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Chen W, Liu K, Liao X, Wu J, Chen L, Yang Z, Wang X, Liao Y, Fu G, Yang X, Wang Z, Qu G, Wang L, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Yang C, Ni S, Zheng J, Tao TH, Zou D. Harmonizing Thickness and Permeability in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Novel Silk Fibroin Membrane Inspired by Spider Silk Dynamics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2310697. [PMID: 38102951 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Guided bone regeneration gathers significant interest in the realm of bone tissue engineering; however, the interplay between membrane thickness and permeability continues to pose a challenge that can be addressed by the water-collecting mechanism of spider silk, where water droplets efficiently move from smooth filaments to rough conical nodules. Inspired by the natural design of spider silk, an innovative silk fibroin membrane is developed featuring directional fluid transportation via harmoniously integrating a smooth, dense layer with a rough, loose layer; conical microchannels are engineered in the smooth and compact layer. Consequently, double-layered membranes with cone-shaped microporous passageways (CSMP-DSF membrane) are designed for in situ bone repair. Through extensive in vitro testing, it is noted that the CSMP-DSF membrane guides liquid flow from the compact layer's surface to the loose layer, enabling rapid diffusion. Remarkably, the CSMP-DSF membrane demonstrates superior mechanical properties and resistance to bacterial adhesion. When applied in vivo, the CSMP-DSF membrane achieves results on par with the commercial Bio-Gide collagen membranes. This innovative integration of a cross-thickness wetting gradient structure offers a novel solution, harmonizing the often-conflicting requirements of material transport, mechanical strength, and barrier effectiveness, while also addressing issues related to tissue engineering scaffold perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenze Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Keyin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liao
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jing Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lu Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yinxiu Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guiqiang Fu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaonian Yang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zishuo Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guanlin Qu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Li Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yuqiong Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - ZhiYuan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chi Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Siyuan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jisi Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tiger H Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Duohong Zou
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Department of Oral Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
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Qian J, Yang M, Xu D, Zhang G, Cai Y, Yang B, Wang X, Yu Y. Alterations of the salivary microbiota in gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:280-286. [PMID: 37595742 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders. The oral microbiota plays an important role in human health and may be altered by the presence of GERD. Here, we aimed to investigate the alterations of salivary microbiota in GERD patients. METHODS We collected clinical information and salivary samples from 60 individuals. All participants underwent combined pH/impedance monitoring measurement and submitted samples for salivary microbiota sequencing. According to acid exposure time and DeMeester score, participants were divided into two groups: GERD + (Group G) and GERD - (Group C). RESULTS There was no significant difference in alpha diversity between study groups. Regarding beta diversity, principal coordinate analysis plots indicated that the microbiota composition data of the participants were grouped within partial overlapping clusters. The statistical analysis of the distance matrices was performed using the Adonis test (p = 0.017). Based on linear discriminant analysis effect size, the relative abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes, class Bacteroidia, order Bacteroidales, family Prevotellaceae, and genus unidentified_Prevotellaceae were enriched in Group G. Compared with Group C, the phylum Actinobacteria, classes unidentified_Actinobacteria and Bacilli, orders Micrococcales and Lactobacillales, families Micrococcaceae and Streptococcaceae, and genuses Rothia and Streptococcus were decreased in Group G. At the genus level, the abundances of Streptococcus and Rothia were negatively correlated with DeMeester score and acid exposure time. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed alterations of the salivary microbiota in GERD patients, suggesting that acid reflux changes the oral ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 312500, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meilin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 312500, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Duiyue Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 312500, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaosong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 312500, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youhong Cai
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 312500, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 312500, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiying Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 312500, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 312500, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.
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Kim H, Han CY, Eun SH, Kim MG, Im AR, Lee B. Inhibitory effects of Bacillus velezensis ID-A01 supernatant against Streptococcus mutans. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:362. [PMID: 37996837 PMCID: PMC10668352 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is a chronic oral disease caused by microbial infections, which result in erosion of the dental enamel and cause irreversible damage. Therefore, proper disease management techniques and the creation of an environment that prevents intraoral growth and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in the early stages, are crucial to prevent the potential progression of dental plaque to disease. Here, we aimed to investigate antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of the Bacillus velezensis ID-A01 supernatant (ID23029) against S. mutans, and its inhibitory effects on acidogenesis. RESULTS A killing kinetics assay showed a peak lethality percentage of 94.5% after 6 h of exposure to ID23029. In sucrose-exposed conditions, ID23029 inhibited lactic acid formation, preventing the pH from falling below the threshold for enamel demineralization, and inhibited up to 96.6% of biofilm formation. This effect was maintained in the presence of lysozyme. Furthermore, ID23029 retained up to 92% lethality, even at an intraoral concentration at which lysozyme is ineffective against S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential of the B. velezensis ID-A01 supernatant for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Its eventual use in dental practice is encouraged, although further studies are required to confirm its beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeoungeun Kim
- Research Laboratories, Ildong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 20, Samsung 1-ro 1-gil, Hwaseong-si 18449, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Young Han
- Research Laboratories, Ildong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 20, Samsung 1-ro 1-gil, Hwaseong-si 18449, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Eun
- Research Laboratories, Ildong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 20, Samsung 1-ro 1-gil, Hwaseong-si 18449, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Kim
- Research Laboratories, Ildong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 20, Samsung 1-ro 1-gil, Hwaseong-si 18449, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Rang Im
- Research Laboratories, Ildong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 20, Samsung 1-ro 1-gil, Hwaseong-si 18449, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghun Lee
- Research Laboratories, Ildong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 20, Samsung 1-ro 1-gil, Hwaseong-si 18449, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbum-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
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Sangavi R, Muthumanickam S, Malligarjunan N, Jothi R, Boomi P, Arivudainambi S, Raman M, Joshi CG, Pandian SK, Gowrishankar S. In silico analysis unravels the promising anticariogenic efficacy of fatty acids against dental caries causing Streptococcus mutans. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37993988 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2283155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Globally, dental caries is a prevalent oral disease caused by cariogenic bacteria, primarily Streptococcus mutans. It establishes caries either through sucrose-dependent (via glycosyltransferases) or through sucrose-independent (via surface adhesins Antigen I/II) mechanism. Sortase A (srtA) attaches virulence-associated adhesins to host tissues. Because of their importance in the formation of caries, targeting these proteins is decisive in the development of new anticariogenic drugs. High-throughput virtual screening with LIPID MAPS -a fatty acid database was performed. The selected protein-ligand complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation (MDs). The Binding Free Energy of complexes was predicted using MM/PBSA. Further, the drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties of ligands were also analyzed. Out of 46,200 FAs scrutinized virtually against the three protein targets (viz., GtfC, Ag I/II and srtA), top 5 FAs for each protein were identified as the best hit based on interaction energies viz., hydrogen bond numbers and hydrophobic interaction. Further, two common FAs (LMFA01050418 and LMFA01040045) that showed high binding affinity against Ag I/II and srtA were selected for MDs analysis. A 100ns MDs unveiled a stable conformation. Results of Rg signified that FAs does not induce significant structural & conformational changes. SASA indicated that the complexes maintain higher thermodynamic stability during MDs. The predicted binding free energy (MM/PBSA) of complexes elucidated their stable binding interaction. ADME analysis suggested the FAs are biologically feasible as therapeutic candidates. Overall, the presented in silico data is the first of its kind in delineating FAs as promising anticaries agents of future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichellam Sangavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Sankar Muthumanickam
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | | | - Ravi Jothi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Pandi Boomi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Seenichamy Arivudainambi
- Department of Science & Technology, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Muthusamy Raman
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental University, Chennai, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Science & Technology, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
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Liu Q, Stadtmueller BM. SIgA structures bound to Streptococcus pyogenes M4 and human CD89 provide insights into host-pathogen interactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6726. [PMID: 37872175 PMCID: PMC10593759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) A functions as monomeric IgA in the serum and Secretory (S) IgA in mucosal secretions. Host IgA Fc receptors (FcαRs), including human FcαR1/CD89, mediate IgA effector functions; however, human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes has evolved surface-protein virulence factors, including M4, that also engage the CD89-binding site on IgA. Despite human mucosa serving as a reservoir for pathogens, SIgA interactions with CD89 and M4 remain poorly understood. Here we report cryo-EM structures of M4-SIgA and CD89-SIgA complexes, which unexpectedly reveal different SIgA-binding stoichiometry for M4 and CD89. Structural data, supporting experiments, and modeling indicate that copies of SIgA bound to S. pyogenes M4 will adopt similar orientations on the bacterium surface and leave one host FcαR binding site open. Results suggest unappreciated functional consequences associated with SIgA binding to host and bacterial FcαRs relevant to understanding host-microbe co-evolution, IgA effector functions and improving the outcomes of group A Streptococcus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqiao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Beth M Stadtmueller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
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Boia ER, Huț AR, Roi A, Luca RE, Munteanu IR, Roi CI, Riviș M, Boia S, Duse AO, Vulcănescu DD, Horhat FG. Associated Bacterial Coinfections in COVID-19-Positive Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1858. [PMID: 37893576 PMCID: PMC10607966 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify specific rhino- and oropharyngeal microbiological pathogens as well as associated comorbidities that favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and corelate them. Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical study enrolled 61 patients (28 COVID-19-positive and 33 controls) who were tested for other comorbidities and co-existence of associated oral pathogenic microbiota. Results: A total of 247 bacterial isolates were identified in the bacterial cultures in both groups. Viral hepatitis type A was more prevalent in the COVID-19-positive group (p = 0.026), as was the presence of oral candidiasis (p = 0.006). In the control group, a moderate direct relationship was observed between the Beta hemolytic streptococcus group G and dermatitis, and strong direct relationships were observed between the Beta hemolytic streptococcus group G and external otitis, Streptococcus pyogenes and dental alveolitis, and Streptococcus pyogenes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In the test group, strong direct relationships were observed between Hemophilus influenzae and pulmonary thromboembolism; Staphylococcus aureus and autoimmune thyroiditis; post-viral immunosuppression, chronic coronary syndrome, and hypernatremia; Beta hemolytic streptococcus group C and rheumatoid polyneuropathy; Beta hemolytic streptococcus group G and hyperkalemia, hypothyroidism, secondary anemia, and splenomegaly; and active oral candidiasis and SARS-CoV-2 viral pneumonia. The following relationships were strong, but inverse: Beta hemolytic streptococcus group G and acute respiratory failure, and active oral candidiasis and SARS-CoV-2 viral bronchopneumonia. Conclusions: Briefly, COVID-19-positive patients have the predisposition to build up associated comorbidities and coinfections, which can be the expression of the immune burden that this virus generates to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Radu Boia
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Romulus Huț
- PhD Researcher, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Roi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ruxandra Elena Luca
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Dental Emergencies, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Interdisciplinary Center for Dental Medical Research, Lasers and Innovative Technologies, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.E.L.); (I.R.M.)
| | - Ioana Roxana Munteanu
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Dental Emergencies, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Interdisciplinary Center for Dental Medical Research, Lasers and Innovative Technologies, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.E.L.); (I.R.M.)
| | - Ciprian Ioan Roi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.I.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Mircea Riviș
- Department of Anesthesiology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.I.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Simina Boia
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adina Octavia Duse
- Department of Physical Medicine, Balneology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for the Evaluation of Movement, Functionality and Disability, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Dan Dumitru Vulcănescu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Multidiciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.D.V.); (F.G.H.)
| | - Florin George Horhat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Multidiciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.D.V.); (F.G.H.)
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Liu Q, Stadtmueller BM. The Structures of Secretory IgA in complex with Streptococcus pyogenes M4 and human CD89 provide insights on mucosal host-pathogen interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.21.537878. [PMID: 37662389 PMCID: PMC10473612 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.537878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) A functions as monomeric IgA in the serum and Secretory (S) IgA in mucosal secretions. Host IgA Fc receptors (FcαRs), including human FcαR1/CD89, mediate IgA effector functions; however human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes has evolved surface-protein virulence factors, including M4, that also engage the CD89 binding site on IgA. Despite human mucosa serving as a reservoir for pathogens, SIgA interactions with CD89 and M4 remain poorly understood. Here we report cryo-EM structures of M4-SIgA and CD89-SIgA complexes, which unexpectedly reveal different SIgA-binding stoichiometry for M4 and CD89. Structural data, supporting experiments, and modeling indicate that copies of SIgA bound to S. pyogenes M4 will adopt similar orientations on the bacterium surface and leave one host FcαR binding site open. Results suggest unappreciated functional consequences associated with SIgA binding to host and bacterial FcαRs relevant to understanding host-microbe co-evolution, IgA effector functions and to improving the outcomes of group A Streptococcus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqiao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Beth M Stadtmueller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
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Colomba C, Garbo V, Boncori G, Albano C, Bagarello S, Condemi A, Giordano S, Canduscio LA, Gallo C, Parrinello G, Cascio A. Streptococcus mitis as a New Emerging Pathogen in Pediatric Age: Case Report and Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1222. [PMID: 37508318 PMCID: PMC10376791 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mitis, a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity, is a member of Viridans Group Streptococci (VGS). Generally recognized as a causative agent of invasive diseases in immunocompromised patients, S. mitis is considered to have low pathogenic potential in immunocompetent individuals. We present a rare case of sinusitis complicated by meningitis and cerebral sino-venous thrombosis (CSVT) caused by S. mitis in a previously healthy 12-year-old boy with poor oral health status. With the aim of understanding the real pathogenic role of this microorganism, an extensive review of the literature about invasive diseases due to S. mitis in pediatric patients was performed. Our data define the critical role of this microorganism in invasive infections, especially in immunocompetent children and in the presence of apparently harmful conditions such as sinusitis and caries. Attention should be paid to the choice of therapy because of VGS's emerging antimicrobial resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Colomba
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, "G. Di Cristina" Hospital, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Garbo
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Boncori
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Albano
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Bagarello
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Condemi
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giordano
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, "G. Di Cristina" Hospital, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura A Canduscio
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, "G. Di Cristina" Hospital, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cristina Gallo
- Division of Radiology, "G. Di Cristina" Hospital, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Parrinello
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", 90100 Palermo, Italy
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Antibacterial Activity of Ulva/Nanocellulose and Ulva/Ag/Cellulose Nanocomposites and Both Blended with Fluoride against Bacteria Causing Dental Decay. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041047. [PMID: 36850336 PMCID: PMC9961151 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most prevalent chronic infectious disorders is tooth decay. Acids produced when plaque bacteria break down sugar in the mouth cause tooth decay. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus are the most prominent species related to dental caries. Innovative biocidal agents that integrate with a biomaterial to prevent bacterial colonization have shown remarkable promise as a result of the rapid advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In this study, Ulva lactuca was used as a cellulose source and reducing agent to synthesize nanocellulose and Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites. The characterizations of nanocellulose and Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites were tested for FT-IR, TEM, SEM, EDS, XRD, and zeta potential. Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites and Ulva/nanocellulose, both blended with fluoride, were tested as an antibacterial against S. mutans ATCC 25175 and L. acidophilus CH-2. The results of the SEM proved that nanocellulose is filament-shaped, and FT-IR proved that the functional groups of Ulva/nanocellulose and Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites and cellulose are relatively similar but present some small diffusion in peaks. The TEM image demonstrated that the more piratical size distribution of Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites ranged from 15 to 20 nm, and Ulva/nanocellulose ranged from 10 to 15 nm. Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites have higher negativity than Ulva/nanocellulose. Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites and Ulva/nanocellulose possess antibacterial activity against S. mutans ATCC 25175 and L. acidophilus CH-2, but Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites are more effective, followed by that blended with fluoride. It is possible to use Ulva/Ag/cellulose/nanocomposites as an antimicrobial agent when added to toothpaste. It is promising to discover an economic and safe nanocomposite product from a natural source with an antimicrobial agent that might be used against tooth bacteria.
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10
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Bahnan W, Happonen L, Khakzad H, Kumra Ahnlide V, de Neergaard T, Wrighton S, André O, Bratanis E, Tang D, Hellmark T, Björck L, Shannon O, Malmström L, Malmström J, Nordenfelt P. A human monoclonal antibody bivalently binding two different epitopes in streptococcal M protein mediates immune function. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e16208. [PMID: 36507602 PMCID: PMC9906385 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococci have evolved multiple strategies to evade human antibodies, making it challenging to create effective vaccines or antibody treatments. Here, we have generated antibodies derived from the memory B cells of an individual who had successfully cleared a group A streptococcal infection. The antibodies bind with high affinity in the central region of the surface-bound M protein. Such antibodies are typically non-opsonic. However, one antibody could effectively promote vital immune functions, including phagocytosis and in vivo protection. Remarkably, this antibody primarily interacts through a bivalent dual-Fab cis mode, where the Fabs bind to two distinct epitopes in the M protein. The dual-Fab cis-binding phenomenon is conserved across different groups of M types. In contrast, other antibodies binding with normal single-Fab mode to the same region cannot bypass the M protein's virulent effects. A broadly binding, protective monoclonal antibody could be a candidate for anti-streptococcal therapy. Our findings highlight the concept of dual-Fab cis binding as a means to access conserved, and normally non-opsonic regions, regions for protective antibody targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Bahnan
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Hamed Khakzad
- Equipe Signalisation Calcique et Infections MicrobiennesÉcole Normale Supérieure Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1282Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance,Present address:
Université de Lorraine, Inria, LORIANancyFrance
| | - Vibha Kumra Ahnlide
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Therese de Neergaard
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Oscar André
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Eleni Bratanis
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Di Tang
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Thomas Hellmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of NephrologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lars Björck
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lars Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
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11
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Hsu CC, Hsu RB, Oon XH, Chen YT, Chen JW, Hsu CH, Kuo YM, Shih YH, Chia JS, Jung CJ. Streptococcus mutans PrsA mediates AtlA secretion contributing to extracellular DNA release and biofilm formation in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Virulence 2022; 13:1379-1392. [PMID: 35876630 PMCID: PMC9377233 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of secretion chaperone-regulated virulence proteins in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis (IE) induced by viridans streptococci such as Streptococcus mutans is unclear. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the foldase protein PrsA, a putative parvulin-type peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, to the pathogenesis of S. mutans-induced IE. We found that a prsA-deficient strain had reduced virulence in terms of formation of vegetation on damaged heart valves, as well as reduced autolysis activity, eDNA release and biofilm formation capacity. The secretion and surface exposure of AtlA in vitro was reduced in the prsA-deficient mutant strain, and complementation of recombinant AtlA in the culture medium restored a wild type biofilm phenotype of the prsA-deficient mutant strain. This result suggests that secretion and surface localization of AtlA is regulated by PrsA during biofilm formation. Together, these results demonstrate that S. mutans PrsA could regulate AtlA-mediated eDNA release to contribute to biofilm formation in the pathogenesis of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ron-Bin Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital , College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xoong-Harng Oon
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Tang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Wei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital , College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Shih
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jean-San Chia
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiau-Jing Jung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Guo T, Liu P, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Huang W, Kong D, Ding L, Lv Q, Wang Z, Jiang H, Jiang Y, Sun L. Luteolin Binds Streptolysin O Toxin and Inhibits Its Hemolytic Effects and Cytotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:942180. [PMID: 35873567 PMCID: PMC9300923 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.942180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) is a common pathogen that can cause a variety of human diseases. Streptolysin O (SLO) is an exotoxin produced by GAS. It is a pore-forming toxin (PFT) that exhibits high in vivo toxicity. SLO enables GAS to evade phagocytosis and clearance by neutrophils, induces eukaryotic cell lysis, and activates inflammatory bodies. Luteolin is a natural compound that is produced by a wide range of plant species, and recent studies have shown that luteolin can inhibit the growth and alter the morphological of GAS. Here, we reported that luteolin can weaken the cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity of SLO in vitro. Briefly, luteolin bound SLO with high affinity, inhibited its dissolution of erythrocytes, affected its conformational stability and inhibited the formation of oligomers. To further verify the protective effect of luteolin, we used an in vitro SLO-induced human laryngeal carcinoma epithelial type-2 cells (HEp-2) model. Notably, our results showed luteolin protected HEp-2 cells from SLO induced cytotoxicity and changed in cell membrane permeability. In addition, we explored the role of luteolin in protecting mice from GAS-mediated injury using an aerosolized lung delivery model, and our results indicate that luteolin increases murine survival rate following inoculation with a lethal dose of GAS, and that survival was also associated with decreased pathological damage to lung tissue. Our results suggest that luteolin may be a novel drug candidate for the treatment of GAS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Lizhong Ding
- Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zhongtian Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Jiang, ; Yongqiang Jiang, ; Liping Sun,
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Jiang, ; Yongqiang Jiang, ; Liping Sun,
| | - Liping Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Jiang, ; Yongqiang Jiang, ; Liping Sun,
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13
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Palmieri E, Kis Z, Ozanne J, Di Benedetto R, Ricchetti B, Massai L, Carducci M, Oldrini D, Gasperini G, Aruta MG, Rossi O, Kontoravdi C, Shah N, Mawas F, Micoli F. GMMA as an Alternative Carrier for a Glycoconjugate Vaccine against Group A Streptococcus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071034. [PMID: 35891202 PMCID: PMC9324507 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes about 500,000 annual deaths globally, and no vaccines are currently available. The Group A Carbohydrate (GAC), conserved across all GAS serotypes, conjugated to an appropriate carrier protein, represents a promising vaccine candidate. Here, we explored the possibility to use Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) as an alternative carrier system for GAC, exploiting their intrinsic adjuvant properties. Immunogenicity of GAC-GMMA conjugate was evaluated in different animal species in comparison to GAC-CRM197; and the two conjugates were also compared from a techno-economic point of view. GMMA proved to be a good alternative carrier for GAC, resulting in a higher immune response compared to CRM197 in different mice strains, as verified by ELISA and FACS analyses. Differently from CRM197, GMMA induced significant levels of anti-GAC IgG titers in mice also in the absence of Alhydrogel. In rabbits, a difference in the immune response could not be appreciated; however, antibodies from GAC-GMMA-immunized animals showed higher affinity toward purified GAC antigen compared to those elicited by GAC-CRM197. In addition, the GAC-GMMA production process proved to be more cost-effective, making this conjugate particularly attractive for low- and middle-income countries, where this pathogen has a huge burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Zoltán Kis
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (Z.K.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - James Ozanne
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK; (J.O.); (F.M.)
| | - Roberta Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Beatrice Ricchetti
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Luisa Massai
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Davide Oldrini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Gianmarco Gasperini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Maria Grazia Aruta
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (Z.K.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Nilay Shah
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (Z.K.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Fatme Mawas
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK; (J.O.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-539087
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14
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In Silico Identification of Novel Inhibitors Targeting the Homodimeric Interface of Superoxide Dismutase from the Dental Pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040785. [PMID: 35453470 PMCID: PMC9029323 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The microaerophile Streptococcus mutans, the main microaerophile responsible for the development of dental plaque, has a single cambialistic superoxide dismutase (SmSOD) for its protection against reactive oxygen species. In order to discover novel inhibitors of SmSOD, possibly interfering with the biofilm formation by this pathogen, a virtual screening study was realised using the available 3D-structure of SmSOD. Among the selected molecules, compound ALS-31 was capable of inhibiting SmSOD with an IC50 value of 159 µM. Its inhibition power was affected by the Fe/Mn ratio in the active site of SmSOD. Furthermore, ALS-31 also inhibited the activity of other SODs. Gel-filtration of SmSOD in the presence of ALS-31 showed that the compound provoked the dissociation of the SmSOD homodimer in two monomers, thus compromising the catalytic activity of the enzyme. A docking model, showing the binding mode of ALS-31 at the dimer interface of SmSOD, is presented. Cell viability of the fibroblast cell line BJ5-ta was not affected up to 100 µM ALS-31. A preliminary lead optimization program allowed the identification of one derivative, ALS-31-9, endowed with a 2.5-fold improved inhibition power. Interestingly, below this concentration, planktonic growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans cultures were inhibited by ALS-31, and even more by its derivative, thus opening the perspective of future drug design studies to fight against dental caries.
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15
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Abachi S, Macé S, Lee S, Rupasinghe HV. Cranberry and Sumac Extracts Exhibit Antibacterial and Anti-Adhesive Effects Against Streptococcus pyogenes. J Med Food 2022; 25:426-434. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Abachi
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sabrina Macé
- IFREMER, BRM, EM3B Laboratory, Nantes, CEDEX 3, France
| | - Song Lee
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - H.P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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16
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Lin B, Li R, Handley TN, Wade JD, Li W, O’Brien-Simpson NM. Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides Are Leading the Way to Combat Oropathogenic Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2959-2970. [PMID: 34587737 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral dental infections are one of the most common diseases affecting humans, with caries and periodontal disease having the highest incidence. Caries and periodontal disease arise from infections caused by oral bacterial pathogens. Current misuse and overuse of antibiotic treatments have led to the development of antimicrobial resistance. However, recent studies have shown that cationic antimicrobial peptides are a promising family of antibacterial agents that are active against oral pathogenic bacteria and also possess less propensity for development of antimicrobial resistance. This timely Review has a focus on two primary subjects: (i) the oral bacterial pathogens associated with dental infections and (ii) the current development of antimicrobial peptides targeting oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Lin
- The Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rong Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas N.G. Handley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wenyi Li
- The Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- The Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is known to cause both mucosal and systemic infections in humans. In this study, we used a combination of quantitative and structural mass spectrometry techniques to determine the composition and structure of the interaction network formed between human plasma proteins and the surfaces of different S. pyogenes serotypes. Quantitative network analysis revealed that S. pyogenes forms serotype-specific interaction networks that are highly dependent on the domain arrangement of the surface-attached M protein. Subsequent structural mass spectrometry analysis and computational modeling of one of the M proteins, M28, revealed that the network structure changes across different host microenvironments. We report that M28 binds secretory IgA via two separate binding sites with high affinity in saliva. During vascular leakage mimicked by increasing plasma concentrations in saliva, the binding of secretory IgA was replaced by the binding of monomeric IgA and C4b-binding protein (C4BP). This indicates that an upsurge of C4BP in the local microenvironment due to damage to the mucosal membrane drives the binding of C4BP and monomeric IgA to M28. These results suggest that S. pyogenes has evolved to form microenvironment-dependent host-pathogen protein complexes to combat human immune surveillance during both mucosal and systemic infections. IMPORTANCEStreptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]), is a human-specific Gram-positive bacterium. Each year, the bacterium affects 700 million people globally, leading to 160,000 deaths. The clinical manifestations of S. pyogenes are diverse, ranging from mild and common infections like tonsillitis and impetigo to life-threatening systemic conditions such as sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis. S. pyogenes expresses multiple virulence factors on its surface to localize and initiate infections in humans. Among all these expressed virulence factors, the M protein is the most important antigen. In this study, we perform an in-depth characterization of the human protein interactions formed around one of the foremost human pathogens. This strategy allowed us to decipher the protein interaction networks around different S. pyogenes strains on a global scale and to compare and visualize how such interactions are mediated by M proteins.
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18
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Hyun DW, Lee JY, Kim MS, Shin NR, Whon TW, Kim KH, Kim PS, Tak EJ, Jung MJ, Lee JY, Kim HS, Kang W, Sung H, Jeon CO, Bae JW. Pathogenomics of Streptococcus ilei sp. nov., a newly identified pathogen ubiquitous in human microbiome. J Microbiol 2021; 59:792-806. [PMID: 34302622 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Viridans group streptococci are a serious health concern because most of these bacteria cause life-threatening infections, especially in immunocompromised and hospitalized individuals. We focused on two alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus strains (I-G2 and I-P16) newly isolated from an ileostomy effluent of a colorectal cancer patient. We examined their pathogenic potential by investigating their prevalence in human and assessing their pathogenicity in a mouse model. We also predicted their virulence factors and pathogenic features by using comparative genomic analysis and in vitro tests. Using polyphasic and systematic approaches, we identified the isolates as belonging to a novel Streptococcus species and designated it as Streptococcus ilei. Metagenomic survey based on taxonomic assignment of datasets from the Human Microbiome Project revealed that S. ilei is present in most human population and at various body sites but is especially abundant in the oral cavity. Intraperitoneal injection of S. ilei was lethal to otherwise healthy C57BL/6J mice. Pathogenomics and in vitro assays revealed that S. ilei possesses a unique set of virulence factors. In agreement with the in vivo and in vitro data, which indicated that S. ilei strain I-G2 is more pathogenic than strain I-P16, only the former displayed the streptococcal group A antigen. We here newly identified S. ilei sp. nov., and described its prevalence in human, virulence factors, and pathogenicity. This will help to prevent S. ilei strain misidentification in the future, and improve the understanding and management of streptococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Hyun
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yun Lee
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ri Shin
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Whon
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Soo Kim
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Euon Jung Tak
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ja Jung
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - June Young Lee
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Kim
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woorim Kang
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Sung
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Vaughan M, McGowan T, Mahoney G. Dental Disease Nonbattle Injury Rates of Deployed NATO Militaries in the Middle East Region: A Scoping Review. Mil Med 2021; 186:e707-e713. [PMID: 33289832 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The occurrence of dental emergencies, now termed as dental disease nonbattle injuries (D-DNBIs), has long been an impacting factor on militaries' operational effectiveness. Owing to D-DNBIs contributing to low morale, the removal of personnel from duty, causing logistical hardships, and requiring deployable dental teams to operate in theater, there remains a significant benefit in the reduction in the occurrence of D-DNBIs. No study to date has reviewed D-DNBI rates specific to a modern military, and insight into whether militaries are seeing improvements in their dental preparedness remains to be gained. MATERIALS AND METHODS A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines set out by Joanna Briggs Institute. Databases searched included SCOPUS, PubMed, OVID, and DOSS. Six hundred and one articles were initially screened, and six articles were included in the final review. RESULTS A D-DNBI rate of 172 per 1,000 members per year was reported across the coalition, with the U.S., UK, and French militaries reporting on their dental experience. Both the French data and one UK study reported significantly higher D-DNBIs than their U.S. counterparts, who described 124 D-DNBIs per 1,000 members per year. A significant proportion of these D-DNBIs were reported to be "preventable," which raises questions on the efficacy of garrison healthcare services. Dental disease nonbattle injury rates appear to be largely consistent with what was first reported decades ago, and there remains ongoing and significant value in expeditionary dental services providing supportive healthcare for any deployed military personnel. CONCLUSION Rates of D-DNBIs appear to be stable with what was historically reported when an international coalition is considered, with national variation. There remains a significant number of D- DNBIs which require dental treatment within the operational theater, and further efficiencies can be gained from predeployment treatment of "preventable" D-DNBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Vaughan
- Dental Section, Williamtown Health Centre, Royal Australian Air Force Base Williamtown, Williamtown, NSW 2318, Australia
| | - Troy McGowan
- Amberley Health Centre, Royal Australian Air Force Base Amberley, Amberley, QLD 4306, Australia
| | - Greg Mahoney
- Headquarters Health Services Wing, Royal Australian Air Force Base Amberley, Amberley, QLD 4306, Australia
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20
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Hulbah M, Croxen MA, Tyrrell GJ. Phenotypic changes in group B streptococci grown in the presence of the polyols, erythritol, sorbitol and mannitol. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:145. [PMID: 33985431 PMCID: PMC8117501 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group B streptococci (GBS) are important neonatal bacterial pathogens that can cause severe invasive disease in the newborn. It is thought that in many cases of invasive neonatal GBS disease, the bacteria ascend the vagina into the uterus and infect the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. Important constituents of this environment include the polyols or sugar alcohols of which erythritol, sorbitol and mannitol are examples. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of polyols on GBS grown in media containing these sugar alcohols. RESULTS GBS incubated in varying concentrations of polyols (erythritol, sorbitol or mannitol) did not display any significant enhancement or inhibition of bacterial growth. However, growth of GBS in the presence of erythritol significantly increased the surface expression of GBS-PGK (a plasminogen binding protein) 1.25 to 1.5-fold depending on the erythritol concentration and significantly enhanced the survival in human blood 3X to 18X depending on the concentration of polyol used. Interestingly, GBS grown in 1% erythritol significantly increased invasion by the bacteria of HeLa cells (epithelial cell line) (150% vs 100%) however, at higher concentrations (2% or 4% of polyol) the number of CFUs was significantly reduced (55-75% vs 100%) suggesting higher concentrations of polyols may inhibit invasion. Erythritol also increased GBS hemolytic activity as well as enhancing biofilm formation 1.4X to 3.3X depending on the concentration of polyol used. CONCLUSIONS GBS grown in the presence of polyols alters the bacteria's phenotype resulting in changes associated with GBS virulence. This effect was greatest for the polyol erythritol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Hulbah
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew A Croxen
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Gregory J Tyrrell
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J2, Canada.
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21
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Mucin O-glycans suppress quorum-sensing pathways and genetic transformation in Streptococcus mutans. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:574-583. [PMID: 33737747 PMCID: PMC8811953 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucus barriers accommodate trillions of microorganisms throughout the human body while preventing pathogenic colonization1. In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. Here, using an ex vivo saliva model, we identify that MUC5B is an inhibitor of microbial virulence. Specifically, we find that natively purified MUC5B downregulates the expression of quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5. Furthermore, MUC5B prevents the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance through natural genetic transformation, a process that is activated through quorum sensing. Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. Together, these results present mucin O-glycans as a host strategy for domesticating potentially pathogenic microorganisms without killing them.
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22
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Seeberger PH. Discovery of Semi- and Fully-Synthetic Carbohydrate Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections Using a Medicinal Chemistry Approach. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3598-3626. [PMID: 33794090 PMCID: PMC8154330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx, a thick layer of carbohydrates, surrounds the cell wall of most bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Recognition of these unique glycans by the human immune system results in destruction of the invaders. To elicit a protective immune response, polysaccharides either isolated from the bacterial cell surface or conjugated with a carrier protein, for T-cell help, are administered. Conjugate vaccines based on isolated carbohydrates currently protect millions of people against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitides infections. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are increasingly discovered by medicinal chemistry and synthetic in origin, rather than isolated from natural sources. Converting vaccines from biologicals to pharmaceuticals requires a fundamental understanding of how the human immune system recognizes carbohydrates and could now be realized. To illustrate the chemistry-based approach to vaccine discovery, I summarize efforts focusing on synthetic glycan-based medicinal chemistry to understand the mammalian antiglycan immune response and define glycan epitopes for novel synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other bacteria. The chemical tools described here help us gain fundamental insights into how the human system recognizes carbohydrates and drive the discovery of carbohydrate vaccines.
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23
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Kasare SL, Gund PN, Sathe BP, Patil PS, Rehman NNMA, Dixit PP, Choudhari PB, Haval KP. Synthesis, antimicrobial screening, and docking study of new 2‐(2‐ethylpyridin‐4‐yl)‐
4‐methyl‐
N
‐phenylthiazole‐5‐carboxamide derivatives. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghratna L. Kasare
- Department of Chemistry Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University SubCampus Osmanabad Maharashtra India
| | - Pornima N. Gund
- Department of Chemistry Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University SubCampus Osmanabad Maharashtra India
| | - Bhaurao P. Sathe
- Department of Chemistry Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University SubCampus Osmanabad Maharashtra India
| | - Pravin S. Patil
- Department of Chemistry Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University SubCampus Osmanabad Maharashtra India
| | - Naziya N. M. A. Rehman
- Department of Microbiology Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University SubCampus Osmanabad Maharashtra India
| | - Prashant P. Dixit
- Department of Microbiology Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University SubCampus Osmanabad Maharashtra India
| | - Prafulla B. Choudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy Kolhapur Maharashtra India
| | - Kishan P. Haval
- Department of Chemistry Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University SubCampus Osmanabad Maharashtra India
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Mudzana R, Mavenyengwa RT, Gudza-Mugabe M. Analysis of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in group B streptococcus from clinical samples. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:125. [PMID: 33509097 PMCID: PMC7844887 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus agalacticae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is one of the most important causative agents of serious infections among neonates. This study was carried out to identify antibiotic resistance and virulence genes associated with GBS isolated from pregnant women. METHODS A total of 43 GBS isolates were obtained from 420 vaginal samples collected from HIV positive and negative women who were 13-35 weeks pregnant attending Antenatal Care at Chitungwiza and Harare Central Hospitals in Zimbabwe. Identification tests of GBS isolates was done using standard bacteriological methods and molecular identification testing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the modified Kirby-Bauer method and E-test strips. The boiling method was used to extract DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to screen for 13 genes. Data was fed into SPSS 24.0. RESULTS Nine distinct virulence gene profiles were identified and hly-scpB-bca-rib 37.2% (16/43) was common. The virulence genes identified were namely hly 97.8% (42/43), scpB 90.1% (39/43), bca 86.0% (37/43), rib 69.8% (30/43) and bac 11.6% (5/43). High resistance to tetracycline 97.7% (42/43) was reported followed by 72.1% (31/43) cefazolin, 69.8% (30/43) penicillin G, 58.1% (25/43) ampicillin, 55.8% (24/43) clindamycin, 46.5% (20/43) ceftriaxone, 34.9% (15/43) chloramphenicol, and 30.2% (13/43) for both erythromycin and vancomycin using disk diffusion. Antibiotic resistance genes among the resistant and intermediate-resistant isolates showed high frequencies for tetM 97.6% (41/42) and low frequencies for ermB 34.5% (10/29), ermTR 10.3% (3/29), mefA 3.4% (1/29), tetO 2.4% (1/42) and linB 0% (0/35). The atr housekeeping gene yielded 100% (43/43) positive results, whilst the mobile genetic element IS1548 yielded 9.3% (4/43). CONCLUSION The study showed high prevalence of hly, scpB, bca and rib virulence genes in S. agalactiae strains isolated from pregnant women. Tetracycline resistance was predominantly caused by the tetM gene, whilst macrolide resistance was predominantly due to the presence of erm methylase, with the ermB gene being more prevalent. Multi-drug resistance coupled with the recovery of resistant isolates to antimicrobial agents such as penicillins indicates the importance of GBS surveillance and susceptibility tests. It was also observed that in vitro phenotypic resistance is not always accurately predicted by resistance genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Mudzana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, National Polio Laboratory, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rooyen T. Mavenyengwa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, National Polio Laboratory, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Muchaneta Gudza-Mugabe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Room No. 3.22 Falmouth Building, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
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25
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Matsumoto A, Tabata A, Ohkura K, Oda H, Kodama C, Ohkuni H, Takao A, Kikuchi K, Tomoyasu T, Nagamune H. Molecular characteristics of an adhesion molecule containing cholesterol-dependent cytolysin-motif produced by mitis group streptococci. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:61-75. [PMID: 33331679 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae (SPpn) is a relatively new species closely related to S. pneumoniae (SPn) and S. mitis (SM) belonging to the Mitis group of the genus Streptococcus (MGS). Although genes encoding various pneumococcal virulence factors have been observed in the SPpn genome, the pathogenicity of SPpn against human, including the roles of virulence factor candidates, is still unclear. The present study focused on and characterized a candidate virulence factor previously reported in SPpn with deduced multiple functional domains, such as lipase domain, two lectin domains, and cholesterol-dependent cytolysin-related domain using various recombinant proteins. The gene was found not only in SPpn but also in the strains of SM and SPn. Moreover, the gene product was expressed in the gene-positive strains as secreted and cell-bound forms. The recombinant of gene product showed lipase activity and human cell-binding activity depending on the function of lectin domain(s), but no hemolytic activity. Thus, based on the distribution of the gene within the MGS and its molecular function, the gene product was named mitilectin (MLC) and its contribution to the potential pathogenicity of the MLC-producing strains was investigated. Consequently, the treatment with anti-MLC antibody and the mlc gene-knockout significantly reduced the human cell-binding activity of MLC-producing strains. Therefore, the multifunctional MLC was suggested to be important as an adhesion molecule in considering the potential pathogenicity of the MLC-producing strains belonging to MGS, such as SPpn and SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Matsumoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tabata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ohkura
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kodama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ohkuni
- Health Science Research Institute East Japan, Kounosu, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayuko Takao
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Kikuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tomoyasu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagamune
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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26
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Structural determination of Streptococcus pyogenes M1 protein interactions with human immunoglobulin G using integrative structural biology. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008169. [PMID: 33411763 PMCID: PMC7817036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus; GAS) is an important human pathogen responsible for mild to severe, life-threatening infections. GAS expresses a wide range of virulence factors, including the M family proteins. The M proteins allow the bacteria to evade parts of the human immune defenses by triggering the formation of a dense coat of plasma proteins surrounding the bacteria, including IgGs. However, the molecular level details of the M1-IgG interaction have remained unclear. Here, we characterized the structure and dynamics of this interaction interface in human plasma on the surface of live bacteria using integrative structural biology, combining cross-linking mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We show that the primary interaction is formed between the S-domain of M1 and the conserved IgG Fc-domain. In addition, we show evidence for a so far uncharacterized interaction between the A-domain and the IgG Fc-domain. Both these interactions mimic the protein G-IgG interface of group C and G streptococcus. These findings underline a conserved scavenging mechanism used by GAS surface proteins that block the IgG-receptor (FcγR) to inhibit phagocytic killing. We additionally show that we can capture Fab-bound IgGs in a complex background and identify XLs between the constant region of the Fab-domain and certain regions of the M1 protein engaged in the Fab-mediated binding. Our results elucidate the M1-IgG interaction network involved in inhibition of phagocytosis and reveal important M1 peptides that can be further investigated as future vaccine targets. Streptococcus pyogenes is a human specific pathogen causing both mild and invasive infections. It employs sophisticated mechanisms to evade and circumvent parts of the host’s immune defenses, in part via its major surface associated virulence factor, the family of M proteins. Of these, the M1 protein is the most prevalent serotype. The M1 protein creates a dense coat-like structure with multiple host proteins on the bacterial surface to disguise itself from opsonizing antibodies. It specifically interacts in a non-immune way with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc-domains to disarm their receptor binding site. The molecular level details of this interaction have not been characterized. Here, we describe these interactions from minimally perturbed samples of human plasma adsorbed onto living bacteria using an integrative structural biology approach including cross-linking mass spectrometry, molecular modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations. We identify two distinct M1-peptides that bind IgGs and reveal the stability of these interactions. We show that both peptides block the Fc-receptor binding sites through capturing IgGs via their Fc-domains. These results highlight the importance of describing novel pathogen-derived peptides mediating host immune evasion as potential vaccine targets in future studies.
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27
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In Silico Selection and In Vitro Evaluation of New Molecules That Inhibit the Adhesion of Streptococcus mutants through Antigen I/II. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010377. [PMID: 33396525 PMCID: PMC7795114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the main early colonizing cariogenic bacteria because it recognizes salivary pellicle receptors. The Antigen I/II (Ag I/II) of S. mutans is among the most important adhesins in this process, and is involved in the adhesion to the tooth surface and the bacterial co-aggregation in the early stage of biofilm formation. However, this protein has not been used as a target in a virtual strategy search for inhibitors. Based on the predicted binding affinities, drug-like properties and toxicity, molecules were selected and evaluated for their ability to reduce S. mutans adhesion. A virtual screening of 883,551 molecules was conducted; cytotoxicity analysis on fibroblast cells, S. mutans adhesion studies, scanning electron microscopy analysis for bacterial integrity and molecular dynamics simulation were also performed. We found three molecules ZINC19835187 (ZI-187), ZINC19924939 (ZI-939) and ZINC19924906 (ZI-906) without cytotoxic activity, which inhibited about 90% the adhesion of S. mutans to polystyrene microplates. Molecular dynamic simulation by 300 nanoseconds showed stability of the interaction between ZI-187 and Ag I/II (PDB: 3IPK). This work provides new molecules that targets Ag I/II and have the capacity to inhibit in vitro the S. mutans adhesion on polystyrene microplates.
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28
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Fox LE, Locke MC, Lenschow DJ. Context Is Key: Delineating the Unique Functions of IFNα and IFNβ in Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606874. [PMID: 33408718 PMCID: PMC7779635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical effector cytokines of the immune system and were originally known for their important role in protecting against viral infections; however, they have more recently been shown to play protective or detrimental roles in many disease states. Type I IFNs consist of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, IFNω, and a few others, and they all signal through a shared receptor to exert a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects. Though the individual type I IFN subtypes possess overlapping functions, there is growing appreciation that they also have unique properties. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms underlying differential expression of and signaling by type I IFNs, and we discuss examples of differential functions of IFNα and IFNβ in models of infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marissa C Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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29
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Draft Genome Sequence of Serratia marcescens Strain ZZCCN01, Isolated from the Cardiac Blood of a Beef Cow. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/49/e00728-20. [PMID: 33272984 PMCID: PMC7714838 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00728-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens strain ZZCCN01 was isolated from the cardiac blood of a dead beef cow with a lung infection and a foam-like secretion from the nostril. Here, we introduce the 5.1-Mb draft genome sequence, which comprises 105 scaffolds, and the corresponding annotation.
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30
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31
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Expression of an Extracellular Protein (SMU.63) Is Regulated by SprV in Streptococcus mutans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01647-20. [PMID: 32978138 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01647-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Streptococcus mutans, SprV (SMU.2137) is a pleiotropic regulator that differentially regulates genes related to competence, mutacin production, biofilm formation, and the stress tolerance response, along with some other pathways. In this study, we established a link between SprV and an ∼67-kDa protein in the culture supernatant of strain UA159 that was later confirmed as SMU.63 by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. We discovered that SprV downregulates the transcription and translation of SMU.63. We found that the seven amino acids from the C-terminal region of SprV were also crucial for the expression of SMU.63. Deletion of smu.63 led to increased sucrose-independent biofilm formation and competence. The sprV deletion also increased biofilm formation although this could be partially attributed to the downregulation of smu.63 In an smu.63 sprV double mutant, a synergistic effect was observed in biofilm formation in contrast to effects on competence development. We found that low or excess magnesium ion repressed sprV transcription that, in turn, affected the expression of smu.63 As expected, a magnesium ion-dependent effect of competence and biofilm formation was observed in the UA159 strain. We also replicated the results of SMU.63 expression and competence in S. mutans GS5 that encodes both SprV and SMU.63 homologs and found that the GS5 strain behaves similarly to the UA159 strain, indicating that SprV's effect is strain independent.IMPORTANCE We previously identified a pleiotropic regulator, SprV, in Streptococcus mutans This regulator appears to be highly conserved among streptococci. Here, we showed that SprV regulates the expression of a secreted protein encoded by SMU.63 in S. mutans SMU.63 has been known to impact biofilm formation and genetic competence, two important characteristics that help in colonization of the organism. SMU.63 is also unique since it is known to form amyloid fiber. We found that SprV regulates the expression of SMU.63 at both the transcriptional and translational levels. We also found that the expression of SprV is regulated by magnesium ion concentration. Interestingly, both low and high magnesium ion concentrations affected biofilm formation and genetic competence. Since SMU.63 is also highly conserved among streptococci, we hypothesized that SprV will have a similar effect on its expression.
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zuo Y, Tang C, Zhou F, Cui X, Wang L. Effects of Rhein-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on the Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans. Curr Microbiol 2020; 78:323-328. [PMID: 33128581 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is the most frequent biofilm-related human infectious disease in the oral cavity. Streptococcus mutans is one of the primary etiological agents of dental caries. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of rhein-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Rg) on the development of S. mutans biofilms. Growth curves were generated, and biofilm oxygen sensitivity was detected after Rg treatment. The expression levels of luxS, brpA, ffh, recA, nth, and smx were analyzed by real-time PCR. The trypan blue exclusion assay was used to measure the effect of Rg on monocyte viability. The results showed that Rg could significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans and suppress the biofilm formation of S. mutans in a concentration-dependent manner. In Rg-treated biofilms, the expression levels of luxS, brpA, ffh, recA, nth, and smx were all decreased. Our results further showed that Rg was nontoxic, as Rg did not affect monocyte viability or lactate dehydrogenase activity in the exposed cells. These results suggested that Rg inhibited the biofilm formation of S. mutans, and the decrease in luxS, brpA, ffh, recA, nth, and smx expression might contribute to the antibacterial effects of Rg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochao Zhang
- College of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, South 2nd Ring Road NO.168, Yan ta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Yong Zhu
- College of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, South 2nd Ring Road NO.168, Yan ta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yanping Zuo
- College of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, South 2nd Ring Road NO.168, Yan ta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chengfang Tang
- College of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, South 2nd Ring Road NO.168, Yan ta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- College of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, South 2nd Ring Road NO.168, Yan ta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Cui
- College of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, South 2nd Ring Road NO.168, Yan ta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, South 2nd Ring Road NO.168, Yan ta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Chan JM, Gori A, Nobbs AH, Heyderman RS. Streptococcal Serine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Colonization and Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:593356. [PMID: 33193266 PMCID: PMC7661464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.593356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins, previously thought to be absent in prokaryotes, is increasingly recognized as important for both bacterial colonization and pathogenesis. For mucosal pathobionts, glycoproteins that function as cell wall-associated adhesins facilitate interactions with mucosal surfaces, permitting persistent adherence, invasion of deeper tissues and transition to disease. This is exemplified by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus agalactiae, which can switch from being relatively harmless members of the mucosal tract microbiota to bona fide pathogens that cause life-threatening diseases. As part of their armamentarium of virulence factors, streptococci encode a family of large, glycosylated serine-rich repeat proteins (SRRPs) that facilitate binding to various tissue types and extracellular matrix proteins. This minireview focuses on the roles of S. pneumoniae and S. agalactiae SRRPs in persistent colonization and the transition to disease. The potential of utilizing SRRPs as vaccine targets will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Mun Chan
- NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Gori
- NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela H. Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Bushin LB, Covington BC, Rued BE, Federle MJ, Seyedsayamdost MR. Discovery and Biosynthesis of Streptosactin, a Sactipeptide with an Alternative Topology Encoded by Commensal Bacteria in the Human Microbiome. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16265-16275. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah B. Bushin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brett C. Covington
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Britta E. Rued
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Michael J. Federle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Dos Santos JD, Fugisaki LRDO, Medina RP, Scorzoni L, Alves MDS, de Barros PP, Ribeiro FC, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E, Silva DHS, Junqueira JC. Streptococcus mutans Secreted Products Inhibit Candida albicans Induced Oral Candidiasis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1605. [PMID: 32760375 PMCID: PMC7374982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the oral cavity, Candida species form mixed biofilms with Streptococcus mutans, a pathogenic bacterium that can secrete quorum sensing molecules with antifungal activity. In this study, we extracted and fractioned culture filtrate of S. mutans, seeking antifungal agents capable of inhibiting the biofilms, filamentation, and candidiasis by Candida albicans. Active S. mutans UA159 supernatant filtrate components were extracted via liquid-liquid partition and fractionated on a C-18 silica column to resolve S. mutans fraction 1 (SM-F1) and fraction 2 (SM-F2). We found anti-biofilm activity for both SM-F1 and SM-F2 in a dose dependent manner and fungal growth was reduced by 2.59 and 5.98 log for SM-F1 and SM-F2, respectively. The SM-F1 and SM-F2 fractions were also capable of reducing C. albicans filamentation, however statistically significant differences were only observed for the SM-F2 (p = 0.004). SM-F2 efficacy to inhibit C. albicans was confirmed by its capacity to downregulate filamentation genes CPH1, EFG1, HWP1, and UME6. Using Galleria mellonella as an invertebrate infection model, therapeutic treatment with SM-F2 prolonged larvae survival. Examination of the antifungal capacity was extended to a murine model of oral candidiasis that exhibited a reduction in C. albicans colonization (CFU/mL) in the oral cavity when treated with SM-F1 (2.46 log) and SM-F2 (2.34 log) compared to the control (3.25 log). Although both SM-F1 and SM-F2 fractions decreased candidiasis in mice, only SM-F2 exhibited significant quantitative differences compared to the non-treated group for macroscopic lesions, hyphae invasion, tissue lesions, and inflammatory infiltrate. Taken together, these results indicate that the SM-F2 fraction contains antifungal components, providing a promising resource in the discovery of new inhibitors for oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Diane Dos Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ruano de Oliveira Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Previate Medina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Sá Alves
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Felipe Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Khara P, Biswas S, Biswas I. Induction of clpP expression by cell-wall targeting antibiotics in Streptococcus mutans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 166:641-653. [PMID: 32416745 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is one of the major bacteria of the human oral cavity that is associated with dental caries. The pathogenicity of this bacterium is attributed to its ability to rapidly respond and adapt to the ever-changing conditions of the oral cavity. The major player in this adaptive response is ClpP, an intracellular protease involved in degradation of misfolded proteins during stress responses. S. mutans encodes a single clpP gene with an upstream region uniquely containing multiple tandem repeat sequences (RSs). Here, we explored expression of clpP with respect to various stresses and report some new findings. First, we found that at sub-inhibitory concentration, certain cell-wall damaging antibiotics were able to induce clpP expression. Specifically, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins that target penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) strongly enhanced the clpP expression. However, induction of clpP was weak when the first-generation cephalosporins with lower affinity to PBP3 were used. Surprisingly, carbapenems, which primarily target PBP2, induced expression of clpP the least. Second, we found that a single RS element was capable of inducing clpP expression as efficiently as with the wild-type seven RS elements. Third, we found that the RS-element-mediated modulation of clpP expression was strain dependent, suggesting that specific host factors might be involved in the transcription. And finally, we observed that ClpP regulates its own expression, as the expression of clpP-gusA was higher in a clpP-deficient mutant. This suggests that ClpP is involved in the degradation of activator(s) involved in its own transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratick Khara
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Saswati Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Indranil Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Link-Gelles R, Toews KA, Schaffner W, Edwards KM, Wright C, Beall B, Barnes B, Jewell B, Harrison LH, Kirley PD, Lorentzson L, Aragon D, Petit S, Bareta J, Spina NL, Cieslak PR, Van Beneden C. Characteristics of Intracranial Group A Streptococcal Infections in US Children, 1997-2014. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:30-35. [PMID: 30462264 PMCID: PMC8931553 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few data on intracranial group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection in children are available. Here, we describe the demographic, clinical, and diagnostic characteristics of 91 children with intracranial GAS infection. METHODS Cases of intracranial GAS infection in persons ≤18 years of age reported between 1997 and 2014 were identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's population- and laboratory-based Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) system. Medical charts were abstracted using a active, standardized case report form. All available isolates were emm typed. US census data were used to calculate rates. RESULTS ABCs identified 2596 children with invasive GAS infection over an 18-year period; 91 (3.5%) had an intracranial infection. Intracranial infections were most frequent during the winter months and among children aged <1 year. The average annual incidence was 0.07 cases per 100000 children. For 83 patients for whom information for further classification was available, the principal clinical presentations included meningitis (35 [42%]), intracranial infection after otitis media, mastoiditis, or sinusitis (34 [41%]), and ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection (14 [17%]). Seven (8%) of these infections progressed to streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The overall case fatality rate was 15%. GAS emm types 1 (31% of available isolates) and 12 (13% of available isolates) were most common. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric intracranial (GAS) infections are uncommon but often severe. Risk factors for intracranial GAS infection include the presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and contiguous infections in the middle ear or sinuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Link-Gelles
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karrie-Ann Toews
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William Schaffner
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kathryn M. Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Carolyn Wright
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bernard Beall
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brenda Barnes
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Lee H. Harrison
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Deborah Aragon
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver
| | - Susan Petit
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford
| | | | | | | | - Chris Van Beneden
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Conversion of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides into Species-Specific Antimicrobials Capable of Precisely Targeting Pathogenic Bacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:944. [PMID: 31969663 PMCID: PMC6976587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the majority of antibiotics in clinical use have broad activity spectra, killing pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms indiscriminately. The disruption of the ecological balance of normal flora often results in secondary infections or other antibiotic-associated complications. Therefore, targeted antimicrobial therapies capable of specifically eliminating pathogenic bacteria while retaining the protective benefits of a normal microflora would be advantageous. In this study, we successfully constructed a series of Enterococcus faecalis-targeted antimicrobial peptides from wide-spectrum antimicrobial peptide precursors. These peptides are designed based on fusion of the species-specific peptide pheromone cCF10 and modification of the active region of the antimicrobial peptide. The results showed that cCF10-C4 possessed specific antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis and was not active against other types of bacteria tested. The specificity of this hybrid peptide was shown by the absence of antimicrobial effects in the pheromone-substituted derivative. Further studies indicated that cCF10-C4 and its parent peptide C4 exert their activities by damaging cytoplasmic membrane integrity. The present study reveals the application potential of these molecules as “probiotic” antimicrobials for the control of specific bacterial infections, and it also helps to elucidate the design and construction of species-specific antimicrobials with precise targeting specificity.
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Taxis J, von Wilmowsky C, Pedimonte BJ, Beuscher HU, Ries J, Kesting M, Moest T. The influence of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide on the initial adhesion of Streptococcus mitis and mutans. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1687-1696. [PMID: 31763773 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoscale surface modifications offers a possibility to regulate the bacterial adherence behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide of different pore diameters on the bacterial species Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans. Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) surfaces with an average pore diameter of 15 and 40 nm, polished pure titanium and compact aluminum oxide (alumina) samples as reference material were investigated. S. mitis and mutans were evaluated for initial adhesion and viability after an incubation period of 30 and 120 min. After 30 min a significantly reduced growth of S. mitis and mutans on 15 nm samples compared to specimens with 40 nm pore diameter, alumina and titanium surfaces could be observed (p < .001). Even after 120 min incubation there was a significant difference between the surfaces with 15 nm pore diameter and the remaining samples (p < .001). AAO surfaces with a small pore diameter have an inhibitory effect on the initial adhesion of S. mitis and mutans. The use of such pore dimensions in the area of the implant shoulder represents a possibility to reduce the adhesion behavior of these bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Taxis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Glueckstraße, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelius von Wilmowsky
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Glueckstraße, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Birgit J Pedimonte
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstraße, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Horst-Ulrich Beuscher
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Wasserturmstraße, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jutta Ries
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Glueckstraße, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Kesting
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Glueckstraße, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Moest
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Glueckstraße, Erlangen, Germany
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Bottner A, He RY, Sarbu A, Nainar SMH, Dufour D, Gong SG, Lévesque CM. Streptococcus mutans isolated from children with severe-early childhood caries form higher levels of persisters. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 110:104601. [PMID: 31734540 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental caries is the most common chronic infectious disease in children. Streptococcus mutans, the main cariogenic bacterial species, produces persisters, nongrowing dormant variants of regular cells associated with chronicity of diseases. We hypothesized that the recurrent nature of caries, particularly within populations with high-caries risk, is due partly to specific phenotypic features of S. mutans such as its ability to form persisters. We aimed to investigate the genotypic and phenotypic differences between the S. mutans from children with severe early-childhood caries (S-ECC) and those without caries. METHODS S. mutans from plaque samples of caries-free (CF) and S-ECC children were tested for their ability to adapt to a lethal pH in an acid tolerance response assay. The persister levels of S. mutans isolates was quantified in both groups. RESULTS S. mutanswas identified in all 23 S-ECC but only 6 of the 21 CF subjects. In most subjects, only one dominant S. mutans genotype was detected. No statistically significant differences in the mean survival percentage of S. mutans were observed between the two groups at a lethal pH of 3.5. However, the dominant genotype within a particular S-ECC subject exhibited a higher percentage of cell survival compared to those in the CF group. In S-ECC patients, S. mutans isolates displayed a ∼15-fold higher persistence phenotype than S. mutans isolates from CF patients. CONCLUSIONS The ability of S. mutans to produce high levels of persisters may contribute to part of an individual's ability to control caries disease activity and recurrent lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bottner
- Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard Y He
- Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Sarbu
- Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - S M Hashim Nainar
- Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Delphine Dufour
- Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Siew-Ging Gong
- Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Céline M Lévesque
- Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
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Kim H, Jang JH, Kim SC, Cho JH. Development of a novel hybrid antimicrobial peptide for targeted killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111814. [PMID: 31678742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coupled with shrinking antibiotic pipelines, has increased the demand for new antimicrobials with novel mechanisms of action. As the indiscriminate nature of broad-spectrum antimicrobial toxicity may have negative clinical consequences and increase the incidence of resistance, we have developed a P. aeruginosa-selective antimicrobial peptide capable of preferentially killing P. aeruginosa relative to benign microorganisms. A targeting peptide (PA2) that binds specifically to OprF porin on P. aeruginosa was identified by phage display peptide library screening, and a hybrid peptide was constructed by addition of the targeting peptide to GNU7, a potent antimicrobial peptide. The resulting hybrid peptide PA2-GNU7 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa without causing host toxicity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis and time-kill experiments demonstrated that PA2-GNU7 exhibited a high degree of specificity for P. aeruginosa, and rapidly and selectively killed P. aeruginosa cells in mixed cultures. In addition, in vivo treatment efficacy of PA2-GNU7 was significantly greater than that of conventional antibiotics in a mouse model of MDR P. aeruginosa infection. Taken together, the data suggest that PA2-GNU7 may be a promising template for further development as a novel anti-MDR P. aeruginosa therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Ju Hye Jang
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Cho
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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Tian XL, Li M, Scinocca Z, Rutherford H, Li YH. ClpP is required for proteolytic regulation of type II toxin-antitoxin systems and persister cell formation in Streptococcus mutans. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000054. [PMID: 32974554 PMCID: PMC7470404 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, mazEF and relBE, in Streptococcus mutans have been implicated in stress response, antibiotic tolerance and persister cell formation. However, how S. mutans regulates these systems to prevent unwanted toxin activation and persister cell formation is unclear. In this study, we provide evidence that ClpP is required for the proteolytic regulation of these TA systems and persister cell formation in S. mutans following antibiotic challenge. A persister viability assay showed that S. mutans UA159 (WT) formed a larger quantity of persister cells than its isogenic mutant ΔclpP following antibiotic challenge. However, the lux reporter assay revealed that clpP deletion did not affect the transcriptional levels of mazEF and relBE, since no significant differences (P>0.05) in the reporter activities were detected between the wild-type and ΔclpP background. Instead, all antibiotics tested at a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) induced transcriptional levels of mazEF and relBE operons. We then examined the protein profiles of His-tagged MazE and RelB proteins in the UA159 and ΔclpP backgrounds by Western blotting analysis. The results showed that S. mutans strains grown under non-stress conditions expressed very low but detectable levels of MazE and RelB antitoxin proteins. Antibiotics at sub-MICs induced the levels of the MazE and RelB proteins, but the protein levels decreased rapidly in the wild-type background. In contrast, a stable level of MazE and RelB proteins could be detected in the ΔclpP mutant background, suggesting that both proteins accumulated in the ΔclpP mutant. We conclude that ClpP is required for the proteolytic regulation of cellular levels of the MazE and RelB antitoxins in S. mutans , which may play a critical role in modulating the TA activities and persister cell formation of this organism following antibiotic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Tian
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie Universit, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie Universit, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Lanzhou University, Gansu, PR China
| | - Zachariah Scinocca
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie Universit, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Heather Rutherford
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie Universit, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yung-Hua Li
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie Universit, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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43
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The Pathogenic Factors from Oral Streptococci for Systemic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184571. [PMID: 31540175 PMCID: PMC6770522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is suggested as the reservoir of bacterial infection, and the oral and pharyngeal biofilms formed by oral bacterial flora, which is comprised of over 700 microbial species, have been found to be associated with systemic conditions. Almost all oral microorganisms are non-pathogenic opportunistic commensals to maintain oral health condition and defend against pathogenic microorganisms. However, oral Streptococci, the first microorganisms to colonize oral surfaces and the dominant microorganisms in the human mouth, has recently gained attention as the pathogens of various systemic diseases, such as infective endocarditis, purulent infections, brain hemorrhage, intestinal inflammation, and autoimmune diseases, as well as bacteremia. As pathogenic factors from oral Streptococci, extracellular polymeric substances, toxins, proteins and nucleic acids as well as vesicles, which secrete these components outside of bacterial cells in biofilm, have been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to consider that the relevance of these pathogenic factors to systemic diseases and also vaccine candidates to protect infectious diseases caused by Streptococci. This review article focuses on the mechanistic links among pathogenic factors from oral Streptococci, inflammation, and systemic diseases to provide the current understanding of oral biofilm infections based on biofilm and widespread systemic diseases.
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Identification of Virulence-Associated Properties by Comparative Genome Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pseudopneumoniae, S. mitis, Three S. oralis Subspecies, and S. infantis. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01985-19. [PMID: 31481387 PMCID: PMC6722419 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01985-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important human pathogens but is closely related to Streptococcus mitis, with which humans live in harmony. The fact that the two species evolved from a common ancestor provides a unique basis for studies of both infection-associated properties and properties important for harmonious coexistence with the host. By detailed comparisons of genomes of the two species and other related streptococci, we identified 224 genes associated with virulence and 25 genes unique to the mutualistic species. The exclusive presence of the virulence factors in S. pneumoniae enhances their potential as vaccine components, as a direct impact on beneficial members of the commensal microbiota can be excluded. Successful adaptation of S. mitis and other commensal streptococci to a harmonious relationship with the host relied on genetic stability and properties facilitating life in biofilms. From a common ancestor, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis evolved in parallel into one of the most important pathogens and a mutualistic colonizer of humans, respectively. This evolutionary scenario provides a unique basis for studies of both infection-associated properties and properties important for harmonious coexistence with the host. We performed detailed comparisons of 60 genomes of S. pneumoniae, S. mitis, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae, the three Streptococcus oralis subspecies oralis, tigurinus, and dentisani, and Streptococcus infantis. Nonfunctional remnants of ancestral genes in both S. pneumoniae and in S. mitis support the evolutionary model and the concept that evolutionary changes on both sides were required to reach their present relationship to the host. Confirmed by screening of >7,500 genomes, we identified 224 genes associated with virulence. The striking difference to commensal streptococci was the diversity of regulatory mechanisms, including regulation of capsule production, a significantly larger arsenal of enzymes involved in carbohydrate hydrolysis, and proteins known to interfere with innate immune factors. The exclusive presence of the virulence factors in S. pneumoniae enhances their potential as vaccine components, as a direct impact on beneficial members of the commensal microbiota can be excluded. In addition to loss of these virulence-associated genes, adaptation of S. mitis to a mutualistic relationship with the host apparently required preservation or acquisition of 25 genes lost or absent from S. pneumoniae. Successful adaptation of S. mitis and other commensal streptococci to a harmonious relationship with the host relied on genetic stability and properties facilitating life in biofilms.
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45
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Xiang Z, Li Z, Ren Z, Zeng J, Peng X, Li Y, Li J. EzrA, a cell shape regulator contributing to biofilm formation and competitiveness in Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:194-208. [PMID: 31287946 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell division is initiated by tubulin homologue FtsZ that assembles into a ring structure at mid-cell to facilitate cytokinesis. EzrA has been identified to be implicated in FtsZ-ring dynamics and cell wall biosynthesis during cell division of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, the model rod and cocci. However, its role in pathogenic streptococci remains largely unknown. Here, the role of EzrA was investigated in Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of human dental caries, by constructing an ezrA in-frame deletion mutant. Our data showed that the ezrA mutant was slow-growing with a shortened length and extended width round cell shape compared to the wild type, indicating a delay in cell division with abnormalities of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Additionally, FtsZ irregularly localized in dividing ezrA mutant cells forming angled division planes, potentially contributing to an aberrant cell shape. Furthermore, investigation using single-species cariogenic biofilm model revealed that deletion of ezrA resulted in defective biofilm formation with less extracellular polysaccharides and altered three-dimensional biofilm architecture. Unexpectedly, in a dual-species ecological model, the ezrA mutant exhibited substantially lower tolerance for H2 O2 and reduced competitiveness against one commensal species, Streptococcus sanguinis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EzrA plays a key role in regulating cell division and maintaining a normal morphology in S. mutans and is required for its robust biofilm formation/interspecies competition. Therefore, EzrA protein represents a potential therapeutic target in the development of drugs controlling dental caries and other biofilm-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jumei Zeng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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46
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Ranganathan V, Akhila CH. Streptococcus mutans: has it become prime perpetrator for oral manifestations? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.15406/jmen.2019.07.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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MacFadyen AC, Waller AS, Paterson GK. Streptococcus hillyeri sp. nov., isolated from equine trachea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:3009-3013. [PMID: 31287393 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain 28462T, which had Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative coccus-shaped cells, was isolated from a routine tracheal sample from a 3 year old thoroughbred horse. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed it to be most closely related to, but distinct from, Streptococcus henryi (95.7 % identity), Streptococcusplurextorum (95.8 %), Streptococcusporci (96.4 %) and Streptococcus caprae (95.1 %). Similarity values derived from sequences from sodA and rpoB genes were consistent with strain 28462T belonging to a species distinct from these four streptococci. At the whole genome level, strain 28462T had an average nucleotide identity value <95 % and an inferred DNA-DNA hybridization value <70 % when compared to S. henryi, Streptococcus. plurextorum and S. porci with no S. caprae genome sequence being available. Finally, various phenotypic characteristics distinguish strain 28462T from each of these species. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic results, it is proposed that strain 28462T is a novel species, with the name Streptococcus hillyeri sp. nov. The type strain is 28462T (=DSM 107591T=CCUG 72762T).
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Affiliation(s)
- A C MacFadyen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - A S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - G K Paterson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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48
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A quantitative Streptococcus pyogenes-human protein-protein interaction map reveals localization of opsonizing antibodies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2727. [PMID: 31227708 PMCID: PMC6588558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in medical microbiology is to characterize the dynamic protein–protein interaction networks formed at the host–pathogen interface. Here, we generate a quantitative interaction map between the significant human pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes, and proteins from human saliva and plasma obtained via complementary affinity-purification and bacterial-surface centered enrichment strategies and quantitative mass spectrometry. Perturbation of the network using immunoglobulin protease cleavage, mixtures of different concentrations of saliva and plasma, and different S. pyogenes serotypes and their isogenic mutants, reveals how changing microenvironments alter the interconnectivity of the interaction map. The importance of host immunoglobulins for the interaction with human complement proteins is demonstrated and potential protective epitopes of importance for phagocytosis of S. pyogenes cells are localized. The interaction map confirms several previously described protein–protein interactions; however, it also reveals a multitude of additional interactions, with possible implications for host–pathogen interactions involving other bacterial species. Characterizing host-pathogen protein interactions can help elucidate the molecular basis of bacterial infections. Here, the authors use an integrative proteomics approach to generate a quantitative map of protein interactions between Streptococcus pyogenes and human saliva and plasma.
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Westerlund E, Valfridsson C, Yi DX, Persson JJ. The Secreted Virulence Factor NADase of Group A Streptococcus Inhibits P2X7 Receptor-Mediated Release of IL-1β. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1385. [PMID: 31275321 PMCID: PMC6591467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The common human pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes superficial as well as invasive, life-threatening diseases. An increase in the occurrence of invasive GAS infection by strains of the M1 and M89 serotypes has been correlated with increased expression of the genetically and functionally linked virulence factors streptolysin O (SLO) and β-NAD+-glycohydrolase (NADase). NADase affects host cells differently depending on its location: its SLO-dependent translocation into the cytosol can lead to cell death through β-NAD+ depletion, while extracellularly located NADase inhibits IL-1β release downstream of Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. In this study, we use a macrophage infection model to investigate the NADase-dependent inhibition of IL-1β release. We show that bacteria expressing a functional NADase evade P2X7 activation, while infection with a NADase-deficient GAS strain leads to a P2X7-mediated increase in IL-1β. Further, our data indicate that in the absence of NADase, IL-1β is released through both P2X7-dependent and -independent pathways, although the precise mechanisms of how this occur are still unclear. This study adds information about the mechanism by which NADase regulates inflammasome-dependent IL-1β release, which may in part explain why increased NADase expression correlates with bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Westerlund
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine Valfridsson
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daisy X Yi
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jenny J Persson
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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50
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Latousakis D, MacKenzie DA, Telatin A, Juge N. Serine-rich repeat proteins from gut microbes. Gut Microbes 2019; 11:102-117. [PMID: 31035824 PMCID: PMC6973325 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1602428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine-rich repeat proteins (SRRPs) have emerged as an important group of cell surface adhesins found in a growing number of Gram-positive bacteria. Studies focused on SRRPs from streptococci and staphylococci demonstrated that these proteins are O-glycosylated on serine or threonine residues and exported via an accessory secretion (aSec) system. In pathogens, these adhesins contribute to disease pathogenesis and represent therapeutic targets. Recently, the non-canonical aSec system has been identified in the genomes of gut microbes and characterization of their associated SRRPs is beginning to unfold, showing their role in mediating attachment and biofilm formation. Here we provide an update of the occurrence, structure, and function of SRRPs across bacteria, with emphasis on the molecular and biochemical properties of SRRPs from gut symbionts, particularly Lactobacilli. These emerging studies underscore the range of ligands recognized by these adhesins and the importance of SRRP glycosylation in the interaction of gut microbes with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Latousakis
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Donald A. MacKenzie
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrea Telatin
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Nathalie Juge
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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