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McMann E, Gorski SM. Last but not least: emerging roles of the autophagy-related protein ATG4D. Autophagy 2024. [PMID: 38920354 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2369436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved ATG4 cysteine proteases regulate macroautophagy/autophagy through the priming and deconjugation of the Atg8-family proteins. In mammals there are four ATG4 family members (ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG4D) but ATG4D has been relatively understudied. Heightened interest in ATG4D has been stimulated by recent links to human disease. Notably, genetic variations in human ATG4D were implicated in a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic analyses in dogs, along with loss-of-function zebrafish and mouse models, further support a neuroprotective role for ATG4D. Here we discuss the evidence connecting ATG4D to neurological diseases and other pathologies and summarize its roles in both autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McMann
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- 2Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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2
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Wang T, He M, Zhang X, Guo Z, Wang P, Long F. Deciphering the impact of circRNA-mediated autophagy on tumor therapeutic resistance: a novel perspective. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:60. [PMID: 38671354 PMCID: PMC11046940 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapeutic resistance remains a significant challenge in the pursuit of effective treatment strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, have recently emerged as key regulators of various biological processes, including cancer progression and drug resistance. This review highlights the emerging role of circRNAs-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance, a cellular process that plays a dual role in cancer by promoting both cell survival and death. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs can modulate autophagy pathways, thereby influencing the response of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. In this context, the intricate interplay between circRNAs, autophagy, and therapeutic resistance is explored. Various mechanisms are discussed through which circRNAs can impact autophagy, including direct interactions with autophagy-related genes, modulation of signaling pathways, and cross-talk with other non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, the review delves into specific examples of how circRNA-mediated autophagy regulation can contribute to resistance against chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Understanding these intricate molecular interactions provides valuable insights into potential strategies for overcoming therapeutic resistance in cancer. Exploiting circRNAs as therapeutic targets or utilizing them as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers opens new avenues for developing personalized treatment approaches. In summary, this review underscores the importance of circRNA-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance and proposes future directions for research in this exciting and rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengjie He
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhixun Guo
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pinghan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Fangyi Long
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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3
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Michalak KM, Wojciechowska N, Marzec-Schmidt K, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Conserved autophagy and diverse cell wall composition: unifying features of vascular tissues in evolutionarily distinct plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:559-572. [PMID: 38324309 PMCID: PMC11037490 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The formation of multifunctional vascular tissues represents a significant advancement in plant evolution. Differentiation of conductive cells is specific, involving two main pathways, namely protoplast clearance and cell wall modification. In xylogenesis, autophagy is a crucial process for complete protoplast elimination in tracheary elements, whose cell wall also undergoes strong changes. Knowledge pertaining to living sieve elements, which lose most of their protoplast during phloemogenesis, remains limited. We hypothesized that autophagy plays a crucial role, not only in complete cytoplasmic clearance in xylem but also in partial degradation in phloem. Cell wall elaborations of mature sieve elements are not so extensive. These analyses performed on evolutionarily diverse model species potentially make it possible to understand phloemogenesis to an equal extent to xylogenesis. METHODS We investigated the distribution of ATG8 protein, which is an autophagy marker, and cell wall components in the roots of ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms (monocots, dicot herbaceous plants and trees). Furthermore, we conducted a bioinformatic analysis of complete data on ATG8 isoforms for Ceratopteris richardii. KEY RESULTS The presence of ATG8 protein was confirmed in both tracheary elements and sieve elements; however, the composition of cell wall components varied considerably among vascular tissues in the selected plants. Arabinogalactan proteins and β-1,4-galactan were detected in the roots of all studied species, suggesting their potential importance in phloem formation or function. In contrast, no evolutionary pattern was observed for xyloglucan, arabinan or homogalacturonan. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the involvement of autophagy in plants is universal during the development of tracheary elements that are dead at maturity and sieve elements that remain alive. Given the conserved nature of autophagy and its function in protoplast degradation for uninterrupted flow, autophagy might have played a vital role in the development of increasingly complex biological organizations, including the formation of vascular tissues. However, different cell wall compositions of xylem and phloem in different species might indicate diverse functionality and potential for substance transport, which is crucial in plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornel M Michalak
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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4
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Dong Y, Quan C. NPFs-mediated actin cytoskeleton: a new viewpoint on autophagy regulation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:111. [PMID: 38347641 PMCID: PMC10860245 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic process induced by various cellular stress conditions, maintaining the homeostasis of cells, tissues and organs. Autophagy is a series of membrane-related events involving multiple autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Most studies to date have focused on various signaling pathways affecting ATG proteins to control autophagy. However, mounting evidence reveals that the actin cytoskeleton acts on autophagy-associated membranes to regulate different events of autophagy. The actin cytoskeleton assists in vesicle formation and provides the mechanical forces for cellular activities that involve membrane deformation. Although the interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and membrane makes the role of actin in autophagy recognized, how the actin cytoskeleton is recruited and assembles on membranes during autophagy needs to be detailed. Nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) activate the Arp2/3 complex to produce actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we summarize the important roles of the actin cytoskeleton in autophagy regulation and focus on the effect of NPFs on actin cytoskeleton assembly during autophagy, providing new insights into the occurrence and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, ChangchunJilin, 130021, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, ChangchunJilin, 130021, China.
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5
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Rao S, Skulsuppaisarn M, Strong LM, Ren X, Lazarou M, Hurley JH, Hummer G. Three-step docking by WIPI2, ATG16L1, and ATG3 delivers LC3 to the phagophore. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj8027. [PMID: 38324698 PMCID: PMC10851258 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of ubiquitin-like LC3 proteins (microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3) prepares the autophagic membrane for cargo recruitment. We resolve key steps in LC3 lipidation by combining molecular dynamics simulations and experiments in vitro and in cellulo. We show how the E3-like ligaseautophagy-related 12 (ATG12)-ATG5-ATG16L1 in complex with the E2-like conjugase ATG3 docks LC3 onto the membrane in three steps by (i) the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate effector protein WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 (WIPI2), (ii) helix α2 of ATG16L1, and (iii) a membrane-interacting surface of ATG3. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids concentrate in a region around the thioester bond between ATG3 and LC3, highlighting residues with a possible role in the catalytic transfer of LC3 to PE, including two conserved histidines. In a near-complete pathway from the initial membrane recruitment to the LC3 lipidation reaction, the three-step targeting of the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 machinery establishes a high level of regulatory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlin Rao
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Marvin Skulsuppaisarn
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Strong
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James H. Hurley
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Chowdhury SG, Karmakar P. Revealing the role of epigenetic and post-translational modulations of autophagy proteins in the regulation of autophagy and cancer: a therapeutic approach. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:3. [PMID: 38063905 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08961-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that is characterized by the destruction of redundant components and the removal of dysfunctional ones to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy dysregulation has been linked to various illnesses, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. The precise transcription of the genes involved in autophagy is regulated by a network of epigenetic factors. This includes histone modifications and histone-modifying enzymes. Epigenetics is a broad category of heritable, reversible changes in gene expression that do not include changes to DNA sequences, such as chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and DNA methylation. In addition to affecting the genes that are involved in autophagy, the epigenetic machinery can also alter the signals that control this process. In cancer, autophagy plays a dual role by preventing the development of tumors on one hand and this process may suppress tumor progression. This may be the control of an oncogene that prevents autophagy while, conversely, tumor suppression may promote it. The development of new therapeutic strategies for autophagy-related disorders could be initiated by gaining a deeper understanding of its intricate regulatory framework. There is evidence showing that certain machineries and regulators of autophagy are affected by post-translational and epigenetic modifications, which can lead to alterations in the levels of autophagy and these changes can then trigger disease or affect the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. The goal of this review is to identify the regulatory pathways associated with post-translational and epigenetic modifications of different proteins in autophagy which may be the therapeutic targets shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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7
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Hu L, Gao D, Lv H, Lian L, Wang M, Wang Y, Xie Y, Zhang J. Finding New Targets for the Treatment of Heart Failure: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2023; 16:1349-1356. [PMID: 37432587 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a progressive disease with an annual mortality rate of about 10% and is the end-stage stage of various heart diseases, which places a huge socioeconomic burden on the healthcare system. The development of heart failure has received increasing attention as a potential way to improve the treatment of this disease. Many studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy play an important role in the occurrence and development of heart failure. With the in-depth study of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, both are considered promising targets for pharmacological interventions to treat heart failure, but the mechanism of heart failure between the two is not clear. This review will highlight the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and their interactions in the development and development of heart failure, thereby helping to provide direction for the future development of targeted therapies for patients with heart failure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study explored the new targets for the treatment of heart failure: endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. Targeted drug therapy for endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy is expected to provide a new intervention target for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Hu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Dongjie Gao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Hao Lv
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lu Lian
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yingyu Xie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300183, China.
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8
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Bhattacharya D, Barille R, Toukam DK, Gawali VS, Kallay L, Ahmed T, Brown H, Rezvanian S, Karve A, Desai PB, Medvedovic M, Wang K, Ionascu D, Harun N, Wang C, Baschnagel AM, Kritzer JA, Cook JM, Pomeranz Krummel DA, Sengupta S. GABA(A) receptor activation drives GABARAP-Nix mediated autophagy to radiation-sensitize primary and brain-metastatic lung adenocarcinoma tumors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.29.569295. [PMID: 38076805 PMCID: PMC10705483 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.569295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment, targeted therapies benefit only a subset of NSCLC, while radiotherapy responses are not durable and toxicity limits therapy. We find that a GABA(A) receptor activator, AM-101, impairs viability and clonogenicity of NSCLC primary and brain metastatic cells. Employing an ex vivo 'chip', AM-101 is as efficacious as the chemotherapeutic docetaxel, which is used with radiotherapy for advanced-stage NSCLC. In vivo , AM-101 potentiates radiation, including conferring a survival benefit to mice bearing NSCLC intracranial tumors. GABA(A) receptor activation stimulates a selective-autophagic response via multimerization of GABA(A) Receptor-Associated Protein (GABARAP), stabilization of mitochondrial receptor Nix, and utilization of ubiquitin-binding protein p62. A targeted-peptide disrupting Nix binding to GABARAP inhibits AM-101 cytotoxicity. This supports a model of GABA(A) receptor activation driving a GABARAP-Nix multimerization axis triggering autophagy. In patients receiving radiotherapy, GABA(A) receptor activation may improve tumor control while allowing radiation dose de-intensification to reduce toxicity. Highlights Activating GABA(A) receptors intrinsic to lung primary and metastatic brain cancer cells triggers a cytotoxic response. GABA(A) receptor activation works as well as chemotherapeutic docetaxel in impairing lung cancer viability ex vivo . GABA(A) receptor activation increases survival of mice bearing lung metastatic brain tumors.A selective-autophagic response is stimulated by GABA(A) receptor activation that includes multimerization of GABARAP and Nix.Employing a new nanomolar affinity peptide that abrogates autophagosome formation inhibits cytotoxicity elicited by GABA(A) receptor activation.
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9
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Ye Y, Tyndall ER, Bui V, Bewley MC, Wang G, Hong X, Shen Y, Flanagan JM, Wang HG, Tian F. Multifaceted membrane interactions of human Atg3 promote LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugation during autophagy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5503. [PMID: 37679347 PMCID: PMC10485044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome formation, a crucial step in macroautophagy (autophagy), requires the covalent conjugation of LC3 proteins to the amino headgroup of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids. Atg3, an E2-like enzyme, catalyzes the transfer of LC3 from LC3-Atg3 to PEs in targeted membranes. Here we show that the catalytically important C-terminal regions of human Atg3 (hAtg3) are conformationally dynamic and directly interact with the membrane, in collaboration with its N-terminal membrane curvature-sensitive helix. The functional relevance of these interactions was confirmed by in vitro conjugation and in vivo cellular assays. Therefore, highly curved phagophoric rims not only serve as a geometric cue for hAtg3 recruitment, but also their interaction with hAtg3 promotes LC3-PE conjugation by targeting its catalytic center to the membrane surface and bringing substrates into proximity. Our studies advance the notion that autophagosome biogenesis is directly guided by the spatial interactions of Atg3 with highly curved phagophoric rims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Erin R Tyndall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Van Bui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Maria C Bewley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Guifang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xupeng Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yang Shen
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John M Flanagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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10
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Alrosan AZ, Alrosan K, Heilat GB, Alsharedeh R, Abudalo R, Oqal M, Alqudah A, Elmaghrabi YA. Potential roles of NEDD4 and NEDD4L and their utility as therapeutic targets in high‑incidence adult male cancers (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 19:68. [PMID: 37614371 PMCID: PMC10442760 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The term 'cancer' refers to >100 disorders that progressively manifest over time and are characterized by uncontrolled cell division. Although malignant growth can occur in virtually any human tissue, the underlying mechanisms underlying all forms of cancer are consistent. The International Agency for Research on Cancer's annual GLOBOCAN 2020 report provided an update on the global cancer incidence and mortality. Excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, the report predicts that there will be 19.3 million new cancer cases and >10 million cancer-related fatalities in 2023. Lung, prostate, and colon cancers are the most prevalent and lethal cancers in males. It was recognized that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are necessary for almost all cellular biological processes, as well as in cancer development and metastasis to other bodily organs. Thus, PTMs have a considerable impact on how proteins behave. Various PTMs may have harmful roles by affecting the hallmarks of cancer, metabolism and the regulation of the tumor microenvironment. PTMs and genetic changes/mutations are essential in carcinogenesis and cancer development. A pivotal PTM mechanism is protein ubiquitination. Of note, the rate-limiting stage of the protein ubiquitination cascade is hypothesized to be E3-ligase-mediated ubiquitination. Numerous studies revealed that the neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4 (NEDD4) E3 ligase is among the E3 ubiquitin ligases that have essential roles in cellular processes. It regulates protein degradation and substrate ubiquitination. In addition, it has been shown that NEDD4 primarily functions as an oncogene in various malignancies but can also act as a tumor suppressor in certain types of tumor. In the present review, the roles of NEDD4 as an anticancer protein in various high-incidence male malignancies and the significance of NEDD4 as a potential cancer therapeutic target are discussed. In addition, the targeting of NEDD4 as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human malignancies is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Z. Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Khaled Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Ghaith B. Heilat
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, The Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Rawan Alsharedeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Rawan Abudalo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Muna Oqal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Abdelrahim Alqudah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
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11
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Shen C, Wei C, Wu Y. Barley yellow dwarf Virus-GAV movement protein activating wheat TaATG6-Mediated antiviral autophagy pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107771. [PMID: 37247558 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV (BYDV-GAV) is a highly destructive virus that is transmitted by aphids and can cause substantial yield losses in crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa). Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation process that eliminates damaged or harmful intracellular substances during stress conditions or specific developmental processes. However, the mechanism of autophagy involved in disease resistance in wheat remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that BYDV-GAV infection could induces the upregulation of genes related to the autophagy pathway in wheat, accompanied by the production of autophagosomes. Furthermore, we confirmed the direct interaction between the viral movement protein (MP) and wheat autophagy-related gene 6 (TaATG6) both in vivo and in vitro. Through yeast function complementation experiments, we determined that TaATG6 can restore the autophagy function in a yeast mutant, atg6. Additionally, we identified the interaction between TaATG6 and TaATG8, core factors of the autophagic pathway, using the yeast two-hybrid system. TaATG6 and TaATG8-silenced wheat plants exhibited a high viral content. Overall, our findings suggest that wheat can recognize BYDV-GAV infection and activate the MP-TaATG6-TaATG8 regulatory network of defense responses through the induction of the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shen
- Shaannan Eco-economy Research Center, Ankang University, 725000, Ankang, China.
| | - Caiyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China
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12
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Pizzimenti C, Fiorentino V, Franchina M, Martini M, Giuffrè G, Lentini M, Silvestris N, Di Pietro M, Fadda G, Tuccari G, Ieni A. Autophagic-Related Proteins in Brain Gliomas: Role, Mechanisms, and Targeting Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092622. [PMID: 37174088 PMCID: PMC10177137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review focuses on the phenomenon of autophagy, a catabolic cellular process, which allows for the recycling of damaged organelles, macromolecules, and misfolded proteins. The different steps able to activate autophagy start with the formation of the autophagosome, mainly controlled by the action of several autophagy-related proteins. It is remarkable that autophagy may exert a double role as a tumour promoter and a tumour suppressor. Herein, we analyse the molecular mechanisms as well as the regulatory pathways of autophagy, mainly addressing their involvement in human astrocytic neoplasms. Moreover, the relationships between autophagy, the tumour immune microenvironment, and glioma stem cells are discussed. Finally, an excursus concerning autophagy-targeting agents is included in the present review in order to obtain additional information for the better treatment and management of therapy-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pizzimenti
- Translational Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariausilia Franchina
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giuffrè
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Oncology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Martina Di Pietro
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Oncology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Fadda
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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13
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Sun Q, Li X, Kuang E. Subversion of autophagy machinery and organelle-specific autophagy by SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses. Autophagy 2023; 19:1055-1069. [PMID: 36005882 PMCID: PMC10012907 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2116677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new emerging severe coronavirus, the knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 remains very limited, whereas many concepts can be learned from the homologous coronaviruses. Macroautophagy/autophagy is finely regulated by SARS-CoV-2 infection and plays important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. This review will explore the subversion and mechanism of the autophagy-related machinery, vacuoles and organelle-specific autophagy during infection of SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses to provide meaningful insights into the autophagy-related therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases of SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Sun
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- College of Clinic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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Peng B, Li J, Yan Y, Liu Y, Liang Q, Liu W, Thakur A, Zhang K, Xu Z, Wang J, Zhang F. Non-coding RNAs: The recently accentuated molecules in the regulation of cell autophagy for ovarian cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic response. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1162045. [PMID: 37063265 PMCID: PMC10102359 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1162045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-recycling and conserved process, in which the senescent cytoplasmic components are degraded in cells and then recycled to maintain homeostatic balance. Emerging evidence has suggested the involvement of autophagy in oncogenesis and progression of various cancers, such as ovarian cancer (OC). Meanwhile, the non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) frequently regulate the mRNA transcription and other functional signaling pathways in cell autophagy, displaying promising roles in human cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic response. This article mainly reviews the cutting-edge research advances about the interactions between ncRNAs and autophagy in OC. This review not only summarizes the underlying mechanisms of dynamic ncRNA-autophagy association in OC, but also discusses their prognostic implications and therapeutic biomarkers. The aim of this review was to provide a more in-depth knowledge framework exploring the ncRNA-autophagy crosstalk and highlight the promising treatment strategies for OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Zhang,
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15
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de Ávila Narciso Gomes R, Marmolejo-Garza A, Haan FJ, García TM, Chen T, Mauthe M, Moreira Franco Parisotto YE, Murakami MM, Marie SKN, Baptista MS, Dolga AM, Trombetta-Lima M. Mitochondrial dysfunction mediates neuronal cell response to DMMB photodynamic therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119429. [PMID: 36608805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a process in which a photosensitizer (PS) is exposed to specific wavelengths and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which act within nanometers. The low invasive nature and directed cytotoxicity of this approach render it attractive to the treatment of different conditions, including the ones that affect the central nervous system (CNS). The effect of PDT on healthy neurons is one main concern over its use in the CNS, since neuronal-like cells were shown to be particularly sensitive to certain PSs. Among available PSs, 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) stands out as being resistant to reduction to its inactive leuco form and by being able to produce high levels of singlet‑oxygen. In this study, we aimed to investigate DMMB photodamage mechanisms in the hippocampal cell line HT22. Our results demonstrate that DMMB-PDT decrease in cell viability was linked with an increase in cell death and overall ROS production. Besides, it resulted in a significant increase in mitochondrial ROS production and decreased mitochondria membrane potential. Furthermore, DMMB-PDT significantly increased the presence of acidic autolysosomes, which was accompanied by an increase in ATG1 and ATG8 homologue GaBarap1 expression, and decreased DRAM1 expression. Taken together our results indicated that mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction underlie DMMB-PDT cytotoxicity in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael de Ávila Narciso Gomes
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Chemistry Institute, Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Garza
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Floris-Jan Haan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Mitchell García
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tingting Chen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mario Minor Murakami
- Medical School, Neurology Department, University of São Paulo (USP), 01246903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício S Baptista
- Chemistry Institute, Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marina Trombetta-Lima
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
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16
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Liu H, Sun J, Cheng X, Duan L, Guo S, Zhang Z, Wan J, Wang C, Zhi X, Yuan L, Wang H. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) protein expression via regulation of ATG4B. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28176. [PMID: 36163615 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a redox gasotransmitter. It has been shown that H2 S has a key role in host antiviral defense by inhibiting interleukin production and S-sulfhydrating Keap1 lead to Nrf2/ARE pathway activation. However, it is yet unclear whether H2 S can play an antiviral role by regulating autophagy. In this study, we found that exogenous H2 S decreased the expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) protein and HTLV-1 induced autophagosomes accumulation. Transmission electron microscope assays indicated that autophagosomes accumulation decreased after H2 S administration. HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines had a high level of CSE (H2 S endogenous enzyme) which could be induced in Hela by HTLV-1 infection. Immunoblot demonstrated that overexpression of CSE inhibited HTLV-1 protein expression and autophagy. And we got the opposite after CSE knockdown. Meanwhile, H2 S could not restrain the autophagy when ATG4B had a mutant at its site of 89. In a word, these results suggested that H2 S modulated HTLV-1 protein expression via ATG4B. Therefore, our findings suggested a new mechanism by which H2 S defended against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huandi Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiaxiang Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangwei Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuaifeng Guo
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jia Wan
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chunduo Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhi
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Linghui Yuan
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical, University, Xinxiang, China
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17
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Picchianti L, Sedivy A, Dagdas Y. Characterization of ATG8-Family Interactors by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2581:149-176. [PMID: 36413317 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2784-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is the gold standard for providing quantitative and thermodynamic understanding of the interaction mechanisms between core autophagy machinery, autophagy receptors, and ATG8. Here, we used two model peptides and Arabidopsis thaliana ATG8A to characterize ATG8-peptide interactions. We employed ITC using three different methods (direct ligand titration, displacement, and competition assays) to characterize, directly and indirectly, the interaction of the peptides with ATG8. We then analyzed the ITC data by global and statistical methods and discussed advantages, drawbacks, and negative controls for each approach. We finally provide a thorough description of all the steps, including data analysis and presentation, preparation of recombinant ATG8A from E. coli, and troubleshooting notes for technical problems that can be encountered. Although we used ATG8-peptide interactions here, these assays can be applied to any other one-to-one protein-protein and ligand-protein interactions and competitive binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Picchianti
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Arthur Sedivy
- Protein Technologies, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Inactive Proteasomes Routed to Autophagic Turnover Are Confined within the Soluble Fraction of the Cell. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010077. [PMID: 36671462 PMCID: PMC9855985 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that dysfunctional yeast proteasomes accumulate in the insoluble protein deposit (IPOD), described as the final deposition site for amyloidogenic insoluble proteins and that this compartment also mediates proteasome ubiquitination, a prerequisite for their targeted autophagy (proteaphagy). Here, we examined the solubility state of proteasomes subjected to autophagy as a result of their inactivation, or under nutrient starvation. In both cases, only soluble proteasomes could serve as a substrate to autophagy, suggesting a modified model whereby substrates for proteaphagy are dysfunctional proteasomes in their near-native soluble state, and not as previously believed, those sequestered at the IPOD. Furthermore, the insoluble fraction accumulating in the IPOD represents an alternative pathway, enabling the removal of inactive proteasomes that escaped proteaphagy when the system became saturated. Altogether, we suggest that the relocalization of proteasomes to soluble aggregates represents a general stage of proteasome recycling through autophagy.
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19
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Ding Q, Wang Y, Xia SW, Zhao F, Zhong JF, Wang HL, Chen KL. SIRT4 Expression Ameliorates the Detrimental Effect of Heat Stress via AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in BMECs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13307. [PMID: 36362094 PMCID: PMC9658231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 4 (SIRT4), a member of the SIRT family, has been reported to be a key factor involved in antioxidant defense in mitochondria. This study aimed to explore the potential molecular mechanism via which SIRT4 regulates heat stress-induced oxidative stress and lactoprotein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Our results showed that SIRT4 was significantly decreased in heat stressed mammary tissue. Depletion of SIRT4 in BMECs induced the generation of ROS, which, as exhibited by the decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, changed mitochondrial morphology through mediating protein and mRNA levels related to mitochondrial fission and fusion. Moreover, we found that depletion of SIRT4 or stress conditions inhibited the expression of milk proteins, as well as lipid and glucose synthesis-related genes, and activated the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Increased SIRT4 expression was found to have the opposite effect. However, blocking the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway could inhibit the regulatory function of SIRT4 in milk synthesis-related gene expression. In summary, our results suggest that SIRT4 may play critical roles in maintaining mammary gland function by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in dairy cows, indicating that SIRT4 may be a potential molecular target for curing heat stress-induced BMEC injury and low milk production in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hui-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming/Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kun-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming/Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
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20
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Rotimi DE, Singh SK. Interaction between apoptosis and autophagy in testicular function. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14602. [PMID: 36161318 DOI: 10.1111/and.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several processes including oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and autophagy are related to testicular function. Recent studies indicate that a crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy is essential in regulating testicular function. Autophagy and apoptosis communicate with each other in a complex way, allowing them to work for or against each other in testicular cell survival and death. Several xenobiotics especially endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have caused reproductive toxicity because of their potential to modify the rate of autophagy and trigger apoptosis. Therefore, the purpose of the present review was to shed light on how autophagy and apoptosis interact together in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilare E Rotimi
- SDG 03 Group - Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Shio Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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21
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Majeed ST, Majeed R, Andrabi KI. Expanding the view of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy pathway. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3257-3277. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Tahir Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology Central University of Kashmir Ganderbal Jammu and Kashmir India
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology University of Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Rabiya Majeed
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology University of Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
- Department of Biochemistry University of Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Khurshid I. Andrabi
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology University of Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
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22
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Baudot AD, Wang VMY, Leach JD, O’Prey J, Long JS, Paulus-Hock V, Lilla S, Thomson DM, Greenhorn J, Ghaffar F, Nixon C, Helfrich MH, Strathdee D, Pratt J, Marchesi F, Zanivan S, Ryan KM. Glycan degradation promotes macroautophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2111506119. [PMID: 35737835 PMCID: PMC9245654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111506119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy promotes cellular homeostasis by delivering cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes for degradation [Mizushima, Nat. Cell Biol. 20, 521-527 (2018)]. However, while most studies have focused on the mechanisms of protein degradation during this process, we report here that macroautophagy also depends on glycan degradation via the glycosidase, α-l-fucosidase 1 (FUCA1), which removes fucose from glycans. We show that cells lacking FUCA1 accumulate lysosomal glycans, which is associated with impaired autophagic flux. Moreover, in a mouse model of fucosidosis-a disease characterized by inactivating mutations in FUCA1 [Stepien et al., Genes (Basel) 11, E1383 (2020)]-glycan and autophagosome/autolysosome accumulation accompanies tissue destruction. Mechanistically, using lectin capture and mass spectrometry, we identified several lysosomal enzymes with altered fucosylation in FUCA1-null cells. Moreover, we show that the activity of some of these enzymes in the absence of FUCA1 can no longer be induced upon autophagy stimulation, causing retardation of autophagic flux, which involves impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion. These findings therefore show that dysregulated glycan degradation leads to defective autophagy, which is likely a contributing factor in the etiology of fucosidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice D. Baudot
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria M.-Y. Wang
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Josh D. Leach
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Jim O’Prey
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Jaclyn S. Long
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Viola Paulus-Hock
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Thomson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenhorn
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Ghaffar
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Nixon
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Miep H. Helfrich
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Pratt
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Marchesi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Tumour Cell Death and Autophagy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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23
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Wang H, Yang L, Liu M, Luo J. Protein post-translational modifications in the regulation of cancer hallmarks. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 30:529-547. [PMID: 35393571 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, the major mechanism of protein function regulation, play important roles in regulating a variety of cellular physiological and pathological processes. Although the classical PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and methylation, have been well studied, the emergence of many new modifications, such as succinylation, hydroxybutyrylation, and lactylation, introduces a new layer to protein regulation, leaving much more to be explored and wide application prospects. In this review, we will provide a broad overview of the significant roles of PTMs in regulating human cancer hallmarks through selecting a diverse set of examples, and update the current advances in the therapeutic implications of these PTMs in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Liqian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
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24
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Hasan A, Rizvi SF, Parveen S, Pathak N, Nazir A, Mir SS. Crosstalk Between ROS and Autophagy in Tumorigenesis: Understanding the Multifaceted Paradox. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852424. [PMID: 35359388 PMCID: PMC8960719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer formation is a highly regulated and complex process, largely dependent on its microenvironment. This complexity highlights the need for developing novel target-based therapies depending on cancer phenotype and genotype. Autophagy, a catabolic process, removes damaged and defective cellular materials through lysosomes. It is activated in response to stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are multifaceted molecules that drive several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. Moreover, autophagy also plays a dual role, initially inhibiting tumor formation but promoting tumor progression during advanced stages. Mounting evidence has suggested an intricate crosstalk between autophagy and ROS where they can either suppress cancer formation or promote disease etiology. This review highlights the regulatory roles of autophagy and ROS from tumor induction to metastasis. We also discuss the therapeutic strategies that have been devised so far to combat cancer. Based on the review, we finally present some gap areas that could be targeted and may provide a basis for cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Suroor Fatima Rizvi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sana Parveen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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25
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Huo Y, Sawant A, Tan Y, Mahdi AH, Li T, Ma H, Bhatt V, Yan R, Coleman J, Dreyfus CF, Guo JY, Mouradian MM, White E, Xia B. Tumor suppressor PALB2 maintains redox and mitochondrial homeostasis in the brain and cooperates with ATG7/autophagy to suppress neurodegeneration. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010138. [PMID: 35404932 PMCID: PMC9022806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The PALB2 tumor suppressor plays key roles in DNA repair and has been implicated in redox homeostasis. Autophagy maintains mitochondrial quality, mitigates oxidative stress and suppresses neurodegeneration. Here we show that Palb2 deletion in the mouse brain leads to mild motor deficits and that co-deletion of Palb2 with the essential autophagy gene Atg7 accelerates and exacerbates neurodegeneration induced by ATG7 loss. Palb2 deletion leads to elevated DNA damage, oxidative stress and mitochondrial markers, especially in Purkinje cells, and co-deletion of Palb2 and Atg7 results in accelerated Purkinje cell loss. Further analyses suggest that the accelerated Purkinje cell loss and severe neurodegeneration in the double deletion mice are due to excessive oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than DNA damage, and partially dependent on p53 activity. Our studies uncover a role of PALB2 in mitochondrial homeostasis and a cooperation between PALB2 and ATG7/autophagy in maintaining redox and mitochondrial homeostasis essential for neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Huo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Akshada Sawant
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Tan
- Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Amar H Mahdi
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tao Li
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hui Ma
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Run Yan
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jake Coleman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cheryl F Dreyfus
- Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jessie Yanxiang Guo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - M. Maral Mouradian
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Bing Xia
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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26
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Liu X, Jiang X, Sun H, Du J, Luo Y, Huang J, Qin L. Evaluating the Mode of Antifungal Action of Heat-Stable Antifungal Factor (HSAF) in Neurospora crassa. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030252. [PMID: 35330254 PMCID: PMC8951606 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF) isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes has shown a broad-spectrum of antifungal activities. However, little is known about its mode of action. In this study, we used the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa to investigate the antifungal mechanism of HSAF. We first used HSAF to treat the N. crassa strain at different time points. Spore germination, growth phenotype and differential gene expression analysis were conducted by utilizing global transcriptional profiling combined with genetic and physiological analyses. Our data showed that HSAF could significantly inhibit the germination and aerial hyphae growth of N. crassa. RNA-seq analysis showed that a group of genes, associated with cell wall formation and remodeling, were highly activated. Screening of N. crassa gene deletion mutants combined with scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that three fungal cell wall integrity-related genes played an important role in the interaction between N. crassa and L. enzymogens. In addition, Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), accompanied by confocal microscopy observation revealed that HSAF could trigger autophagy-mediated degradation and eventually result in cell death in N. crassa. The findings of this work provided new insights into the interactions between the predatory Lysobacter and its fungal prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.L.); (X.J.); (H.S.); (J.D.); (Y.L.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xianzhang Jiang
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.L.); (X.J.); (H.S.); (J.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Haowen Sun
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.L.); (X.J.); (H.S.); (J.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiawen Du
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.L.); (X.J.); (H.S.); (J.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuhang Luo
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.L.); (X.J.); (H.S.); (J.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.L.); (X.J.); (H.S.); (J.D.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (L.Q.)
| | - Lina Qin
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.L.); (X.J.); (H.S.); (J.D.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (L.Q.)
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Zhao M, Lian A, Zhong L, Guo R. The regulatory mechanism between lysosomes and mitochondria in the aetiology of cardiovascular diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13757. [PMID: 34978753 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated action among various organelles maintains cellular functions. For instance, mitochondria and lysosomes are the main organelles contributing to cellular metabolism and provide energy for cardiomyocyte contraction. They also provide essential signalling platforms in the cell that regulate many key processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death. Often, abnormalities in mitochondrial or lysosomal structures and functions bring about cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Although the communication between mitochondria and lysosomes throughout the cardiovascular system is intensely studied, the regulatory mechanisms have not been completely understood. Thus, we summarize the most recent studies related to mitochondria and lysosomes' role in CVDs and their potential connections and communications under cardiac pathophysiological conditions. Further, we discuss limitations and future perspectives regarding diagnosis, therapeutic strategies and drug discovery in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Zhao
- College of Life Sciences Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Andrew Lian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences Pomona California USA
| | - Li Zhong
- College of Life Sciences Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences Pomona California USA
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Life Sciences Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding China
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application College of Life Sciences Hebei University Baoding China
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28
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Lau N, Thomas DR, Lee YW, Knodler LA, Newton HJ. Perturbation of ATG16L1 function impairs the biogenesis of Salmonella and Coxiella replication vacuoles. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:235-251. [PMID: 34874584 PMCID: PMC8844213 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-bacterial autophagy, known as xenophagy, is a host innate immune response that targets invading pathogens for degradation. Some intracellular bacteria, such as the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), utilize effector proteins to interfere with autophagy. One such S. Typhimurium effector, SopF, inhibits recruitment of ATG16L1 to damaged Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs), thereby inhibiting the host xenophagic response. SopF is also required to maintain the integrity of the SCV during the early stages of infection. Here we show disruption of the SopF-ATG16L1 interaction leads to an increased proportion of cytosolic S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, SopF was utilized as a molecular tool to examine the requirement for ATG16L1 in the intracellular lifestyle of Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that requires a functional autophagy pathway to replicate efficiently and form a single, spacious vacuole called the Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). ATG16L1 is required for CCV expansion and fusion but does not influence C. burnetii replication. In contrast, SopF did not affect CCV formation or replication, demonstrating that the contribution of ATG16L1 to CCV biogenesis is via its role in autophagy, not xenophagy. This study highlights the diverse capabilities of bacterial effector proteins to dissect the molecular details of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lau
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R Thomas
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Wei Lee
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leigh A Knodler
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Hayley J Newton
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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TRAIL Triggers CRAC-Dependent Calcium Influx and Apoptosis through the Recruitment of Autophagy Proteins to Death-Inducing Signaling Complex. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010057. [PMID: 35011619 PMCID: PMC8750441 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively kills various cancer cell types, but also leads to the activation of signaling pathways that favor resistance to cell death. Here, we investigated the as yet unknown roles of calcium signaling and autophagy regulatory proteins during TRAIL-induced cell death in leukemia cells. Taking advantage of the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) project, we first found that leukemia patients present a unique TRAIL receptor gene expression pattern that may reflect their resistance to TRAIL. The exposure of NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells to TRAIL induces intracellular Ca2+ influx through a calcium release-activated channel (CRAC)-dependent mechanism, leading to an anti-apoptotic response. Mechanistically, we showed that upon TRAIL treatment, two autophagy proteins, ATG7 and p62/SQSTM1, are recruited to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and are essential for TRAIL-induced Ca2+ influx and cell death. Importantly, the treatment of NB4 cells with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) led to the upregulation of p62/SQSTM1 and caspase-8 and, when added prior to TRAIL stimulation, significantly enhanced DISC formation and the apoptosis induced by TRAIL. In addition to uncovering new pleiotropic roles for autophagy proteins in controlling the calcium response and apoptosis triggered by TRAIL, our results point to novel therapeutic strategies for sensitizing leukemia cells to TRAIL.
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30
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Jamali L, Sadeghi H, Ghasemi MR, Mohseni R, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Yassaee VR, Larki P, Zali MR, Mirfakhraie R. Autophagy ATG16L1 rs2241880 impacts the colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 36:e24169. [PMID: 34894411 PMCID: PMC8761398 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite many efforts to discover the important role of the autophagy process in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), the exact involved molecular mechanism still remains to be elucidated. Recently, a limited number of studies have been employed to discover the impact of autophagy genes’ variants on the development and progression of CRC. Here, we evaluated the association between two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the main components of the autophagy genes, ATG16L1 rs2241880, and ATG5 rs1475270, and the CRC risk in an Iranian population. Methods During this investigation, a total of 369 subjects, including 179 CRC patients and 190 non‐cancer controls have been genotyped using Tetra‐primer amplification refractory mutation system‐polymerase chain reaction (TP‐ARMS‐PCR) method. Result The results demonstrated that the T allele of the ATG16L1 rs2241880 was significantly associated with the increased risk of CRC in the studied population (OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.21–2.22, p = 0.0015). Moreover, ATG16L1 rs2241880 TT genotype increased the susceptibility to CRC (OR 3.31, 95% CI: 1.64–6.69, p = 0.0008). Furthermore, a significant association was observed under the recessive and dominant inheritance models (p = 0.0015 and p = 0.017, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found in the ATG5 rs1475270 alleles and genotypes between the cases and controls. Conclusion The results of the present study may be helpful concerning the risk stratification in CRC patients based on the genotyping approach of autophagy pathways and emphasize the need for further investigations among different populations and ethnicities to refine our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jamali
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roohollah Mohseni
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Yassaee
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Larki
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirfakhraie
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Yang M, Wang L, Chen C, Guo X, Lin C, Huang W, Chen L. Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-related genes in Medicago truncatula highlights their roles in seed development and response to drought stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22933. [PMID: 34824334 PMCID: PMC8616919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process of degradation of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotes. It is involved in the growth and development of plants, as well as in biotic and abiotic stress response. Although autophagy-related (ATG) genes have been identified and characterized in many plant species, little is known about this process in Medicago truncatula. In this study, 39 ATGs were identified, and their gene structures and conserved domains were systematically characterized in M. truncatula. Many cis-elements, related to hormone and stress responsiveness, were identified in the promoters of MtATGs. Phylogenetic and interaction network analyses suggested that the function of MtATGs is evolutionarily conserved in Arabidopsis and M. truncatula. The expression of MtATGs, at varied levels, was detected in all examined tissues. In addition, most of the MtATGs were highly induced during seed development and drought stress, which indicates that autophagy plays an important role in seed development and responses to drought stress in M. truncatula. In conclusion, this study gives a comprehensive overview of MtATGs and provides important clues for further functional analysis of autophagy in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chumin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xu Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chuanglie Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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32
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Weisheit S, Wegner CS, Ailte I, Radulovic M, Weyergang A, Kristian Selbo P, Brech A. Inhibiting autophagy increases the efficacy of low-dose photodynamic therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114837. [PMID: 34780750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rupture and permeabilization of endocytic vesicles can be triggered by various causes, such as pathogenic invasions, amyloid proteins, and silica crystals leading to cell death and degeneration. A cellular quality control process, called lysophagy was recently described to target damaged lysosomes for autophagic sequestration within isolation membranes in order to protect the cell from the consequences of lysosomal leakage. This protective process, however, might interfere with treatment conditions, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the intracellular drug delivery method photochemical internalization (PCI). PCI-induced permeabilization of endosomes and lysosomes is purposely triggered to release drugs that are sequestered in these organelles into the cytosol in order to synergistically kill cancer cells. Here, we show that photochemical treatment with the PCI-photosensitizer TPCS2a/fimaporfin results in both induction of autophagy and inhibition of the autophagic flux. The autophagic response is accompanied by recruitment of ubiquitin (Ubq), p62, and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) to damaged vesicles, marked by Galectin 3 (Gal3). Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis revealed a homogenously thick p62-positive layer surrounding these permeabilized vesicles. Although p62 seems to be important during the selective autophagic sequestration, we show that its presence is not essential for the effective removal of damaged vesicles or the recovery of the lysosomal content. An active autophagic response and the presence of p62, however, is important for cancer cells to survive low-dose TPCS2a-PDT. Thus, targeting both p62 and autophagy together and independently, in a light-controlled/PCI based delivery of cancer therapeutics could increase the effectiveness of the treatment regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Weisheit
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine S Wegner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ieva Ailte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
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Non-coding RNA-mediated autophagy in cancer: A protumor or antitumor factor? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188642. [PMID: 34715268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, usually referred to as macroautophagy, is a cytoprotective behavior that helps cells, especially cancer cells, escape crises. However, the role of autophagy in cancer remains controversial. The induction of autophagy is favorable for tumor growth, as it can degrade damaged cell components accumulated during nutrient deficiency, chemotherapy, or other stresses in a timely manner. Whereas the antitumor effect of autophagy might be closely related to its crosstalk with metabolism, immunomodulation, and other pathways. Recent studies have verified that lncRNAs and circRNAs modulate autophagy in carcinogenesis, cancer cells proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and chemoresistance via multiple mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of the regulatory relationships between ncRNAs and autophagy in cancer might resolve chemoresistance and also offer intervention strategies for cancer therapy. This review systematically displays the regulatory effects of lncRNAs and circRNAs on autophagy in the contexts of cancer initiation, progression, and resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy and provides a novel insight into cancer therapy.
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Al-Luhaibi ZII, Dernovics Á, Seprényi G, Ayaydin F, Boldogkői Z, Veréb Z, Megyeri K. IL-36α and Lipopolysaccharide Cooperatively Induce Autophagy by Triggering Pro-Autophagic Biased Signaling. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1541. [PMID: 34829770 PMCID: PMC8615041 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that controls infections both directly and indirectly via its multifaceted effects on the innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been reported that LPS stimulates this cellular process, whereas the effect of IL-36α on autophagy remains largely unknown. We therefore investigated how IL-36α modulates the endogenous and LPS-induced autophagy in THP-1 cells. The levels of LC3B-II and autophagic flux were determined by Western blotting. The intracellular localization of LC3B was measured by immunofluorescence assay. The activation levels of signaling pathways implicated in autophagy regulation were evaluated by using a phosphokinase array. Our results showed that combined IL-36α and LPS treatment cooperatively increased the levels of LC3B-II and Beclin-1, stimulated the autophagic flux, facilitated intracellular redistribution of LC3B, and increased the average number of autophagosomes per cell. The IL36α/LPS combined treatment increased phosphorylation of STAT5a/b, had minimal effect on the Akt/PRAS40/mTOR pathway, and reduced the levels of phospho-Yes, phospho-FAK, and phospho-WNK1. Thus, this cytokine/PAMP combination triggers pro-autophagic biased signaling by several mechanisms and thus cooperatively stimulates the autophagic cascade. An increased autophagic activity of innate immune cells simultaneously exposed to IL-36α and LPS may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid I. I. Al-Luhaibi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.I.I.A.-L.); (Á.D.)
| | - Áron Dernovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.I.I.A.-L.); (Á.D.)
| | - György Seprényi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Kossuth L. sgt. 40, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM) Nonprofit Ltd., Római krt. 21, H-6723 Szeged, Hungary;
- Biological Research Centre, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi Béla u. 4, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Klára Megyeri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.I.I.A.-L.); (Á.D.)
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35
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Fas BA, Maiani E, Sora V, Kumar M, Mashkoor M, Lambrughi M, Tiberti M, Papaleo E. The conformational and mutational landscape of the ubiquitin-like marker for autophagosome formation in cancer. Autophagy 2021; 17:2818-2841. [PMID: 33302793 PMCID: PMC8525936 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1847443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular process to recycle damaged cellular components, and its modulation can be exploited for disease treatments. A key autophagy player is the ubiquitin-like protein MAP1LC3B/LC3B. Mutations and changes in MAP1LC3B expression occur in cancer samples. However, the investigation of the effects of these mutations on MAP1LC3B protein structure is still missing. Despite many LC3B structures that have been solved, a comprehensive study, including dynamics, has not yet been undertaken. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed nine physical models for biomolecular simulations for their capabilities to describe the structural ensemble of MAP1LC3B. With the resulting MAP1LC3B structural ensembles, we characterized the impact of 26 missense mutations from pan-cancer studies with different approaches, and we experimentally validated our prediction for six variants using cellular assays. Our findings shed light on damaging or neutral mutations in MAP1LC3B, providing an atlas of its modifications in cancer. In particular, P32Q mutation was found detrimental for protein stability with a propensity to aggregation. In a broader context, our framework can be applied to assess the pathogenicity of protein mutations or to prioritize variants for experimental studies, allowing to comprehensively account for different aspects that mutational events alter in terms of protein structure and function.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; Cα: alpha carbon; CG: coarse-grained; CHARMM: Chemistry at Harvard macromolecular mechanics; CONAN: contact analysis; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; FYCO1: FYVE and coiled-coil domain containing 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GROMACS: Groningen machine for chemical simulations; HP: hydrophobic pocket; LIR: LC3 interacting region; MAP1LC3B/LC3B microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 B; MD: molecular dynamics; OPTN: optineurin; OSF: open software foundation; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine, PLEKHM1: pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M 1; PSN: protein structure network; PTM: post-translational modification; SA: structural alphabet; SLiM: short linear motif; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Aykac Fas
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emiliano Maiani
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valentina Sora
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maliha Mashkoor
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Lambrughi
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Tiberti
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Disease Systems Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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Plaza-Sirvent C, Zhao B, Bronietzki AW, Pils MC, Tafrishi N, Schuster M, Strowig T, Schmitz I. A Central Role for Atg5 in Microbiota-Dependent Foxp3 + RORγt + Treg Cell Preservation to Maintain Intestinal Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705436. [PMID: 34512629 PMCID: PMC8427596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic pathway that ensures the degradation of intracellular components. The autophagic pathway is regulated by autophagy-related (Atg) proteins that govern formation of double-membraned vesicles called autophagosomes. Autophagy deficiency in regulatory T (Treg) cells leads to increased apoptosis of these cells and to the development of autoimmune disorders, predominantly characterized by intestinal inflammation. Recently, RORγt-expressing Treg cells have been identified as key regulators of gut homeostasis, preventing intestinal immunopathology. To study the role of autophagy in RORγt+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, we generated mice lacking the essential component of the core autophagy machinery Atg5 in Foxp3+ cells. Atg5 deficiency in Treg cells led to a predominant intestinal inflammation. While Atg5-deficient Treg cells were reduced in peripheral lymphoid organs, the intestinal RORγt+ Foxp3+ subpopulation of Treg cells was most severely affected. Our data indicated that autophagy is essential to maintain the intestinal RORγt+ Foxp3+ Treg population, thereby protecting the mice from gut inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Plaza-Sirvent
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bei Zhao
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alisha W Bronietzki
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marina C Pils
- Mouse Pathology Platform, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Neda Tafrishi
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Schuster
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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37
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Strong LM, Chang C, Riley JF, Boecker CA, Flower TG, Buffalo CZ, Ren X, Stavoe AK, Holzbaur EL, Hurley JH. Structural basis for membrane recruitment of ATG16L1 by WIPI2 in autophagy. eLife 2021; 10:70372. [PMID: 34505572 PMCID: PMC8455133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic cargo by engulfing it in a double-membrane vesicle, known as the autophagosome, and delivering it to the lysosome. The ATG12-5-16L1 complex is responsible for conjugating members of the ubiquitin-like ATG8 protein family to phosphatidylethanolamine in the growing autophagosomal membrane, known as the phagophore. ATG12-5-16L1 is recruited to the phagophore by a subset of the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding seven-bladedß -propeller WIPI proteins. We determined the crystal structure of WIPI2d in complex with the WIPI2 interacting region (W2IR) of ATG16L1 comprising residues 207-230 at 1.85 Å resolution. The structure shows that the ATG16L1 W2IR adopts an alpha helical conformation and binds in an electropositive and hydrophobic groove between WIPI2 ß-propeller blades 2 and 3. Mutation of residues at the interface reduces or blocks the recruitment of ATG12-5-16 L1 and the conjugation of the ATG8 protein LC3B to synthetic membranes. Interface mutants show a decrease in starvation-induced autophagy. Comparisons across the four human WIPIs suggest that WIPI1 and 2 belong to a W2IR-binding subclass responsible for localizing ATG12-5-16 L1 and driving ATG8 lipidation, whilst WIPI3 and 4 belong to a second W34IR-binding subclass responsible for localizing ATG2, and so directing lipid supply to the nascent phagophore. The structure provides a framework for understanding the regulatory node connecting two central events in autophagy initiation, the action of the autophagic PI 3-kinase complex on the one hand and ATG8 lipidation on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Strong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Chunmei Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Julia F Riley
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - C Alexander Boecker
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Thomas G Flower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Cosmo Z Buffalo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Andrea Kh Stavoe
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, United States
| | - Erika Lf Holzbaur
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
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38
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Brinck Andersen NS, Jørgensen SE, Skipper KA, Larsen SM, Heinz J, Thomsen MM, Farahani E, Cai Y, Hait AS, Kay L, Giehm Mikkelsen J, Høgsbjerg Schleimann M, Thomsen MK, Paludan SR, Mogensen TH. Essential role of autophagy in restricting poliovirus infection revealed by identification of an ATG7 defect in a poliomyelitis patient. Autophagy 2021; 17:2449-2464. [PMID: 33016799 PMCID: PMC8496727 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1831800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralytic poliomyelitis is a rare disease manifestation following poliovirus (PV) infection. The disease determinants remain largely unknown. We used whole exome sequencing to uncover possible contributions of host genetics to the development of disease outcome in humans with poliomyelitis. We identified a patient with a variant in ATG7, an important regulatory gene in the macroautophagy/autophagy pathway. PV infection did not induce a prominent type I interferon response, but rather activated autophagy in neuronal-like cells, and this was essential for viral control. Importantly, virus-induced autophagy was impaired in patient fibroblasts and associated with increased viral burden and enhanced cell death following infection. Lack of ATG7 prevented control of infection in neuronal-like cells, and reconstitution of patient cells with wild-type ATG7 reestablished autophagy-mediated control of infection. Collectively, these data suggest that ATG7 defect contributes to host susceptibility to PV infection and propose autophagy as an unappreciated antiviral effector in viral infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna-Sophie Brinck Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sofie Eg Jørgensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Müller Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Johanna Heinz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michelle Mølgaard Thomsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ensieh Farahani
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yujia Cai
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alon Schneider Hait
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lise Kay
- Department of poliomyelitis survivors, Specialhospitalet, Værløse, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
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39
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Sabli IK, Sancho-Shimizu V. Inborn errors of autophagy and infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:272-276. [PMID: 34371322 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental component of cell-autonomous immunity, targeting intracellular pathogens including viruses and cytosolic bacteria to lysosomes for degradation. Genetic mutations in components of the autophagy pathway result in autoinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. We focus on recent developments through the newly discovered inborn errors of autophagy strictly predisposing to severe viral infections. These feature mutations in TBK1, ATG4A, MAP1LC3B2, and ATG7, leading to herpes encephalitis, recurrent lymphocytic meningitis, and paralytic poliomyelitis. We highlight how this enhances our understanding of autophagy mechanisms and its role in human viral disease. As we better understand the contribution of these genes to disease, we can aim to develop targeted therapies for enhanced infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Kd Sabli
- Dept of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK; Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Dept of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK; Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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40
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Chen W, Shen T, Wang L, Lu K. Oligomerization of Selective Autophagy Receptors for the Targeting and Degradation of Protein Aggregates. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081989. [PMID: 34440758 PMCID: PMC8394947 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective targeting and disposal of solid protein aggregates are essential for cells to maintain protein homoeostasis. Autophagy receptors including p62, NBR1, Cue5/TOLLIP (CUET), and Tax1-binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1) proteins function in selective autophagy by targeting ubiquitinated aggregates through ubiquitin-binding domains. Here, we summarize previous beliefs and recent findings on selective receptors in aggregate autophagy. Since there are many reviews on selective autophagy receptors, we focus on their oligomerization, which enables receptors to function as pathway determinants and promotes phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Tianyun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence:
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41
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Linda K, Lewerissa EI, Verboven AHA, Gabriele M, Frega M, Klein Gunnewiek TM, Devilee L, Ulferts E, Hommersom M, Oudakker A, Schoenmaker C, van Bokhoven H, Schubert D, Testa G, Koolen DA, de Vries BBA, Nadif Kasri N. Imbalanced autophagy causes synaptic deficits in a human model for neurodevelopmental disorders. Autophagy 2021; 18:423-442. [PMID: 34286667 PMCID: PMC8942553 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1936777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a finely tuned process of programmed degradation and recycling of proteins and cellular components, which is crucial in neuronal function and synaptic integrity. Mounting evidence implicates chromatin remodeling in fine-tuning autophagy pathways. However, this epigenetic regulation is poorly understood in neurons. Here, we investigate the role in autophagy of KANSL1, a member of the nonspecific lethal complex, which acetylates histone H4 on lysine 16 (H4K16ac) to facilitate transcriptional activation. Loss-of-function of KANSL1 is strongly associated with the neurodevelopmental disorder Koolen-de Vries Syndrome (KdVS). Starting from KANSL1-deficient human induced-pluripotent stem cells, both from KdVS patients and genome-edited lines, we identified SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1), an antioxidant enzyme, to be significantly decreased, leading to a subsequent increase in oxidative stress and autophagosome accumulation. In KANSL1-deficient neurons, autophagosome accumulation at excitatory synapses resulted in reduced synaptic density, reduced GRIA/AMPA receptor-mediated transmission and impaired neuronal network activity. Furthermore, we found that increased oxidative stress-mediated autophagosome accumulation leads to increased MTOR activation and decreased lysosome function, further preventing the clearing of autophagosomes. Finally, by pharmacologically reducing oxidative stress, we could rescue the aberrant autophagosome formation as well as synaptic and neuronal network activity in KANSL1-deficient neurons. Our findings thus point toward an important relation between oxidative stress-induced autophagy and synapse function, and demonstrate the importance of H4K16ac-mediated changes in chromatin structure to balance reactive oxygen species- and MTOR-dependent autophagy. Abbreviations: APO: apocynin; ATG: autophagy related; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BSO: buthionine sulfoximine; CV: coefficient of variation; DIV: days in vitro; H4K16ac: histone 4 lysine 16 acetylation; iPSC: induced-pluripotent stem cell; KANSL1: KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1; KdVS: Koolen-de Vries Syndrome; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEA: micro-electrode array; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NSL complex: nonspecific lethal complex; 8-oxo-dG: 8-hydroxydesoxyguanosine; RAP: rapamycin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; sEPSCs: spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SYN: synapsin; WRT: wortmannin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Linda
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elly I Lewerissa
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk H A Verboven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Gabriele
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Teun M Klein Gunnewiek
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lynn Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edda Ulferts
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Hommersom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Oudakker
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Schoenmaker
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - David A Koolen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert B A de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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42
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Maruyama T, Alam JM, Fukuda T, Kageyama S, Kirisako H, Ishii Y, Shimada I, Ohsumi Y, Komatsu M, Kanki T, Nakatogawa H, Noda NN. Membrane perturbation by lipidated Atg8 underlies autophagosome biogenesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:583-593. [PMID: 34239122 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagosome biogenesis is an essential feature of autophagy. Lipidation of Atg8 plays a critical role in this process. Previous in vitro studies identified membrane tethering and hemi-fusion/fusion activities of Atg8, yet definitive roles in autophagosome biogenesis remained controversial. Here, we studied the effect of Atg8 lipidation on membrane structure. Lipidation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Atg8 on nonspherical giant vesicles induced dramatic vesicle deformation into a sphere with an out-bud. Solution NMR spectroscopy of Atg8 lipidated on nanodiscs identified two aromatic membrane-facing residues that mediate membrane-area expansion and fragmentation of giant vesicles in vitro. These residues also contribute to the in vivo maintenance of fragmented vacuolar morphology under stress in fission yeast, a moonlighting function of Atg8. Furthermore, these aromatic residues are crucial for the formation of a sufficient number of autophagosomes and regulate autophagosome size. Together, these data demonstrate that Atg8 can cause membrane perturbations that underlie efficient autophagosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomoyuki Fukuda
- Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shun Kageyama
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kirisako
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishii
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohsumi
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotake Kanki
- Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakatogawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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43
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Batara DCR, Choi MC, Shin HU, Kim H, Kim SH. Friend or Foe: Paradoxical Roles of Autophagy in Gliomagenesis. Cells 2021; 10:1411. [PMID: 34204169 PMCID: PMC8227518 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor median survival of approximately 15 months after diagnosis. Despite several decades of intensive research on its cancer biology, treatment for GBM remains a challenge. Autophagy, a fundamental homeostatic mechanism, is responsible for degrading and recycling damaged or defective cellular components. It plays a paradoxical role in GBM by either promoting or suppressing tumor growth depending on the cellular context. A thorough understanding of autophagy's pleiotropic roles is needed to develop potential therapeutic strategies for GBM. In this paper, we discussed molecular mechanisms and biphasic functions of autophagy in gliomagenesis. We also provided a summary of treatments for GBM, emphasizing the importance of autophagy as a promising molecular target for treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Carlo Ramos Batara
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (D.C.R.B.); (H.-U.S.)
| | - Moon-Chang Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Hyeon-Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (D.C.R.B.); (H.-U.S.)
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (D.C.R.B.); (H.-U.S.)
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44
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Constitutive and latent immune mechanisms exert 'silent' control of virus infections in the central nervous system. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:158-166. [PMID: 34062364 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to severe disease manifestations often mediated by a combination of viral cytopathic effects and immunopathology. Moreover, neuronal tissue and brain activities are highly sensitive to excessive inflammation that disturb homeostasis. Immune responses to virus infections in the CNS should therefore be tightly balanced and limited in magnitude and duration to avoid immunopathology and tissue damage. Recent data from genetic studies of patients with viral infections in the CNS as well as experimental cell and animal models have provided evidence of non-redundant roles for constitutive and latent immune mechanisms, which mediate a first line of antiviral control without significantly triggering inflammatory activities. Collectively, accumulating data suggest the existence of a layer of immune mechanisms in the CNS exerting immediate control of infection, hence buffering the need for activation of more potent immune reactions with inherent potential to induce immunopathology and disease.
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45
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Gatica D, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Klionsky DJ. The role of autophagy in cardiovascular pathology. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:934-950. [PMID: 33956077 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved catabolic recycling pathway in which cytoplasmic components are sequestered, degraded, and recycled to survive various stress conditions. Autophagy dysregulation has been observed and linked with the development and progression of several pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death in the developed world. In this review, we aim to provide a broad understanding of the different molecular factors that govern autophagy regulation and how these mechanisms are involved in the development of specific cardiovascular pathologies, including ischemic and reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Gatica
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile.,Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Santiago 7860201, Chile.,Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Filali-Mouncef Y, Hunter C, Roccio F, Zagkou S, Dupont N, Primard C, Proikas-Cezanne T, Reggiori F. The ménage à trois of autophagy, lipid droplets and liver disease. Autophagy 2021; 18:50-72. [PMID: 33794741 PMCID: PMC8865253 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1895658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagic pathways cross with lipid homeostasis and thus provide energy and essential building blocks that are indispensable for liver functions. Energy deficiencies are compensated by breaking down lipid droplets (LDs), intracellular organelles that store neutral lipids, in part by a selective type of autophagy, referred to as lipophagy. The process of lipophagy does not appear to be properly regulated in fatty liver diseases (FLDs), an important risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Here we provide an overview on our current knowledge of the biogenesis and functions of LDs, and the mechanisms underlying their lysosomal turnover by autophagic processes. This review also focuses on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a specific type of FLD characterized by steatosis, chronic inflammation and cell death. Particular attention is paid to the role of macroautophagy and macrolipophagy in relation to the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of the liver in NASH, as this disease has been associated with inappropriate lipophagy in various cell types of the liver.Abbreviations: ACAT: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; ACAC/ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ATG: autophagy related; AUP1: AUP1 lipid droplet regulating VLDL assembly factor; BECN1/Vps30/Atg6: beclin 1; BSCL2/seipin: BSCL2 lipid droplet biogenesis associated, seipin; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CREB1/CREB: cAMP responsive element binding protein 1; CXCR3: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3; DAGs: diacylglycerols; DAMPs: danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; DEN: diethylnitrosamine; DGAT: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase; DNL: de novo lipogenesis; EHBP1/NACSIN (EH domain binding protein 1); EHD2/PAST2: EH domain containing 2; CoA: coenzyme A; CCL/chemokines: chemokine ligands; CCl4: carbon tetrachloride; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; FA: fatty acid; FFAs: free fatty acids; FFC: high saturated fats, fructose and cholesterol; FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21; FITM/FIT: fat storage inducing transmembrane protein; FLD: fatty liver diseases; FOXO: forkhead box O; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GPAT: glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HDAC6: histone deacetylase 6; HECT: homologous to E6-AP C-terminus; HFCD: high fat, choline deficient; HFD: high-fat diet; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; ITCH/AIP4: itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; KCs: Kupffer cells; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; LDs: lipid droplets; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LEP/OB: leptin; LEPR/OBR: leptin receptor; LIPA/LAL: lipase A, lysosomal acid type; LIPE/HSL: lipase E, hormone sensitive type; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LSECs: liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; MAGs: monoacylglycerols; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAP3K5/ASK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MCD: methionine-choline deficient; MGLL/MGL: monoglyceride lipase; MLXIPL/ChREBP: MLX interacting protein like; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NAS: NAFLD activity score; NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NPC: NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter; NR1H3/LXRα: nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3; NR1H4/FXR: nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4; PDGF: platelet derived growth factor; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PLIN: perilipin; PNPLA: patatin like phospholipase domain containing; PNPLA2/ATGL: patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2; PNPLA3/adiponutrin: patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; PPARA/PPARα: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; PPARD/PPARδ: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta; PPARG/PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PPARGC1A/PGC1α: PPARG coactivator 1 alpha; PRKAA/AMPK: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SE: sterol esters; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SPART/SPG20: spartin; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SREBF1/SREBP1c: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1; TAGs: triacylglycerols; TFE3: transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TGFB1/TGFβ: transforming growth factor beta 1; Ub: ubiquitin; UBE2G2/UBC7: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 G2; ULK1/Atg1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; USF1: upstream transcription factor 1; VLDL: very-low density lipoprotein; VPS: vacuolar protein sorting; WIPI: WD-repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting; WDR: WD repeat domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Filali-Mouncef
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Hunter
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Federica Roccio
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stavroula Zagkou
- Adjuvatis, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR 5305, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Singh N, Miner A, Hennis L, Mittal S. Mechanisms of temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma - a comprehensive review. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:17-43. [PMID: 34337348 PMCID: PMC8319838 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults and has an exceedingly low median overall survival of only 15 months. Current standard-of-care for GBM consists of gross total surgical resection followed by radiation with concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-choice chemotherapeutic agent in GBM; however, the development of resistance to TMZ often becomes the limiting factor in effective treatment. While O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repair activity and uniquely resistant populations of glioma stem cells are the most well-known contributors to TMZ resistance, many other molecular mechanisms have come to light in recent years. Key emerging mechanisms include the involvement of other DNA repair systems, aberrant signaling pathways, autophagy, epigenetic modifications, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicle production. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the clinically relevant molecular mechanisms and their extensive interconnections to better inform efforts to combat TMZ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| | - Alexandra Miner
- Division of Neurosurgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| | - Lauren Hennis
- Division of Neurosurgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Division of Neurosurgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Carilion Clinic - Neurosurgery, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
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48
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Suares A, Medina MV, Coso O. Autophagy in Viral Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:603224. [PMID: 33763351 PMCID: PMC7982729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.603224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex degradative process by which eukaryotic cells capture cytoplasmic components for subsequent degradation through lysosomal hydrolases. Although this catabolic process can be triggered by a great variety of stimuli, action in cells varies according to cellular context. Autophagy has been previously linked to disease development modulation, including cancer. Autophagy helps suppress cancer cell advancement in tumor transformation early stages, while promoting proliferation and metastasis in advanced settings. Oncoviruses are a particular type of virus that directly contribute to cell transformation and tumor development. Extensive molecular studies have revealed complex ways in which autophagy can suppress or improve oncovirus fitness while still regulating viral replication and determining host cell fate. This review includes recent advances in autophagic cellular function and emphasizes its antagonistic role in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Suares
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Coso
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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49
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Suares A, Medina MV, Coso O. Autophagy in Viral Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.603224
expr 816899697 + 824303767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex degradative process by which eukaryotic cells capture cytoplasmic components for subsequent degradation through lysosomal hydrolases. Although this catabolic process can be triggered by a great variety of stimuli, action in cells varies according to cellular context. Autophagy has been previously linked to disease development modulation, including cancer. Autophagy helps suppress cancer cell advancement in tumor transformation early stages, while promoting proliferation and metastasis in advanced settings. Oncoviruses are a particular type of virus that directly contribute to cell transformation and tumor development. Extensive molecular studies have revealed complex ways in which autophagy can suppress or improve oncovirus fitness while still regulating viral replication and determining host cell fate. This review includes recent advances in autophagic cellular function and emphasizes its antagonistic role in cancer cells.
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50
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He YH, Tian G. Autophagy as a Vital Therapy Target for Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:518225. [PMID: 33643028 PMCID: PMC7902926 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.518225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that degrades and recycles superfluous organelles or damaged cellular contents. It has been found to have dual functions in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Many autophagy-related proteins are regarded as prognostic markers of RCC. Researchers have attempted to explore synthetic and phytochemical drugs for RCC therapy that target autophagy. In this review, we highlight the importance of autophagy in RCC and potential treatments related to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo Tian
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Intervention Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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