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Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized with a wide range of clinical presentations from asymptomatic to severe disease. In patients with severe disease, the main causes of mortality have been acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm and thrombotic events. Although all factors that may be associated with disease severity are not yet clear, older age remains a leading risk factor. While age-related immune changes may be at the bottom of severe course of COVID-19, age-related hormonal changes have considerable importance due to their interactions with these immune alterations, and also with endothelial dysfunction and comorbid cardiometabolic disorders. This review aims to provide the current scientific evidence on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the pathway to severe COVID-19, from a collaborative perspective of age-related immune and hormonal changes together, in accordance with the clinical knowledge acquired thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Hanife Oguz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meltem Koca
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Okan Yildiz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Wu KC, Ewing SK, Li X, Sigurðsson S, Guðnason V, Kado DM, Hue TF, Woods GN, Veldhuis-Vlug AG, Vittinghoff E, Zaidi M, Rosen CJ, Lang T, Kim TY, Schwartz AV, Schafer AL. FSH Level and Changes in Bone Mass and Body Composition in Older Women and Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2876-2889. [PMID: 34212197 PMCID: PMC8475206 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT FSH may have independent actions on bone remodeling and body fat regulation. Cross-sectionally, we have shown that serum FSH is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and body fat in older postmenopausal women, but it remains unknown whether FSH predicts bone and fat changes. OBJECTIVE We examined whether baseline FSH level is associated with subsequent bone loss or body composition changes in older adults. SETTING, DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS We studied 162 women and 158 men (mean age 82 ± 4 years) from the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Bone Marrow Adiposity cohort, a substudy of the AGES-Reykjavik Study of community-dwelling older adults. Skeletal health and body composition were characterized at baseline and 3 years later. MAIN OUTCOMES Annualized change in BMD and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Models were adjusted for serum estradiol and testosterone levels. RESULTS There was no evidence for an association between baseline FSH level and change in BMD or body composition by DXA or QCT. For femoral neck areal BMD, adjusted mean difference (95% CI) per SD increase in FSH was 1.3 (-0.7 to 3.3) mg/cm2/y in women, and -0.2 (-2.6 to 2.2) mg/cm2/y in men. For visceral fat, adjusted mean difference (95% CI) per SD increase in FSH was 1.80 (-0.03 to 3.62) cm2/y in women, and -0.33 (-3.73 to 3.06) cm2/y in men. CONCLUSIONS Although cross-sectional studies and studies in perimenopausal women have demonstrated associations between FSH and BMD and body composition, in older adults, FSH level is not associated with bone mass or body composition changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin C Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Endocrine Research Unit, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Correspondence: Karin C. Wu, MD, 1700 Owens St., RM 349, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Susan K Ewing
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Vilmundur Guðnason
- Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, 201 Kópavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Deborah M Kado
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Trisha F Hue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gina N Woods
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Annegreet G Veldhuis-Vlug
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Thomas Lang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany Y Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Endocrine Research Unit, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anne L Schafer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Endocrine Research Unit, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Sneed NM, Morrison SA. Body Composition Methods in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes or at Risk for T2D: a Clinical Review. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:14. [PMID: 33730341 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study is to summarize anthropometric and advanced methods used to assess body composition in adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or at risk for T2D that provide clinically relevant information about T2D disease-related complications or risk factors. RECENT FINDINGS Anthropometry is commonly used in clinical settings; however, provides unreliable estimates of fat mass, fat-free mass, and body fat distribution for metabolic health assessments compared to advanced techniques such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Few studies report the clinical use of anthropometric and advanced body composition methods that identify T2D disease-related complications or T2D risk factors. Anthropometry, BIA, DXA, CT, and MRI were used to estimate body adiposity and distribution, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots, and skeletal muscle mass. Review findings indicate that these methods were capable of identifying clinically relevant T2D disease-related complications such as sarcopenia and T2D risk factors such as obesity or regional adiposity. However, estimates were often sex and race/ethnicity specific warranting cross-validation of these methods in broader populations with T2D or risk for T2D prior to clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Markie Sneed
- School of Nursing, Office of Research and Scholarship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Shannon A Morrison
- School of Nursing, Department of Family, Community Health, and Systems, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Tchernof A, Brochu D, Maltais‐Payette I, Mansour MF, Marchand GB, Carreau A, Kapeluto J. Androgens and the Regulation of Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution in Humans. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1253-1290. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chen LY, Wu YH, Liu LK, Lee WJ, Hwang AC, Peng LN, Lin MH, Chen LK. Association Among Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, Frailty, Muscle Mass, Bone Mineral Density, and Physical Performance Among Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Taiwan. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:270-277. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Chen
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Wu
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kuo Liu
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Yuanshan Branch, Yilan City, Taiwan
| | - An-Chun Hwang
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ning Peng
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Lin
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kung Chen
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Marchand GB, Carreau AM, Weisnagel SJ, Bergeron J, Labrie F, Lemieux S, Tchernof A. Increased body fat mass explains the positive association between circulating estradiol and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E448-E456. [PMID: 29208612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00293.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between circulating estrogen levels and cardiometabolic risk factors such as insulin resistance is unclear in postmenopausal women. High estradiol (E2) levels have been reported to predict increased risk of type 2 diabetes in this population. We aimed to examine associations among estrogen levels, adiposity measurements, and cardiometabolic risk variables including insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. One hundred-one healthy participants (mean ± SD: age 57 ± 4 yr, BMI 27.9 ± 4.8 kg/m2) were included in the analysis. Fifteen plasma steroids or metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Body composition and fat distribution were determined with hydrostatic weighing and computed tomography, respectively. Blood lipids and circulating cytokines were also measured. Circulating E2 was positively correlated with all adiposity indexes ( r = 0.62 to 0.42, P < 0.0001) except waist-to-hip ratio. E2 was positively correlated with VLDL-cholesterol, plasma-, VLDL-, and HDL-triglyceride levels ( r = 0.31 to 0.24, P < 0.02) as well as with hs-CRP and IL-6 ( r = 0.52 and 0.29, P < 0.005) and negatively with HDL-cholesterol, adiponectin, and insulin sensitivity ( r = -0.36 to -0.20, P < 0.02). With adjustments for percent body fat, correlations between E2 and metabolic risk variables were no longer significant. Similar results were observed for circulating estrone (E1) and estrone-sulfate (E1-S) levels. In conclusion, circulating estrogen concentrations are proportional to adipose mass in postmenopausal women, although they remain in the low range. Insulin resistance as well as altered blood lipids and cytokines are observed when circulating estrogen levels are high within that range, but these differences are explained by concomitant variation in total adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève B Marchand
- School of Nutrition, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Carreau
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - S John Weisnagel
- CHU de Quebec-Université Laval Research Center , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Jean Bergeron
- CHU de Quebec-Université Laval Research Center , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | | | - Simone Lemieux
- School of Nutrition, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- School of Nutrition, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
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Haczeyni F, Bell-Anderson KS, Farrell GC. Causes and mechanisms of adipocyte enlargement and adipose expansion. Obes Rev 2018; 19:406-420. [PMID: 29243339 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a significant role in whole body energy homeostasis. Obesity-associated diabetes, fatty liver and metabolic syndrome are closely linked to adipose stress and dysfunction. Genetic predisposition, overeating and physical inactivity influence the expansion of adipose tissues. Under conditions of constant energy surplus, adipocytes become hypertrophic and adipose tissues undergo hyperplasia so as to increase their lipid storage capacity, thereby keeping circulating blood glucose and fatty acids below toxic levels. Nonetheless, adipocytes have a saturation point where they lose capacity to store more lipids. At this stage, when adipocytes are fully lipid-engorged, they express stress signals. Adipose depots (particularly visceral compartments) from obese individuals with a severe metabolic phenotype are characterized by the high proportion of hypertrophic adipocytes. This review focuses on the mechanisms of adipocyte enlargement in relation to adipose fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism, and considers how this may be related to adipose dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Haczeyni
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - K S Bell-Anderson
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Ibeneme S, Ezeigwe C, Ibeneme GC, Ezuma A, Okoye I, Nwankwo JM. Response of Gait Output and Handgrip Strength to Changes in Body Fat Mass in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2017; 90:92-98. [PMID: 31388361 PMCID: PMC6677777 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Available preliminary data on menopause does not relate changes in body fat mass (BFM) and handgrip strength (HGS) (an indicator of body/muscle strength) to gait parameters. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between BFM, HGS and gait parameters, namely, stride length (SL) (an indicator of walking balance/postural stability), stride frequency (SF), and velocity (V) (gait output), to guide gait training. METHODS Ninety consenting (45 postmenopausal and 45 premenopausal) female staff of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, were randomly selected and assessed for BFM and HGS with a hydration monitor and dynamometer, respectively, in an observational study. The mean of 2 trials of the number of steps and time taken to cover a 10-m distance at normal speed was used to calculate SF, SL, and V. Data were analyzed using an independent t test and a Pearson correlation coefficient at P < 0.05. RESULTS Premenopausal (BFM = 42.93% [12.61%], HGS = 27.89 [7.52] kg, stride ratio = 1.43, and velocity = 1.04 [0.01] m/sec) and postmenopausal (BFM = 41.55% [12.71%], HGS = 30.91 [7.07] kg, stride ratio = 1.44, and velocity = 1.06 [0.01] m/sec) women showed no significant differences in gait output/velocity (t = 0.138; P = 0.89; d = 0.029). At postmenopause, BFM was significantly and negatively (r = -0.369; r 2 = 0.1362; P = 0.013) correlated with SL, whereas HGS was positively and significantly (r = 0.323; r 2 = 0.104; P = 0.030) correlated with gait output at premenopause. CONCLUSIONS BFM may adversely influence walking balance at postmenopause, whereas HGS may enhance gait output at premenopause but not postmenopause. Therefore, muscle strengthening alone may not enhance gait output in postmenopausal women without balance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Ibeneme
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
- Clinical Trial Consortium, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- UNIRED Research Group, Hochschule Hannover-University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chinenye Ezeigwe
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Georgian C. Ibeneme
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences & Technology, College of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Amarachi Ezuma
- Clinical Trial Consortium, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Okoye
- Clinical Trial Consortium, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Medical sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Joseph M. Nwankwo
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria
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Karvonen-Gutierrez C, Kim C. Association of Mid-Life Changes in Body Size, Body Composition and Obesity Status with the Menopausal Transition. Healthcare (Basel) 2016; 4:healthcare4030042. [PMID: 27417630 PMCID: PMC5041043 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare4030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mid-life period is a critical window for increases in body weight and changes in body composition. In this review, we summarize the clinical experience of the menopausal transition by obesity status, and examine the evidence regarding the menopausal transition and reproductive hormones effects on body weight, body composition, or fat distribution. Mid-life obesity is associated with a different menopausal experience including associations with menstrual cycle length prior to the final menstrual period (FMP), age at the FMP, and higher prevalence of vasomotor symptoms. The menopausal transition is associated with weight gain and increased central body fat distribution; the majority of evidence suggests that changes in weight are due to chronological aging whereas changes in body composition and fat distribution are primarily due to ovarian aging. Continuous and regular physical activity during mid-life may be an efficacious strategy to counteract the age-related and menopause-related changes in resting energy expenditure and to prevent weight gain and abdominal adiposity deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Karvonen-Gutierrez
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Catherine Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Janssen I, Powell LH, Jasielec MS, Kazlauskaite R. Covariation of change in bioavailable testosterone and adiposity in midlife women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:488-494. [PMID: 25557490 PMCID: PMC4310763 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether menopause-related changes in reproductive hormones were associated with change in adiposity and whether these relationships were independent of important covariates. METHODS Annual assessments of adiposity measures [computed tomography-assessed visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-assessed total body fat (TBF)] over 4 years from an ancillary study at the Chicago site of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) were paired with reproductive hormones collected by SWAN. Included were 243 women (44% African American, 56% Caucasian) who were eligible participants in a population-based cohort with a 72% participation rate. RESULTS VAT increased by 3.8% annually, and SAT increased by 1.8% per year. Change in bioavailable testosterone was significantly positively associated with changes both in VAT and in SAT but was not related to change in total body fat. The associations were independent of age, race, physical activity, smoking, baseline TBF, baseline bioavailable testosterone, and change in TBF. Change in estradiol was unrelated to changes in any adiposity measure. CONCLUSIONS Bioavailable testosterone may play an important role in menopause-related redistribution of visceral and subcutaneous fat in the central abdominal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Janssen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Lynda H. Powell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Behavioral Sciences, and Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Mateusz S. Jasielec
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Rasa Kazlauskaite
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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Schleinitz D, Böttcher Y, Blüher M, Kovacs P. The genetics of fat distribution. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1276-86. [PMID: 24632736 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fat stored in visceral depots makes obese individuals more prone to complications than subcutaneous fat. There is good evidence that body fat distribution (FD) is controlled by genetic factors. WHR, a surrogate measure of FD, shows significant heritability of up to ∼60%, even after adjusting for BMI. Genetic variants have been linked to various forms of altered FD such as lipodystrophies; however, the polygenic background of visceral obesity has only been sparsely investigated in the past. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for measures of FD revealed numerous loci harbouring genes potentially regulating FD. In addition, genes with fat depot-specific expression patterns (in particular subcutaneous vs visceral adipose tissue) provide plausible candidate genes involved in the regulation of FD. Many of these genes are differentially expressed in various fat compartments and correlate with obesity-related traits, thus further supporting their role as potential mediators of metabolic alterations associated with a distinct FD. Finally, developmental genes may at a very early stage determine specific FD in later life. Indeed, genes such as TBX15 not only manifest differential expression in various fat depots, but also correlate with obesity and related traits. Moreover, recent GWAS identified several polymorphisms in developmental genes (including TBX15, HOXC13, RSPO3 and CPEB4) strongly associated with FD. More accurate methods, including cardiometabolic imaging, for assessment of FD are needed to promote our understanding in this field, where the main focus is now to unravel the yet unknown biological function of these novel 'fat distribution genes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Schleinitz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Senapati S, Gracia CR, Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Kim C, Schwab RJ, Pien GW. Hormone variations associated with quantitative fat measures in the menopausal transition. Climacteric 2013; 17:183-90. [DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2013.845876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Paolillo FR, Milan JC, Paolillo AR, Lopes SLB, Kurachi C, Bagnato VS, Borghi-Silva A. Impact of fat distribution on metabolic, cardiovascular and symptomatic aspects in postmenopausal women. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-013-0132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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