1
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Shim G, Youn YS. Precise subcellular targeting approaches for organelle-related disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115411. [PMID: 39032657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacological research has expanded to the nanoscale level with advanced imaging technologies, enabling the analysis of drug distribution at the cellular organelle level. These advances in research techniques have contributed to the targeting of cellular organelles to address the fundamental causes of diseases. Beyond navigating the hurdles of reaching lesion tissues upon administration and identifying target cells within these tissues, controlling drug accumulation at the organelle level is the most refined method of disease management. This approach opens new avenues for the development of more potent therapeutic strategies by delving into the intricate roles and interplay of cellular organelles. Thus, organelle-targeted approaches help overcome the limitations of conventional therapies by precisely regulating functionally compartmentalized spaces based on their environment. This review discusses the basic concepts of organelle targeting research and proposes strategies to target diseases arising from organelle dysfunction. We also address the current challenges faced by organelle targeting and explore future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayong Shim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science and Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Esmaeil A, Ali A, Behbehani R. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: Update on current diagnosis and treatment. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 2:1077395. [PMID: 38983564 PMCID: PMC11182214 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.1077395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a fairly prevalent mitochondrial disorder (1:50,000) arising from the dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which eventually leads to apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. The usual presentation is that of a young male with a sequential reduction in visual acuity. OCT has been used to study the pattern of optic nerve involvement in LHON, showing early thickening of the inferior and superior retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell layer thinning corresponding with the onset of symptoms. Of the three primary mutations for LHON, the m.14484T>C mutation has the best visual prognosis. Recent emerging therapeutic options for LHON include idebenone and the introduction of genetic vector therapy, which is currently in phase III clinical trials. Screening of family members and adequate advice to avoid environmental triggers, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, are also cornerstones in the management of LHON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esmaeil
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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3
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Stramkauskaitė A, Povilaityte I, Glebauskiene B, Liutkeviciene R. Clinical Overview of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. Acta Med Litu 2022; 29:9-18. [PMID: 36061944 PMCID: PMC9428633 DOI: 10.15388/amed.2022.29.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber hereditary ptic neuropathy (LHON) is a disease of young adults with bilateral, painless, subacute visual loss. The peak age of onset of LHON is in the second and third decades of life. Men are 4 times more likely to be affected than women. In about 25-50% of cases, both eyes are affected simultaneously. In unilateral cases, the other eye is usually affected 2 to 3 months later. Visual acuity deteriorates to counting fingers or worse with a dense central or centrocecal scotoma. In the subacute phase, the optic disc may appear hyperemic with swelling of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer, peripapillary telangiectasias, and increased vascular tortuosity. Ocular coherence tomography of the macula shows marked thinning of the ganglion cell complex even at this stage. The diagnosis of LHON is made in a subject with a consistent clinical history and/or one of three common pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants identified by molecular genetic testing. Idebenone was approved by the European Medicines Agency under exceptional circumstances for the treatment of LHON. Current evidence suggests some benefit to vision in a subset of affected individuals treated with idebenone, particularly when treated within the first year of onset of vision loss. In this article, we discuss aetiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential dignosis, prognosis and treatment.
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4
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Stenton SL, Tesarova M, Sheremet NL, Catarino C, Carelli V, Ciara E, Curry K, Engvall M, Fleming LR, Freisinger P, Iwanicka-Pronicka K, Jurkiewicz E, Klopstock T, Koenig MK, Kolářová H, Kousal B, Krylova T, La Morgia C, Nosková L, Piekutowska-Abramczuk D, Russo SN, Stránecký V, Tóthová I, Träisk F, Prokisch H. DNAJC30 defect: a frequent cause of recessive Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and Leigh syndrome. Brain 2022; 145:1624-1631. [PMID: 35148383 PMCID: PMC9166554 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent description of biallelic DNAJC30 variants in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and Leigh syndrome challenged the longstanding assumption for LHON to be exclusively maternally inherited and broadened the genetic spectrum of Leigh syndrome, the most frequent paediatric mitochondrial disease. Herein, we characterize 28 so far unreported individuals from 26 families carrying a homozygous DNAJC30 p.Tyr51Cys founder variant, 24 manifesting with LHON, two manifesting with Leigh syndrome, and two remaining asymptomatic. This collection of unreported variant carriers confirms sex-dependent incomplete penetrance of the homozygous variant given a significant male predominance of disease and the report of asymptomatic homozygous variant carriers. The autosomal recessive LHON patients demonstrate an earlier age of disease onset and a higher rate of idebenone-treated and spontaneous recovery of vision in comparison to reported figures for maternally inherited disease. Moreover, the report of two additional patients with childhood- or adult-onset Leigh syndrome further evidences the association of DNAJC30 with Leigh syndrome, previously only reported in a single childhood-onset case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Stenton
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia L Sheremet
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science "Research Institute of Eye Diseases", Moscow, Russia
| | - Claudia Catarino
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogentica, Bologna, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Elżbieta Ciara
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kathryn Curry
- Genetics and Metabolic Clinic, St. Luke's Health System, Boise, USA
| | - Martin Engvall
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leah R Fleming
- Genetics and Metabolic Clinic, St. Luke's Health System, Boise, USA
| | | | | | - Elżbieta Jurkiewicz
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Mary K Koenig
- Center for the Treatment of Pediatric Neurodegenerative Disease, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Hana Kolářová
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Kousal
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogentica, Bologna, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sam N Russo
- Center for the Treatment of Pediatric Neurodegenerative Disease, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Tóthová
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Träisk
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
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5
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Sanz-Morello B, Ahmadi H, Vohra R, Saruhanian S, Freude KK, Hamann S, Kolko M. Oxidative Stress in Optic Neuropathies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1538. [PMID: 34679672 PMCID: PMC8532958 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that changes in the redox system may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple optic neuropathies. Optic neuropathies are characterized by the neurodegeneration of the inner-most retinal neurons, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and their axons, which form the optic nerve. Often, optic neuropathies are asymptomatic until advanced stages, when visual impairment or blindness is unavoidable despite existing treatments. In this review, we describe systemic and, whenever possible, ocular redox dysregulations observed in patients with glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, hereditary optic neuropathies (i.e., Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and autosomal dominant optic atrophy), nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies, and optic disc drusen. We discuss aspects related to anti/oxidative stress biomarkers that need further investigation and features related to study design that should be optimized to generate more valuable and comparable results. Understanding the role of oxidative stress in optic neuropathies can serve to develop therapeutic strategies directed at the redox system to arrest the neurodegenerative processes in the retina and RGCs and ultimately prevent vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Sanz-Morello
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
| | - Hamid Ahmadi
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
| | - Rupali Vohra
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.S.); (K.K.F.)
| | - Sarkis Saruhanian
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.S.); (K.K.F.)
| | - Kristine Karla Freude
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.S.); (K.K.F.)
| | - Steffen Hamann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
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6
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Hereditary Optic Neuropathies: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based 2D/3D Approaches. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010112. [PMID: 33477675 PMCID: PMC7831942 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited optic neuropathies share visual impairment due to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as the hallmark of the disease. This group of genetic disorders are caused by mutations in nuclear genes or in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). An impaired mitochondrial function is the underlying mechanism of these diseases. Currently, optic neuropathies lack an effective treatment, and the implementation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology would entail a huge step forward. The generation of iPSC-derived RGCs would allow faithfully modeling these disorders, and these RGCs would represent an appealing platform for drug screening as well, paving the way for a proper therapy. Here, we review the ongoing two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) approaches based on iPSCs and their applications, taking into account the more innovative technologies, which include tissue engineering or microfluidics.
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7
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Catarino CB, von Livonius B, Priglinger C, Banik R, Matloob S, Tamhankar MA, Castillo L, Friedburg C, Halfpenny CA, Lincoln JA, Traber GL, Acaroglu G, Black GCM, Doncel C, Fraser CL, Jakubaszko J, Landau K, Langenegger SJ, Muñoz-Negrete FJ, Newman NJ, Poulton J, Scoppettuolo E, Subramanian P, Toosy AT, Vidal M, Vincent AL, Votruba M, Zarowski M, Zermansky A, Lob F, Rudolph G, Mikazans O, Silva M, Llòria X, Metz G, Klopstock T. Real-World Clinical Experience With Idebenone in the Treatment of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 2020; 40:558-565. [PMID: 32991388 PMCID: PMC7657145 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) leads to bilateral central vision loss. In a clinical trial setting, idebenone has been shown to be safe and to provide a trend toward improved visual acuity, but long-term evidence of effectiveness in real-world clinical practice is sparse. METHODS Open-label, multicenter, retrospective, noncontrolled analysis of long-term visual acuity and safety in 111 LHON patients treated with idebenone (900 mg/day) in an expanded access program. Eligible patients had a confirmed mitochondrial DNA mutation and had experienced the onset of symptoms (most recent eye) within 1 year before enrollment. Data on visual acuity and adverse events were collected as per normal clinical practice. Efficacy was assessed as the proportion of patients with either a clinically relevant recovery (CRR) or a clinically relevant stabilization (CRS) of visual acuity. In the case of CRR, time to and magnitude of recovery over the course of time were also assessed. RESULTS At time of analysis, 87 patients had provided longitudinal efficacy data. Average treatment duration was 25.6 months. CRR was observed in 46.0% of patients. Analysis of treatment effect by duration showed that the proportion of patients with recovery and the magnitude of recovery increased with treatment duration. Average gain in best-corrected visual acuity for responders was 0.72 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR), equivalent to more than 7 lines on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. Furthermore, 50% of patients who had a visual acuity below 1.0 logMAR in at least one eye at initiation of treatment successfully maintained their vision below this threshold by last observation. Idebenone was well tolerated, with most adverse events classified as minor. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the benefit of idebenone treatment in recovering lost vision and maintaining good residual vision in a real-world setting. Together, these findings indicate that idebenone treatment should be initiated early and be maintained more than 24 months to maximize efficacy. Safety results were consistent with the known safety profile of idebenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia B Catarino
- Department of Neurology (CBC, OM, TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (CBC, TK), Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (BL, CP, FL, GR), University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai (RB), New York, New York; Ophthalmology Department (SM), Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand; Scheie Eye Institute (MAT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut Català de Retina (LC), Barcelona, Spain; Augenklinik (CF), Universitätsklinikum Giessen, Giessen, Germany; University Hospital Southampton (CAH), Southampton, United Kingdom; McGovern Medical School (JAL), UTHealth, Houston, Texas; Department of Ophthalmology (GLT, KL, SJL), University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuro-ophthalmology Associates (GA), Ankara, Turkey; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine (GCMB), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences (GCMB), Neuroscience and Mental Health Domain, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; Ophthalmology Unit (CD), Hospital de Poniente, El Ejido, Almería, Spain; Save Sight Institute (CLF), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Pediatric Traumatology and Emergency Medicine (JJ), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; Poland SPEKTRUM Ophthalmology Clinic (JJ), Wroclaw, Poland; University Hospital Ramon y Cajal (FJM-N), IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Emory University School of Medicine (NJN), Atlanta Georgia; Nuffield Dept Obstetrics and Gynaecology (JP), University of Oxford, The Women's Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology (ES), East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuro-Ophthalmology Division (PS), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Neuroinflammation (ATT), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona (MV), Barcelona, Spain; Eye Department (ALV), Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (MV), Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Developmental Neurology (MZ), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience (AZ), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom; Neuro-ophthalmology Unit (MS, XL, GM) Santhera Pharmaceuticals, Pratteln, Switzerland; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany
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8
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Rabesandratana O, Chaffiol A, Mialot A, Slembrouck-Brec A, Joffrois C, Nanteau C, Rodrigues A, Gagliardi G, Reichman S, Sahel JA, Chédotal A, Duebel J, Goureau O, Orieux G. Generation of a Transplantable Population of Human iPSC-Derived Retinal Ganglion Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:585675. [PMID: 33195235 PMCID: PMC7652757 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.585675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuropathies are a major cause of visual impairment due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Human induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a powerful tool for studying both human RGC development and RGC-related pathological mechanisms. Because RGC loss can be massive before the diagnosis of visual impairment, cell replacement is one of the most encouraging strategies. The present work describes the generation of functional RGCs from iPSCs based on innovative 3D/2D stepwise differentiation protocol. We demonstrate that targeting the cell surface marker THY1 is an effective strategy to select transplantable RGCs. By generating a fluorescent GFP reporter iPSC line to follow transplanted cells, we provide evidence that THY1-positive RGCs injected into the vitreous of mice with optic neuropathy can survive up to 1 month, intermingled with the host RGC layer. These data support the usefulness of iPSC-derived RGC exploration as a potential future therapeutic strategy for optic nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Chaffiol
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Mialot
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Corentin Joffrois
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Céline Nanteau
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Rodrigues
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Sacha Reichman
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jens Duebel
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gael Orieux
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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9
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Oliveira-Valença VM, Bosco A, Vetter ML, Silveira MS. On the Generation and Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581136. [PMID: 33043015 PMCID: PMC7527462 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal development follows a conserved neurogenic program in vertebrates to orchestrate the generation of specific cell types from multipotent progenitors in sequential but overlapping waves. In this program, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the first cell type generated. RGCs are the final output neurons of the retina and are essential for vision and circadian rhythm. Key molecular steps have been defined in multiple vertebrate species to regulate competence, specification, and terminal differentiation of this cell type. This involves neuronal-specific transcription factor networks, regulators of chromatin dynamics and miRNAs. In mammals, RGCs and their optic nerve axons undergo neurodegeneration and loss in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, resulting in irreversible vision loss. The incapacity of RGCs and axons to regenerate reinforces the need for the design of efficient RGC replacement strategies. Here we describe the essential molecular pathways for the differentiation of RGCs in vertebrates, as well as experimental manipulations that extend the competence window for generation of this early cell type from late progenitors. We discuss recent advances in regeneration of retinal neurons in vivo in both mouse and zebrafish and discuss possible strategies and barriers to achieving RGC regeneration as a therapeutic approach for vision restoration in blinding diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M Oliveira-Valença
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Neurobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Bosco
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mariana S Silveira
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Neurobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Yum HR, Park HYL, Park CK. Characteristics of Normal-tension Glaucoma Patients with Temporal Retinal Nerve Fibre Defects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6362. [PMID: 32286476 PMCID: PMC7156753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucomatous visual field (VF) damage usually involves in the Bjerrum area, which refers to outside the central 10° region. However, some reports suggest that structural damage to the macula occurs even in the early stages of glaucoma. We investigated the characteristics of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients with temporal retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) defects. Ninety eyes from 90 subjects including 30 normal eyes, 30 eyes of 30 patients with normal-tension glaucoma with temporal RNFL defects, and 30 eyes of 30 patients with normal-tension glaucoma with inferotemporal or superotemporal RNFL defects were enrolled. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) decreased significantly in glaucomatous eyes with temporal RNFL defects as compared with in controls and glaucomatous eyes with inferotemporal or superotemporal RNFL defects. VF tests showed more frequent central or cecocentral VF defects involving the central 10° region in glaucomatous eyes with temporal RNFL defects. VF defects were more frequently detected on short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP). Eyes with temporal RNFL defects had generally reduced ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness. In addition, the BCVA, GCIPL thicknesses, and SWAP findings were significantly different in glaucoma patients with temporal RNFL defects according to their colour vision deficiency, not RNFL thickness or standard automated perimetry (SAP) results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ri Yum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Young Lopilly Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan Kee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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11
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Wang M, Guo H, Li S, Wang G, Long Y, Meng X, Liu B, Liu Y, Robson AG, Yin ZQ. Electrophysiological and Structural Changes in Chinese Patients with LHON. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:4734276. [PMID: 32318281 PMCID: PMC7152967 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4734276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review retrospectively the electrophysiological and structural changes in 13 Chinese patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). METHODS 26 eyes of 13 patients with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of LHON were categorized into two groups according to the duration of the disease: group 1 (duration less than 3 months) and group 2 (duration between 3 months and 18 years). Clinical history, comprehensive visual electrophysiology, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and color fundus photography were performed. RESULTS Fundoscopy showed optic disc hyperemia in group 1 and optic atrophy in group 2. OCT measures of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness around the optic disc and surrounding macula were normal in group 1 but reduced in group 2 (10 of 10 eyes). The thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) plus inner plexiform layer (IPL) surrounding the macula reduced significantly in group 1 and group 2 compared with a healthy control group. Pattern ERG (PERG) P50 amplitude was normal, but the N95/P50 ratio reduced in most of group 1 (4 of 5 eyes) and in all of group 2 (11 eyes). PERG P50 peak time was abnormally short in group 2. Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) showed subnormal responses associated with ring 1 (the central area) and ring 2 in group 1 and reductions in rings 1, 2, and 3 in group 2. CONCLUSION The study highlights differences in retinal structure and function between the acute and chronic stages of LHON in a group of Chinese patients. There is PERG evidence of retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and OCT evidence of GCL + IPL thinning in both groups, but there is additional peripapillary RNFL loss in the chronic stage, associated with more severe RGC dysfunction. There is multifocal ERG evidence of localized macular dysfunction in both acute and chronic groups. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive electrophysiological and structural assessments of the retina in LHON and is pertinent to studies that aim to monitor disease progression or the effects of future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yanling Long
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Meng
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Anthony G. Robson
- Department of Electrophysiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The diagnosis of visual loss from toxic-metabolic and hereditary optic neuropathies may be delayed in some cases because of a failure to elicit important information in the clinical history or to recognize typical examination findings. An understanding of the features specific to each type of toxic-metabolic and hereditary optic neuropathy, and of the underlying mechanism of insult to the optic nerve, could lead to earlier recognition, diagnosis, and treatment (when available). RECENT FINDINGS Understanding of the role of mitochondria in toxic-metabolic and hereditary optic neuropathies is growing, particularly regarding the mechanism of insult of certain agents (medications and toxins) and of vitamin B12 deficiency. New developments in the quest for treatment for hereditary optic neuropathy, specifically Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, are being seen. SUMMARY Toxic-metabolic and hereditary optic neuropathies present in a similar fashion, with painless, progressive, bilateral visual loss with dyschromatopsia and cecocentral visual field defects. The associated retinal ganglion cell and axonal loss is typically due to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by an exogenous agent (toxic), by insufficient or deficient substrate (metabolic or nutritional), or by abnormal proteins or mitochondrial structure determined by a genetic mutation (hereditary).
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13
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Dokrungkoon T, Onsod P, Areesirisuk P, Rerkamnuaychoke B, Vanikieti K, Chareonsirisuthigul T. Performance of the MLPA technique for detecting common mutations in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2019; 30:819-824. [PMID: 31566038 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2019.1670819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) causes painless vision loss resulting from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation. Over 95% of LHON cases result from one of three mtDNA point mutations (m.3460G>A, m.11778G>A, and m.14484T>C). There is no established cure for LHON; early and accurate diagnosis would enable patients to be given appropriate treatments leading to a reduction of the disease progression. To increase the accessibility to molecular genetic testing for LHON, an accurate and cost-effective technique is required. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for detecting the three common mutations in 18 LHON blood specimens. Validation of the results using direct DNA sequencing technology proved that the MLPA technique had 100% accuracy, with no false-positive results. This study demonstrates that MLPA could provide a highly accurate, economical, and widely accessible technique for routine molecular genetic testing for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanadon Dokrungkoon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preyaporn Onsod
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapatsorn Areesirisuk
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Budsaba Rerkamnuaychoke
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kavin Vanikieti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takol Chareonsirisuthigul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Zhi FY, Liu J, Ma XP, Hong J, Zhang J, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Wu LJ, Yang YT, Wu DY, Xie C, Wu LX, Zhang CH. Manual Acupuncture for Optic Atrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:1735967. [PMID: 30713567 PMCID: PMC6332962 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1735967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate the efficacy of manual acupuncture for optic atrophy. Eight English and Chinese databases, including Cochrane Library, EMbase, PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), as well as ongoing trials registered with the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, were searched to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studying manual acupuncture for optic atrophy compared to medication alone. The quality of evidence was assessed using Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.3. Nine studies were identified and included for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed significant differences in favor of manual acupuncture or manual acupuncture plus medication compared with medication alone in the following outcome measures: visual acuity (MD = 0.18, 95% CI [0.17, 0.20], P < 0.00001), mean sensitivity of visual field (MD = 2.11, 95% CI [1.90, 2.32], P < 0.00001), the latent period of P-VEP100 (MD = -6.80, 95% CI [-8.94, -4.66], P < 0.00001), the total effectiveness (264 eyes) (OR = 3.22, 95% CI [1.88, 5.51], P<0.0001), and the total effectiveness (344 participants) (OR = 4.29, 95% CI [2.56, 7.19], P < 0.00001). Despite statistical advantages of manual acupuncture in the literature, due to serious methodological flaws in study design, it cannot be concluded that manual acupuncture is more effective than medicine alone. It is essential that a properly controlled clinical trial is designed and controls are established to exclude placebo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yuan Zhi
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Ma
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jue Hong
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Li-Jie Wu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan-Ting Yang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dan-Yan Wu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ling-Xiang Wu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Cui-Hong Zhang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, China
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15
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Rabesandratana O, Goureau O, Orieux G. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Approaches to Explore and Treat Optic Neuropathies. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:651. [PMID: 30294255 PMCID: PMC6158340 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sight is a major sense for human and visual impairment profoundly affects quality of life, especially retinal degenerative diseases which are the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. As for other neurodegenerative disorders, almost all retinal dystrophies are characterized by the specific loss of one or two cell types, such as retinal ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells, or retinal pigmented epithelial cells. This feature is a critical point when dealing with cell replacement strategies considering that the preservation of other cell types and retinal circuitry is a prerequisite. Retinal ganglion cells are particularly vulnerable to degenerative process and glaucoma, the most common optic neuropathy, is a frequent retinal dystrophy. Cell replacement has been proposed as a potential approach to take on the challenge of visual restoration, but its application to optic neuropathies is particularly challenging. Many obstacles need to be overcome before any clinical application. Beyond their survival and differentiation, engrafted cells have to reconnect with both upstream synaptic retinal cell partners and specific targets in the brain. To date, reconnection of retinal ganglion cells with distal central targets appears unrealistic since central nervous system is refractory to regenerative processes. Significant progress on the understanding of molecular mechanisms that prevent central nervous system regeneration offer hope to overcome this obstacle in the future. At the same time, emergence of reprogramming of human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells has facilitated both the generation of new source of cells with therapeutic potential and the development of innovative methods for the generation of transplantable cells. In this review, we discuss the feasibility of stem cell-based strategies applied to retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve impairment. We present the different strategies for the generation, characterization and the delivery of transplantable retinal ganglion cells derived from pluripotent stem cells. The relevance of pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoid and retinal ganglion cells for disease modeling or drug screening will be also introduced in the context of optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Orieux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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16
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Kim US, Jurkute N, Yu-Wai-Man P. Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy-Light at the End of the Tunnel? Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2018; 7:242-245. [PMID: 30008192 DOI: 10.22608/apo.2018293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an important cause of mitochondrial blindness. The majority of patients harbor one of three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations, m.3460G>A, m.11778G>A, and m.14484T>C, which all affect complex I subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The loss of retinal ganglion cells in LHON is thought to arise from a combination of impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation resulting in decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Treatment options for LHON remain limited, but major advances in mitochondrial neuroprotection, gene therapy, and the prevention of transmission of pathogenic mtDNA mutations will hopefully translate into tangible benefits for patients affected by this condition and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungsoo Samuel Kim
- Kim's Eye Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Neringa Jurkute
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Bagli E, Zikou AK, Agnantis N, Kitsos G. Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics and Inherited Optic Neuropathies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:511-525. [PMID: 28652416 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inherited optic neuropathies are a genetically diverse group of disorders mainly characterized by visual loss and optic atrophy. Since the first recognition of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, several genetic defects altering primary mitochondrial respiration have been proposed to contribute to the development of syndromic and non-syndromic optic neuropathies. Moreover, the genomics and imaging revolution in the past decade has increased diagnostic efficiency and accuracy, allowing recognition of a link between mitochondrial dynamics machinery and a broad range of inherited neurodegenerative diseases involving the optic nerve. Mutations of novel genes modifying mainly the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission have been shown to lead to overlapping clinical phenotypes ranging from isolated optic atrophy to severe, sometimes lethal multisystem disorders, and are reviewed herein. Given the particular vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to mitochondrial dysfunction, the accessibility of the eye as a part of the central nervous system and improvements in technical imaging concerning assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer, optic nerve evaluation becomes critical - even in asymptomatic patients - for correct diagnosis, understanding and early treatment of these complex and enigmatic clinical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bagli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FORTH, Division of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anastasia K Zikou
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Niki Agnantis
- Department of Pathology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Kitsos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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18
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Leruez S, Verny C, Bonneau D, Procaccio V, Lenaers G, Amati-Bonneau P, Reynier P, Scherer C, Prundean A, Orssaud C, Zanlonghi X, Rougier MB, Tilikete C, Miléa D. Cyclosporine A does not prevent second-eye involvement in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:33. [PMID: 29454364 PMCID: PMC5816422 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKRGROUND Evaluation of the efficacy of oral cyclosporine A as a prophylactic agent in preventing second-eye involvement in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in a prospective, open-label, non-randomized, multicenter pilot study. Only LHON patients aged 18 years or more, with confirmed primary mitochondrial DNA mutations and strictly unilateral optic neuropathy occurring within 6 months prior to enrolment, were included in the study. All these patients, receiving treatment with oral cyclosporine (Neoral®, Novartis) at 2.5 mg/kg/day, were examined at three-month intervals for a year. The primary endpoint was the best corrected visual acuity in the unaffected eye; the secondary endpoints were the best corrected visual acuity in the first eye affected, the mean visual field defect on automated perimetry, the thickness of the perifoveal retinal ganglion cell inner plexiform layer, and the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer in both eyes. RESULTS Among the 24 patients referred to our institution with genetically confirmed LHON, between July 2011 and April 2014, only five patients, four males and one female, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Age at enrolment ranged from 19 to 42 years (mean: 27.2 years; median: 26 years), four patients harbored the m.11778G > A pathogenic variant, and one the m.14484 T > C pathogenic variant. The time-interval between the onset of symptoms and inclusion in the study ranged from 7 to 17 weeks (mean: 11.8 weeks; median: 9 weeks). Despite treatment with oral cyclosporine A, all patients eventually experienced bilateral eye involvement, occurring within 11-65 weeks after the initiation of treatment. Over the study time period, the average best corrected visual acuity worsened in the first eye affected; by the end of the study, both eyes were equally affected. CONCLUSIONS Oral cyclosporine, at 2.5 mg/kg/day, did not prevent second-eye involvement in patients with strictly unilateral Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02176733 . Registrated June 25, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Leruez
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, CHU Angers, 49000, Angers, France.,Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM1083, Université d'Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Verny
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM1083, Université d'Angers, 49000, Angers, France.,Centre de référence des maladies neurogénétiques, Service de Neurologie, CHU Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM1083, Université d'Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM1083, Université d'Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM1083, Université d'Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | | | - Pascal Reynier
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM1083, Université d'Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Clarisse Scherer
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM1083, Université d'Angers, 49000, Angers, France.,Centre de référence des maladies neurogénétiques, Service de Neurologie, CHU Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Adriana Prundean
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM1083, Université d'Angers, 49000, Angers, France.,Centre de référence des maladies neurogénétiques, Service de Neurologie, CHU Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Orssaud
- Unité Fonctionnelle d'Ophtalmologie, Centre de référence des Maladies Rares en Ophtalmologie OPHTARA, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Zanlonghi
- Centre de compétence maladie rare, Clinique Jules Verne, 44300, Nantes, France
| | | | - Caroline Tilikete
- Unité de Neuro-Ophtalmologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, 69677, Bron, France
| | - Dan Miléa
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, CHU Angers, 49000, Angers, France. .,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre and Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore. .,Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
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19
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International Consensus Statement on the Clinical and Therapeutic Management of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 2017; 37:371-381. [PMID: 28991104 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is currently estimated as the most frequent mitochondrial disease (1 in 27,000-45,000). Its molecular pathogenesis and natural history is now fairly well understood. LHON also is the first mitochondrial disease for which a treatment has been approved (idebenone-Raxone, Santhera Pharmaceuticals) by the European Medicine Agency, under exceptional circumstances because of the rarity and severity of the disease. However, what remains unclear includes the optimal target population, timing, dose, and frequency of administration of idebenone in LHON due to lack of accepted definitions, criteria, and general guidelines for the clinical management of LHON. To address these issues, a consensus conference with a panel of experts from Europe and North America was held in Milan, Italy, in 2016. The intent was to provide expert consensus statements for the clinical and therapeutic management of LHON based on the currently available evidence. We report the conclusions of this conference, providing the guidelines for clinical and therapeutic management of LHON.
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20
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Effects of neuroactive agents on axonal growth and pathfinding of retinal ganglion cells generated from human stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16757. [PMID: 29196712 PMCID: PMC5711798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently established a novel method for generating functional human retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs). Here, we confirmed that RGCs can also be generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We investigated the usefulness of human RGCs with long axons for assessing the effects of chemical agents, such as the neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), and the chemorepellent factors, semaphorin 3 A (SEMA3A) and SLIT1. The effects of direct and local administration of each agent on axonal projection were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time imaging, in which the filopodia of the growth cone served as an excellent marker. A locally sustained agent system showed that the axons elongate towards NGF, but were repelled by SEMA3A and SLIT1. Focally transplanted beads that released SLIT1 bent the pathfinding of axons, imitating normal retinal development. Our innovative system for assessing the effects of chemical compounds using human RGCs may facilitate development of novel drugs for the examination, prophylaxis, and treatment of diseases. It may also be useful for observing the physiology of the optic nerve in vitro, which might lead to significant progress in the science of human RGCs.
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21
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Joyal JS, Gantner ML, Smith LEH. Retinal energy demands control vascular supply of the retina in development and disease: The role of neuronal lipid and glucose metabolism. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 64:131-156. [PMID: 29175509 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Marin L Gantner
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, United States.
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22
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Neuro-Ophthalmic Manifestations of Pediatric Neurodegenerative Disease. J Neuroophthalmol 2017; 37 Suppl 1:S4-S13. [DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Vetter ML, Hitchcock PF. Report on the National Eye Institute Audacious Goals Initiative: Replacement of Retinal Ganglion Cells from Endogenous Cell Sources. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:5. [PMID: 28316878 PMCID: PMC5354473 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This report emerges from a workshop convened by the National Eye Institute (NEI) as part of the "Audacious Goals Initiative" (AGI). The workshop addressed the replacement of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from exogenous and endogenous sources, and sought to identify the gaps in our knowledge and barriers to progress in devising cellular replacement therapies for diseases where RGCs die. Here, we briefly review relevant literature regarding common diseases associated with RGC death, the genesis of RGCs in vivo, strategies for generating transplantable RGCs in vitro, and potential endogenous cellular sources to regenerate these cells. These topics provided the clinical and scientific context for the discussion among the workshop participants and are relevant to efforts that may lead to therapeutic approaches for replacing RGCs. This report also summarizes the content of the workshop discussion, which focused on: (1) cell sources for RGC replacement and regeneration, (2) optimizing integration, survival, and synaptogenesis of new RGCs, and (3) approaches for assessing the outcomes of RGC replacement therapies. We conclude this report with a summary of recommendations, based on the workshop discussions, which may guide vision scientists seeking to develop therapies for replacing RGCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter F Hitchcock
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Diagnosis and Management of Mitochondrial Neuro-Ophthalmologic Disorders: Translating Scientific Advances Into the Clinic. J Neuroophthalmol 2017; 37:65-69. [PMID: 28187083 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Gordon LK. Optic Nerve. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 242:369-386. [PMID: 27787712 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optic nerve diseases arise from many different etiologies including inflammatory, neoplastic, genetic, infectious, ischemic, and idiopathic. Understanding some of the characteristics of the most common optic neuropathies along with therapeutic approaches to these diseases is helpful in designing recommendations for individual patients. Although many optic neuropathies have no specific treatment, some do, and it is those potentially treatable or preventable conditions which need to be recognized in order to help patients regain their sight or develop a better understanding of their own prognosis. In this chapter several diseases are discussed including idiopathic intracranial hypertension, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathies, hereditary optic neuropathies, trauma, and primary tumors of the optic nerve. For each condition there is a presentation of the signs and symptoms of the disease, in some conditions the evaluation and diagnostic criteria are highlighted, and where possible, current therapy or past trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn K Gordon
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) was the first clinically characterized mitochondrial disorder. Since its first description in 1871, much has been discovered regarding the genetics and pathophysiology of the disease. This has enabled the development of in vitro cell and animal models that can be used to try to determine not only the effects of the genetic mutation upon the clinical phenotype but to also test potential novel therapies. Treatments for LHON have ranged from vitamins and minerals to immunosuppressants and, more recently, targeted gene therapy. This article reviews the pathophysiology and clinical features of LHON with a focus on translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailyn Rasool
- a Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Simmons Lessell
- a Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Dean M Cestari
- a Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss recent advances in potential treatments for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a typically visually devastating hereditary optic neuropathy caused by mutations in the mitochondrial genome. RECENT FINDINGS Idebenone has been proposed as a means of bypassing defective complex I activity and a free radical scavenger to prevent oxidative damage. EPI-743 may have more potency than idebenone, but no clinical trials have been performed. Gene therapy techniques have advanced significantly, including allotopic expression and nuclear transfer. Successful rescue of animal models of LHON with both of these therapies has been demonstrated. Introduction of exogenous DNA into the mitochondrial genome with mitochondrial targeting of viral vectors is another promising technique. SUMMARY There are currently no proven treatments for LHON. However, there are many promising novel treatment modalities that are currently being evaluated, with several clinical trials underway or in the planning stages. Supportive measures and genetic counseling remain of great importance for these patients.
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Feuer WJ, Schiffman JC, Davis JL, Porciatti V, Gonzalez P, Koilkonda RD, Yuan H, Lalwani A, Lam BL, Guy J. Gene Therapy for Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: Initial Results. Ophthalmology 2015; 123:558-70. [PMID: 26606867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a disorder characterized by severe and rapidly progressive visual loss when caused by a mutation in the mitochondrial gene encoding NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 4 (ND4). We have initiated a gene therapy trial to determine the safety and tolerability of escalated doses of an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) expressing a normal ND4 complementary DNA in patients with a G to A mutation at nucleotide 11778 of the mitochondrial genome. DESIGN In this prospective open-label trial (NCT02161380), the study drug (self-complementary AAV [scAAV]2(Y444,500,730F)-P1ND4v2) was intravitreally injected unilaterally into the eyes of 5 blind participants with G11778A LHON. Four participants with visual loss for more than 12 months were treated. The fifth participant had visual loss for less than 12 months. The first 3 participants were treated at the low dose of vector (5 × 10(9) vg), and the fourth participant was treated at the medium dose (2.46 × 10(10) vg). The fifth participant with visual loss for less than 12 months received the low dose. Treated participants were followed for 90 to 180 days and underwent ocular and systemic safety assessments along with visual structure and function examinations. PARTICIPANTS Five legally blind patients with G11778A LHON. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Loss of visual acuity. RESULTS Visual acuity as measured by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) eye chart remained unchanged from baseline to 3 months in the first 3 participants. For 2 participants with 90-day follow-up, acuity increased from hand movements to 7 letters in 1 and by 15 letters in 1, representing an improvement equivalent to 3 lines. No one lost vision, and no serious adverse events were observed. Minor adverse events included a transient increase of intraocular pressure (IOP), exposure keratitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, a sore throat, and a transient increase in neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against AAV2 in 1 participant. All blood samples were negative for vector DNA. CONCLUSIONS No serious safety problems were observed in the first 5 participants enrolled in this phase I trial of virus-based gene transfer in this mitochondrial disorder. Additional study follow-up of these and additional participants planned for the next 4 years is needed to confirm these preliminary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Feuer
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joyce C Schiffman
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Janet L Davis
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Vittorio Porciatti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Phillip Gonzalez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Rajeshwari D Koilkonda
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Huijun Yuan
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Anil Lalwani
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Byron L Lam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - John Guy
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Ganglion Cells: Applications for the Study and Treatment of Optic Neuropathies. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:200-206. [PMID: 26618076 DOI: 10.1007/s40135-015-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Meyerson C, Van Stavern G, McClelland C. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:1165-76. [PMID: 26170609 PMCID: PMC4492634 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s62021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is one of the most common inherited optic neuropathies causing bilateral central vision loss. The disorder results from point mutations in mitochondrial DNA and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. The primary cell type that is lost in LHON is the retinal ganglion cell, which is highly susceptible to disrupted ATP production and oxidative stress. Inheritance of LHON follows that of mitochondrial genetics, and it has a highly variable clinical phenotype, as other genetic and environmental factors also play a role. Although LHON usually presents with isolated vision loss, some patients suffer other neurological sequelae. For ill-defined reasons, male LHON mutation carriers are more affected than females. Most LHON patients remain legally blind, but a small proportion can experience spontaneous partial recovery, often within the first year of symptom onset. Unfortunately, at this time there are no established curative interventions and treatment is largely supportive. Patients should be offered low vision services and counseled on mitigating risk factors for additional vision loss, such as smoking and consuming alcohol. Encouraging treatments currently undergoing investigation includes ubiquinone analogs, such as idebenone, as well as gene therapy and stem cells to restore ATP synthesis and provide neuroprotection to surviving retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherise Meyerson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Greg Van Stavern
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Collin McClelland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Nuclear expression of mitochondrial ND4 leads to the protein assembling in complex I and prevents optic atrophy and visual loss. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15003. [PMID: 26029714 PMCID: PMC4444999 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is due to mitochondrial DNA mutations; in ~70% of all cases, a point mutation in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4, ND4, gene leads to central vision loss. We optimized allotopic expression (nuclear transcription of a gene that is normally transcribed inside the mitochondria) aimed at designing a gene therapy for ND4; its coding sequence was associated with the cis-acting elements of the human COX10 mRNA to allow the efficient mitochondrial delivery of the protein. After ocular administration to adult rats of a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector containing the human ND4 gene, we demonstrated that: (i) the sustained expression of human ND4 did not lead to harmful effects, instead the human protein is efficiently imported inside the mitochondria and assembled in respiratory chain complex I; (ii) the presence of the human protein in the experimental model of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy significantly prevents retinal ganglion cell degeneration and preserves both complex I function in optic nerves and visual function. Hence, the use of optimized allotopic expression is relevant for treating mitochondrial disorders due to mutations in the organelle genome.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Toxic, nutritional, hereditary, traumatic, and neoplastic optic neuropathies result in significant disability due to visual dysfunction. Many of these conditions are treatable. Early diagnosis may allow for intervention to stabilize or improve vision and prevent unnecessary testing. These conditions have overlapping clinical features, and careful assessment of the visual system allows for accurate diagnosis and management. RECENT FINDINGS Newer treatment strategies are available for optic neuropathies previously thought untreatable, such as some hereditary optic neuropathies. Many conditions that previously were felt to represent distinct diseases can be linked by a common pattern of mitochondrial dysfunction. SUMMARY The optic nerve is susceptible to a wide variety of pathologic processes. The correct diagnosis depends on a thorough history and detailed evaluation of the visual system. Certain optic neuropathies selectively affect the papillomacular bundle, and particular attention to this location can considerably narrow the differential diagnosis and subsequent workup.
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Mitochondrial dysfunction affecting visual pathways. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:344-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yu-Wai-Man P, Votruba M, Moore AT, Chinnery PF. Treatment strategies for inherited optic neuropathies: past, present and future. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:521-37. [PMID: 24603424 PMCID: PMC4017118 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral visual loss secondary to inherited optic neuropathies is an important cause of registrable blindness among children and young adults. The two prototypal disorders seen in clinical practice are Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA). About 90% of LHON cases are due to one of three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations: m.3460G>A, m.11778G>A, and m.14484T>C, which affect critical complex I subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The majority of patients with DOA harbour pathogenic mutations within OPA1, a nuclear gene that codes for a multifunctional inner mitochondrial membrane protein. Despite their contrasting genetic basis, LHON and DOA share overlapping pathological and clinical features that serve to highlight the striking tissue-specific vulnerability of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer to disturbed mitochondrial function. In addition to severe visual loss secondary to progressive optic nerve degeneration, a subgroup of patients will also develop a more aggressive syndromic phenotype marked by significant neurological deficits. The management of LHON and DOA remains largely supportive, but major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning RGC loss in these two disorders are paving the way for novel forms of treatment aimed at halting or reversing visual deterioration at different stages of the disease process. In addition to neuroprotective strategies for rescuing RGCs from irreversible cell death, innovative in vitro fertilisation techniques are providing the tantalising prospect of preventing the germline transmission of pathogenic mtDNA mutations, eradicating in so doing the risk of disease in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yu-Wai-Man
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [2] Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [3] Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK [4] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Votruba
- 1] School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK [2] Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - A T Moore
- 1] Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK [2] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - P F Chinnery
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [2] Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Gene therapy for mitochondrial diseases: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy as the first candidate for a clinical trial. C R Biol 2014; 337:193-206. [PMID: 24702846 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders cannot be ignored anymore in most medical disciplines; indeed their minimum estimated prevalence is superior to 1 in 5000 births. Despite the progress made in the last 25 years on the identification of gene mutations causing mitochondrial pathologies, only slow progress was made towards their effective treatments. Ocular involvement is a frequent feature in mitochondrial diseases and corresponds to severe and irreversible visual handicap due to retinal neuron loss and optic atrophy. Interestingly, three clinical trials for Leber Congenital Amaurosis due to RPE65 mutations are ongoing since 2007. Overall, the feasibility and safety of ocular Adeno-Associated Virus delivery in adult and younger patients and consistent visual function improvements have been demonstrated. The success of gene-replacement therapy for RPE65 opens the way for the development of similar approaches for a broad range of eye disorders, including those with mitochondrial etiology such as Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON).
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Guy J, Feuer WJ, Porciatti V, Schiffman J, Abukhalil F, Vandenbroucke R, Rosa PR, Lam BL. Retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in asymptomatic G11778A: Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:841-8. [PMID: 24398093 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the serial evaluation of asymptomatic eyes of subjects with mutated G11778A mitochondrial DNA. METHODS Forty-five asymptomatic G11778A Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) carriers and two patients with the mutation who developed unilateral visual loss underwent testing that included visual acuity, automated visual field, pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography every 6 months between September 2008 and March 2012. RESULTS Visual acuity, visual fields, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness remained stable within the normal range. Mean PERG amplitudes of carriers dropped progressively by ∼ 40% from baseline to 36 months. In addition, comparisons with the fellow eyes of patients with unilateral optic neuritis revealed a 3.4 ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) letter loss in the LHON carriers. A single carrier developed visual loss, with PERG amplitudes dropping by half. In one of two LHON cases who presented with unilateral visual loss, visual acuity in the asymptomatic eye was ∼ 20/40 at baseline. The PERG amplitude of this eye was reduced to ∼ 30% of normal. Six months later, his visual acuity had dropped to ∼ 20/500. A second patient who was ∼ 20/20 and had a visual field defect in the asymptomatic eye at baseline remained at this level for the 18 months of follow-up. His PERG amplitudes were similar to those of asymptomatic carriers, with 0.78 μV at baseline that did not decline with follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Declines of the PERG amplitude suggest subclinical retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in asymptomatic G11778A subjects, which is progressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Guy
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Akiyama H, Kashima T, Li D, Shimoda Y, Mukai R, Kishi S. Retinal ganglion cell analysis in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:1943-4.e5. [PMID: 24001531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Akiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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Meunier I, Lenaers G, Hamel C, Defoort-Dhellemmes S. [Hereditary optic neuropathies: from clinical signs to diagnosis]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2013; 36:886-900. [PMID: 24161764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inherited optic atrophy must be considered when working up any optic nerve involvement and any systemic disease with signs of optic atrophy, even with a negative family history. There are two classical forms: dominant optic atrophy, characterized by insidious, bilateral, slowly progressive visual loss and temporal disc pallor, and Leber's optic atrophy, characterized by acute loss of central vision followed by the same event in the fellow eye within a few weeks to months, with disc hyperemia in the acute phase. Family history is critical for diagnosis. In the absence of family history, the clinician must rule out an identifiable acquired cause, i.e. toxic, inflammatory, perinatal injury, traumatic or tumoral, with orbital and brain imaging (MRI). Recessive optic atrophies are more rare and more severe and occur as part of multisystemic disorders, particularly Wolfram syndrome (diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and hearing loss). Effective treatments are limited; alcohol and smoking should be avoided. A cyclosporine trial (taken immediately upon visual loss in the first eye) is in progress in Leber's optic atrophy to prevent involvement of the fellow eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Meunier
- Centre national de référence maladies rares, affections sensorielles génétiques, service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Mitochondrial disorders: aetiologies, models systems, and candidate therapies. Trends Genet 2013; 29:488-97. [PMID: 23756086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has become evident that many human disorders are characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction either at a primary level, due to mutations in genes whose encoded products are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, or at a secondary level, due to the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. This has prompted keen interest in the development of cell and animal models and in exploring innovative therapeutic strategies to modulate the mitochondrial deficiencies observed in these diseases. Key advances in these areas are outlined in this review, with a focus on Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). This exciting field is set to grow exponentially and yield many candidate therapies to treat this class of disease.
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Lechauve C, Augustin S, Roussel D, Sahel JA, Corral-Debrinski M. Neuroglobin involvement in visual pathways through the optic nerve. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1772-8. [PMID: 23639750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglobin is a member of the globin superfamily proposed to be only expressed in neurons and involved in neuronal protection from hypoxia or oxidative stress. A significant fraction of the protein localizes within the mitochondria and is directly associated with mitochondrial metabolism and integrity. The retina is the site of the highest concentration for neuroglobin and has been reported to be up to 100-fold higher than in the brain. Since neuroglobin was especially abundant in retinal ganglion cell layer, we investigated its abundance in optic nerves. Remarkably in optic nerves, neuroglobin is observed, as expected, in retinal ganglion cell axon profiles but also astrocyte processes, in physiological conditions, possess high levels of the protein. Neuroglobin mRNA and protein levels are ~10-fold higher in optic nerves than in retinas, indicating an important accumulation of neuroglobin in these support cells. Additionally, neuroglobin levels increase in Müller cells during reactive gliosis in response to eye injury. This suggests the pivotal role of neuroglobin in retinal glia involved in neuronal support and/or healing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins.
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