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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A. Adipose organ dysfunction and type 2 diabetes: Role of nitric oxide. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116043. [PMID: 38325496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Adipose organ, historically known as specialized lipid-handling tissue serving as the long-term fat depot, is now appreciated as the largest endocrine organ composed of two main compartments, i.e., subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT), madding up white and beige/brown adipocytes. Adipose organ dysfunction manifested as maldistribution of the compartments, hypertrophic, hypoxic, inflamed, and insulin-resistant AT, contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we highlight the role of nitric oxide (NO·) in AT (dys)function in relation to developing T2D. The key aspects determining lipid and glucose homeostasis in AT depend on the physiological levels of the NO· produced via endothelial NO· synthases (eNOS). In addition to decreased NO· bioavailability (via decreased expression/activity of eNOS or scavenging NO·), excessive NO· produced by inducible NOS (iNOS) in response to hypoxia and AT inflammation may be a critical interfering factor diverting NO· signaling to the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, resulting in AT and whole-body metabolic dysfunction. Pharmacological approaches boosting AT-NO· availability at physiological levels (by increasing NO· production and its stability), as well as suppression of iNOS-NO· synthesis, are potential candidates for developing NO·-based therapeutics in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Lluch A, Latorre J, Serena-Maione A, Espadas I, Caballano-Infantes E, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Oliveras-Cañellas N, Ricart W, Malagón MM, Martin-Montalvo A, Birchmeier W, Szymanski W, Graumann J, Gómez-Serrano M, Sommariva E, Fernández-Real JM, Ortega FJ. Impaired Plakophilin-2 in obesity breaks cell cycle dynamics to breed adipocyte senescence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5106. [PMID: 37607954 PMCID: PMC10444784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) is a key component of desmosomes, which, when defective, is known to promote the fibro-fatty infiltration of heart muscle. Less attention has been given to its role in adipose tissue. We report here that levels of PKP2 steadily increase during fat cell differentiation, and are compromised if adipocytes are exposed to a pro-inflammatory milieu. Accordingly, expression of PKP2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue diminishes in patients with obesity, and normalizes upon mild-to-intense weight loss. We further show defective PKP2 in adipocytes to break cell cycle dynamics and yield premature senescence, a key rheostat for stress-induced adipose tissue dysfunction. Conversely, restoring PKP2 in inflamed adipocytes rewires E2F signaling towards the re-activation of cell cycle and decreased senescence. Our findings connect the expression of PKP2 in fat cells to the physiopathology of obesity, as well as uncover a previously unknown defect in cell cycle and adipocyte senescence due to impaired PKP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Lluch
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Latorre
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Serena-Maione
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Espadas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Estefanía Caballano-Infantes
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Oliveras-Cañellas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María M Malagón
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martin-Montalvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Witold Szymanski
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Biochemical/Pharmacological Centre, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Biochemical/Pharmacological Centre, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - María Gómez-Serrano
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elena Sommariva
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - José M Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortega
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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“Ferrocrinology”—Iron Is an Important Factor Involved in Gluco- and Lipocrinology. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214693. [DOI: 10.3390/nu14214693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
“Ferrocrinology” is the term used to describe the study of iron effects on the functioning of adipose tissue, which together with muscle tissue makes the largest endocrine organ in the human body. By impairing exercise capacity, reducing AMP-activated kinase activity, and enhancing insulin resistance, iron deficiency can lead to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Due to impaired browning of white adipose tissue and reduced mitochondrial iron content in adipocytes, iron deficiency (ID) can cause dysfunction of brown adipose tissue. By reducing ketogenesis, aconitase activity, and total mitochondrial capacity, ID impairs muscle performance. Another important aspect is the effect of ID on the impairment of thermogenesis due to reduced binding of thyroid hormones to their nuclear receptors, with subsequently impaired utilization of norepinephrine in tissues, and impaired synthesis and distribution of cortisol, which all make the body’s reactivity to stress in ID more pronounced. Iron deficiency can lead to the development of the most common endocrinopathy, autoimmune thyroid disease. In this paper, we have discussed the role of iron in the cross-talk between glucocrinology, lipocrinology and myocrinology, with thyroid hormones acting as an active bystander.
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de Oliveira AM, de Freitas AFS, Costa MDDS, Torres MKDS, Castro YADA, Almeida AMR, Paiva PMG, Carvalho BM, Napoleão TH. Pilosocereus gounellei (Cactaceae) stem extract decreases insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardio-metabolic risk in diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113327. [PMID: 32871234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pilosocereus gounellei (xique-xique) is a popular cactus from Caatinga, traditionally used to counter inflammatory processes and indicated as a hypoglycemic agent. Previous studies have shown that mice treated orally with saline extract of P. gounellei stem (containing flavonoids and sugars) showed decreased serum lipid levels. AIM OF THE STUDY In this work, we evaluated whether this extract would have beneficial effects against hyperglycemia and inflammatory status related to obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Obese animals were treated daily per os with the extract (EXT; 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg), metformin (MET; 400 mg/kg), or saline solution (diet-induced obese, DIO) for 21 days. A group of non-obese animals served as the control. We evaluated lipid profile, glucose and insulin tolerance, atherogenic indices, histological alterations, cytokine levels, and oxidative stress in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. RESULTS At the end of the experiment, mice from EXT groups showed lower body weight and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides compared with the DIO group; in addition, HDL-cholesterol levels and glucose and insulin tolerance were similar to those of the control group. When compared with the DIO group, the extract-treated mice showed reduction in cardiac risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient, atherogenic index of plasma, and Castelli's Risk Index II; decrease in epididymal fat; reduction in steatosis, collagen deposition, and liver inflammation; lower serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1); inhibited lipid peroxidation; and increased superoxide dismutase levels in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. CONCLUSION The P. gounellei saline extract was able to improve physiological parameters of obese mice, which highlight the potential of this plant as source of compounds with biotechnological relevance for pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Macário de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Anderson Felipe Soares de Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Milena Damasceno de Souza Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Marília Kalinne da Silva Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Yasmim Alline de Araújo Castro
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Rampeloti Almeida
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Melo Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Barrea L, Gallo M, Ruggeri RM, Giacinto PD, Sesti F, Prinzi N, Adinolfi V, Barucca V, Renzelli V, Muscogiuri G, Colao A, Baldelli R. Nutritional status and follicular-derived thyroid cancer: An update. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:25-59. [PMID: 31997660 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1714542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer has been increasing in the last decades all over the world. Such a steady growth cannot be entirely attributable to more intensive thyroid nodule screening and more sensitive diagnostic procedures. Several environmental factors have changed with sufficient rapidity in the same time frame and may represent credible candidates for this increase. They include modified iodine intake, lifestyle-associated risk factors, exposure to various toxic compounds, pollutants and xenobiotics, nutritional deficiencies, eating habits and comorbidities. Foremost, nutritional patterns have gained high interest as possible promoters and modifiable risk factors for thyroid cancer in recent years. The aim of this narrative review is to focus on the relationship between thyroid cancer and nutritional factors, dietary habits and obesity. Low iodine intake has been associated to increased risk of thyroid cancer, favoring the development of more aggressive histotypes. Moreover, correction of iodine deficiency can shift thyroid cancer subtypes toward less aggressive forms, without affecting the overall risk for cancer. Actually, evidence regarding the association between selenium and vitamin D deficiency and thyroid cancer is very limited, despite their well-known anti-cancer potentials, and the clinical usefulness of their supplementation is still uncertain in this setting. Albeit the relationship between single foods and thyroid cancer is difficult to examine, fish and iodine-rich foods, vegetables, and fruits might exert protective effects on thyroid cancer risk. Conversely, no clear association has been found for other foods to date. Lastly, a clear association between obesity and the risk of thyroid cancer, with more aggressive behavior, seems to emerge from most studies, likely involving variations in thyroid function and chronic inflammation mediated by cytokines, insulin, leptin and adiponectins. Although no definite association between dietary factors and thyroid cancer has been firmly established so far, some nutritional patterns, together with excessive weight, seem to play a relevant role in thyroid cancer carcinogenesis as well as in its severity and aggressiveness. These effects may play an additive role to the well-established one exerted by environmental carcinogens, such as pollutants and radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Gallo
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Di Giacinto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Oncology and Medical Specialities, A.O. San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Franz Sesti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Natalie Prinzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milano, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Adinolfi
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, ASL Verbano Cusio Ossola, Domodossola, Italy
| | - Viola Barucca
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Renzelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Baldelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Oncology and Medical Specialities, A.O. San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
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Papadopulos NA, Wigand S, Kuntz N, Piringer M, Machens HG, Klüter H, Bieback K, Karagianni M. The Impact of Harvesting Systems and Donor Characteristics on Viability of Nucleated Cells in Adipose Tissue: A First Step Towards a Manufacturing Process. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:716-720. [PMID: 30817533 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue contains an abundant population of mesenchymal stromal cells (= adipose stromal cells [ASC]) with multilineage differentiation, immunomodulatory and trophic potential promising for cell-based therapies. Although intensely investigated in pre- and clinical studies, little is known about the impact of donor characteristics on the viability of ASC. To correlate patient data to the quality of processed adipose tissue and to establish a first step towards a manufacturing process for cell therapy, we evaluated the effects of 2 harvesting systems (LipiVage, TTF-System) and donor characteristics on cell viability of nucleated cells in a cohort of 44 samples obtained from 17 donors.The impact of donor-specific factors (localization, age, body-mass-index, chronic diseases, intake of drugs, nicotine consumption or disorders of the thyroid gland) and the harvesting system on nucleated cell (NC) counts and viability of processed lipoaspirates were statistically analyzed.Increasing age has a significant positive influence on NC viability (P = 0.001). Donors with intake of thyroid hormones based on a hypothyroidism and suctioned with the LipiVage-System reached a significantly higher viability of NC (P = 0.038). No statistical difference was shown between the 2 harvesting-systems (P = 0.338) and the donor sites (P = 0.294).We focused on a potential correlation between NC viability and donor characteristics. Based on the donor cohort investigated in this study, cells from elderly patients suctioned with the LipiVage-System and taking thyroid hormones yielded cells of higher viability, suggesting an improved quality for subsequent manufacturing procedures. Further investigations are necessary to understand and correlate this data to ASC in vitro characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Papadopulos
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Hand Surgery.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Alexandroupoli University General Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Harald Klüter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University
| | - Marianna Karagianni
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University
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Di Domenico M, Pinto F, Quagliuolo L, Contaldo M, Settembre G, Romano A, Coppola M, Ferati K, Bexheti-Ferati A, Sciarra A, Nicoletti GF, Ferraro GA, Boccellino M. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Hormones in Controlling Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 31456748 PMCID: PMC6701166 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of adipose tissue in the body occurs because the energy introduced with food and drink exceeds that expense, but to understand why this imbalance is established and why it is maintained over time, it is important to consider the main causes and risk factors of excess weight. In this review, we will refer to the main factors linked to obesity, starting from oxidative stress to hormonal factors including the role of obesity in breast cancer. Among the many hypotheses formulated on the etiopathology of obesity, a key role can be attributed to the relationship between stress oxidative and intestinal microbiota. Multiple evidences tend to show that genetic, epigenetic, and lifestyle factors contribute to determine in the obese an imbalance of the redox balance correlated with the alteration of the intestinal microbial flora. Obesity acts negatively on the wound healing, in fact several studies indicate morbid obesity significantly increased the risk of a post-operative wound complication and infection. Currently, in the treatment of obesity, medical interventions are aimed not only at modifying caloric intake, but also to modulate and improve the composition of diet with the aim of rebalancing the microbiota-redox state axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Federica Pinto
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Quagliuolo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Settembre
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Romano
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Coppola
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Kenan Ferati
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tetovo, Tetovo, Macedonia
| | | | - Antonella Sciarra
- Department of Translational Medicad Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Andrea Ferraro
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Andrea Ferraro
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Abstract
Propose Obesity is a fast growing epidemic worldwide. During obesity, the increase in adipose tissue mass arise from two different mechanisms, namely, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Hyperplasia which is the increase in adipocyte number is characteristic of severe obese patients. Recently, there has been much interest in targeting adipogenesis as therapeutic strategy against obesity. Flavonoids have been shown to regulate several pathways and affect a number of molecular targets during specific stages of adipocyte development. Methods Presently, we provide a review of key studies evaluating the effects of dietary flavonoids in different stages of adipocyte development with a particular emphasis on the investigations that explore the underlying mechanisms of action of these compounds in human or animal cell lines as well as animal models. Results Flavonoids have been shown to regulate several pathways and affect a number of molecular targets during specific stages of adipocyte development. Although most of the studies reveal anti-adipogenic effect of flavonoids, some flavonoids demonstrated proadipogenic effect in mesenchymal stem cells or preadipocytes. Conclusion The anti-adipogenic effect of flavonoids is mainly via their effect on regulation of several pathways such as induction of apoptosis, suppression of key adipogenic transcription factors, activation of AMPK and Wnt pathways, inhibition of clonal expansion, and cell-cycle arrest.
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9
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Maurizi G, Della Guardia L, Maurizi A, Poloni A. Adipocytes properties and crosstalk with immune system in obesity-related inflammation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:88-97. [PMID: 28181253 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a condition likely associated with several dysmetabolic conditions or worsening of cardiovascular and other chronic disturbances. A key role in this mechanism seem to be played by the onset of low-grade systemic inflammation, highlighting the importance of the interplay between adipocytes and immune system cells. Adipocytes express a complex and highly adaptive biological profile being capable to selectively activate different metabolic pathways in order to respond to environmental stimuli. It has been demonstrated how adipocytes, under appropriate stimulation, can easily differentiate and de-differentiate thereby converting themselves into different phenotypes according to metabolic necessities. Although underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, growing in adipocyte size and the inability of storing triglycerides under overfeeding conditions seem to be crucial for the switching to a dysfunctional metabolic profile, which is characterized by inflammatory and apoptotic pathways activation, and by the shifting to pro-inflammatory adipokines secretion. In obesity, changes in adipokines secretion along with adipocyte deregulation and fatty acids release into circulation contribute to maintain immune cells activation as well as their infiltration into regulatory organs. Over the well-established role of macrophages, recent findings suggest the involvement of new classes of immune cells such as T regulatory lymphocytes and neutrophils in the development inflammation and multi systemic worsening. Deeply understanding the pathways of adipocyte regulation and the de-differentiation process could be extremely useful for developing novel strategies aimed at curbing obesity-related inflammation and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maurizi
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucio Della Guardia
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Sperimentale e Forense, Unità di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Maurizi
- Chirurgia d'Urgenza e del Trauma, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria-Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonella Poloni
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Huttala O, Mysore R, Sarkanen JR, Heinonen T, Olkkonen VM, Ylikomi T. Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells in vitro into insulin-sensitive adipocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:63-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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López Navarro E, Ortega FJ, Francisco-Busquets E, Sabater-Masdeu M, Álvarez-Castaño E, Ricart W, Fernández-Real JM. Thyroid Hormone Receptors Are Differentially Expressed in Granulosa and Cervical Cells of Infertile Women. Thyroid 2016; 26:466-73. [PMID: 26715425 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones are known to exert an important role in reproduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of thyroid hormone receptors (TR) in granulosa (GC) and cervical cells (CC) of infertile euthyroid women. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 31 consecutive infertile and 18 fertile women undergoing oocyte retrieval procedures were investigated. The expression of TRα1, TRα2, and TRβ was evaluated in GCs and uterine CC from infertile and fertile euthyroid women. β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRβ2) mRNA levels and the expression of genes linked to fertility such as gremlin-1 (GREM1), hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) were also evaluated. RESULTS In GCs, the expression of the thyroid hormone receptor TRα2, which exerts a dominant negative effect, increased with age in all women tested. TRα2 mRNA was increased in infertile versus fertile women, in parallel to decreased ADRβ2 mRNA. As expected, the expression of genes associated with fertility (i.e., GREM1 and PTGS2) was downregulated in infertile women, in parallel to decreased ADRβ2 mRNA and increased TRα2 mRNA. In uterine CCs, a positive association of ADRβ2 mRNA with TRα1:TRα2 ratio was observed. Importantly, GCs from infertile women whose oocytes did not result in pregnancy had increased expression of TRα2 (p = 0.017) and lower ADRβ2 (p = 0.008), GREM1 (p = 0.003), and PTGS2 (p = 0.002) mRNAs than fertile women whose oocytes resulted in pregnancy. Infertile women also showed more TRα2 (p = 0.033) mRNA in CCs than fertile women whose oocytes resulted in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The expression of different markers of intracellular thyroid function is linked to fertility status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva López Navarro
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) , Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortega
- 2 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) , Girona, Spain
- 3 CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mònica Sabater-Masdeu
- 2 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) , Girona, Spain
- 3 CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Álvarez-Castaño
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) , Girona, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- 2 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) , Girona, Spain
- 3 CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Fernández-Real
- 2 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (UDEN), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) , Girona, Spain
- 3 CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Aggarwal S, Modi S, Jose T. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy leads to reduction in thyroxine requirement in morbidly obese patients with hypothyroidism. World J Surg 2015; 38:2628-31. [PMID: 24844659 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-014-2646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on various co-morbidities including type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and sleep apnea is well established. However, its effect on hypothyroidism has not been given due attention evidenced by the scant literature on the subject. The purpose of this report is to assess the change in thyroxine (T4) requirement in morbidly obese patients with clinical hypothyroidism after LSG. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of morbidly obese patients on T4 replacement therapy for clinical hypothyroidism who underwent LSG from August 2009 to July 2012 at our institution. RESULTS Of the 200 patients who underwent LSG during this period, 21 (10.5 %) were on T4 replacement therapy preoperatively for clinical hypothyroidism. Two patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining 19 patients were categorized into two groups. Group 1 comprised 13 patients with decreased T4 requirements after LSG. Group 2 comprised six patients in whom the T4 dose remained unaltered. The mean change in T4 requirement in group 1 was 42.07 % (12-100 %). Group 1 patients had a significantly higher mean preoperative body mass index (48.7 vs. 43.0 kg/m(2); p = 0.03) than the group 2 patients. There was a significant correlation between the percentage excess weight loss and the percentage change in T4 requirement in group 1 (r = 0.607, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Sleeve gastrectomy has a favorable impact on hypothyroid status as seen by a reduction in T4 requirement in the majority of morbidly obese patients with overt hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Aggarwal
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India,
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13
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Aggarwal S, Modi S, Jose T. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy leads to reduction in thyroxine requirement in morbidly obese patients with hypothyroidism. World J Surg 2015. [PMID: 24844659 DOI: 10.1007/s0026801426464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on various co-morbidities including type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and sleep apnea is well established. However, its effect on hypothyroidism has not been given due attention evidenced by the scant literature on the subject. The purpose of this report is to assess the change in thyroxine (T4) requirement in morbidly obese patients with clinical hypothyroidism after LSG. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of morbidly obese patients on T4 replacement therapy for clinical hypothyroidism who underwent LSG from August 2009 to July 2012 at our institution. RESULTS Of the 200 patients who underwent LSG during this period, 21 (10.5 %) were on T4 replacement therapy preoperatively for clinical hypothyroidism. Two patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining 19 patients were categorized into two groups. Group 1 comprised 13 patients with decreased T4 requirements after LSG. Group 2 comprised six patients in whom the T4 dose remained unaltered. The mean change in T4 requirement in group 1 was 42.07 % (12-100 %). Group 1 patients had a significantly higher mean preoperative body mass index (48.7 vs. 43.0 kg/m(2); p = 0.03) than the group 2 patients. There was a significant correlation between the percentage excess weight loss and the percentage change in T4 requirement in group 1 (r = 0.607, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Sleeve gastrectomy has a favorable impact on hypothyroid status as seen by a reduction in T4 requirement in the majority of morbidly obese patients with overt hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Aggarwal
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India,
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Ghoniem AA, Açil Y, Wiltfang J, Gierloff M. Improved adipogenic in vitro differentiation: comparison of different adipogenic cell culture media on human fat and bone stroma cells for fat tissue engineering. Anat Cell Biol 2015; 48:85-94. [PMID: 26140219 PMCID: PMC4488646 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2015.48.2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To date there is no sufficient in vitro fat tissue engineering and a protocol has not been well established for this purpose. Therefore, we evaluated the in vitro influence of two different adipogenic growth media for their stimulation potential on different cell lineages to clearly define the most potent adipogenic growth media for future in vitro tissue engineering approaches. The samples for differentiation were composed of human adipogenic-derived stroma cells (hADSCs) and human bone marrow mesenchymal stroma cells (hMSCs). A normal adipogenic medium (NAM) and a specific adipogenic medium (SAM) were tested for their adipogenic stimulation potential. After 10 days and 21 days the relative gene expression was measured for the adipogenic marker genes PPARγ2, C/EBPα, FABP4, LPL, and GLUT4 detected through real time reverse transcriptase polymease chain reaction (RT-PCR). Other study variables were the comparison between NAM and SAM and between the used cells hADSCs and hMSCs. Additionally an Oil-Red staining was performed after 21 days. Our results revealed that only SAM was significantly (P<0.05) superior in the differentiation process in contrast to NAM for 10 days and 21 days. As well was SAM superior to differentiate the used cell lineages. This was evaluated by the detected marker genes PPARγ2, C/EBPα, FABP4, LPL, and GLUT4 through real time RT-PCR and by Oil-Red staining. In addition, the hMSCs proofed to be equal donor cells for adipogenic differentiation especially when stimulated by SAM. The results suggest that the SAM should be established as a new standard medium for a more promising in vitro adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Alexander Ghoniem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yahya Açil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Wiltfang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Gierloff
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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Agarwal N, Balasubramanyam A. Viral mechanisms of adipose dysfunction: lessons from HIV-1 Vpr. Adipocyte 2015; 4:55-9. [PMID: 26167403 DOI: 10.4161/adip.29852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated lipodystrophy is a heterogeneous, evolving condition associated with fundamental defects in adipose tissue differentiation, turnover and function. Although many antiretroviral drugs can affect adipose tissues adversely, clinical evidence suggests that factors associated with the virus per se could play a role. We have focused on the possibility that an HIV accessory protein, viral protein R (Vpr) could dysregulate metabolically critical transcription factors to cause the adipose dysfunction. In a recent study published in Science Translational Medicine, we utilized 2 animal models to show that Vpr, produced in tissues that sequester HIV after antiretroviral therapy, can act in a paracrine or endocrine fashion to disrupt adipocyte differentiation and function by inhibiting PPARγ target gene expression and activating glucocorticoid target gene expression. The phenotypic consequences included many features typical of the human syndrome, including accelerated lipolysis, increased macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, diminished size of white adipose depots and hepatic steatosis. In this commentary, we summarize the background, results, and implications of these studies, and raise important questions for future investigation. More broadly, these studies suggest that chronic viral infections may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of some forms of lipid metabolic disease, insulin resistance, and diabetes.
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Miyaso H, Nakamura N, Naito M, Hirai S, Matsuno Y, Itoh M, Mori C. Early postnatal exposure to a low dose of decabromodiphenyl ether affects expression of androgen and thyroid hormone receptor-alpha and its splicing variants in mouse Sertoli cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114487. [PMID: 25479311 PMCID: PMC4257688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) adversely affects reproduction and development. Our previous study showed that postnatal exposure to a low dose of decaBDE (0.025 mg/kg body weight/day) by subcutaneous injection on postnatal days (PNDs) 1 through 5 leads to reductions in testicular size and number of Sertoli cells and sperm, while higher dose of decaBDE (2.5 mg/kg body weight/day) had no significant differences about these. In the present study, we examined the molecular mechanism of these effects on mouse testes following postnatal exposure to a low decaBDE dose. We hypothesized that postnatal exposure to decaBDE may alter levels of serum thyroid hormones (THs) and testosterone, or the level of TH receptor alpha (Thra) transcripts and its splicing variants and androgen receptor (Ar) in Sertoli cells, adversely affecting spermatogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we examined serum TH and testosterone levels and the levels of transcripts of the Ar, Thra and its splicing variants, and Thra splicing factors (Hnrnpa1, Srsf1, and Hnrnph1) with qPCR in isolated mouse Sertoli cells exposed postnatally to decaBDE (0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 mg/kg). Levels of serum testosterone and transcripts encoding Ar, Thra, and its variant, Thra1, declined significantly in Sertoli cells of mice exposed to 0.025 mg decaBDE/kg. No significant differences in serum TH level or Thra2, Hnrnph1, or Srsf1 transcript levels were observed between control and decaBDE-exposed mice. However, the Thra1:Thra2 and Hnrnpa1:Srsf1 ratios were altered in Sertoli cells of mice exposed to 0.025 mg decaBDE/kg but not in cells exposed to 0.25 or 2.5 mg decaBDE/kg. These results indicate that postnatal exposure to a low dose of decaBDE on PNDs 1 through 5 lowers the testosterone level and the levels of Ar and Thra transcripts in Sertoli cells, accompanied by an imbalance in the ratios of Thra splicing variants, resulting in smaller testicular size and impaired spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Miyaso
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Marshall University, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, United States of America
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hirai
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuno
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Mori
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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DiSilvestro D, Petrosino J, Aldoori A, Melgar-Bermudez E, Wells A, Ziouzenkova O. Enzymatic intracrine regulation of white adipose tissue. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2014; 19:39-55. [PMID: 25390015 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal fat formation has become a permanent risk factor for metabolic syndrome and various cancers in one-third of the world's population of obese and even lean patients. Formation of abdominal fat involves additional mechanisms beyond an imbalance in energy intake and expenditure, which explains systemic obesity. In this review, we briefly summarized autonomous regulatory circuits that locally produce hormones from inactive precursors or nutrients for intra-/auto-/paracrine signaling in white adipose depots. Enzymatic pathways activating steroid and thyroid hormones in adipose depots were compared with enzymatic production of retinoic acid from vitamin A. We discussed the role of intracrine circuits in fat-depot functions and strategies to reduce abdominal adiposity through thermogenic adipocytes with interrupted generation of retinoic acid.
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18
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Serrano M, Moreno M, Ortega FJ, Xifra G, Ricart W, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernández-Real JM. Adipose tissue μ-crystallin is a thyroid hormone-binding protein associated with systemic insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E2259-68. [PMID: 25057873 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating thyroid hormones have been described to be intrinsically associated with insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects. μ-Crystallin is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent thyroid hormone-binding protein that has been shown to bind T3 in the cytoplasm. We aimed to study μ-Crystallin expression in adipose tissue and in muscle in association with insulin action and thyroid function. METHODS μ-Crystallin gene expression was studied in 81 visceral and 75 sc adipose tissue samples and in 26 muscle samples from a cohort of subjects with a wide spectrum of adiposity (cohort 1). μ-Crystallin was also evaluated in 30 morbidly obese subjects in whom insulin action was evaluated using euglycemic clamp (cohort 2) and in 22 sc adipose tissue samples obtained before and after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss (cohort 3). μ-Crystallin was also evaluated during differentiation of human adipocytes. μ-Crystallin was overexpressed in human sc adipocytes using lentiviruses. RESULTS μ-Crystallin gene expression was 2.6- to 3-fold higher in sc vs visceral adipose tissue in direct association with the expression of thyroid hormone receptor α 1 in cohort 1 and cohort 2. Visceral, but not sc, adipose tissue μ-Crystallin was positively associated with the serum T3/T4 ratio in cohort 1 and with insulin sensitivity in cohort 2. In fact, μ-Crystallin gene expression was significantly decreased in visceral adipose tissue (-43%) and in muscle (-26%) in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes. Weight loss did not result in significant sc adipose tissue μ-Crystallin changes. μ-Crystallin overexpression led to increased insulin-induced (Ser473)Akt phosphorylation in sc adipocytes. During differentiation of adipocytes, μ-Crystallin gene expression decreased in both visceral (P = .006) and sc (P = .003) adipocytes from obese subjects. CONCLUSION Visceral, but not sc, adipose tissue μ-Crystallin is an adipose tissue factor linked to parameters of thyroid hormone action (T3/T4 ratio) and might mediate the interaction of thyroid function and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serrano
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03/010), and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 17007 Girona, Spain
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Ji P, Drackley JK, Khan MJ, Loor JJ. Inflammation- and lipid metabolism-related gene network expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3441-8. [PMID: 24704230 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of energy overfeeding on gene expression in mesenteric (MAT), omental (OAT), and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue (AT) from nonpregnant and nonlactating Holstein cows. Eighteen cows were randomly assigned to either a controlled energy [LE, net energy for lactation (NE(L)) = 1.35 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM)] or moderate energy-overfed group (HE, NE(L) = 1.62 Mcal/kg of DM) for 8 wk. Cows were then euthanized and subsamples of MAT, OAT, and SAT were harvested for transcript profiling via quantitative PCR of 34 genes involved in lipogenesis, triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, lactate signaling, hepatokine signaling, lipolysis, transcription regulation, and inflammation. The interaction of dietary energy and adipose depot was not significant for any gene analyzed except LPL, which indicated a consistent response to diet. Expression of ACACA and FASN was greater in SAT than MAT, whereas expression of SCD and ADFP were greatest in SAT, intermediate in OAT, and lowest in MAT. However, the 2 visceral depots had greater expression of THRSP, ACLY, LPL, FABP4, GPAM, and LPIN1 compared with SAT. The transcription factor SREBF1 was more highly expressed in MAT and SAT than in OAT. The expression of PNPLA2 was greater in visceral AT sites than in SAT, but other lipolysis-related genes were not differentially expressed among AT depots. Visceral AT depots had greater expression of LEP, ADIPOQ, and SAA3 compared with SAT. Moreover, MAT had greater expression than SAT of proinflammatory cytokines (IL1B and IL6), IL6 receptor (IL6R), and chemokines (CCL2 and CCL5). However, TNF expression was greatest in SAT, lowest in OAT, and intermediate in MAT. Overall, results indicated that visceral AT might be more active in uptake of preformed long-chain fatty acids than SAT, whereas de novo fatty acid synthesis could make a greater contribution to the intracellular pool of fatty acids in SAT than in visceral AT. The visceral AT compared with SAT seem to have a greater capacity for expression (and potentially for secretion) of proinflammatory cytokines; thus, excessive accumulation of visceral lipid due to a long-term overfeeding energy may be detrimental to liver function and overall health of dairy cows, particularly during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ji
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M J Khan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Are plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone levels associated with degree of obesity and metabolic syndrome in euthyroid obese patients? A Turkish cohort study. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 2014:803028. [PMID: 24527220 PMCID: PMC3910119 DOI: 10.1155/2014/803028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to observe the association between degree of obesity and metabolic syndrome and plasma thyrotropin levels in obese, euthyroid Turkish patients. 947 obese and overweight patients who admitted to our outpatient clinic were assessed retrospectively. 150 healthy euthyroid cases were also recruited as the control group. Cases with metabolic syndrome were determined. Patients were divided into various subgroups as overweight, obese, morbid obese, men, and women. No statistical significance was determined when all the patients' and subgroups' plasma thyrotropin levels were compared to normal weight control group. No association was shown between the presence of metabolic syndrome and plasma thyrotropin levels for both all patients and subgroups. Also there was not any association between each component of metabolic syndrome and plasma thyrotropin levels. In conclusion, we did not found any significant association between plasma thyrotropin levels and obesity and metabolic syndrome in our euthyroid subjects.
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Boeloni JN, Ocarino NM, Goes AM, Serakides R. Efeito in vitro da triiodotironina sob o potencial osteogênico reduzido de células-tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo de ratas ovariectomizadas e com osteoporose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:98-111. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302013000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a triiodotironina (T3) aumenta a diferenciação osteogênica das células-tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-TA) de ratas adultas ovariectomizadas e com osteoporose e compará-lo ao de ratas adultas e jovens sem osteoporose. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: CTM-TA foram cultivadas em meio osteogênico e distribuídas em sete grupos: 1) CTM-TA de ratas jovens sem osteoporose; 2) CTM-TA de ratas adultas sem osteoporose; 3) CTM-TA de ratas adultas com osteoporose e 4, 5, 6 e 7) CTM-TA de ratas adultas com osteoporose tratadas com T3 (0,01 nM, 1 nM, 100 nM e 1.000 nM). AVALIARAM-SE: atividade da fosfatase alcalina, conversão do dimetiltiazol (MTT), porcentagem de nódulos de mineralização, celularidade e quantificação de transcriptos gênicos para colágeno I, osteocalcina, osteopontina e Bmp-2. RESULTADOS: Independente da dose, T3 reduziu a conversão do MTT, a atividade da fosfatase, a porcentagem de células e a expressão de colágeno I em pelo menos uma das doses e dos períodos estudados (p < 0,05). Mas o tratamento com T3 não alterou o número de nódulos de mineralização e a expressão de osteopontina e Bmp-2 em culturas de CTM-TA de ratas adultas com osteoporose (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: T3 apresenta efeitos negativos sobre alguns fatores envolvidos na diferenciação osteogênica de CTM-TA, sem, no entanto, reduzir a formação de nódulos de mineralização e a expressão de proteínas ósseas.
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Thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene variants increase the risk of developing obesity and show gene–diet interactions. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:1499-505. [PMID: 23399772 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review several of the most recent and most important clinical studies regarding the effects of thyroid treatments on weight change, associations between thyroid status and weight, and the effects of obesity and weight change on thyroid function. RECENT FINDINGS Weight decreases following treatment for hypothyroidism. However, following levothyroxine treatment for overt hypothyroidism, weight loss appears to be modest and mediated primarily by loss of water weight rather than fat. There is conflicting evidence about the effects of thyroidectomy on weight. In large population studies, even among euthyroid individuals, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone is typically positively associated with body weight and BMI. Both serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and T3 are typically increased in obese compared with lean individuals, an effect likely mediated, at least in part, by leptin. Finally, there is no consistent evidence that thyroid hormone treatment induces weight loss in obese euthyroid individuals, but thyroid hormone analogues may eventually be useful for weight loss. SUMMARY The interrelationships between body weight and thyroid status are complex.
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega F, Sánchez-Garrido MÁ, Sabater M, Ricart W, Zorzano A, Tena-Sempere M, Fernández-Real JM. Phosphorylated S6K1 (Thr389) is a molecular adipose tissue marker of altered glucose tolerance. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:32-8. [PMID: 22705322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular tissue markers of altered glucose metabolism will be useful as potential targets for antidiabetic drugs. S6K1 is a downstream signal of insulin action. We aimed to evaluate (pThr389)S6K1 and total S6K1 levels in human and rat fat depots as candidate markers of altered glucose metabolism. (pThr389)S6K1 and total S6K1 levels were measured using enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) in 49 adipose tissue samples from subjects with morbid obesity and in 18 peri-renal white adipose tissue samples from rats. The effects of high glucose and rosiglitazone have been explored in human preadipocytes. (pThr389)S6K1/(total)S6K1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue was significantly increased subjects with Type 2 diabetes (0.78 ± 0.26 vs. 0.55 ± 0.14, P=.02) and associated with fasting glucose (r=0.46, P=.04) and glycated hemoglobin (r=0.63, P=.02) in SAT. Similar associations with fasting glucose (r=0.43, P=.03) and IRS1 (r=-0.41, P=.04) gene expression were found in visceral adipose tissue. In addition, rat experiments confirmed the higher (pThr389)S6K1/totalS6K1 levels in adipose tissue in association with obesity-associated metabolic disturbances. (pThr389)S6K1/totalS6K1 was validated using western blot in rat adipose tissue. Both ELISA and western blot data significantly correlated (r=0.85, P=.005). In human preadipocytes, high glucose medium led to increased (pThr389)S6K1/total S6K1 levels in comparison with normal glucose medium, which was significantly decreased under rosiglitazone administration. In conclusion, in human and rat adipose tissue, phosphorylated S6K1 is a marker for increased glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 17007, Girona, Spain
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Wronska A, Kmiec Z. Structural and biochemical characteristics of various white adipose tissue depots. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:194-208. [PMID: 22226221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that white adipose tissue (WAT) is not merely a fuel storage organ, but also a key component of metabolic homoeostatic mechanisms. Apart from its major role in lipid and glucose metabolism, adipose tissue is also involved in a wide array of other biological processes. The hormones and adipokines, as well as other biologically active agents released from fat cells, affect many physiological and pathological processes. WAT is neither uniform nor inflexible because it undergoes constant remodelling, adapting the size and number of adipocytes to changes in nutrients' availability and hormonal milieu. Fat depots from different areas of the body display distinct structural and functional properties and have disparate roles in pathology. The two major types of WAT are visceral fat, localized within the abdominal cavity and mediastinum, and subcutaneous fat in the hypodermis. Visceral obesity correlates with increased risk of insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases, while increase of subcutaneous fat is associated with favourable plasma lipid profiles. Visceral adipocytes show higher lipogenic and lipolytic activities and produce more pro-inflammatory cytokines, while subcutaneous adipocytes are the main source of leptin and adiponectin. Moreover, adipose tissue associated with skeletal muscles (intramyocellular and intermuscular fat) and with the epicardium is believed to provide fuels for skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. However, increased mass of either epicardial or intermuscular adipose tissue correlates with cardiovascular risk, while the presence of the intramyocellular fat is a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance. This review summarizes results of mainly human studies related to the differential characteristics of various WAT depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wronska
- Department of Histology; Medical Faculty; Medical University of Gdansk; Gdansk; Poland
| | - Z. Kmiec
- Department of Histology; Medical Faculty; Medical University of Gdansk; Gdansk; Poland
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Teng YW, Ellis JM, Coleman RA, Zeisel SH. Mouse betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase deficiency reduces body fat via increasing energy expenditure and impairing lipid synthesis and enhancing glucose oxidation in white adipose tissue. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16187-98. [PMID: 22362777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.303255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) catalyzes the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine. In our initial report, we observed a reduced body weight in Bhmt(-/-) mice. We initiated this study to investigate the potential role of BHMT in energy metabolism. Compared with the controls (Bhmt(+/+)), Bhmt(-/-) mice had less fat mass, smaller adipocytes, and better glucose and insulin sensitivities. Compared with the controls, Bhmt(-/-) mice had increased energy expenditure, with no changes in food intake, fat uptake or absorption, or in locomotor activity. The reduced adiposity in Bhmt(-/-) mice was not due to hyperthermogenesis. Bhmt(-/-) mice failed to maintain a normal body temperature upon cold exposure because of limited fuel supplies. In vivo and ex vivo tests showed that Bhmt(-/-) mice had normal lipolytic function. The rate of (14)C-labeled fatty acid incorporated into [(14)C]triacylglycerol was the same in Bhmt(+/+) and Bhmt(-/-) gonadal fat depots (GWAT), but it was 62% lower in Bhmt(-/-) inguinal fat depots (IWAT) compared with that of Bhmt(+/+) mice. The rate of (14)C-labeled fatty acid oxidation was the same in both GWAT and IWAT from Bhmt(+/+) and Bhmt(-/-) mice. At basal level, Bhmt(-/-) GWAT had the same [(14)C]glucose oxidation as did the controls. When stimulated with insulin, Bhmt(-/-) GWAT oxidized 2.4-fold more glucose than did the controls. Compared with the controls, the rate of [(14)C]glucose oxidation was 2.4- and 1.8-fold higher, respectively, in Bhmt(-/-) IWAT without or with insulin stimulus. Our results show for the first time a role for BHMT in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Teng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Westerink J, van der Graaf Y, Faber DR, Visseren FLJ. The relation between thyroid-stimulating hormone and measures of adiposity in patients with manifest vascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:159-66. [PMID: 21039443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral adiposity is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and increased cardiovascular risk. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the normal range are associated with a higher risk of fatal coronary artery disease. We hypothesize that TSH levels in the normal range are associated with an increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in patients with vascular diseases. DESIGN In 2419 patients with vascular diseases, visceral fat thickness was analysed with ultrasonography. The association between TSH and VAT was quantified using linear regression analysis. Results are expressed as beta (β) regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals. Adjustments were made for age, sex, current smoking and weight. Separate analyses were performed per quartile of age. RESULTS β-coefficients for the relation between TSH and VAT (change per SD of 2·55 cm) was 0·085 (95% CI 0·012-0·157) in the highest quartile of age (range 67-80 years) when adjusted for age, gender and current smoking and remained statistical significant after further adjustment for weight (β 0·096 95% CI 0·034-0·157). Per SD change, the β-coefficient for TSH and VAT tissue was larger than for other measures of adiposity. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, higher TSH plasma levels in the normal range are associated with more VAT in patients with manifest vascular disease above the age of 66 years. No association was found between plasma TSH levels and weight or BMI. The relation between TSH levels and VAT may provide an explanation for the increased cardiovascular risk associated with elevated TSH plasma concentrations within the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Cai ZW, Sheng YF, Zhang LF, Wang Y, Jiang XL, Lv ZZ, Xu NY. Mapping, expression and regulation of the TRα gene in porcine adipose tissue. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2011; 10:1320-30. [PMID: 21751158 DOI: 10.4238/vol10-3gmr1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z-W Cai
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, P.R. China
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Fernández-Real JM, Catalán V, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Ortega FJ, Rodriguez-Hermosa JI, Ricart W, Frühbeck G. Study of caveolin-1 gene expression in whole adipose tissue and its subfractions and during differentiation of human adipocytes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:20. [PMID: 20226013 PMCID: PMC2858724 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Caveolins are 21-24 kDa integral membrane proteins that serve as scaffolds to recruit numerous signaling molecules. Specific subclasses of caveolae carry out specific functions in cell metabolism. In particular, triglycerides are synthesized at the site of fatty acid entry in one of these caveolae classes. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We studied the expression of caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene in association with metabolic variables in 90 visceral and 55 subcutaneous adipose tissue samples from subjects with a wide range of fat mass, in the stromovascular fraction (SVC) and isolated adipocytes, and during differentiation of human adipocytes. RESULTS CAV-1 gene expression was significantly decreased in visceral adipose tissue (v-CAV-1) of obese subjects. v-CAV-1 was positively associated with several lipogenic genes such as acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACACA, r = 0.34, p = 0.004) and spot-14 (r = 0.33, p = 0.004). In non-obese subjects v-CAV-1 also correlated with fatty acid synthase (FAS, r = 0.60, p < 0.0001). Subcutaneous (sc) adipose tissue (sc-CAV-1) gene expression was not associated with these lipogenic factors when obese and non-obese subjects were studied together. In obese subjects, however, sc-CAV-1 was associated with fatty acid synthase (FAS, r = 0.36, p = 0.02), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c (r = 0.58, p < 0.0001), ACACA (r = 0.33, p = 0.03), spot-14 (r = 0.36, p = 0.02), PPAR-gamma co-activator-1 (PGC-1, r = 0.88, n = 19). In these obese subjects, sc-CAV-1 was also associated with fasting triglycerides (r = -0.50, p < 0.0001).CAV-1 expression in mature adipocytes was significantly higher than in stromal vascular cells. CAV-1 gene expression in adipocytes from subcutaneous adipose tissue (but not in adipocytes from visceral adipose tissue) was significatively associated with fasting triglycerides. CAV-1 gene expression did not change significantly during differentiation of human preadipocytes from lean or obese subjects despite significant increase of FAS gene expression. CONCLUSION Decreased CAV-1 gene expression was simultaneously linked to increased triglycerides and decreased lipogenic gene expression among obese subjects, paralleling the observations of hypertriglyceridemia in CAV-1 knockout mice. However, the regulation of CAV-1 gene expression seems independent of the adipogenic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Fernández-Real
- Service of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain, CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Ortega FJ, Vazquez-Martin A, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Bassols J, Rodriguez-Hermosa J, Gironés J, Ricart W, Peral B, Tinahones FJ, Fruhbeck G, Menendez JA, Fernández-Real JM. Thyroid hormone responsive Spot 14 increases during differentiation of human adipocytes and its expression is down-regulated in obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 34:487-99. [PMID: 20029374 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Very limited information is available regarding the function of human thyroid hormone responsive Spot 14 (human S14, hS14) in adipogenesis and human adiposity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate hS14 levels during differentiation of human pre-adipocytes, in human fat depots and isolated fat cells. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS A total of 161 omental (OM) and 87 subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue samples obtained during elective surgical procedures from a population who varied widely in terms of obesity. MEASUREMENTS hS14 gene expression and protein levels during adipogenesis were assessed by RT-PCR, western blot, and using an automated confocal imaging approach. RESULTS hS14 gene expression levels were decreased in OM adipose tissue from overweight (-42.0%) and obese subjects (-56.5%) compared with lean subjects (P<0.05 and P<0.0001, respectively). hS14 mRNA (but not hS14-related) was inversely associated with obesity measures such as body mass index (P=0.001), percent fat mass (P=0.001), waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.020), and systolic blood pressure (P=0.031). hS14 gene expression and protein levels were up-regulated at the early stages of differentiation of human pre-adipocytes as well as for 3T3-L1 cells. That observation was most prominent in those individual cells exhibiting the more marked differentiation features. hS14 gene expression levels increased by approximately 45 000-fold in mature adipocytes. Increased hS14 levels were also found in stromal-vascular cells/pre-adipocytes (3.8-fold, P<0.05) and in adipose tissue samples (1.9-fold, P<0.0001) from SC compared with OM fat depots. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hS14 is involved in human adipogenesis, but inversely related to obesity and OM fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Ortega
- Service of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, CIBEROBN (CB06/03/0010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
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