniques 2020; 69:339-346. [PMID: 32867513 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion is a hallmark of cancer and therefore in vitro invasion assays are important tools in cancer research. We aimed to describe in vitro 2D transwell assays and 3D spheroid assays to quantitatively determine the invasive behavior of glioblastoma stem cells in response to the chemoattractant SDF-1α. Matrigel was used as a matrix in both assays. We demonstrated quantitatively that SDF-1α increased invasive behavior of glioblastoma stem cells in both assays. We conclude that the 2D transwell invasion assay is easy to perform, fast and less complex whereas the more time-consuming 3D spheroid invasion assay is physiologically closer to the in vivo situation.
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32
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Alteration of cell motility dynamics through collagen fiber density in photopolymerized polyethylene glycol hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:414-423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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33
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Alexandrova AY, Chikina AS, Svitkina TM. Actin cytoskeleton in mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition of cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:197-256. [PMID: 33066874 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During development of metastasis, tumor cells migrate through different tissues and encounter different extracellular matrices. An ability of cells to adapt mechanisms of their migration to these diverse environmental conditions, called migration plasticity, gives tumor cells an advantage over normal cells for long distant dissemination. Different modes of individual cell motility-mesenchymal and amoeboid-are driven by different molecular mechanisms, which largely depend on functions of the actin cytoskeleton that can be modulated in a wide range by cellular signaling mechanisms in response to environmental conditions. Various triggers can switch one motility mode to another, but regulations of these transitions are incompletely understood. However, understanding of the mechanisms driving migration plasticity is instrumental for finding anti-cancer treatment capable to stop cancer metastasis. In this review, we discuss cytoskeletal features, which allow the individually migrating cells to switch between mesenchymal and amoeboid migrating modes, called mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT). We briefly describe main characteristics of different cell migration modes, and then discuss the triggering factors that initiate MAT with special attention to cytoskeletal features essential for migration plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Y Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra S Chikina
- Cell Migration and Invasion and Spatio-Temporal Regulation of Antigen Presentation teams, UMR144/U932 Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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34
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Lee JM, Yeong WY. Engineering macroscale cell alignment through coordinated toolpath design using support-assisted 3D bioprinting. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200294. [PMID: 32674709 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aligned cells provide direction-dependent mechanical properties that influence biological and mechanical function in native tissues. Alignment techniques such as casting and uniaxial stretching cannot fully replicate the complex fibre orientation of native tissue such as the heart. In this study, bioprinting is used to direct the orientation of cell alignment. A 0°-90° grid structure was printed to assess the robustness of the support-assisted bioprinting technique. The variation in the angles of the grid pattern is designed to mimic the differences in fibril orientation of native tissues, where angles of cell alignment vary across the different layers. Through bioprinting of a cell-hydrogel mixture, C2C12 cells displayed directed alignment along the longitudinal axis of printed struts. Cell alignment is induced through firstly establishing structurally stable constructs (i.e. distinct 0°-90° structures) and secondly, allowing cells to dynamically remodel the bioprinted construct. Herein reports a method of inducing a macroscale level of controlled cell alignment with angle variation. This was not achievable both in terms of methods (i.e. conventional alignment techniques such as stretching and electrical stimulation) and magnitude (i.e. hydrogel features with less than 100 µm features).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Min Lee
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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35
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Green Y, Fredberg JJ, Butler JP. Relationship between velocities, tractions, and intercellular stresses in the migrating epithelial monolayer. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:062405. [PMID: 32688543 PMCID: PMC7794661 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.062405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between velocities, tractions, and intercellular stresses in the migrating epithelial monolayer are currently unknown. Ten years ago, a method known as monolayer stress microscopy (MSM) was suggested from which intercellular stresses could be computed for a given traction field. The core assumption of MSM is that intercellular stresses within the monolayer obey a linear and passive constitutive law. Examples of these include a Hookean solid (an elastic sheet) or a Newtonian fluid (thin fluid film), which imply a specific relation between the displacements or velocities and the tractions. Due to the lack of independently measured intercellular stresses, a direct validation of the 2D stresses predicted by a linear passive MSM model is presently not possible. An alternative approach, which we give here and denote as the Stokes method, is based on simultaneous measurements of the monolayer velocity field and the cell-substrate tractions. Using the same assumptions as those underlying MSM, namely, a linear and passive constitutive law, the velocity field suffices to compute tractions, from which we can then compare with those measured by traction force microscopy. We find that the calculated tractions and measured tractions are uncorrelated. Since the classical MSM and the Stokes approach both depend on the linear and passive constitutive law, it follows that some serious modification of the underling rheology is needed. One possible modification is the inclusion of an active force. In the special case where this is additive to the linear passive rheology, we have a new relationship between the active force density and the measured velocity (or displacement) field and tractions, which by Newton's laws, must be obeyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Green
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | | | - James P. Butler
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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36
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Kiepas A, Voorand E, Senecal J, Ahn R, Annis MG, Jacquet K, Tali G, Bisson N, Ursini-Siegel J, Siegel PM, Brown CM. The SHCA adapter protein cooperates with lipoma-preferred partner in the regulation of adhesion dynamics and invadopodia formation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10535-10559. [PMID: 32299913 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SHC adaptor protein (SHCA) and lipoma-preferred partner (LPP) mediate transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Reduced expression of either protein diminishes breast cancer lung metastasis, but the reason for this effect is unclear. Here, using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, we found that TGFβ enhanced the assembly and disassembly rates of paxillin-containing adhesions in an SHCA-dependent manner through the phosphorylation of the specific SHCA tyrosine residues Tyr-239, Tyr-240, and Tyr-313. Using a BioID proximity labeling approach, we show that SHCA exists in a complex with a variety of actin cytoskeletal proteins, including paxillin and LPP. Consistent with a functional interaction between SHCA and LPP, TGFβ-induced LPP localization to cellular adhesions depended on SHCA. Once localized to the adhesions, LPP was required for TGFβ-induced increases in cell migration and adhesion dynamics. Mutations that impaired LPP localization to adhesions (mLIM1) or impeded interactions with the actin cytoskeleton via α-actinin (ΔABD) abrogated migratory responses to TGFβ. Live-cell TIRF microscopy revealed that SHCA clustering at the cell membrane preceded LPP recruitment. We therefore hypothesize that, in the presence of TGFβ, SHCA promotes the formation of small, dynamic adhesions by acting as a nucleator of focal complex formation. Finally, we defined a previously unknown function for SHCA in the formation of invadopodia, a process that also required LPP. Our results reveal that SHCA controls the formation and function of adhesions and invadopodia, two key cellular structures required for breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kiepas
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A3, Québec, Canada
| | - Elena Voorand
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A3, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada
| | - Julien Senecal
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A3, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal H4A 3J1, Québec, Canada
| | - Ryuhjin Ahn
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal H4A 3J1, Québec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Matthew G Annis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A3, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada
| | - Kévin Jacquet
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - George Tali
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bisson
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada.,PROTEO Network and Cancer Research Centre, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Josie Ursini-Siegel
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal H4A 3T2, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A3, Québec, Canada .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada
| | - Claire M Brown
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada .,Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, Montréal H3G 0B1, Québec, Canada
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Müller PM, Rademacher J, Bagshaw RD, Wortmann C, Barth C, van Unen J, Alp KM, Giudice G, Eccles RL, Heinrich LE, Pascual-Vargas P, Sanchez-Castro M, Brandenburg L, Mbamalu G, Tucholska M, Spatt L, Czajkowski MT, Welke RW, Zhang S, Nguyen V, Rrustemi T, Trnka P, Freitag K, Larsen B, Popp O, Mertins P, Gingras AC, Roth FP, Colwill K, Bakal C, Pertz O, Pawson T, Petsalaki E, Rocks O. Systems analysis of RhoGEF and RhoGAP regulatory proteins reveals spatially organized RAC1 signalling from integrin adhesions. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:498-511. [PMID: 32203420 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are central regulators of the cytoskeleton and, in humans, are controlled by 145 multidomain guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs). How Rho signalling patterns are established in dynamic cell spaces to control cellular morphogenesis is unclear. Through a family-wide characterization of substrate specificities, interactomes and localization, we reveal at the systems level how RhoGEFs and RhoGAPs contextualize and spatiotemporally control Rho signalling. These proteins are widely autoinhibited to allow local regulation, form complexes to jointly coordinate their networks and provide positional information for signalling. RhoGAPs are more promiscuous than RhoGEFs to confine Rho activity gradients. Our resource enabled us to uncover a multi-RhoGEF complex downstream of G-protein-coupled receptors controlling CDC42-RHOA crosstalk. Moreover, we show that integrin adhesions spatially segregate GEFs and GAPs to shape RAC1 activity zones in response to mechanical cues. This mechanism controls the protrusion and contraction dynamics fundamental to cell motility. Our systems analysis of Rho regulators is key to revealing emergent organization principles of Rho signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Müller
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Richard D Bagshaw
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Carolin Barth
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakobus van Unen
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Keziban M Alp
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Girolamo Giudice
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Louise E Heinrich
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
| | | | - Marta Sanchez-Castro
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Geraldine Mbamalu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monika Tucholska
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Spatt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maciej T Czajkowski
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sunqu Zhang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivian Nguyen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Philipp Trnka
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiara Freitag
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brett Larsen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Popp
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Bakal
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tony Pawson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Oliver Rocks
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Mogilner A, Barnhart EL, Keren K. Experiment, theory, and the keratocyte: An ode to a simple model for cell motility. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 100:143-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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The Leader Position of Mesenchymal Cells Expressing N-Cadherin in the Collective Migration of Epithelial Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030731. [PMID: 32188112 PMCID: PMC7140612 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how heterogeneous cancer cell populations migrate collectively is of paramount importance to arrest metastasis. Here, we applied 3D culture-based approaches for in vitro modeling of the collective migration of squamous carcinoma cells and examine the impact of epithelial and mesenchymal cell interactions on this type of migration. We show that both mesenchymal N-cadherin-expressing cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts cooperate in collective migration of epithelial cancer cells by leading their collective migration. This was consistent with the observed distribution of E-cadherin/N-cadherin in the human carcinoma tissues of head and neck. The presence of “leader” mesenchymal cancer cells or “leader” fibroblasts was significantly associated with metastasis development, recurrent disease and low overall disease survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). In silico analysis of independent public datasets revealed that increased N-cadherin expression in the heterogeneous cancer tissues is associated with disease progression not only in HNSCC but also in other prevalent tumors, such as colorectal, breast and lung cancer. Collectively, our data highlight the importance of mesenchymal cells in collective cell migration and disease progression, findings that may have a broad significance in cancer, especially in those in which aberrant N-cadherin expression negatively impacts disease survival.
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40
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Mai MH, Camley BA. Hydrodynamic effects on the motility of crawling eukaryotic cells. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1349-1358. [PMID: 31934705 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell motility is crucial during development, wound healing, the immune response, and cancer metastasis. Some eukaryotic cells can swim, but cells more commonly adhere to and crawl along the extracellular matrix. We study the relationship between hydrodynamics and adhesion that describe whether a cell is swimming, crawling, or combining these motions. Our simple model of a cell, based on the three-sphere swimmer, is capable of both swimming and crawling. As cell-matrix adhesion strength increases, the influence of hydrodynamics on migration diminishes. Cells with significant adhesion can crawl with speeds much larger than their nonadherent, swimming counterparts. We predict that, while most eukaryotic cells are in the strong-adhesion limit, increasing environment viscosity or decreasing cell-matrix adhesion could lead to significant hydrodynamic effects even in crawling cells. Signatures of hydrodynamic effects include a dependence of cell speed on the presence of a nearby substrate or interactions between noncontacting cells. These signatures will be suppressed at large adhesion strengths, but even strongly adherent cells will generate relevant fluid flows that will advect nearby passive particles and swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Mai
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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41
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Chitty JL, Skhinas JN, Filipe EC, Wang S, Cupello CR, Grant RD, Yam M, Papanicolaou M, Major G, Zaratzian A, Da Silva AM, Tayao M, Vennin C, Timpson P, Madsen CD, Cox TR. The Mini-Organo: A rapid high-throughput 3D coculture organotypic assay for oncology screening and drug development. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 3:e1209. [PMID: 32671954 PMCID: PMC7941459 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of in vitro cell cultures is a powerful tool for obtaining key insights into the behaviour and response of cells to interventions in normal and disease situations. Unlike in vivo settings, in vitro experiments allow a fine-tuned control of a range of microenvironmental elements independently within an isolated setting. The recent expansion in the use of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro assays has created a number of representative tools to study cell behaviour in a more physiologically 3D relevant microenvironment. Complex 3D in vitro models that can recapitulate human tissue biology are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of disease. AIM The development of the 3D coculture collagen contraction and invasion assay, the "organotypic assay," has been widely adopted as a powerful approach to bridge the gap between standard two-dimensional tissue culture and in vivo mouse models. In the cancer setting, these assays can then be used to dissect how stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), drive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling to alter cancer cell behaviour and response to intervention. However, to date, many of the published organotypic protocols are low-throughput, time-consuming (up to several weeks), and work-intensive with often limited scalability. Our aim was to develop a fast, high-throughput, scalable 3D organotypic assay for use in oncology screening and drug development. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we describe a modified 96-well organotypic assay, the "Mini-Organo," which can be easily completed within 5 days. We demonstrate its application in a wide range of mouse and human cancer biology approaches including evaluation of stromal cell 3D ECM remodelling, 3D cancer cell invasion, and the assessment of efficacy of potential anticancer therapeutic targets. Furthermore, the organotypic assay described is highly amenable to customisation using different cell types under diverse experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS The Mini-Organo high-throughput 3D organotypic assay allows the rapid screening of potential cancer therapeutics in human and mouse models in a time-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Chitty
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Joanna N. Skhinas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Elysse C. Filipe
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer ResearchLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Carmen Rodriguez Cupello
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer ResearchLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Rhiannon D. Grant
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Michelle Yam
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Michael Papanicolaou
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Gretel Major
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Andrew M. Da Silva
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Michael Tayao
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Claire Vennin
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
- Molecular PathologyOncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Chris D. Madsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer ResearchLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Thomas R. Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Kinghorn Cancer CentreSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSWSydneyNSWAustralia
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42
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Visweshwaran SP, Gautreau A. Analysis of Random Migration of Cancer Cells in 3D. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3482. [PMID: 33654715 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to migrate through a complex three-dimensional (3D) environment is a hallmark event of cancer metastasis. Therefore, an in vitro migration assay to evaluate cancer cell migration in a 3D setting is valuable to examine cancer progression. Here, we describe such a simple migration assay in a 3D collagen-fibronectin gel for observing cell morphology and comparing the migration abilities of cancer cells. We describe below how to prepare the collagen-fibronectin gel castings, how to set up time-lapse recording, how to draw single-cell trajectories from movies and extract key parameters that characterize cell motility, such as cell speed, directionality, mean square displacement, and directional persistence. In our set-up, cells are sandwiched in a single plane between two collagen-fibronectin gels. This trick facilitates the analysis of cell tracks, which are for the most part 2D, at least in the beginning, but in a 3D environment. This protocol has been previously published in Visweshwaran et al. (2018) and is described here in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai P Visweshwaran
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexis Gautreau
- BIOC, CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
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43
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Schutrum BE, Whitman MA, Fischbach C. Biomaterials-Based Model Systems to Study Tumor–Microenvironment Interactions. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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44
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Capuana L, Boström A, Etienne-Manneville S. Multicellular scale front-to-rear polarity in collective migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:114-122. [PMID: 31756576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration does not only reflect the migration of cells at a similar speed and in the same direction, it also implies the emergence of new properties observed at the level of the cell group. This collective behavior relies on interactions between the cells and the establishment of a hierarchy amongst cells with leaders driving the group of followers. Here, we make the parallel between the front-to-rear polarity axis in single cell and the front-to-rear multicellular-scale polarity of a migrating collective which established through exchange of biochemical and mechanical information from the front to the rear and vice versa. Such multicellular-scale polarity gives the migrating group the possibility to better sense and adapt to energy, biochemical and mechanical constraints and facilitates migration over long distances in complex and changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Capuana
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Astrid Boström
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France; School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France.
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45
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Visweshwaran SP, Maritzen T. A simple 3D cellular chemotaxis assay and analysis workflow suitable for a wide range of migrating cells. MethodsX 2019; 6:2807-2821. [PMID: 31871915 PMCID: PMC6909357 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular migration plays a crucial role within multicellular organisms enabling organ development, wound healing and efficient immune responses, but also metastasis. Therefore, it is crucial to dissect the underlying mechanisms. Directed migration and invasion are most efficient in response to chemotactic signals. To study cell migration and chemotactic responses, current experimental setups use either simplified 2D, tissue-mimetic 3D (e.g. collagen matrices) or in vivo environments. While the in vivo experiments are closest to the real physiological situation, they require animal experiments and are thus ill-suited for screening purposes. 3D matrices, on the other hand, can mimic in vivo conditions in many respects thus serving as instructive settings for the initial dissection of cell migration and chemotaxis. However, performing 3D chemotaxis assays has its limitations due to the delicate nature of most available setups and the tedious and time-consuming manual quantification process. Here, we present •A method for the easy construction of a chemotaxis chamber suitable for the analysis of large cell numbers.•A procedure to quantify their migration automatically with minimal input required by the experimenter.•Both successfully validated by analyzing the 3D chemotaxis of highly migratory primary dendritic cells and the invasive MDA-MB-231 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai P Visweshwaran
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Maritzen
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Scaling Physiologic Function from Cell to Tissue in Asthma, Cancer, and Development. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 15:S35-S37. [PMID: 29461895 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201710-790kv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of an integrated tissue from individual cells depends on the properties of the individual cells as well as the interaction of many cells acting as a collective. Three fundamental physiological processes govern the collective scaling from the individual cell to a working tissue: cell sorting, tissue assembly, and collective cellular migration. Mechanistically, cell sorting is governed by differential adhesion, whereas tissue assembly is controlled by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and its inverse, the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The mechanism driving collective cellular migration, however, is not clear. To fill that gap, here we consider cell jamming and unjamming, and their role in collective cellular migration.
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47
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Jana A, Nookaew I, Singh J, Behkam B, Franco AT, Nain AS. Crosshatch nanofiber networks of tunable interfiber spacing induce plasticity in cell migration and cytoskeletal response. FASEB J 2019; 33:10618-10632. [PMID: 31225977 PMCID: PMC6766658 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900131r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical cues within tissue microenvironments are critical for maintaining homeostasis, and their disruption can contribute to malignant transformation and metastasis. Once transformed, metastatic cancer cells can migrate persistently by adapting (plasticity) to changes in the local fibrous extracellular matrix, and current strategies to recapitulate persistent migration rely exclusively on the use of aligned geometries. Here, the controlled interfiber spacing in suspended crosshatch networks of nanofibers induces cells to exhibit plasticity in migratory behavior (persistent and random) and the associated cytoskeletal arrangement. At dense spacing (3 and 6 µm), unexpectedly, elongated cells migrate persistently (in 1 dimension) at high speeds in 3-dimensional shapes with thick nuclei, and short focal adhesion cluster (FAC) lengths. With increased spacing (18 and 36 µm), cells attain 2-dimensional morphologies, have flattened nuclei and longer FACs, and migrate randomly by rapidly detaching their trailing edges that strain the nuclei by ∼35%. At 54-µm spacing, kite-shaped cells become near stationary. Poorly developed filamentous actin stress fibers are found only in cells on 3-µm networks. Gene-expression profiling shows a decrease in transcriptional potential and a differential up-regulation of metabolic pathways. The consistency in observed phenotypes across cell lines supports using this platform to dissect hallmarks of plasticity in migration in vitro.-Jana, A., Nookaew, I., Singh, J., Behkam, B., Franco, A. T., Nain, A. S. Crosshatch nanofiber networks of tunable interfiber spacing induce plasticity in cell migration and cytoskeletal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Jana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jugroop Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Aime T. Franco
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Amrinder S. Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Padhi A, Nain AS. ECM in Differentiation: A Review of Matrix Structure, Composition and Mechanical Properties. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:1071-1089. [PMID: 31485876 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell regenerative potential owing to the capacity to self-renew as well as differentiate into other cell types is a promising avenue in regenerative medicine. Stem cell niche not only provides physical scaffolding but also possess instructional capacity as it provides a milieu of biophysical and biochemical cues. Extracellular matrix (ECM) has been identified as a major dictator of stem cell lineage, thus understanding the structure of in vivo ECM pertaining to specific tissue differentiation will aid in devising in vitro strategies to improve the differentiation efficiency. In this review, we summarize details about the native architecture, composition and mechanical properties of in vivo ECM of the early embryonic stages and the later adult stages. Native ECM from adult tissues categorized on their origin from respective germ layers are discussed while engineering techniques employed to facilitate differentiation of stem cells into particular lineages are noted. Overall, we emphasize that in vitro strategies need to integrate tissue specific ECM biophysical cues for developing accurate artificial environments for optimizing stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Padhi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amrinder S Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Uncovering the signaling landscape controlling breast cancer cell migration identifies novel metastasis driver genes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2983. [PMID: 31278301 PMCID: PMC6611796 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ttriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and highly metastatic breast cancer subtype. Enhanced TNBC cell motility is a prerequisite of TNBC cell dissemination. Here, we apply an imaging-based RNAi phenotypic cell migration screen using two highly motile TNBC cell lines (Hs578T and MDA-MB-231) to provide a repository of signaling determinants that functionally drive TNBC cell motility. We have screened ~4,200 target genes individually and discovered 133 and 113 migratory modulators of Hs578T and MDA-MB-231, respectively, which are linked to signaling networks predictive for breast cancer progression. The splicing factors PRPF4B and BUD31 and the transcription factor BPTF are essential for cancer cell migration, amplified in human primary breast tumors and associated with metastasis-free survival. Depletion of PRPF4B, BUD31 and BPTF causes primarily down regulation of genes involved in focal adhesion and ECM-interaction pathways. PRPF4B is essential for TNBC metastasis formation in vivo, making PRPF4B a candidate for further drug development. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) have enhanced migratory behaviour. Here, the authors perform a phenotypic imaging-based RNAi screen to identify several genes associated with regulation of migratory phenotypes and show that one of the regulators, PRPF4B, mediates metastasis in TNBC in mice.
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Mierke CT. The matrix environmental and cell mechanical properties regulate cell migration and contribute to the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:064602. [PMID: 30947151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The minimal structural unit of a solid tumor is a single cell or a cellular compartment such as the nucleus. A closer look inside the cells reveals that there are functional compartments or even structural domains determining the overall properties of a cell such as the mechanical phenotype. The mechanical interaction of these living cells leads to the complex organization such as compartments, tissues and organs of organisms including mammals. In contrast to passive non-living materials, living cells actively respond to the mechanical perturbations occurring in their microenvironment during diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. The transformation of single cancer cells in highly aggressive and hence malignant cancer cells during malignant cancer progression encompasses the basement membrane crossing, the invasion of connective tissue, the stroma microenvironments and transbarrier migration, which all require the immediate interaction of the aggressive and invasive cancer cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix environment including normal embedded neighboring cells. All these steps of the metastatic pathway seem to involve mechanical interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The pathology of cancer due to a broad heterogeneity of cancer types is still not fully understood. Hence it is necessary to reveal the signaling pathways such as mechanotransduction pathways that seem to be commonly involved in the development and establishment of the metastatic and mechanical phenotype in several carcinoma cells. We still do not know whether there exist distinct metastatic genes regulating the progression of tumors. These metastatic genes may then be activated either during the progression of cancer by themselves on their migration path or in earlier stages of oncogenesis through activated oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes, both of which promote the metastatic phenotype. In more detail, the adhesion of cancer cells to their surrounding stroma induces the generation of intracellular contraction forces that deform their microenvironments by alignment of fibers. The amplitude of these forces can adapt to the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. Moreover, the adhesion strength of cancer cells seems to determine whether a cancer cell is able to migrate through connective tissue or across barriers such as the basement membrane or endothelial cell linings of blood or lymph vessels in order to metastasize. In turn, exposure of adherent cancer cells to physical forces, such as shear flow in vessels or compression forces around tumors, reinforces cell adhesion, regulates cell contractility and restructures the ordering of the local stroma matrix that leads subsequently to secretion of crosslinking proteins or matrix degrading enzymes. Hence invasive cancer cells alter the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. From a mechanobiological point-of-view, the recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses such as cancer progression after the malignant transition of cancer cells from an epithelial and non-motile phenotype to a mesenchymal and motile (invasive) phenotype providing cellular motility. This transition can also be described as the physical attempt to relate this cancer cell transitional behavior to a T1 phase transition such as the jamming to unjamming transition. During the invasion of cancer cells, cell adaptation occurs to mechanical alterations of the local stroma, such as enhanced stroma upon fibrosis, and therefore we need to uncover underlying mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functional processes that reinforce the invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, these mechanisms may also be responsible for the awakening of dormant residual cancer cells within the microenvironment. Physicists were initially tempted to consider the steps of the cancer metastasis cascade as single events caused by a single mechanical alteration of the overall properties of the cancer cell. However, this general and simple view has been challenged by the finding that several mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment influence each other and continuously contribute to tumor growth and cancer progression. In addition, basement membrane crossing, cell invasion and transbarrier migration during cancer progression is explained in physical terms by applying physical principles on living cells regardless of their complexity and individual differences of cancer types. As a novel approach, the impact of the individual microenvironment surrounding cancer cells is also included. Moreover, new theories and models are still needed to understand why certain cancers are malignant and aggressive, while others stay still benign. However, due to the broad variety of cancer types, there may be various pathways solely suitable for specific cancer types and distinct steps in the process of cancer progression. In this review, physical concepts and hypotheses of cancer initiation and progression including cancer cell basement membrane crossing, invasion and transbarrier migration are presented and discussed from a biophysical point-of-view. In addition, the crosstalk between cancer cells and a chronically altered microenvironment, such as fibrosis, is discussed including the basic physical concepts of fibrosis and the cellular responses to mechanical stress caused by the mechanically altered microenvironment. Here, is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimentally and theoretically, have an impact on classical hallmarks of cancer and fibrosis and how they contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer and its progression by sensing and responding to the physical environmental properties through mechanotransduction processes. Finally, this review discusses various physical models of cell migration such as blebbing, nuclear piston, protrusive force and unjamming transition migration modes and how they contribute to cancer progression. Moreover, these cellular migration modes are influenced by microenvironmental perturbances such as fibrosis that can induce mechanical alterations in cancer cells, which in turn may impact the environment. Hence, the classical hallmarks of cancer need to be refined by including biomechanical properties of cells, cell clusters and tissues and their microenvironment to understand mechano-regulatory processes within cancer cells and the entire organism.
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