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Yuan CL, Yang XL, Sun L, Jiang YX, Zhang DD, Huang S. Isoliquiritigenin Suppresses Breast Tumor Development by Enhancing Host Antitumor Immunity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39343993 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x2450071x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Isoliquiritigen (ISL), a constituent of licorice, has been shown to possess antitumorigenic effects in diverse cancer types. In this study, we observed that ISL suppressed breast tumor development significantly more effectively in immunocompetent mice than in immunocompromised ones. In exploring the cause of such a discrepancy, we detected robust tumor infiltration of CD8[Formula: see text] T lymphocytes in mice treated with ISL, not seen in tumors derived from vehicle-treated mice. Moreover, we found a dramatic reduction in PD-L1 in both experimental breast tumors and cultured breast cancer cells upon ISL treatment. In further experiments, we showed that ISL selectively elevated miR-200c in breast cancer and confirmed that PD-L1 mRNA is the target of miR-200c in both murine and human breast cancer cells. ISL suppression of PD-L1 was functionally linked to miR-200c/ZEB1/2 because (1) ISL diminished ZEB1/2; (2) knockdown of ZEB1/2 led to the disappearance of PD-L1; and (3) miR-200c antagomiR disabled ISL to reduce PD-L1. We found evidence that ISL reduced the level of PD-L1 by simultaneously intercepting the ERK and Src signaling pathways. In agreement with clinical finding that PD-L1 antibodies enhance efficacy of taxane-based therapy, we showed that ISL improved the tumoricidal effects of paclitaxel in an orthopedic murine breast tumor model. This study demonstrates that ISL-led tumor suppression acts through the augmentation of host antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lu Yuan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yi-Xin Jiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Calì B, Troiani M, Bressan S, Attanasio G, Merler S, Moscarda V, Mosole S, Ricci E, Guo C, Yuan W, Gallagher L, Lundberg A, Bernett I, Figueiredo I, Arzola RA, Abreut EB, D'Ambrosio M, Bancaro N, Brina D, Zumerle S, Pasquini E, Maddalena M, Lai P, Colucci M, Pernigoni N, Rinaldi A, Minardi D, Morlacco A, Moro FD, Sabbadin M, Galuppini F, Fassan M, Rüschoff JH, Moch H, Rescigno P, Francini E, Saieva C, Modesti M, Theurillat JP, Gillessen S, Wilgenbus P, Graf C, Ruf W, de Bono J, Alimonti A. Coagulation factor X promotes resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 2024:S1535-6108(24)00317-9. [PMID: 39303726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Although hypercoagulability is commonly associated with malignancies, whether coagulation factors directly affect tumor cell proliferation remains unclear. Herein, by performing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the prostate tumor microenvironment (TME) of mouse models of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we report that immunosuppressive neutrophils (PMN-MDSCs) are a key extra-hepatic source of coagulation factor X (FX). FX activation within the TME enhances androgen-independent tumor growth by activating the protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in tumor cells. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of factor Xa (FXa) antagonizes the oncogenic activity of PMN-MDSCs, reduces tumor progression, and synergizes with enzalutamide therapy. Intriguingly, F10high PMN-MDSCs express the surface marker CD84 and CD84 ligation enhances F10 expression. Elevated levels of FX, CD84, and PAR2 in prostate tumors associate with worse survival in CRPC patients. This study provides evidence that FXa directly promotes cancer and highlights additional targets for PMN-MDSCs for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Calì
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Martina Troiani
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Bressan
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Attanasio
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sara Merler
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, CH6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Viola Moscarda
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Mosole
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elena Ricci
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Christina Guo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Lewis Gallagher
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Arian Lundberg
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Ilona Bernett
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Ines Figueiredo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Rydell Alvarez Arzola
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Immunoregulation, Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, La Habana 3GGH+C9G, Cuba
| | - Ernesto Bermudez Abreut
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Immunoregulation, Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, La Habana 3GGH+C9G, Cuba
| | - Mariantonietta D'Ambrosio
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Bancaro
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Brina
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sara Zumerle
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Emiliano Pasquini
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Martino Maddalena
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ping Lai
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Colucci
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Pernigoni
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Davide Minardi
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Urology Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morlacco
- Urology Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Moro
- Urology Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marianna Sabbadin
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Galuppini
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Jan Hendrik Rüschoff
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Edoardo Francini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, CH6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Calogero Saieva
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit - ISPRO, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Mikol Modesti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, CH6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Theurillat
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Silke Gillessen
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, CH6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Petra Wilgenbus
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Johann de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, CH6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, CH6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST) ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kim G, Kim EY, Lee H, Shin SH, Lee SH, Sohn KY, Kim JW, Lee JS. 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol treatment inhibits abnormal tumor growth by regulating neutrophil infiltration in a non-small cell lung carcinoma mouse model. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117269. [PMID: 39137654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive neutrophil infiltration into the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important factor that contributes to tumor overgrowth and limited immunotherapy efficacy. Neutrophils activate various receptors involved in tumor progression, while suppressing the infiltration and activity of cytotoxic T cells and creating optimal conditions for tumor growth. Therefore, the appropriate control of neutrophil infiltration is an effective strategy for tumor treatment. In the present study, 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) inhibited tumor overgrowth by suppressing excessive neutrophil infiltration, resulting in >74.97 % reduction in tumor size in a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-1) mouse model. All subjects in the positive control group died during the 90-day survival period, whereas only four subjects in the PLAG treatment group survived. PLAG had a significantly higher tumor growth inhibitory effect and survival rate than other neutrophil infiltration-targeting inhibitors (e.g., Navarixin, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D antibody [aLy6G]). The ability of PLAG to regulate neutrophil infiltration and inhibit tumor growth depends on thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP). In tumors lacking TXNIP expression, PLAG failed to control neutrophil infiltration and infiltration-related factor release, and the inhibitory effect of PLAG on tumor growth was reduced. PLAG-mediated inhibition of neutrophil infiltration enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), increasing the antitumor efficacy and survival rate by 30 %. In conclusion, PLAG could be a novel alternative to anti-tumor drugs that effectively targets excessive neutrophil infiltration into cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guentae Kim
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea; Biotoxtech, 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Shin
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hee Lee
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Sohn
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Kwahak-ro, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae Sam Lee
- Enzychem Lifesciences, 14F aT Center 27 Gangnam-daero, Seoul, South Korea.
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4
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Kim T, Lee Y, Lim H, Kim Y, Cho H, Namkung W, Han G. Discovery of Protease-activated receptor 2 antagonists derived from phenylalanine for the treatment of breast cancer. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107496. [PMID: 38850590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has garnered attention as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. PAR2 is implicated in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) via G protein and beta-arrestin pathways, contributing to the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Despite the recognized role of PAR2 in breast cancer progression, clinically effective PAR2 antagonists remain elusive. To address this unmet clinical need, we synthesized and evaluated a series of novel compounds that target the orthosteric site of PAR2. Using in silico docking simulations, we identified compound 9a, an optimized derivative of compound 1a ((S)-N-(1-(benzylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)benzamide), which exhibited enhanced PAR2 antagonistic activity. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations comparing 9a with the partial agonist 9d revealed that variations in ligand-induced conformational changes and interactions dictated whether the compound acted as an antagonist or agonist of PAR2. The results of this study suggest that further development of 9a could contribute to the advancement of PAR2 antagonists as potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yechan Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheol Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Kim
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeun Cho
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Namkung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Samuels M, Jones W, Towler B, Turner C, Robinson S, Giamas G. The role of non-coding RNAs in extracellular vesicles in breast cancer and their diagnostic implications. Oncogene 2023; 42:3017-3034. [PMID: 37670020 PMCID: PMC10555829 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast Cancer (BC) is the most common form of cancer worldwide, responsible for 25% of cancers in women. Whilst treatment is effective and often curative in early BC, metastatic disease is incurable, highlighting the need for early detection. Currently, early detection relies on invasive procedures, however recent studies have shown extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from liquid biopsies may have clinical utility. EVs transport diverse bioactive cargos throughout the body, play major roles in intercellular communication and, importantly, mirror their cell of origin. In cancer cells, EVs alter the behaviour of the tumour microenvironment (TME), forming a bridge of communication between cancerous and non-cancerous cells to alter all aspects of cancer progression, including the formation of a pre-metastatic niche. Through gene regulatory frameworks, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) modulate vital molecular and cellular processes and can act as both tumour suppressors and oncogenic drivers in various cancer types. EVs transport and protect ncRNAs, facilitating their use clinically as liquid biopsies for early BC detection. This review summarises current research surrounding ncRNAs and EVs within BC, focusing on their roles in cancer progression through bi-directional communication with the microenvironment and their diagnostic implications. The role of EV ncRNAs in breast cancer. A representation of the different EV ncRNAs involved in tumourigenic processes in breast cancer. Pro-tumourigenic ncRNAs displayed in green and ncRNAs which inhibit oncogenic processes are shown in red.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Samuels
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, JMS Building, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - William Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, JMS Building, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Benjamin Towler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, JMS Building, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Charlotte Turner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, JMS Building, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Stephen Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, JMS Building, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, JMS Building, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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Zhou M, Li K, Luo KQ. Shear Stress Drives the Cleavage Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 by PRSS3/Mesotrypsin to Promote Invasion and Metastasis of Circulating Lung Cancer Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301059. [PMID: 37395651 PMCID: PMC10477893 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
When circulating tumor cells (CTCs) travel in circulation, they can be killed by detachment-induced anoikis and fluidic shear stress (SS)-mediated apoptosis. Circulatory treatment, which can make CTCs detached but also generate SS, can increase metastasis of cancer cells. To identify SS-specific mechanosensors without detachment impacts, a microfluidic circulatory system is used to generate arteriosus SS and compare transcriptome profiles of circulating lung cancer cells with suspended cells. Half of the cancer cells can survive SS damage and show higher invasion ability. Mesotrypsin (PRSS3), protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), and the subunit of activating protein 1, Fos-related antigen 1 (FOSL1), are upregulated by SS, and their high expression is responsible for promoting invasion and metastasis. SS triggers PRSS3 to cleave the N-terminal inhibitory domain of PAR2 within 2 h. As a G protein-coupled receptor, PAR2 further activates the Gαi protein to turn on the Src-ERK/p38/JNK-FRA1/cJUN axis to promote the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, and also PRSS3, which facilitates metastasis. Enriched PRSS3, PAR2, and FOSL1 in human tumor samples and their correlations with worse outcomes reveal their clinical significance. PAR2 may serve as an SS-specific mechanosensor cleavable by PRSS3 in circulation, which provides new insights for targeting metastasis-initiating CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muya Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
| | - Koukou Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
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7
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Plasse TF, Fathi R, Fehrmann C, McComsey GA. Upamostat: a serine protease inhibitor for antiviral, gastrointestinal, and anticancer indications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1095-1103. [PMID: 37970658 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2284385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serine proteases are involved in many normal metabolic processes but also contribute to diseases of several organ systems, including viral and gastrointestinal diseases and oncology. Upamostat is an orally bioavailable prodrug of WX-UK1, which is most active against trypsins and closely related enzymes. AREAS COVERED Research over the past two decades suggests several diseases in the three areas noted above which upamostat may be active. Upamostat has been studied clinically against several cancers and for outpatient treatment of COVID-19. Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies demonstrate good bioavailability, sustained tissue levels, and high concentrations of the active moiety, WX-UK1, in stool, potentially important for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Clinical studies suggest activity against SARS-CoV-2; results against pancreatic cancer are also encouraging, though studies in both indications are not definitive. The drug was very well tolerated for periods of 2 weeks to several months. EXPERT OPINION Upamostat is an orally bioavailable serine protease inhibitor with an excellent safety profile and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. It has demonstrated preliminary evidence of efficacy against COVID-19, and nonclinical data suggest potential applicability against other viral illnesses, gastrointestinal diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Plasse
- RedHill Biopharma, Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - R Fathi
- RedHill Biopharma, Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - C Fehrmann
- CEEF Solutions, Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada
| | - G A McComsey
- CEEF Solutions, Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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8
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Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2)-targeting peptide derivatives for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114989. [PMID: 36527934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The proteolytically-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), is implicated in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Synthetic ligands and in vitro imaging probes targeting this receptor have been developed with low nanomolar affinity, however, no in vivo imaging probes exist for PAR2. Here, we report the strategic design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel 4-fluorobenzoylated PAR2-targeting peptides derived from 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2f-LI-) and Isox-Cha-Chg-Xaa-NH2 (Isox-) peptide families, where the 4-fluorobenzoyl moiety acts as the 19F-standard of an 18F-labeled probe for potential use in in vivo imaging. We found that several of the 4-fluorobenzoylated peptides from the 2f-LI-family exhibited PAR2 selectivity with moderate potency (EC50 = 151-252 nM), whereas several from the Isox-family exhibited PAR2 selectivity with high potency (EC50 = 13-42 nM). Our lead candidate, Isox-Cha-Chg-Ala-Arg-Dpr(4FB)-NH2 (EC50 = 13 nM), was successfully synthesized with fluorine-18 with a radiochemical yield of 37%, radiochemical purity of >98%, molar activity of 20 GBq/μmol, and an end of synthesis time of 125 min. Biodistribution studies and preliminary PET imaging of the tracer in mice showed predominantly renal clearance. This 18F-labeled tracer is the first reported PAR2 imaging agent with potential for use in vivo. Future work will explore the use of this tracer in cancer xenografts and inflammation models involving upregulation of PAR2 expression.
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9
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Crosstalk between hemostasis and immunity in cancer pathogenesis. Thromb Res 2022; 213 Suppl 1:S3-S7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Expression of Proteinase-activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) as a Correlate of Concern in Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:446-452. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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O'Callaghan P, Engberg A, Eriksson O, Fatsis-Kavalopoulos N, Stelzl C, Sanchez G, Idevall-Hagren O, Kreuger J. Piezo1 activation attenuates thrombin-induced blebbing in breast cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274949. [PMID: 35274124 PMCID: PMC9016622 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exploit a variety of migration modes to leave primary tumors and establish metastases, including amoeboid cell migration, which is typically reliant on bleb formation. Here we demonstrate that thrombin induces dynamic blebbing in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and confirm that protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) activation is sufficient to induce this effect. Cell confinement has been implicated as a driving force in bleb-based migration. Unexpectedly, we found that gentle contact compression, exerted using a custom built ‘cell press’ to mechanically stimulate cells, reduced thrombin-induced blebbing. Thrombin-induced blebbing was similarly attenuated using the small molecule Yoda1, an agonist of the mechanosensitive Ca2+ channel Piezo1, and this attenuation was impaired in Piezo1-depleted cells. Additionally, Piezo1 activation suppressed thrombin-induced phosphorylation of ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM) proteins, which are implicated in the blebbing process. Our results provide mechanistic insights into Piezo1 activation as a suppressor of dynamic blebbing, specifically that which is induced by thrombin. Summary: Thrombin and protease-activated receptor agonists induce dynamic blebbing in breast cancer cells, which can be attenuated by contact-mediated compression, and activation of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Callaghan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Engberg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Christina Stelzl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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An Insight into GPCR and G-Proteins as Cancer Drivers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123288. [PMID: 34943797 PMCID: PMC8699078 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface signaling receptors known to play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including tumor growth and metastasis. Various molecules such as hormones, lipids, peptides, and neurotransmitters activate GPCRs that enable the coupling of these receptors to highly specialized transducer proteins, called G-proteins, and initiate multiple signaling pathways. Integration of these intricate networks of signaling cascades leads to numerous biochemical responses involved in diverse pathophysiological activities, including cancer development. While several studies indicate the role of GPCRs in controlling various aspects of cancer progression such as tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival, and metastasis through its aberrant overexpression, mutations, or increased release of agonists, the explicit mechanisms of the involvement of GPCRs in cancer progression is still puzzling. This review provides an insight into the various responses mediated by GPCRs in the development of cancers, the molecular mechanisms involved and the novel pharmacological approaches currently preferred for the treatment of cancer. Thus, these findings extend the knowledge of GPCRs in cancer cells and help in the identification of therapeutics for cancer patients.
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13
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Kim JM, Park J, Noh EM, Song HK, Kang SY, Jung SH, Kim JS, Youn HJ, Lee YR. Downregulation of matriptase suppresses the PAR‑2/PLCγ2/PKC‑mediated invasion and migration abilities of MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:247. [PMID: 34608498 PMCID: PMC8524316 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matriptases, members of the type II transmembrane serine protease family, are cell surface proteolytic enzymes that mediate tumor invasion and metastasis. Matriptase is highly expressed in breast cancer and is associated with poor patient outcome. However, the cellular mechanism by which matriptase mediates breast cancer invasion remains unknown. The present study aimed to determine the role of matriptase in the protein kinase C (PKC)‑mediated metastasis of MCF‑7 human breast cancer cells. Matriptase small interfering RNA‑mediated knockdown significantly attenuated the 12‑O‑tetradecanoylphorbol‑13‑acetate (TPA)‑induced invasiveness and migration of MCF‑7 cells, and inhibited the activation of phospholipase C γ2 (PLCγ2)/PKC/MAPK signaling pathways. Matriptase‑knockdown also suppressed the expression of MMP‑9 and inhibited the activation of NF‑κB/activator protein‑1 in MCF‑7 cells. Additionally, GB83 [an inhibitor of protease‑activated receptor‑2 (PAR‑2)] inhibited PKC‑mediated MMP‑9 expression and metastatic ability in MCF‑7 cells. Furthermore, downregulation of matriptase suppressed TPA‑induced MMP‑9 expression and invasiveness via PAR‑2/PLCγ2/PKC/MAPK activation. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying the role of matriptase in MCF‑7 cell invasion and migration ability, and suggest that matriptase modulation could be a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinny Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 405‑760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Noh
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Song
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yull Kang
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoo Jung
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Youn
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rae Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
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14
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Morais C, Rajandram R, Blakeney JS, Iyer A, Suen JY, Johnson DW, Gobe GC, Fairlie DP, Vesey DA. Expression of protease activated receptor-2 is reduced in renal cell carcinoma biopsies and cell lines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248983. [PMID: 33765016 PMCID: PMC7993771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the protease sensing receptor, protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2), is elevated in a variety of cancers and has been promoted as a potential therapeutic target. With the development of potent antagonists for this receptor, we hypothesised that they could be used to treat renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The expression of PAR2 was, therefore, examined in human RCC tissues and selected RCC cell lines. Histologically confirmed cases of RCC, together with paired non-involved kidney tissue, were used to produce a tissue microarray (TMA) and to extract total tissue RNA. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were then used to assess PAR2 expression. In culture, RCC cell lines versus primary human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTEC) were used to assess PAR2 expression by qPCR, immunocytochemistry and an intracellular calcium mobilization assay. The TMA revealed an 85% decrease in PAR2 expression in tumour tissue compared with normal kidney tissue. Likewise, qPCR showed a striking reduction in PAR2 mRNA in RCC compared with normal kidney. All RCC cell lines showed lower levels of PAR2 expression than HTEC. In conclusion, we found that PAR2 was reduced in RCC compared with normal kidney and is unlikely to be a target of interest in the treatment of this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Retnagowri Rajandram
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Jade S. Blakeney
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David W. Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang H, Xu H. Design and Application of Receptor-Targeted Fluorescent Probes Based on Small Molecular Fluorescent Dyes. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:4-24. [PMID: 33412857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of receptor-targeted fluorescent probes have been developed and widely used to realize the visualization of certain receptors, which facilitates the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this Review, we focus on the recent achievements in design, chemical structure, imaging characterization, and potential applications of receptor-targeted fluorescent probes from the past 10 years. The development and application of receptor-targeted fluorescent probes will expand our knowledge of the distribution and function of disease-related receptors, shed light on the drug discovery for clinical diseases where receptors are implicated, and feed into the diagnosis and treatment of a plethora of diseases, including tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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16
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He S, Xu M, Xiong Z, Hu Y, Huo Q, Lu J, Lin Y, Yang L. Predictive value of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR 2 ) in cervical cancer metastasis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1415-1424. [PMID: 33369107 PMCID: PMC7875903 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of an unfavourable prognosis in patients with malignant cancer. Over the last decade, the role of proteinases in the tumour microenvironment has attracted increasing attention. As a sensor of proteinases, proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2 ) plays crucial roles in the metastatic progression of cervical cancer. In the present study, the expression of PAR2 in multiple types of cancer was analysed by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to calculate the correlation between survival and the levels of PAR2 , Grb-associated binding protein 2(Gab2) and miR-125b. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to examine PAR2 expression in a tissue microarray (TMA) of CESCs. Empower Stats was used to assess the predictive value of PAR2 in the metastatic potential of CESC. We found that PAR2 up-regulation was observed in multiple types of cancer. Moreover, PAR2 expression was positively correlated with the clinicopathologic characteristics of CESC. miR-125b and its target Gab2, which are strongly associated with PAR2 -induced cell migration, are well-characterized as predictors of the prognostic value of CESC. Most importantly, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the PAR2 model was significantly greater than that of the traditional model (0.833 vs 0.790, P < .05), demonstrating the predictive value of PAR2 in CESC metastasis. Our results suggest that PAR2 may serve as a prognostic factor for metastasis in CESC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan He
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiquan Xu
- Pathology Department of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Xiong
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Hu
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Graduate School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Huo
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingxiao Lu
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuntao Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Gastroenterology of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Avet C, Sturino C, Grastilleur S, Gouill CL, Semache M, Gross F, Gendron L, Bennani Y, Mancini JA, Sayegh CE, Bouvier M. The PAR2 inhibitor I-287 selectively targets Gα q and Gα 12/13 signaling and has anti-inflammatory effects. Commun Biol 2020; 3:719. [PMID: 33247181 PMCID: PMC7695697 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is involved in inflammatory responses and pain, therefore representing a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. However, as for other GPCRs, PAR2 can activate multiple signaling pathways and those involved in inflammatory responses remain poorly defined. Here, we describe a new selective and potent PAR2 inhibitor (I-287) that shows functional selectivity by acting as a negative allosteric regulator on Gαq and Gα12/13 activity and their downstream effectors, while having no effect on Gi/o signaling and βarrestin2 engagement. Such selective inhibition of only a subset of the pathways engaged by PAR2 was found to be sufficient to block inflammation in vivo. In addition to unraveling the PAR2 signaling pathways involved in the pro-inflammatory response, our study opens the path toward the development of new functionally selective drugs with reduced liabilities that could arise from blocking all the signaling activities controlled by the receptor. Avet et al. characterize I-287, an inhibitor to protease-activated receptor 2 using BRET-assays. They find that I-287 selectively inhibits Gαq and Gα12/13 without affecting the activation of Gi/o or the recruitment of βarrestin2 and that it blocks inflammation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Avet
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4
| | - Claudio Sturino
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Paraza Pharma, Inc., Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 2E1
| | - Sébastien Grastilleur
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4
| | - Meriem Semache
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.,Domain Therapeutics North America, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Florence Gross
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.,Domain Therapeutics North America, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Youssef Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,AdMare BioInnovations, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Joseph A Mancini
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Camil E Sayegh
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.
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18
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Ethaeb AM, Mohammad MA, Madkhali Y, Featherby S, Maraveyas A, Greenman J, Ettelaie C. Accumulation of tissue factor in endothelial cells promotes cellular apoptosis through over-activation of Src1 and involves β1-integrin signalling. Apoptosis 2020; 25:29-41. [PMID: 31654241 PMCID: PMC6965344 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of tissue factor (TF) within cells leads to cellular apoptosis mediated through p38 and p53 pathways. In this study, the involvement of Src1 in the induction of TF-mediated cell apoptosis, and the mechanisms of Src1 activation were investigated. Human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) were transfected with plasmids to express the wild-type TF (TFWt-tGFP), or a mutant (Ser253 → Ala) which is incapable of being released from cells (TFAla253-tGFP). The cells were then activated with PAR2-agonist peptide (SLIGKV-NH) and the phosphorylation of Src and Rac, and also the kinase activity of Src were assessed. Transfected cells were also pre-incubated with pp60c Src inhibitor, FAK inhibitor-14, or a blocking anti-β1-integrin antibody prior to activation and the phosphorylation of p38 as well as cellular apoptosis was examined. Finally, cells were co-transfected with the plasmids, together with a Src1-specific siRNA, activated as above and the cellular apoptosis measured. Activation of PAR2 lead to the phosphorylation of Src1 and Rac1 proteins at 60 min regardless of TF expression. Moreover, Src phosphorylation and kinase activity was prolonged up to 100 min in the presence of TF, with a significantly higher magnitude when the non-releasable TFAla253-tGFP was expressed in HCAEC. Inhibition of Src with pp60c, or suppression of Src1 expression in cells, reduced p38 phosphorylation and prevented cellular apoptosis. In contrast, inhibition of FAK had no significant influence on Src kinase activity or cellular apoptosis. Finally, pre-incubation of cells with an inhibitory anti-β1-integrin antibody reduced both Src1 activation and cellular apoptosis. Our data show for the first time that the over-activation of Src1 is a mediator of TF-induced cellular apoptosis in endothelial cells through a mechanism that is dependent on its interaction with β1-integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Ethaeb
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wasit, Kut, Iraq
| | | | - Yahya Madkhali
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.,Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Featherby
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John Greenman
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Camille Ettelaie
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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19
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Kaji K, Kaji N, Hori M, Sakai K, Yonezawa T, Maeda S. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Canine Mammary Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:53-62. [PMID: 33054598 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820963087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by serine proteases. In humans, PAR2 is highly expressed in various cancers, including breast cancer, and is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. However, the expression and roles of PAR2 in canine mammary carcinoma remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of PAR2 in canine mammary carcinoma, the association between PAR2 expression and clinical characteristics, and the role of PAR2 in the metastatic phenotypes of tumor cells. Mammary carcinoma from 31 dogs and 10 normal mammary glands were included in this study, and used for immunohistochemical analysis of PAR2 expression. Normal mammary glands did not express PAR2. In contrast, mammary carcinomas showed PAR2 immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm, and its expression level varied between specimens from negative to strongly positive. The overall survival of dogs with high PAR2 expression was shorter than that of dogs with low PAR2 expression. Moreover, PAR2 expression level was associated with the presence of lymph node involvement, advanced clinical stage, and high histopathological grade. In vitro analyses revealed that a PAR2 agonist accelerated cell migration and invasion in a canine mammary carcinoma cell line. In addition, the PAR2 agonist induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and actin polymerization. These results suggest that PAR2 expression plays a role in tumor progression and clinical outcomes in canine mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosei Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, 13143The University of Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Abstract
As basic research into GPCR signaling and its association with disease has come into fruition, greater clarity has emerged with regards to how these receptors may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. As a diverse group of receptor proteins, which regulate a variety of intracellular signaling pathways, research in this area has been slow to yield tangible therapeutic agents for the treatment of a number of diseases including cancer. However, recently such research has gained momentum based on a series of studies that have sought to define GPCR proteins dynamics through the elucidation of their crystal structures. In this chapter, we define the approaches that have been adopted in developing better therapeutics directed against the specific parts of the receptor proteins, such as the extracellular and the intracellular domains, including the ligands and auxiliary proteins that bind them. Finally, we also briefly outline how GPCR-derived signaling transduction pathways hold great potential as additional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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21
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Mangukiya HB, Negi H, Merugu SB, Sehar Q, Mashausi DS, Yunus FUN, Wu Z, Li D. Paracrine signalling of AGR2 stimulates RhoA function in fibroblasts and modulates cell elongation and migration. Cell Adh Migr 2019; 13:332-344. [PMID: 31710263 PMCID: PMC6844563 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2019.1685928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prominent cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor stroma is known to form a protective structure to support tumor growth. Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2), a tumor secretory protein is believed to play a pivotal role during tumor microenvironment (TME) development. Here, we report that extracellular AGR2 enhances fibroblasts elongation and migration significantly. The early stimulation of RhoA showed the association of AGR2 by upregulation of G1-S phase-regulatory protein cyclin D1 and FAK phosphorylation through fibroblasts growth factor receptor (FGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Our finding indicates that secretory AGR2 alters fibroblasts elongation, migration, and organization suggesting the secretory AGR2 as a potential molecular target that might be responsible to alter fibroblasts infiltration to support tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hema Negi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Qudsia Sehar
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Zhenghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Sriram K, Moyung K, Corriden R, Carter H, Insel PA. GPCRs show widespread differential mRNA expression and frequent mutation and copy number variation in solid tumors. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000434. [PMID: 31765370 PMCID: PMC6901242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most widely targeted gene family for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. To assess possible roles for GPCRs in cancer, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data for mRNA expression, mutations, and copy number variation (CNV) in 20 categories and 45 subtypes of solid tumors and quantified differential expression (DE) of GPCRs by comparing tumors against normal tissue from the Gene Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) database. GPCRs are overrepresented among coding genes with elevated expression in solid tumors. This analysis reveals that most tumor types differentially express >50 GPCRs, including many targets for approved drugs, hitherto largely unrecognized as targets of interest in cancer. GPCR mRNA signatures characterize specific tumor types and correlate with expression of cancer-related pathways. Tumor GPCR mRNA signatures have prognostic relevance for survival and correlate with expression of numerous cancer-related genes and pathways. GPCR expression in tumors is largely independent of staging, grading, metastasis, and/or driver mutations. GPCRs expressed in cancer cell lines largely parallel GPCR expression in tumors. Certain GPCRs are frequently mutated and appear to be hotspots, serving as bellwethers of accumulated genomic damage. CNV of GPCRs is common but does not generally correlate with mRNA expression. Our results suggest a previously underappreciated role for GPCRs in cancer, perhaps as functional oncogenes, biomarkers, surface antigens, and pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Moyung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ross Corriden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
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23
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Zhang X, Fang Q, Ma Y, Zou S, Liu Q, Wang H. Protease activated receptor 2 mediates tryptase-induced cell migration through MYO10 in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1995-2006. [PMID: 31598400 PMCID: PMC6780659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MYO10 is an actin-based motor protein and correlates with cancer metastasis. However, the regulation of MYO10 by tumor microenvironment is unknown. In the current study, we found that the expression of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) was highly correlated with that of MYO10 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) specimens. Both MYO10 and PAR2 were up-regulated in lymph node metastasis group compared with non-metastasis group. Activation of PAR2 significantly induced cell migration through the up-regulation of MYO10, which was mediated by repression of miR-204 in multiple cell lines. Interestingly, it was observed that tryptase was highly expressed in adjacent tissue around primary tumor of CRC. Furthermore, tryptase stimulated cell migration and up-regulated MYO10 expression through a PAR2-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings showed that PAR2 enhanced the expression of MYO10 through the repression of miR-204. PAR2 mediated tryptase-induced cell migration and might contribute to the invasion of cancer cells at the edge of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Shuangmei Zou
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
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24
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Das K, Paul S, Singh A, Ghosh A, Roy A, Ansari SA, Prasad R, Mukherjee A, Sen P. Triple-negative breast cancer-derived microvesicles transfer microRNA221 to the recipient cells and thereby promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13681-13696. [PMID: 31341019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The triple-negative phenotype is the most prevalent form of human breast cancer worldwide and is characterized by poor survival, high aggressiveness, and recurrence. Microvesicles (MV) are shredded plasma membrane components and critically mediate cell-cell communication, but can also induce cancer proliferation and metastasis. Previous studies have revealed that protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) contributes significantly to human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression by releasing nano-size MV and promoting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. MV isolated from highly aggressive human TNBC cells impart metastatic potential to nonmetastatic cells. Over-expression of microRNA221 (miR221) has also been reported to enhance the metastatic potential of human TNBC, but miR221's relationship to PAR2-induced MV is unclear. Here, using isolated MV, immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR, FACS analysis, and enzymatic assays, we show that miR221 is translocated via human TNBC-derived MV, which upon fusion with recipient cells, enhance their proliferation, survival, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo by inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Administration of anti-miR221 significantly impaired MV-induced expression of the mesenchymal markers Snail, Slug, N-cadherin, and vimentin in the recipient cells, whereas restoring expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin. We also demonstrate that MV-associated miR221 targets phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the recipient cells, followed by AKT Ser/Thr kinase (AKT)/NF-κB activation, which promotes EMT. Moreover, elevated miR221 levels in MV derived from human TNBC patients' blood could induce cell proliferation and metastasis in recipient cells. In summary, miR221 transfer from TNBC cells via PAR2-derived MV induces EMT and enhances the malignant potential of recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Das
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhojit Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arpana Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Roy
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | | - Ramesh Prasad
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ashis Mukherjee
- A Unit of Himadri Memorial Cancer Welfare Trust, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata 700016, India
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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25
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LeSarge JC, Thibeault P, Milne M, Ramachandran R, Luyt LG. High Affinity Fluorescent Probe for Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1045-1050. [PMID: 31312406 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2 is a proteolytically activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is implicated in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Ligands with low nanomolar affinity for PAR2 have been developed, but there is a paucity of research on the development of PAR2-targeting imaging probes. Here, we report the development of seven novel PAR2-targeting compounds. Four of these compounds are highly potent and selective PAR2-targeting peptides (EC50 = 10 to 23 nM) that have a primary amine handle available for facile conjugation to various imaging components. We describe a peptide of the sequence Isox-Cha-Chg-ARK(Sulfo-Cy5)-NH2 as the most potent and highest affinity PAR2-selective fluorescent probe reported to date (EC50 = 16 nM, K D = 38 nM). This compound has a greater than 10-fold increase in potency and binding affinity for PAR2 compared to the leading previously reported probe and is conjugated to a red-shifted fluorophore, enabling in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Milne
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
| | | | - Leonard G. Luyt
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
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26
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Wu V, Yeerna H, Nohata N, Chiou J, Harismendy O, Raimondi F, Inoue A, Russell RB, Tamayo P, Gutkind JS. Illuminating the Onco-GPCRome: Novel G protein-coupled receptor-driven oncocrine networks and targets for cancer immunotherapy. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11062-11086. [PMID: 31171722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.005601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest gene family of cell membrane-associated molecules mediating signal transmission, and their involvement in key physiological functions is well-established. The ability of GPCRs to regulate a vast array of fundamental biological processes, such as cardiovascular functions, immune responses, hormone and enzyme release from endocrine and exocrine glands, neurotransmission, and sensory perception (e.g. vision, odor, and taste), is largely due to the diversity of these receptors and the layers of their downstream signaling circuits. Dysregulated expression and aberrant functions of GPCRs have been linked to some of the most prevalent human diseases, which renders GPCRs one of the top targets for pharmaceutical drug development. However, the study of the role of GPCRs in tumor biology has only just begun to make headway. Recent studies have shown that GPCRs can contribute to the many facets of tumorigenesis, including proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, therapy resistance, and immune evasion. Indeed, GPCRs are widely dysregulated in cancer and yet are underexploited in oncology. We present here a comprehensive analysis of GPCR gene expression, copy number variation, and mutational signatures in 33 cancer types. We also highlight the emerging role of GPCRs as part of oncocrine networks promoting tumor growth, dissemination, and immune evasion, and we stress the potential benefits of targeting GPCRs and their signaling circuits in the new era of precision medicine and cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Huwate Yeerna
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nijiro Nohata
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Joshua Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093.,Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Robert B Russell
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
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27
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Figueroa CD, Molina L, Bhoola KD, Ehrenfeld P. Overview of tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases in breast cancer. Biol Chem 2019; 399:937-957. [PMID: 29885274 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The kallikrein family comprises tissue kallikrein and 14 kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) recognized as a subgroup of secreted trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. KLKs are expressed in many cellular types where they regulate important physiological activities such as semen liquefaction, immune response, neural development, blood pressure, skin desquamation and tooth enamel formation. Tissue kallikrein, the oldest member and kinin-releasing enzyme, and KLK3/PSA, a tumor biomarker for prostate cancer are the most prominent components of the family. Additionally, other KLKs have shown an abnormal expression in neoplasia, particularly in breast cancer. Thus, increased levels of some KLKs may increase extracellular matrix degradation, invasion and metastasis; other KLKs modulate cell growth, survival and angiogenesis. On the contrary, KLKs can also inhibit angiogenesis and produce tumor suppression. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how KLKs are regulated in tumor microenvironment by molecules present at the site, namely cytokines, inflammatory mediators and growth factors. Little is known about the signaling pathways that control expression/secretion of KLKs in breast cancer, and further how activation of PAR receptors may contribute to functional activity in neoplasia. A better understanding of these molecular events will allow us to consider KLKs as relevant therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Molina
- Department of Science, Universidad San Sebastián, sede De la Patagonia, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Kanti D Bhoola
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro de Investigaciones del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Valdivia, Chile, e-mail:
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28
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Pawar NR, Buzza MS, Antalis TM. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases and Protease-Activated Receptor-2-Mediated Signaling: Co-Conspirators in Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:301-310. [PMID: 30610085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pericellular proteolysis provides a significant advantage to developing tumors through the ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, promote cell invasion and migration, and facilitate angiogenesis. Recent advances demonstrate that pericellular proteases can also communicate directly to cells by activation of a unique group of transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) known as protease-activated receptors (PAR). In this review, we discuss the specific roles of one of four mammalian PARs, namely PAR-2, which is overexpressed in advanced stage tumors and is activated by trypsin-like serine proteases that are highly expressed or otherwise dysregulated in many cancers. We highlight recent insights into the ability of different protease agonists to bias PAR-2 signaling and the newly emerging evidence for an interplay between PAR-2 and membrane-anchored serine proteases, which may co-conspire to promote tumor progression and metastasis. Interfering with these pathways might provide unique opportunities for the development of new mechanism-based strategies for the treatment of advanced and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Pawar
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marguerite S Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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29
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GPCR Modulation in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123840. [PMID: 30513833 PMCID: PMC6321247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer found in women living in developed countries. Endocrine therapy is the mainstay of treatment for hormone-responsive breast tumors (about 70% of all breast cancers) and implies the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors. In contrast, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly heterogeneous disease that may account for up to 24% of all newly diagnosed cases, is hormone-independent and characterized by a poor prognosis. As drug resistance is common in all breast cancer subtypes despite the different treatment modalities, novel therapies targeting signaling transduction pathways involved in the processes of breast carcinogenesis, tumor promotion and metastasis have been subject to accurate consideration. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors involved in the development and progression of many tumors including breast cancer. Here we discuss data regarding GPCR-mediated signaling, pharmacological properties and biological outputs toward breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, we address several drugs that have shown an unexpected opportunity to interfere with GPCR-based breast tumorigenic signals.
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30
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Yildiz T, Gu R, Zauscher S, Betancourt T. Doxorubicin-loaded protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles for imaging and therapy of cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6961-6986. [PMID: 30464453 PMCID: PMC6217908 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s174068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite significant progress in the field of oncology, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death. Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatment options for cancer patients but is well known to result in off-target toxicity. Theranostic nanomedicines that integrate diagnostic and therapeutic functions within an all-in-one platform can increase tumor selectivity for more effective chemotherapy and aid in diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic responses. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this work, theranostic nanoparticles were synthesized with commonly used biocompatible and biodegradable polymers and used as cancer contrast and therapeutic agents for optical imaging and treatment of breast cancer. These core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation of blends of the biodegradable and biocompatible amphiphilic copolymers poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly-l-lysine and poly(lactic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol). Poly-l-lysine in the first copolymer was covalently decorated with near-infrared fluorescent Alexa Fluor 750 molecules. RESULTS The spherical nanoparticles had an average size of 60-80 nm. The chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin was encapsulated in the core of nanoparticles at a loading of 3% (w:w) and controllably released over a period of 30 days. A 33-fold increase in near-infrared fluorescence, mediated by protease-mediated cleavage of the Alexa Fluor 750-labeled poly-l-lysine on the surface of the nanoparticles, was observed upon interaction with the model protease trypsin. The cytocompatibility of drug-free nanoparticles and growth inhibition of drug-loaded nanoparticles on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were investigated with a luminescence cell-viability assay. Drug-free nanoparticles were found to cause minimal toxicity, even at high concentrations (0.2-2,000 µg/mL), while doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles significantly reduced cell viability at drug concentrations >10 µM. Finally, the interaction of the nanoparticles with breast cancer cells was studied utilizing fluorescence microscopy, demonstrating the potential of the nanoparticles to act as near-infrared fluorescence optical imaging agents and drug-delivery carriers. CONCLUSION Doxorubicin-loaded, enzymatically activatable nanoparticles of less than 100 nm were prepared successfully by nanoprecipitation of copolymer blends. These nanoparticles were found to be suitable as controlled drug delivery systems and contrast agents for imaging of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Yildiz
- Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX,
| | - Renpeng Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Tania Betancourt
- Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX,
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA,
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31
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Protease-activated receptor 2 induces migration and promotes Slug-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung adenocarcinoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:486-503. [PMID: 30321617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a G protein-coupled receptor for trypsin, contributes to growth, anti-apoptosis, and migration in lung cancer. Given that PAR2 activation in airway epithelial cells compromises the airway epithelium barrier by disruption of E-cadherin adhesion, PAR2 may be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Although PAR2 is known to promote the migration of lung cancer cells, the detailed mechanism of this event is still not clear. Here, we found that PAR2 is highly expressed in several lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. In two lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, CL1-5 and H1299 cells, activation of PAR2 induces migration and Slug-mediated EMT. The underlying mechanisms involved in PAR2-induced migration and EMT in CL1-5 cells were further investigated. We showed that PAR2-induced migration of CL1-5 cells is mediated by the Src/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway. β-arrestin 1, not G protein, is involved in this PAR2-mediated Src/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. PAR2-induced EMT in CL1-5 cells is dependent on the activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). The activation of ERK2 further mediates Slug stabilization through suppressing the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. In addition, a poor prognosis was observed in lung adenocarcinoma patients with a high expression of PAR2. Thus, PAR2 regulates migration through β-arrestin 1-dependent activation of p38 MAPK and EMT through ERK2-mediated stabilization of Slug in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Our finding also suggests that PAR2 might serve as a therapeutic target for metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and a potential biomarker for predicting the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma.
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32
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Das K, Prasad R, Singh A, Bhattacharya A, Roy A, Mallik S, Mukherjee A, Sen P. Protease-activated receptor 2 promotes actomyosin dependent transforming microvesicles generation from human breast cancer. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1707-1722. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Das
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Arpana Singh
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Anindita Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Abhishek Roy
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Suman Mallik
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Ashis Mukherjee
- A Unit of Himadri Memorial Cancer Welfare Trust; Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute; Kolkata India
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
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33
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Carvalho É, Hugo de Almeida V, Rondon AMR, Possik PA, Viola JPB, Monteiro RQ. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) upregulates granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) expression in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:270-276. [PMID: 30172372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor which is activated upon cleavage of its N-terminal region. PAR2 has been associated with many aspects regarding tumor progression, such as the production of pro-tumoral cytokines. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine essential to neutrophil production and maturation, and it is often overexpressed in tumors. In this study, we evaluated the ability of PAR2 to modulate G-CSF expression. PAR2 and G-CSF were significantly more expressed in metastatic (4T1 and MDA-MB-231) as compared to non-metastatic (67NR and MCF7) breast cancer cell lines. In addition, PAR2 stimulation by a synthetic agonist peptide significantly increased G-CSF gene expression in the metastatic cell lines. Knockdown of PAR2 in 4T1 cells decreased G-CSF expression and secretion. In addition, treatment of 4T1 with the commercial PAR2 antagonist, ENMD-1068, significantly decreased G-CSF expression. cBioPortal analyses of the TCGA database showed a significant co-occurrence of G-CSF and PAR2 gene overexpression in breast cancer samples. In conclusion, our data suggest that PAR2 contributes to G-CSF expression in breast cancer cells, possibly favoring tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Carvalho
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo de Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Araci M R Rondon
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Possik
- Program of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João P B Viola
- Program of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robson Q Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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34
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The Protease Activated Receptor2 Promotes Rab5a Mediated Generation of Pro-metastatic Microvesicles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7357. [PMID: 29743547 PMCID: PMC5943449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25725-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, the hallmark of cancer propagation is attributed by the modification of phenotypic/functional behavior of cells to break attachment and migrate to distant body parts. Cancer cell-secreted microvesicles (MVs) contribute immensely in disease propagation. These nano-vesicles, generated from plasma membrane outward budding are taken up by nearby healthy cells thereby inducing phenotypic alterations in those recipient cells. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2), activated by trypsin, also contributes to cancer progression by increasing metastasis, angiogenesis etc. Here, we report that PAR2 activation promotes pro-metastatic MVs generation from human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Rab5a, located at the plasma membrane plays vital roles in MVs biogenesis. We show that PAR2 stimulation promotes AKT phosphorylation which activates Rab5a by converting inactive Rab5a-GDP to active Rab5a-GTP. Active Rab5a polymerizes actin which critically regulates MVs shedding. Not only MVs generation, has this Rab5a activation also promoted cell migration and invasion. We reveal that Rab5a is over-expressed in human breast tumor specimen and contributes MVs generation in those patients. The involvement of p38 MAPK in MVs-induced cell metastasis has also been highlighted in the present study. Blockade of Rab5a activation can be a potential therapeutic approach to restrict MVs shedding and associated breast cancer metastasis.
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Proteinase-activated receptor 2 promotes TGF-β-dependent cell motility in pancreatic cancer cells by sustaining expression of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41095-41109. [PMID: 27248167 PMCID: PMC5173045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by high expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and the G protein-coupled receptor proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), the latter of which functions as a cell-surface sensor for serine proteinases asscociated with the tumour microenvironment. Since TGF-β and PAR2 affect tumourigenesis by regulating migration, invasion and metastasis, we hypothesized that there is signalling crosstalk between them. Depleting PDAC and non-PDAC cells of PAR2 by RNA interference strongly decreased TGF-β1-induced activation of Smad2/3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Smad dependent transcriptional activity, expression of invasion associated genes, and cell migration/invasion in vitro. Likewise, the plasminogen activator-inhibitor 1 gene in primary cultures of aortic smooth muscle cells from PAR2-/- mice displayed a greatly attenuated sensitivity to TGF-β1 stimulation. PAR2 depletion in PDAC cells resulted in reduced protein and mRNA levels of the TGF-β type I receptor activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5). Forced expression of wild-type ALK5 or a kinase-active ALK5 mutant, but not a kinase-active but Smad-binding defective ALK5 mutant, was able to rescue TGF-β1-induced Smad3 activation, Smad dependent transcription, and cell migration in PAR2-depleted cells. Together, our data show that PAR2 is crucial for TGF-β1-induced cell motility by its ability to sustain expression of ALK5. Therapeutically targeting PAR2 may thus be a promising approach in preventing TGF-β-dependent driven metastatic dissemination in PDAC and possibly other stroma-rich tumour types.
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Stein J, Stahn S, Neudörfl JM, Sperlich J, Schmalz HG, Teusch N. Synthetic Indolactam V Analogues as Inhibitors of PAR2-Induced Calcium Mobilization in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:147-154. [PMID: 29195005 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is an attractive target for a novel anticancer therapy, as it plays a critical role in cell migration and invasion. Selective PAR2 inhibitors therefore have potential as anti-metastatic drugs. Knowing that the natural product teleocidin A2 is able to inhibit PAR2 in tumor cells, the goal of the present study was to elaborate structure-activity relationships and to identify potent PAR2 inhibitors with lower activity against the adverse target, protein kinase C (PKC). For this purpose, an efficient gram-scale total synthesis of indolactam V (i.e., the parent structure of all teleocidins) was developed, and a library of derivatives was prepared. Some compounds were indeed found to exhibit high potency as PAR2 inhibitors at low nanomolar concentrations with improved selectivity (relative to teleocidin A2). The pseudopeptidic fragment bridging the C3 and C4 positions of the indole core proved to be essential for target binding, whereas activity and target selectivity depends on the substituents at N1 or C7. This study revealed novel derivatives that show high efficacy in PAR2 antagonism combined with increased selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stein
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Sonja Stahn
- Technische Hochschule Köln, Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, G. E39, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jörg-M Neudörfl
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Julia Sperlich
- Technische Hochschule Köln, Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, G. E39, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Nicole Teusch
- Technische Hochschule Köln, Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, G. E39, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany
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Jiang Y, Yau MK, Lim J, Wu KC, Xu W, Suen JY, Fairlie DP. A Potent Antagonist of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 That Inhibits Multiple Signaling Functions in Human Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:246-257. [PMID: 29263243 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface protein linked to G-protein dependent and independent intracellular signaling pathways that produce a wide range of physiological responses, including those related to metabolism, inflammation, pain, and cancer. Certain proteases, peptides, and nonpeptides are known to potently activate PAR2. However, no effective potent PAR2 antagonists have been reported yet despite their anticipated therapeutic potential. This study investigates antagonism of key PAR2-dependent signaling properties and functions by the imidazopyridazine compound I-191 (4-(8-(tert-butyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carbonyl)-3,3-dimethylpiperazin-2-one) in cancer cells. At nanomolar concentrations, I-191 inhibited PAR2 binding of and activation by structurally distinct PAR2 agonists (trypsin, peptide, nonpeptide) in a concentration-dependent manner in cells of the human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line (HT29). I-191 potently attenuated multiple PAR2-mediated intracellular signaling pathways leading to Ca2+ release, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, Ras homologue gene family, member A (RhoA) activation, and inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. The mechanism of action of I-191 was investigated using binding and calcium mobilization studies in HT29 cells where I-191 was shown to be noncompetitive and a negative allosteric modulator of the agonist 2f-LIGRL-NH2 The compound alone did not activate these PAR2-mediated pathways, even at high micromolar concentrations, indicating no bias in these signaling properties. I-191 also potently inhibited PAR2-mediated downstream functional responses, including expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis and migration, in human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line (HT29) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231). These findings indicate that I-191 is a potent PAR2 antagonist that inhibits multiple PAR2-induced signaling pathways and functional responses. I-191 may be a valuable tool for characterizing PAR2 functions in cancer and in other cellular, physiological, and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mei-Kwan Yau
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Lin B, Zhou X, Lin S, Wang X, Zhang M, Cao B, Dong Y, Yang S, Wang JM, Guo M, Huang J. Epigenetic silencing of PRSS3 provides growth and metastasis advantage for human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1237-1249. [PMID: 28844099 PMCID: PMC8171496 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease, serine, 3 (PRSS3), a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases, has been shown to be aberrantly expressed in several cancer types and to play important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the expression and function of PRSS3 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Here we found that PRSS3 expression was decreased in human HCC cell lines and HCC surgical specimens. This was associated with intragenic methylation of PRSS3 gene. Treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A restored PRSS3 expression in HCC cell lines. Ectopic overexpression of PRSS3 gene in HCC cell lines significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation and arrested cell cycle at G1/S phase, accompanied with downregulation of cyclin D1 (CCND1)/CDK4 and cyclin E1 (CCNE1)/CDK2 complexes. Moreover, PRSS3 overexpression in HCC cells inhibited HCC cell migration and invasion with downregulation of matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2). Further study showed that PRSS3 overexpression diminished the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signaling protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MEK2) and extracellular-signal related kinase 1 (ERK1)/extracellular-signal related kinase 2 (ERK2), in HCC cells. In contrast, knockdown of PRSS3 by small interfering RNA resulted in opposite effects on an HCC cell line SNU-387 which constitutively expresses PRSS3. These results demonstrate that downregulation of PRSS3 by intragenic hypermethylation provides growth and metastasis advantage to HCC cells. The clinical relevance of PRSS3 to human HCC was shown by the intragenic methylation of PRSS3 in HCC specimens and its association with poor tumor differentiation in patients with HCC. Thus, PRSS3 is a potential prognostic biomarker and an epigenetic target for intervention of human HCC. KEY MESSAGES • PRSS3 is downregulated by intragenic hypermethylation in HCC. • Epigenetic silencing of PRSS3 facilitates growth, migration, and invasion of HCC. • PRSS3 intragenic methylation has implication in diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Lin
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhou
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shuye Lin
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Baoping Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- College of Life Sciences & Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Yang X, Yang L, Ma Y, Zhao X, Wang H. MicroRNA-205 Mediates Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR 2) -Promoted Cancer Cell Migration. Cancer Invest 2017; 35:601-609. [PMID: 28990808 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1378671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) promotes cell migration in cancers, but the exact mechanism underlying this process remains largely unknown. Here we report that activation of PAR2 reduced miR-205 expression, whereas inhibition of miR-205 promoted cell migration in cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-205 blocked PAR2-mediated stimulation of cell migration. BMPR1B was identified as a downstream target gene of miR-205. In colorectal carcinoma specimens from patients, the level of PAR2 was negatively correlated with that of miR-205, but it was positively associated with BMPR1B expression. Taken together, our findings indicate that PAR2 signaling promotes cancer cell migration through miR-205/BMPR1B pathway in human colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Lan Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Yiming Ma
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Hongying Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
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40
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Huang KT, Kuo IY, Tsai MC, Wu CH, Hsu LW, Chen LY, Kung CP, Cheng YF, Goto S, Chou YW, Chen CL, Lin CC, Chen KD. Factor VII-Induced MicroRNA-135a Inhibits Autophagy and Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:274-283. [PMID: 29246306 PMCID: PMC5675721 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and aggressive malignancies worldwide. Treatment outcomes remain poor mainly due to lack of good diagnostic/prognostic markers and limited therapeutic strategies. We previously characterized aberrant activation of the TF/FVII/PAR2 pathway, which subsequently results in decreased autophagy, as a crucial event in malignant progression of HCC. Here, we identified miR-135a as a highly upregulated miRNA in HCC in response to TF/FVII/PAR2 activation. Analyzing 103 HCC patient specimens, we confirmed that miR-135a was frequently elevated in HCC tissues with higher FVII expression compared to adjacent non-cancerous counterparts. Increased miR-135a levels in HCC were also associated with tumor staging, recurrence, microvascular invasion, and decreased disease-free survival. We subsequently identified Atg14, a key component that regulates the formation of autophagosome as a direct target of miR-135a. Ectopic expression of miR-135a suppressed Atg14 levels and inhibited the autophagic processes. Our results indicate strong positive correlations between miR-135a levels and malignant behaviors in HCC patients and also suggest novel functions of miR-135a in regulation of autophagy, which could be useful as a potential target for prognostic and therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Tzu Huang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - I-Ying Kuo
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chao Tsai
- Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Wu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Hsu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Pin Kung
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Cheng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Goto
- Fukuoka Institute of Occupational Health, Fukuoka 815-0081, Japan
| | - Yu-Wei Chou
- Tissue Bank and BioBank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
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41
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Ungefroren H, Witte D, Mihara K, Rauch BH, Henklein P, Jöhren O, Bonni S, Settmacher U, Lehnert H, Hollenberg MD, Kaufmann R, Gieseler F. Transforming Growth Factor-β1/Activin Receptor-like Kinase 5-Mediated Cell Migration is Dependent on the Protein Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 but not on Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2-Stimulated Gq-Calcium Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:519-532. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Cai J, Du S, Wang H, Xin B, Wang J, Shen W, Wei W, Guo Z, Shen X. Tenascin-C induces migration and invasion through JNK/c-Jun signalling in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74406-74422. [PMID: 29088796 PMCID: PMC5650351 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC), a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein, has been reported to be associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. However, the effects and mechanisms of TNC in pancreatic cancer metastasis largely remain unclear. We performed Transwell assays to investigate the effects of TNC on Capan-2, AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells. In addition, western blot and RT-qPCR assays were used to examine potential TNC metastasis-associated targets, such as JNK/c-Jun, Paxillin/FAK, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, and MMP9/2. Lastly, we utilized a variety of methods, such as immunofluorescence, gelatin zymography and immunoprecipitation, to determine the molecular mechanisms of TNC in pancreatic cancer cell motility. The present study showed that TNC induced migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells and regulated a number of metastasis-associated proteins, including the EMT markers, MMP9 and Paxillin. Moreover, our data showed that TNC induced pancreatic cancer cells to generate an EMT phenotype and acquire motility potential through the activation of JNK/c-Jun signalling. In addition, TNC increased the DNA binding activity of c-Jun to the MMP9 promoter, an action likely resulting in increased MMP9 expression and activity. TNC/JNK also markedly induced the phosphorylation of Paxillin on serine 178, which is critical for the association between FAK and Paxillin and promoted the formation of focal adhesions. TNC/JNK initiates cell migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells through the promotion of EMT, the transactivation of MMP9 and the phosphorylation of Paxillin on serine 178. TNC may be a potential therapeutic target for treating pancreatic cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shaoxia Du
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Beibei Xin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenyuan Shen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhongkui Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaohong Shen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Peláez R, Morales X, Salvo E, Garasa S, Ortiz de Solórzano C, Martínez A, Larrayoz IM, Rouzaut A. β3 integrin expression is required for invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation in lung carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181579. [PMID: 28767724 PMCID: PMC5540285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer related deaths are primarily due to tumor metastasis. To facilitate their dissemination to distant sites, cancer cells develop invadopodia, actin-rich protrusions capable of degrading the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). We aimed to determine whether β3 integrin participates in invadopodia formed by lung carcinoma cells, based on our previous findings of specific TGF-β induction of β3 integrin dependent metastasis in animal models of lung carcinoma. In this study, we demonstrate that lung carcinoma cells form invadopodia in response to TGF-β exposure. Invadopodia formation and degradation activity is dependent on β3 integrin expression since β3 integrin deficient cells are not able to degrade gelatin-coated surfaces. Even more, transient over-expression of SRC did not restore invadopodia formation in β3 integrin deficient cells. Finally, we observed that blockade of PLC-dependent signaling leads to more intense labeling for β3 integrin in invadopodia. Our results suggest that β3 integrin function, and location, in lung cancer cells are essential for invadopodia formation, and this integrin regulates the activation of different signal pathways necessary for the invasive structure. β3 integrin has been associated with poor prognosis and increased metastasis in several carcinoma types, including lung cancer. Our findings provide new evidence to support the use of targeted therapies against this integrin to combat the onset of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Peláez
- Department of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research CIMA, Pamplona, Spain.,Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, CIBIR, Logroño, Spain
| | - Xabier Morales
- Department of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research CIMA, Pamplona, Spain.,Laboratory of Preclinical Models and Analytical Tools, Division of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research and CIBERONC, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Salvo
- Department of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Department of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research CIMA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortiz de Solórzano
- Laboratory of Preclinical Models and Analytical Tools, Division of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research and CIBERONC, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, CIBIR, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, CIBIR, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Department of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research CIMA, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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44
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Roy A, Ansari SA, Das K, Prasad R, Bhattacharya A, Mallik S, Mukherjee A, Sen P. Coagulation factor VIIa-mediated protease-activated receptor 2 activation leads to β-catenin accumulation via the AKT/GSK3β pathway and contributes to breast cancer progression. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13688-13701. [PMID: 28522609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion are very characteristic features of cancer cells that promote metastasis, which is one of the most common causes of mortality among cancer patients. Emerging evidence has shown that coagulation factors can directly mediate cancer-associated complications either by enhancing thrombus formation or by initiating various signaling events leading to metastatic cancer progression. It is well established that, apart from its distinct role in blood coagulation, coagulation factor FVIIa enhances aggressive behaviors of breast cancer cells, but the underlying signaling mechanisms still remain elusive. To this end, we investigated FVIIa's role in the migration and invasiveness of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Consistent with previous observations, we observed that FVIIa increased the migratory and invasive potential of these cells. We also provide molecular evidence that protease-activated receptor 2 activation followed by PI3K-AKT activation and GSK3β inactivation is involved in these processes and that β-catenin, a well known tumor-regulatory protein, contributes to this signaling pathway. The pivotal role of β-catenin was further indicated by the up-regulation of its downstream targets cyclin D1, c-Myc, COX-2, MMP-7, MMP-14, and Claudin-1. β-Catenin knockdown almost completely attenuated the FVIIa-induced enhancement of breast cancer migration and invasion. These findings provide a new perspective to counteract the invasive behavior of breast cancer, indicating that blocking PI3K-AKT pathway-dependent β-catenin accumulation may represent a potential therapeutic approach to control breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Roy
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Shabbir A Ansari
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Kaushik Das
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Anindita Bhattacharya
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Suman Mallik
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Ashis Mukherjee
- Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata 700016, India
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
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Zong Y, Feng S, Cheng J, Yu C, Lu G. Up-Regulated ATF4 Expression Increases Cell Sensitivity to Apoptosis in Response to Radiation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:784-794. [PMID: 28214891 DOI: 10.1159/000458742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a member of the activating transcription factor family which regulates the expression of genes involved in amino acid metabolism, redox homeostasis and ER stress responses. ATF4 is also over-expressed in human solid tumors, although its effect on responsiveness to radiation is largely unexplored. METHODS Real-time PCR was used to detect ATF4 mRNA levels in cells treated with different doses of 60Coγ radiation. Cell viability was assayed using a cell counting kit. The cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry, and cell apoptosis was assayed using Annexin V-PI double labeling. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) against ATF4 was transfected into ECV304 cells using Lipofectamine 2000. An ATF4 over-expression plasmid (p-ATF4-CGN) was transfected into HEK293 cells that endogenously expressed low levels of ATF4. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using CM-H2DCFDA as a probe. RESULTS ATF4 mRNA and protein expression levels were higher after radiation and increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in AHH1 lymphoblast cells (P < 0.05). An increase in ATF4 levels was also observed after radiation in primary murine spleen cells, human endothelial ECV304 cells, human liver LO2 cells, breast cancer MCF7 cells, and human hepatocellular carcinoma HEPG2 cells. No change was observed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Over-expressing ATF4 in HEK293 cells inhibited cell proliferation, increased cell apoptosis and significantly increased the proportion of cells in G1 phase. Conversely, when ATF4 expression was knocked down using siRNA in ECV304 cells, it protected the cells from radiation-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that ATF4 may play a role in radiation-induced cell killing by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that radiation up-regulated the expression of ATF4. We used ATF4 knockdown and over-expression systems to show that ATF4 may play a role in radiation-induced cellular apoptosis.
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Abstract
Although many studies have demonstrated that components of the hemostatic system may be involved in signaling leading to cancer progression, the potential mechanisms by which they contribute to cancer dissemination are not yet precisely understood. Among known coagulant factors, tissue factor (TF) and thrombin play a pivotal role in cancer invasion. They may be generated in the tumor microenvironment independently of blood coagulation and can induce cell signaling through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). PARs are transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by a unique proteolytic mechanism. They play important roles in vascular physiology, neural tube closure, hemostasis, and inflammation. All of these agents (TF, thrombin, PARs—mainly PAR-1 and PAR-2) are thought to promote cancer invasion and metastasis at least in part by facilitating tumor cell migration, angiogenesis, and interactions with host vascular cells, including platelets, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Here, we discuss the role of PARs and their activators in cancer progression, focusing on TF- and thrombin-mediated actions. Therapeutic options tailored specifically to inhibit PAR-induced signaling in cancer patients are presented as well.
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Abstract
CCNE1 gene amplification is present in 15-20% ovary tumor specimens. Here, we showed that Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) was overexpressed in 30% of established ovarian cancer cell lines. We also showed that CCNE1 was stained positive in over 40% of primary ovary tumor specimens regardless of their histological types while CCNE1 staining was either negative or low in normal ovary and benign ovary tumor tissues. However, the status of CCNE1 overexpression was not associated with the tumorigenic potential of ovarian cancer cell lines and also did not correlate with pathological grades of ovary tumor specimens. Subsequent experiments with CCNE1 siRNAs showed that knockdown of CCNE1 reduced cell growth only in cells with inherent CCNE1 overexpression, indicating that these cells may have developed an addiction to CCNE1 for growth/survival. As CCNE1 is a regulatory factor of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), we investigated the effect of Cdk2 inhibitor on ovary tumorigenecity. Ovarian cancer cells with elevated CCNE1 expression were 40 times more sensitive to Cdk2 inhibitorSNS-032 than those without inherent CCNE1 overexpression. Moreover, SNS-032 greatly prolonged the survival of mice bearing ovary tumors with inherent CCNE1 overexpression. This study suggests that ovary tumors with elevated CCNE1 expression may be staged for Cdk2-targeted therapy.
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Stahn S, Thelen L, Albrecht IM, Bitzer J, Henkel T, Teusch NE. Teleocidin A2 inhibits human proteinase-activated receptor 2 signaling in tumor cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00230. [PMID: 28116092 PMCID: PMC5242168 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced expression of the proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is linked to cell proliferation and migration in many cancer cell types. The role of PAR2 in cancer progression strongly illustrates the need for PAR2‐inhibiting compounds. However, to date, potent and selective PAR2 antagonists have not been reported. The natural product teleocidin A2 was characterized against PAR2‐activating peptide SLIGKV‐NH2, and trypsin‐induced PAR2‐dependent intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in tumor and in primary endothelial or epithelial cells. Further biochemical and cell‐based studies were conducted to evaluate teleocidin specificity. The antagonizing effect of teleocidin A2 was confirmed in PAR2‐dependent cell migration and rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton of human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA‐MB 231) breast cancer cells. Teleocidin A2 antagonizes PAR2‐dependent intracellular Ca2+ mobilization induced by either SLIGKV‐NH2 or trypsin with IC50 values from 15 to 25 nmol/L in MDA‐MB 231, lung carcinoma cell line, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Half maximal inhibition of either PAR1 or P2Y receptor‐dependent Ca2+ release is only achieved with 10‐ to 20‐fold higher concentrations of teleocidin A2. In low nanomolar concentrations, teleocidin A2 reverses both SLIGKV‐NH2 and trypsin‐mediated PAR2‐dependent migration of MDA‐MB 231 cells, and has no effect itself on cell migration and no effect on cell viability. Teleocidin A2 further controls PAR2‐induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangement of MDA‐MB 231 cells. Thus, for the first time, the small molecule natural product teleocidin A2 exhibiting PAR2 antagonism in the low nanomolar range with potent antimigratory activity is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stahn
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
| | - Lisa Thelen
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
| | - Ina-Maria Albrecht
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Elisabeth Teusch
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
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Yau MK, Lim J, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) modulators: a patent review (2010-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:471-83. [PMID: 26936077 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1154540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a self-activated G protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in several diseases, including inflammatory, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic diseases, cancers and others, making it an important prospective drug target. No known endogenous ligands are available for PAR2, so having potent exogenous agonists and antagonists can be helpful for studying physiological functions of PAR2. AREAS COVERED This review covers agonist-, antagonist-, antibody- and pepducin-based modulators of PAR2 reported in patent applications between 2010-2015, along with their available structure-activity relationships, biological activities and potential uses for studying PAR2. EXPERT OPINION In the last six years, substantial efforts were made towards developing PAR2 modulators, but most lack potency or selectivity or have poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Many PAR2 modulators were assessed by measuring Gαq protein-mediated calcium release in cells. This may be insufficient to fully characterize ligand function, since different ligands signal through PAR2 via multiple signaling pathways. It may be feasible to develop biased ligands as drugs that can selectively modulate one or more specific signaling pathways linking PAR2 to a specific diseased state. Accordingly, potent, orally bioavailable, pathway- and receptor-selective PAR2 modulators may be an achievable goal to realizing effective drugs that can treat PAR2-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Huang CC, Wu DW, Lin PL, Lee H. Paxillin promotes colorectal tumor invasion and poor patient outcomes via ERK-mediated stabilization of Bcl-2 protein by phosphorylation at Serine 87. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8698-708. [PMID: 25826088 PMCID: PMC4496177 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilization of Bcl-2 protein by paxillin (PXN)-mediated ERK activation was recently reported to cause an unfavorable response to 5-Fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Here, we present evidence from cell and animal models to demonstrate that stabilization of Bcl-2 protein by phosphorylation at Serine 87 (pBcl-2-S87) via PXN-mediated ERK activation is responsible for cancer cell invasiveness and occurs via upregulation of MMP2 expression. Immunostainings of 190 tumors resected from colorectal cancer patients indicated that PXN expression was positively correlated with Bcl-2, pBcl-2-S87, and MMP2 expression. A positive correlation of pBcl-2-S87 with Bcl-2 and MMP2 was also observed in this study population. Patients with high PXN, Bcl-2, pBcl-2-S87, and MMP2 had poor overall survival (OS) and shorter relapse free survival (RFS). In conclusion, PXN promotes Bcl-2 phosphorylation at Serine 87 via PXN-mediated ERK activation, and its stabilization associated with increased tumor formation efficacy in mice and poor patient outcome in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chou Huang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectum, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - De-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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