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Jin Z, Wang H, Tang R, Pan B, Lee HJ, Liu S, Wang L, Qin J, Xu M. GATA2 promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer development by suppressing IFN-β axis-mediated antitumor immunity. Oncogene 2024:10.1038/s41388-024-03107-z. [PMID: 39068217 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) nearly inevitably develops after long-term treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), leading to significant mortality. Investigating the mechanisms driving CRPC development is imperative. Here, we determined that the pioneer transcription factor GATA2, which is frequently amplified in CRPC patients, inhibits interferon (IFN)-β-mediated antitumor immunity, thereby promoting CRPC progression. Employing a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM), we demonstrated that GATA2 overexpression hindered castration-induced cell apoptosis and tumor shrinkage, facilitating tumor metastasis and CRPC development. Notably, GATA2 drives castration resistance predominantly via repressing castration-induced activation of IFN-β signaling and CD8+ T-cell infiltration. This finding aligns with the negative correlation between GATA2 expression and IFNB1 expression, as well as CD8+ T-cell infiltration in CRPC patients. Mechanistically, GATA2 recruited PIAS1 as corepressor, and reprogramed the cistrome of IRF3, a key transcription factor of the IFN-β axis, in an androgen-independent manner. Furthermore, we identified a novel silencer element that facilitated the function of GATA2 and PIAS1 through looping to the IFNB1 promoter. Importantly, depletion of GATA2 augmented antitumor immunity and attenuated CRPC development. Consequently, our findings elucidate a novel mechanism wherein GATA2 promotes CRPC progression by suppressing IFN-β axis-mediated antitumor immunity, underscoring GATA2 as a promising therapeutic target for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zige Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruxian Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Biying Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siqi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Leiming Wang
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Mafei Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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2
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Garofoli M, Maiorano BA, Bruno G, Giordano G, Di Tullio P, Maselli FM, Landriscina M, Conteduca V. Androgen receptor, PARP signaling, and tumor microenvironment: the 'perfect triad' in prostate cancer? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2024; 16:17588359241258443. [PMID: 38887656 PMCID: PMC11181896 DOI: 10.1177/17588359241258443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway in prostate cancer (PCa) provide a unique opportunity to develop therapeutic strategies that take advantage of the reduced tumor ability to repair DNA damage. Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have been shown to prolong the survival of PCa patients with HRR defects, particularly in those with Breast Cancer type 1 susceptibility protein/Breast Cancer type 2 susceptibility protein alterations. To expand the benefit of PARPi to patients without detectable HRR alterations, multiple preclinical and clinical studies are addressing potential synergies between PARPi and androgen receptor signaling inhibitors, and these strategies are also being evaluated in combination with other drugs such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the effectiveness of these combining therapies could be hindered by multiple mechanisms of resistance, including also the role played by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the use of PARPi in PCa and the potential synergies with different molecular pathways. However, numerous unanswered questions remain, including the identification of the patient population that could benefit most from PARPi, determining whether to use PARPi as monotherapy or in combination, and finding the optimal timing of PARPi, expanding the use of genomic tests, and optimizing combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Garofoli
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Bruno
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Guido Giordano
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Di Tullio
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Felicia Maria Maselli
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Viale Pinto, 1, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Viale Pinto, 1, Foggia 71122, Italy
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3
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Culig Z, Puhr M. Androgen Receptor-Interacting Proteins in Prostate Cancer Development and Therapy Resistance. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:324-334. [PMID: 38104650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine therapy for prostate cancer is based on the use of drugs that diminish androgen concentration and androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitors and is limited by the functional consequences of AR point mutations and increased expression of constitutively active receptors. Many coactivators (>280) interact with different AR regions. Most studies have determined the expression of coactivators and their effects in the presence of increasing concentrations of androgen or the antiandrogen enzalutamide. The p160 group of coactivators (SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3) is highly expressed in prostate cancer and contributes to ligand-dependent activation of the receptor in models that represent therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant cell lines. The transcriptional coactivators p300 and CREB-binding protein (CBP) are implicated in the regulation of a large number of cellular events, such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. AR coactivators also may predict biochemical and clinical recurrence. The AR coactivator expression, which is enhanced in enzalutamide resistance, includes growth regulating estrogen receptor binding 1 (GREB1) and GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2). Several coactivators also activate AR-unrelated signaling pathways, such as those of insulin-like growth factors, which inhibit apoptosis in cancer cells. They are expressed in multiple models of resistance to therapy and can be targeted by various inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. The role of the glucocorticoid receptor in endocrine therapy-resistant prostate cancer has been documented previously. Specific coactivators may interact with the glucocorticoid receptor, thus contributing to therapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin Puhr
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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4
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Mathes A, Duman MB, Neumann A, Dobreva G, Schmidt T. S-adenosylmethionine treatment affects histone methylation in prostate cancer cells. Gene 2024; 893:147915. [PMID: 37866662 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) represents a potent inhibitor of cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasionin vitro.The underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we examined, if treatment with SAM may cause alterations in the methylation of the histone marks H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, which are both known to play important roles in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. We treated PC-3 cells with 200 µmol SAM, a concentration known to cause anticancerogenic effects, followed by ChIP-sequencing for H3K4me3 and H3K27me3. We detected 236 differentially methylated regions for H3K27me3 and 560 differentially methylated regions for H3K4me3. GO Term enrichment showed upregulation of anticancerogenic, as well as downregulation of cancerogenic related biological processes, molecular functions, and pathways. Furthermore, we compared specific methylation profiles of SAM treated samples to gene expression changes (RNA-Seq). 35 upregulated and 56 downregulated genes (total: 604 differentially expressed genes) could be related to hypomethylated and hypermethylated regions. 17 upregulated genes could be identified as tumor suppressor genes, 45 downregulated genes in contrast are considered as oncogenes. As a conclusion it can be stated that SAM treatment of prostate cancer cells resulted in alterations of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 methylation profiles. Gene to peak annotation, alignment with results of a transcriptome study as well as GO-term analysis underpinned the biological relevance of methylation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Mathes
- Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Gergana Dobreva
- Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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Wang X, Guo Y, Chen G, Fang E, Wang J, Li Q, Li D, Hu A, Bao B, Zhou Y, Gao H, Song J, Du X, Zheng L, Tong Q. Therapeutic targeting of FUBP3 phase separation by GATA2-AS1 inhibits malate-aspartate shuttle and neuroblastoma progression via modulating SUZ12 activity. Oncogene 2023; 42:2673-2687. [PMID: 37537343 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) is essential for maintaining glycolysis and energy metabolism in tumors, while its regulatory mechanisms in neuroblastoma (NB), the commonest extracranial malignancy during childhood, still remain to be elucidated. Herein, by analyzing multi-omics data, GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) and its antisense RNA 1 (GATA2-AS1) were identified to suppress MAS during NB progression. Mechanistic studies revealed that GATA2 inhibited the transcription of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2) and malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2). As a long non-coding RNA destabilized by RNA binding motif protein 15-mediated N6-methyladenosine methylation, GATA2-AS1 bound with far upstream element binding protein 3 (FUBP3) to repress its liquid-liquid phase separation and interaction with suppressor of zest 12 (SUZ12), resulting in decrease of SUZ12 activity and epigenetic up-regulation of GATA2 and other tumor suppressors. Rescue experiments revealed that GATA2-AS1 inhibited MAS and NB progression via repressing interaction between FUBP3 and SUZ12. Pre-clinically, administration of lentivirus carrying GATA2-AS1 suppressed MAS, aerobic glycolysis, and aggressive behaviors of NB xenografts. Notably, low GATA2-AS1 or GATA2 expression and high FUBP3, SUZ12, GOT2 or MDH2 levels were linked with unfavorable outcome of NB patients. These findings suggest that GATA2-AS1 inhibits FUBP3 phase separation to repress MAS and NB progression via modulating SUZ12 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Erhu Fang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jianqun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Qilan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Anpei Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Banghe Bao
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Song
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Du
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Liduan Zheng
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
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6
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Yang X, Zhang Q, Li S, Devarajan R, Luo B, Tan Z, Wang Z, Giannareas N, Wenta T, Ma W, Li Y, Yang Y, Manninen A, Wu S, Wei GH. GATA2 co-opts TGFβ1/SMAD4 oncogenic signaling and inherited variants at 6q22 to modulate prostate cancer progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:198. [PMID: 37550764 PMCID: PMC10408074 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant somatic genomic alteration including copy number amplification is a hallmark of cancer genomes. We previously profiled genomic landscapes of prostate cancer (PCa), yet the underlying causal genes with prognostic potential has not been defined. It remains unclear how a somatic genomic event cooperates with inherited germline variants contribute to cancer predisposition and progression. METHODS We applied integrated genomic and clinical data, experimental models and bioinformatic analysis to identify GATA2 as a highly prevalent metastasis-associated genomic amplification in PCa. Biological roles of GATA2 in PCa metastasis was determined in vitro and in vivo. Global chromatin co-occupancy and co-regulation of GATA2 and SMAD4 was investigated by coimmunoprecipitation, ChIP-seq and RNA-seq assays. Tumor cellular assays, qRT-PCR, western blot, ChIP, luciferase assays and CRISPR-Cas9 editing methods were performed to mechanistically understand the cooperation of GATA2 with SMAD4 in promoting TGFβ1 and AR signaling and mediating inherited PCa risk and progression. RESULTS In this study, by integrated genomics and experimental analysis, we identified GATA2 as a prevalent metastasis-associated genomic amplification to transcriptionally augment its own expression in PCa. Functional experiments demonstrated that GATA2 physically interacted and cooperated with SMAD4 for genome-wide chromatin co-occupancy and co-regulation of PCa genes and metastasis pathways like TGFβ signaling. Mechanistically, GATA2 was cooperative with SMAD4 to enhance TGFβ and AR signaling pathways, and activated the expression of TGFβ1 via directly binding to a distal enhancer of TGFβ1. Strinkingly, GATA2 and SMAD4 globally mediated inherited PCa risk and formed a transcriptional complex with HOXB13 at the PCa risk-associated rs339331/6q22 enhancer, leading to increased expression of the PCa susceptibility gene RFX6. CONCLUSIONS Our study prioritizes causal genomic amplification genes with prognostic values in PCa and reveals the pivotal roles of GATA2 in transcriptionally activating the expression of its own and TGFβ1, thereby co-opting to TGFβ1/SMAD4 signaling and RFX6 at 6q22 to modulate PCa predisposition and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayun Yang
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Shuxuan Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Raman Devarajan
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Binjie Luo
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zenglai Tan
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zixian Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nikolaos Giannareas
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Wenlong Ma
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuehong Yang
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aki Manninen
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Urology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Gong-Hong Wei
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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A COP1-GATA2 axis suppresses AR signaling and prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205350119. [PMID: 36251994 PMCID: PMC9618149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205350119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is crucial for driving prostate cancer (PCa), the most diagnosed and the second leading cause of death in male patients with cancer in the United States. Androgen deprivation therapy is initially effective in most instances of AR-positive advanced or metastatic PCa. However, patients inevitably develop lethal castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), which is also resistant to the next-generation AR signaling inhibitors. Most CRPCs maintain AR expression, and blocking AR signaling remains a main therapeutic approach. GATA2 is a pioneer transcription factor emerging as a key therapeutic target for PCa because it promotes AR expression and activation. While directly inhibiting GATA2 transcriptional activity remains challenging, enhancing GATA2 degradation is a plausible therapeutic strategy. How GATA2 protein stability is regulated in PCa remains unknown. Here, we show that constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, drives GATA2 ubiquitination at K419/K424 for degradation. GATA2 lacks a conserved [D/E](x)xxVP[D/E] degron but uses alternate BR1/BR2 motifs to bind COP1. By promoting GATA2 degradation, COP1 inhibits AR expression and activation and represses PCa cell and xenograft growth and castration resistance. Accordingly, GATA2 overexpression or COP1 mutations that disrupt COP1-GATA2 binding block COP1 tumor-suppressing activities. We conclude that GATA2 is a major COP1 substrate in PCa and that COP1 promotion of GATA2 degradation is a direct mechanism for regulating AR expression and activation, PCa growth, and castration resistance.
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8
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Eickhoff N, Bergman AM, Zwart W. Homing in on a Moving Target: Androgen Receptor Cistromic Plasticity in Prostate Cancer. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6705578. [PMID: 36125208 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is the critical driver in prostate cancer and exerts its function mainly through transcriptional control. Recent advances in clinical studies and cell line models have illustrated that AR chromatin binding features are not static; rather they are highly variable yet reproducibly altered between clinical stages. Extensive genomic analyses of AR chromatin binding features in different disease stages have revealed a high degree of plasticity of AR chromatin interactions in clinical samples. Mechanistically, AR chromatin binding patterns are associated with specific somatic mutations on AR and other permutations, including mutations of AR-interacting proteins. Here we summarize the most recent studies on how the AR cistrome is dynamically altered in prostate cancer models and patient samples, and what implications this has for the identification of therapeutic targets to avoid the emergence of treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Eickhoff
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries M Bergman
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Leach DA, Fernandes RC, Bevan CL. Cellular specificity of androgen receptor, coregulators, and pioneer factors in prostate cancer. ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 2:R112-R131. [PMID: 37435460 PMCID: PMC10259329 DOI: 10.1530/eo-22-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Androgen signalling, through the transcription factor androgen receptor (AR), is vital to all stages of prostate development and most prostate cancer progression. AR signalling controls differentiation, morphogenesis, and function of the prostate. It also drives proliferation and survival in prostate cancer cells as the tumour progresses; given this importance, it is the main therapeutic target for disseminated disease. AR is also essential in the surrounding stroma, for the embryonic development of the prostate and controlling epithelial glandular development. Stromal AR is also important in cancer initiation, regulating paracrine factors that excite cancer cell proliferation, but lower stromal AR expression correlates with shorter time to progression/worse outcomes. The profile of AR target genes is different between benign and cancerous epithelial cells, between castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells and treatment-naïve cancer cells, between metastatic and primary cancer cells, and between epithelial cells and fibroblasts. This is also true of AR DNA-binding profiles. Potentially regulating the cellular specificity of AR binding and action are pioneer factors and coregulators, which control and influence the ability of AR to bind to chromatin and regulate gene expression. The expression of these factors differs between benign and cancerous cells, as well as throughout disease progression. The expression profile is also different between fibroblast and mesenchymal cell types. The functional importance of coregulators and pioneer factors in androgen signalling makes them attractive therapeutic targets, but given the contextual expression of these factors, it is essential to understand their roles in different cancerous and cell-lineage states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Rayzel C Fernandes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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10
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Kaochar S, Rusin A, Foley C, Rajapakshe K, Robertson M, Skapura D, Mason C, Berman De Ruiz K, Tyryshkin AM, Deng J, Shin JN, Fiskus W, Dong J, Huang S, Navone NM, Davis CM, Ehli EA, Coarfa C, Mitsiades N. Inhibition of GATA2 in prostate cancer by a clinically available small molecule. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 29:15-31. [PMID: 34636746 PMCID: PMC8634153 DOI: 10.1530/erc-21-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains highly lethal and in need of novel, actionable therapeutic targets. The pioneer factor GATA2 is a significant prostate cancer (PC) driver and is linked to poor prognosis. GATA2 directly promotes androgen receptor (AR) gene expression (both full-length and splice-variant) and facilitates AR binding to chromatin, recruitment of coregulators, and target gene transcription. Unfortunately, there is no clinically applicable GATA2 inhibitor available at the moment. Using a bioinformatics algorithm, we screened in silico 2650 clinically relevant drugs for a potential GATA2 inhibitor. Validation studies used cytotoxicity and proliferation assays, global gene expression analysis, RT-qPCR, reporter assay, reverse phase protein array analysis (RPPA), and immunoblotting. We examined target engagement via cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), ChIP-qPCR, and GATA2 DNA-binding assay. We identified the vasodilator dilazep as a potential GATA2 inhibitor and confirmed on-target activity via CETSA. Dilazep exerted anticancer activity across a broad panel of GATA2-dependent PC cell lines in vitro and in a PDX model in vivo. Dilazep inhibited GATA2 recruitment to chromatin and suppressed the cell-cycle program, transcriptional programs driven by GATA2, AR, and c-MYC, and the expression of several oncogenic drivers, including AR, c-MYC, FOXM1, CENPF, EZH2, UBE2C, and RRM2, as well as of several mediators of metastasis, DNA damage repair, and stemness. In conclusion, we provide, via an extensive compendium of methodologies, proof-of-principle that a small molecule can inhibit GATA2 function and suppress its downstream AR, c-MYC, and other PC-driving effectors. We propose GATA2 as a therapeutic target in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Kaochar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to S Kaochar or N Mitsiades: or
| | - Aleksandra Rusin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher Foley
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Robertson
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Darlene Skapura
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cammy Mason
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Jenny Deng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jin Na Shin
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Warren Fiskus
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianrong Dong
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Education, Innovation, and Technology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nora M Navone
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christel M Davis
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas Mitsiades
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to S Kaochar or N Mitsiades: or
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11
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Shen T, Wang W, Zhou W, Coleman I, Cai Q, Dong B, Ittmann MM, Creighton CJ, Bian Y, Meng Y, Rowley DR, Nelson PS, Moore DD, Yang F. MAPK4 promotes prostate cancer by concerted activation of androgen receptor and AKT. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:135465. [PMID: 33586682 DOI: 10.1172/jci135465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is essential for PCa cell growth/survival and remains a key therapeutic target for lethal castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). GATA2 is a pioneer transcription factor crucial for inducing AR expression/activation. We recently reported that MAPK4, an atypical MAPK, promotes tumor progression via noncanonical activation of AKT. Here, we demonstrated that MAPK4 activated AR by enhancing GATA2 transcriptional expression and stabilizing GATA2 protein through repression of GATA2 ubiquitination/degradation. MAPK4 expression correlated with AR activation in human CRPC. Concerted activation of both GATA2/AR and AKT by MAPK4 promoted PCa cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, xenograft growth, and castration resistance. Conversely, knockdown of MAPK4 decreased activation of both AR and AKT and inhibited PCa cell and xenograft growth, including castration-resistant growth. Both GATA2/AR and AKT activation were necessary for MAPK4 tumor-promoting activity. Interestingly, combined overexpression of GATA2 plus a constitutively activated AKT was sufficient to drive PCa growth and castration resistance, shedding light on an alternative, MAPK4-independent tumor-promoting pathway in human PCa. We concluded that MAPK4 promotes PCa growth and castration resistance by cooperating parallel pathways of activating GATA2/AR and AKT and that MAPK4 is a novel therapeutic target in PCa, especially CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wolong Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Qinbo Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine, and.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yingnan Bian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanling Meng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - David R Rowley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Lin KH, Chiang JC, Chen WM, Ho YH, Yao CL, Lee H. Transcriptional regulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors 2 and 3 regulates myeloid commitment of hematopoietic stem cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C509-C519. [PMID: 33406026 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00506.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is one of the lipids identified to be involved in stem cell differentiation. It exerts various functions through activation of G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs). In previous studies, we have demonstrated that activation of LPA receptor 3 (LPA3) promotes erythropoiesis of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and zebrafish using molecular and pharmacological approaches. Our results show that treatment with lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 (LPA2) agonist suppressed erythropoiesis, whereas activation of LPA3 by 1-oleoyl-2-methyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphothionate (2S-OMPT) promoted it, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the inhibitory role of LPA3 during megakaryopoiesis. However, the mechanism underlying these observations remains elusive. In the present study, we suggest that the expression pattern of LPARs may be correlated with the transcriptional factors GATA-1 and GATA-2 at different stages of myeloid progenitors. We determined that manipulation of GATA factors affected the expression levels of LPA2 and LPA3 in K562 leukemia cells. Using luciferase assays, we demonstrate that the promoter regions of LPAR2 and LPAR3 genes were regulated by these GATA factors in HEK293T cells. Mutation of GATA-binding sites in these regions abrogated luciferase activity, suggesting that LPA2 and LPA3 are regulated by GATA factors. Moreover, physical interaction between GATA factors and the promoter region of LPAR genes was verified in K562 cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies. Taken together, our results suggest that balance between LPA2 and LPA3 expression, which may be determined by GATA factors, is a regulatory switch for lineage commitment in myeloid progenitors. The expression-level balance of LPA receptor subtypes represents a novel mechanism regulating erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jui-Chung Chiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ya-Hsuan Ho
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chao-Ling Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Angiogenesis Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Woo J, Santasusagna S, Banks J, Pastor-Lopez S, Yadav K, Carceles-Cordon M, Dominguez-Andres A, Den RB, Languino LR, Pippa R, Lallas CD, Lu-Yao G, Kelly WK, Knudsen KE, Rodriguez-Bravo V, Tewari AK, Prats JM, Leiby BE, Gomella LG, Domingo-Domenech J. Urine Extracellular Vesicle GATA2 mRNA Discriminates Biopsy Result in Men with Suspicion of Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2020; 204:691-700. [PMID: 32250729 PMCID: PMC7483587 DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate specific antigen has limited performance in detecting prostate cancer. The transcription factor GATA2 is expressed in aggressive prostate cancer. We analyzed the predictive value of urine extracellular vesicle GATA2 mRNA alone and in combination with a multigene panel to improve detection of prostate cancer and high risk disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS GATA2 mRNA was analyzed in matched extracellular vesicles isolated from urines before and after prostatectomy (16) and paired urine and tissue prostatectomy samples (19). Extracellular vesicle GATA2 mRNA performance to distinguish prostate cancer and high grade disease was tested in training (52) and validation (165) cohorts. The predictive value of a multigene score including GATA2, PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG (GAPT-E) was tested in both cohorts. RESULTS Confirming its prostate origin, urine extracellular vesicle GATA2 mRNA levels decreased significantly after prostatectomy and correlated with prostate cancer tissue GATA2 mRNA levels. In the training and validation cohort GATA2 discriminated prostate cancer (AUC 0.74 and 0.66) and high grade disease (AUC 0.78 and 0.65), respectively. Notably, the GAPT-E score improved discrimination of prostate cancer (AUC 0.84 and 0.72) and high grade cancer (AUC 0.85 and 0.71) in both cohorts when compared with each biomarker alone and PT-E (PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG). A GAPT-E score for high grade prostate cancer would avoid 92.1% of unnecessary prostate biopsies, compared to 61.9% when a PT-E score is used. CONCLUSIONS Urine extracellular vesicle GATA2 mRNA analysis improves the detection of high risk prostate cancer and may reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woo
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - S Santasusagna
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J Banks
- Division of Biostatistics and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - S Pastor-Lopez
- Urology Department, Hospital Sant Jaume Calella, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Yadav
- Urology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - M Carceles-Cordon
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A Dominguez-Andres
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R B Den
- Radiation Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Biology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - L R Languino
- Cancer Biology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R Pippa
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - C D Lallas
- Urology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - G Lu-Yao
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - W K Kelly
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - K E Knudsen
- Cancer Biology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - V Rodriguez-Bravo
- Cancer Biology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A K Tewari
- Urology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - J M Prats
- Urology Department, Hospital Sant Jaume Calella, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B E Leiby
- Division of Biostatistics and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - L G Gomella
- Urology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Josep Domingo-Domenech
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Biology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Winther MD, Kristensen G, Stroomberg HV, Berg KD, Toft BG, Brooks JD, Brasso K, Røder MA. AZGP1 Protein Expression in Hormone-Naïve Advanced Prostate Cancer Treated with Primary Androgen Deprivation Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E520. [PMID: 32726925 PMCID: PMC7460336 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for predicting the risk of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in men treated with primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) are lacking. We investigated whether Zinc-alpha 2 glycoprotein (AZGP1) expression in the diagnostic biopsies of men with hormone-naïve prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing primary ADT was predictive of the development of CRPC and PCa-specific mortality. The study included 191 patients who commenced ADT from 2000 to 2011. The AZGP1 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and scored as high or low expression. The risks of CRPC and PCa-specific mortality were analyzed using stratified cumulative incidences and a cause-specific COX regression analysis for competing risk assessment. The median follow-up time was 9.8 (IQR: 6.1-12.7) years. In total, 94 and 97 patients presented with low and high AZGP1 expression, respectively. A low AZGP1 expression was found to be associated with a shorter time to CRPC when compared to patients with a high AZGP1 expression (HR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0-2.1; p = 0.03). However, the multivariable analysis demonstrated no added benefit by adding the AZGP1 expression to prediction models for CRPC. No differences for PCa-specific mortality between the AZGP1 groups were observed. In conclusion, a low AZGP1 expression was associated with a shorter time to CRPC for PCa patients treated with first-line ADT but did not add any predictive information besides well-established clinicopathological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Dochedahl Winther
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.D.W.); (H.V.S.); (K.D.B.); (K.B.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Gitte Kristensen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.D.W.); (H.V.S.); (K.D.B.); (K.B.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Hein Vincent Stroomberg
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.D.W.); (H.V.S.); (K.D.B.); (K.B.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Kasper Drimer Berg
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.D.W.); (H.V.S.); (K.D.B.); (K.B.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Birgitte Grønkær Toft
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - James D. Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.D.W.); (H.V.S.); (K.D.B.); (K.B.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.D.W.); (H.V.S.); (K.D.B.); (K.B.); (M.A.R.)
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15
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Hankey W, Chen Z, Wang Q. Shaping Chromatin States in Prostate Cancer by Pioneer Transcription Factors. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2427-2436. [PMID: 32094298 PMCID: PMC7299826 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a critical therapeutic target in prostate cancer that responds to antagonists in primary disease, but inevitably becomes reactivated, signaling onset of the lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) stage. Epigenomic investigation of the chromatin environment and interacting partners required for AR transcriptional activity has uncovered three pioneer factors that open up chromatin and facilitate AR-driven transcriptional programs. FOXA1, HOXB13, and GATA2 are required for normal AR transcription in prostate epithelial development and for oncogenic AR transcription during prostate carcinogenesis. AR signaling is dependent upon these three pioneer factors both before and after the clinical transition from treatable androgen-dependent disease to untreatable CRPC. Agents targeting their respective DNA binding or downstream chromatin-remodeling events have shown promise in preclinical studies of CRPC. AR-independent functions of FOXA1, HOXB13, and GATA2 are emerging as well. While all three pioneer factors exert effects that promote carcinogenesis, some of their functions may inhibit certain stages of prostate cancer progression. In all, these pioneer factors represent some of the most promising potential therapeutic targets to emerge thus far from the study of the prostate cancer epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hankey
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Qianben Wang
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
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16
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Copeland BT, Du J, Pal SK, Jones JO. Factors that influence the androgen receptor cistrome in benign and malignant prostate cells. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2616-2632. [PMID: 31520575 PMCID: PMC6887583 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays key roles in the development of prostate tissue and the development and progression of prostate cancer (PC). AR guides cytodifferentiation and homeostasis in benign luminal epithelial cells; however, in PC, AR instead drives the uncontrolled proliferation of these cells. This ‘AR malignancy shift’ (AMS) is a central event in tumorigenesis. Using a ChIP‐seq approach in primary human tissues, cell lines, and mouse models, we demonstrate that the AMS occurs in every sample analyzed, suggesting that it is necessary for PC development. Using molecular and genetic techniques, we demonstrate that forkhead box (FOX)A1, HOXB13, GATA2, and c‐JUN are involved in the regulation of the AMS. AR‐binding sites (ARBS) are enriched for FOX, HOX, and GATA motifs in PC cells but not for c‐JUN motifs in benign cells. We show that the SPOP mutation commonly found in localized PCs can cause the AMS but is not transformative on its own and must be coupled to another mutation to transform cells. We show that the AMS occurs in mouse models of PC as well and that chronic low T, which is associated with increased PC risk and aggressiveness in humans, also causes the AMS in mice. We have discovered a previously unrecognized, fundamental tenet of PC, one which explains how and why AR signaling is different in cancer and benign cells. Our work has the potential to be used to stratify patients with localized PC for specific treatments. Furthermore, our work suggests that the AMS is a novel target for the treatment and/or prevention of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T Copeland
- Deparment of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Juan Du
- Integrative Genomics Core, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Deparment of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy O Jones
- Deparment of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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17
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Feng Q, He B. Androgen Receptor Signaling in the Development of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:858. [PMID: 31552182 PMCID: PMC6738163 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most prostate cancers are androgen-sensitive malignancies whose growths depend on the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR). In the 1940s, Charles Huggins demonstrated that the surgical removal of testes in men can result in a dramatic improvement in symptoms and can induce prostate cancer regression. Since then, androgen deprivation therapies have been the standard first-line treatment for advanced prostate cancer, including: surgical castration, medical castration, antiandrogens, and androgen biosynthesis inhibitors. These therapies relieve symptoms, reduce tumor burden, and prolong patient survival, while having relatively modest side effects. Unfortunately, hormone deprivation therapy rarely cures the cancer itself. Prostate cancer almost always recurs, resulting in deadly castration-resistant prostate cancer. The underlying escape mechanisms include androgen receptor gene/enhancer amplification, androgen receptor mutations, androgen receptor variants, coactivator overexpression, intratumoral de novo androgen synthesis, etc. Whereas, the majority of the castration-resistant prostate cancers continuously rely on the androgen axis, a subset of recurrent cancers have completely lost androgen receptor expression, undergone divergent clonal evolution or de-differentiation, and become truly androgen receptor-independent small-cell prostate cancers. There is an urgent need for the development of novel targeted and immune therapies for this subtype of prostate cancer, when more deadly small-cell prostate cancers are induced by thorough androgen deprivation and androgen receptor ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bin He
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine-Cancer Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Knockdown of estrogen receptor β increases proliferation and affects the transcriptome of endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:745. [PMID: 31357971 PMCID: PMC6664594 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) has been repeatedly suggested to play important roles in hormone-dependent cancer like in tumors of the breast, ovary or prostate. In this study, we intended to further elucidate its role in endometrial cancer. Methods For this purpose, we knocked down ERβ expression in two endometrial cancer cell lines, the ERα-negative/ERβ-positive line HEC-1A and the ERα/β-positive cell line RL95/2, by means of siRNA transfection. Cell proliferation after transfection was assessed using the fluorescent CTB Assay (Promega). In order to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms which might underlie the effect on proliferation, we performed transcriptome analyses by means of human Affymetrix Human Gene Chip 2.0. Additionally, we treated the employed cell lines with different ERβ modulators to examine their effect on proliferation. Results siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERβ significantly increased proliferation of both endometrial cancer cell lines. In HEC-1A cells, proliferation was significantly increased 4, 5 and 6 days after transfection, with a maximum of about 1.7-fold (p < 0.05) on day 6. Endometrial RL95/2 cells with an ERβ knockdown exhibited a clearly enhanced proliferation on day 3 and days 4 to 8, when even 2.4-fold higher numbers of viable cells were detected (p < 0.01). Transcriptome analysis revealed that this was accompanied by increased expression of several genes being known to be upregulated in cancer, including proliferation-associated genes and oncogenes, and by repression of genes associated with differentiation, apoptosis or growth inhibition. Corroborating the observed knockdown effects, treatment with the ERβ antagonists PHTTP and (R, R) THC was also able to induce proliferation of both cell lines. Conclusions Our data clearly support the putative role of ERβ as tumor suppressor in endometrium as previously suggested in studies on other tissues and encourage further studies to find out to what extent this molecule might be a potential therapy target in this cancer entity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5928-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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19
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Büscheck F, Zub M, Heumann A, Hube-Magg C, Simon R, Lang DS, Höflmayer D, Neubauer E, Jacobsen F, Hinsch A, Luebke AM, Tsourlakis MC, Sauter G, Huland H, Graefen M, Haese A, Heinzer H, Schlomm T, Clauditz TS, Burandt E, Wilczak W, Steurer S, Minner S. The independent prognostic impact of the GATA2 pioneering factor is restricted to ERG-negative prostate cancer. Tumour Biol 2019; 41:1010428318824815. [PMID: 31296150 DOI: 10.1177/1010428318824815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA2 is a pioneering transcription factor governing androgen receptor expression and signaling in prostate cells. To understand the prognostic potential of GATA2 assessment in prostate cancer, we analyzed nuclear GATA2 expression on an annotated tissue microarray with 12,427 prostate cancer samples. Normal prostate glands were negative to weakly positive. GATA2 staining was found in almost all prostate cancers (95%). Strong GATA2 staining was linked to advanced tumor stage, high classical and quantitative Gleason grade (p < 0.0001 each), positive nodal stage (p = 0.0116), and early biochemical recurrence (p < 0.0001). GATA2 was linked to ERG-fusion-type cancers, with strong GATA2 staining in 29% of ERG-negative and 53% of ERG-positive cancers (p < 0.0001). Separate calculations in 3854 cancers with and 4768 cancers without TMPRSS2:ERG fusion revealed that these associations with tumor phenotype and patient outcome were largely driven by the subset of ERG-negative tumors. GATA2 expression was further linked to androgen receptor expression: Only 8% of androgen receptor-negative, but 56% of strongly androgen receptor expressing cancers had strong GATA2 expression (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrate that increasing GATA2 levels are linked to prostate cancer progression and aggressiveness. The prognostic value of GATA2 is remarkable in ERG-negative cancers. However, the upregulation of GATA2 in ERG-positive cancers makes it unsuitable as a prognostic marker in this patient subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Büscheck
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Zub
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Asmus Heumann
- 2 General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar S Lang
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emily Neubauer
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Guido Sauter
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- 3 Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- 3 Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Haese
- 3 Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- 3 Martini-Clinic Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Schlomm
- 4 Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- 1 Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Gritsina G, Gao WQ, Yu J. Transcriptional repression by androgen receptor: roles in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2019; 21:215-223. [PMID: 30950412 PMCID: PMC6498738 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_19_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR), a hormonal transcription factor, plays important roles during prostate cancer progression and is a key target for therapeutic interventions. While androgen-deprivation therapies are initially successful in regressing prostate tumors, the disease ultimately comes back as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) or at the late stage as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). CRPC remains largely dependent on hyperactive AR signaling in the milieu of low androgen, while NEPC is negative of AR expression but positive of many AR-repressed genes. Recent technological advances in genome-wide analysis of transcription factor binding sites have revealed an unprecedented set of AR target genes. In addition to its well-known function in activating gene expression, AR is increasingly known to also act as a transcriptional repressor. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which AR represses gene expression. We also summarize AR-repressed genes that are aberrantly upregulated in CRPC and NEPC and represent promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Gritsina
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jindan Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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21
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Expression and Function of Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:540-550. [PMID: 30610461 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-00332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), encoded by the AZGP1 gene, is a major histocompatibility complex I molecule and a lipid-mobilizing factor. ZAG has been demonstrated to promote lipid metabolism and glucose utilization, and to regulate insulin sensitivity. Apart from adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney, ZAG also occurs in brain tissue, but its distribution in brain is debatable. Only a few studies have investigated ZAG in the brain. It has been found in the brains of patients with Krabbe disease and epilepsy, and in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal lobe dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Both ZAG protein and AZGP1 mRNA are decreased in epilepsy patients and animal models, while overexpression of ZAG suppresses seizure and epileptic discharges in animal models of epilepsy, but knowledge of the specific mechanism of ZAG in epilepsy is limited. In this review, we summarize the known roles and molecular mechanisms of ZAG in lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism, and in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, and discuss the possible mechanisms by which it suppresses epilepsy.
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22
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Zhang AY, Chiam K, Haupt Y, Fox S, Birch S, Tilley W, Butler LM, Knudsen K, Comstock C, Rasiah K, Grogan J, Mahon KL, Bianco-Miotto T, Ricciardelli C, Böhm M, Henshall S, Delprado W, Stricker P, Horvath LG, Kench JG. An analysis of a multiple biomarker panel to better predict prostate cancer metastasis after radical prostatectomy. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1151-1159. [PMID: 30288742 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of individual candidate biomarkers for predicting biochemical relapse in localized prostate cancer (PCa) have been proposed. Combined biomarkers may improve prognostication, and ensuring validation against more clinically relevant endpoints are required. The Australian PCa Research Centre NSW has contributed to numerous studies of molecular biomarkers associated with biochemical relapse. In the current study, these biomarkers were re-analyzed for biochemical relapse, metastatic relapse and PCa death with extended follow-up. Biomarkers of significance were then used to develop a combined prognostic model for clinical outcomes and validated in a large independent cohort. The discovery cohort (n = 324) was based on 12 biomarkers with a median follow-up of 16 years. Seven biomarkers were significantly associated with biochemical relapse. Three biomarkers were associated with metastases: AZGP1, Ki67 and PML. Only AZGP1 was associated with PCa death. In their individual and combinational forms, AZGP1 and Ki67 as a dual BM signature was the most robust predictor of metastatic relapse (AUC 0.762). The AZPG1 and Ki67 signature was validated in an independent cohort of 347 PCa patients. The dual BM signature of AZGP1 and Ki67 predicted metastasis in the univariable (HR 7.2, 95% CI, 1.6-32; p = 0.01) and multivariable analysis (HR 5.4, 95% CI, 1.2-25; p = 0.03). The dual biomarker signature marginally improved risk prediction compared to AZGP1 alone (AUC 0.758 versus 0.738, p < 0.001). Our findings indicate that biochemical relapse is not an adequate surrogate for metastasis or PCa death. The dual biomarker signature of AZGP1 and Ki67 offers a small benefit in predicting metastasis over AZGP1 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Y Zhang
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Chiam
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales, Woolloomooloo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Fox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Birch
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karen Knudsen
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, US
| | - Clay Comstock
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, US
| | | | - Judith Grogan
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate L Mahon
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Maret Böhm
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Henshall
- Union for International Cancer Control, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Warick Delprado
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip Stricker
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Department of Urology, St Vincent's Clinic, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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23
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Tremblay M, Sanchez-Ferras O, Bouchard M. GATA transcription factors in development and disease. Development 2018; 145:145/20/dev164384. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.164384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The GATA family of transcription factors is of crucial importance during embryonic development, playing complex and widespread roles in cell fate decisions and tissue morphogenesis. GATA proteins are essential for the development of tissues derived from all three germ layers, including the skin, brain, gonads, liver, hematopoietic, cardiovascular and urogenital systems. The crucial activity of GATA factors is underscored by the fact that inactivating mutations in most GATA members lead to embryonic lethality in mouse models and are often associated with developmental diseases in humans. In this Primer, we discuss the unique and redundant functions of GATA proteins in tissue morphogenesis, with an emphasis on their regulation of lineage specification and early organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Oraly Sanchez-Ferras
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
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24
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Zhang AY, Grogan JS, Mahon KL, Rasiah K, Sved P, Eisinger DR, Boulas J, Vasilaris A, Henshall SM, Stricker PD, Kench JG, Horvath LG. A prospective multicentre phase III validation study of AZGP1 as a biomarker in localized prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:1903-1909. [PMID: 28486686 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancers (PCs) with similar characteristics at the time of diagnosis can have very different disease outcomes. Conventional biomarkers of PC still lack precision in identifying individuals at high risk of PC recurrence. While many candidate biomarkers are proposed in the literature, few are in clinical practice as they lack rigorous validation. This study prospectively enrolled an independent phase III cohort to evaluate the clinical utility of zinc-alpha 2-glycoprotein (AZGP1) as a prognostic biomarker in localized PC. Patients and methods In our multicentre, prospective phase III study, AZGP1 status in 347 radical prostatectomy specimens was assayed by immunohistochemistry in a NATA-accredited laboratory. The AZGP1 score was assessed in a multivariable model incorporating established prognostic factors. We also report extended outcomes from our previous phase II study. The primary endpoint was biochemical relapse-free survival (BRFS). Secondary endpoints were metastasis-free survival (MFS) and PC-specific survival (PCSS). Results In the phase II cohort, with a median follow-up of 15.8 years, low/absent AZGP1 expression was an independent predictor of poor BRFS (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9; P = 0.03), MFS (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2-6.6; P = 0.02) and PCSS (HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.5-9.5; P = 0.005). These results were validated in our prospective phase III cohort. Low/absent AZGP1 expression independently predicted for BRFS (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.3; P = 0.02), with shorter MFS (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.4; P = 0.02). AZGP1 improved the discriminatory value when incorporated into existing prognostic risk models. Conclusion Our study provides prospective phase III validation that absent/low AZGP1 expression provides independent prognostic value in PC. This study provides robust evidence for the incorporation of this biomarker into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown.,Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown
| | - J S Grogan
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst
| | - K L Mahon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown.,Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst
| | - K Rasiah
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown.,Department of Urology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Crows Nest
| | - P Sved
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown.,Department of Urology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - D R Eisinger
- Department of Urology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - J Boulas
- Department of Urology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - A Vasilaris
- Department of Urology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - S M Henshall
- Three Stories Consulting - Global Health Advocacy, USA
| | - P D Stricker
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown.,Department of Urology, St Vincent's Clinic, Darlinghurst.,Discipline of Medicine, University of New South Wales
| | - J G Kench
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - L G Horvath
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown.,Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown.,Discipline of Medicine, University of New South Wales.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
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25
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Endometriosis Malignant Transformation: Epigenetics as a Probable Mechanism in Ovarian Tumorigenesis. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:1465348. [PMID: 29780815 PMCID: PMC5892233 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1465348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis, defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity, is a chronic, hormone-dependent gynecologic disease affecting millions of women across the world, with symptoms including chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dysuria, and subfertility. In addition, there is well-established evidence that, although endometriosis is considered benign, it is associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation, with the involvement of various mechanisms of development. More and more evidence reveals an important contribution of epigenetic modification not only in endometriosis but also in mechanisms of endometriosis malignant transformation, including DNA methylation and demethylation, histone modifications, and miRNA aberrant expressions. In this present review, we mainly summarize the research progress about the current knowledge regarding the epigenetic modifications of the relations between endometriosis malignant transformation and ovarian cancer in an effort to identify some risk factors probably associated with ectopic endometrium transformation.
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26
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Xiao L, Feng Q, Zhang Z, Wang F, Lydon JP, Ittmann MM, Xin L, Mitsiades N, He B. The essential role of GATA transcription factors in adult murine prostate. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47891-47903. [PMID: 27374105 PMCID: PMC5216986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA transcription factors are essential in mammalian cell lineage determination and have a critical role in cancer development. In cultured prostate cancer cells, GATA2 coordinates with androgen receptor (AR) to regulate gene transcription. In the murine prostate, among six GATA members, GATA2 and GATA3 are expressed. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that both GATA factors predominantly localize in the nuclei of luminal epithelial cells. The pioneer factor FoxA1 is exclusively detected in the luminal cells, whereas AR is detected in both luminal and basal cells. Using genetic engineering, we generated prostate-specific GATA2 and GATA3 knockout (KO) mice. Ablation of single GATA gene had marginal effect on prostate morphology and AR target gene expression, likely due to their genetic compensation. Double KO mice exhibited PIN III to IV lesions, but decreased prostate to body weight ratio, altered AR target gene expression, and expansion of p63-positive basal cells. However, deletion of GATA2 and GATA3 did not reduce the mRNA or protein levels of AR or FoxA1, indicating that GATA factors are not required for AR or FoxA1 expression in adult prostate. Surprisingly, GATA2 and GATA3 exhibit minimal expression in the ventral prostatic (VP) lobe. In contrast, FoxA1 and AR expression levels in VP are at least as high as those in anterior prostatic (AP) and dorsal-lateral prostatic (DLP) lobes. Together, our results indicate that GATA2 and GATA3 are essential for adult murine prostate function and in vivo AR signaling, and the lack of the GATA factor expression in the VP suggests a fundamental difference between VP and other prostatic lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qin Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fen Wang
- The Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas Mitsiades
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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27
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Tam KJ, Dalal K, Hsing M, Cheng CW, Khosravi S, Yenki P, Tse C, Peacock JW, Sharma A, Chiang YT, Wang Y, Cherkasov A, Rennie PS, Gleave ME, Ong CJ. Androgen receptor transcriptionally regulates semaphorin 3C in a GATA2-dependent manner. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9617-9633. [PMID: 28038451 PMCID: PMC5354758 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors and is central to prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Ligand-activated AR engages androgen response elements (AREs) at androgen-responsive genes to drive the expression of gene batteries involved in cell proliferation and cell fate. Understanding the transcriptional targets of the AR has become critical in apprehending the mechanisms driving treatment-resistant stages of PCa. Although AR transcription regulation has been extensively studied, the signaling networks downstream of AR are incompletely described. Semaphorin 3C (SEMA3C) is a secreted signaling protein with roles in nervous system and cardiac development but can also drive cellular growth and invasive characteristics in multiple cancers including PCa. Despite numerous findings that implicate SEMA3C in cancer progression, regulatory mechanisms governing its expression remain largely unknown. Here we identify and characterize an androgen response element within the SEMA3C locus. Using the AR-positive LNCaP PCa cell line, we show that SEMA3C expression is driven by AR through this element and that AR-mediated expression of SEMA3C is dependent on the transcription factor GATA2. SEMA3C has been shown to promote cellular growth in certain cell types so implicit to our findings is the discovery of direct regulation of a growth factor by AR. We also show that FOXA1 is a negative regulator of SEMA3C. These findings identify SEMA3C as a novel target of AR, GATA2, and FOXA1 and expand our understanding of semaphorin signaling and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Tam
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kush Dalal
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Hsing
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chi Wing Cheng
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shahram Khosravi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Parvin Yenki
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charan Tse
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James W Peacock
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aishwariya Sharma
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yan Ting Chiang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher J Ong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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28
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A Gata2-Dependent Transcription Network Regulates Uterine Progesterone Responsiveness and Endometrial Function. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1414-1425. [PMID: 27783953 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered progesterone responsiveness leads to female infertility and cancer, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Mice with uterine-specific ablation of GATA binding protein 2 (Gata2) are infertile, showing failures in embryo implantation, endometrial decidualization, and uninhibited estrogen signaling. Gata2 deficiency results in reduced progesterone receptor (PGR) expression and attenuated progesterone signaling, as evidenced by genome-wide expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation. GATA2 not only occupies at and promotes expression of the Pgr gene but also regulates downstream progesterone responsive genes in conjunction with the PGR. Additionally, Gata2 knockout uteri exhibit abnormal luminal epithelia with ectopic TRP63 expressing squamous cells and a cancer-related molecular profile in a progesterone-independent manner. Lastly, we found a conserved GATA2-PGR regulatory network in both human and mice based on gene signature and path analyses using gene expression profiles of human endometrial tissues. In conclusion, uterine Gata2 regulates a key regulatory network of gene expression for progesterone signaling at the early pregnancy stage.
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29
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Jernberg E, Bergh A, Wikström P. Clinical relevance of androgen receptor alterations in prostate cancer. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:R146-R161. [PMID: 29030409 PMCID: PMC5640574 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men worldwide, despite continuously improved treatment strategies. Patients with metastatic disease are treated by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) that with time results in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) usually established as metastases within bone tissue. The androgen receptor (AR) transcription factor is the main driver of CRPC development and of acquired resistance to drugs given for treatment of CRPC, while a minority of patients have CRPC that is non-AR driven. Molecular mechanisms behind epithelial AR reactivation in CRPC include AR gene amplification and overexpression, AR mutations, expression of constitutively active AR variants, intra-tumoural and adrenal androgen synthesis and promiscuous AR activation by other factors. This review will summarize AR alterations of clinical relevance for patients with CRPC, with focus on constitutively active AR variants, their possible association with AR amplification and structural rearrangements as well as their ability to predict patient resistance to AR targeting drugs. The review will also discuss AR signalling in the tumour microenvironment and its possible relevance for metastatic growth and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jernberg
- Department of Medical biosciencesUmeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical biosciencesUmeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Robinson JL, Tzou KS, Parker AS, Heckman MG, Wu KJ, Hilton TW, Pisansky TM, Schild SE, Peterson JL, Vallow LA, Buskirk SJ. GATA2 expression and biochemical recurrence following salvage radiation therapy for relapsing prostate cancer. Br J Radiol 2017; 90:20170174. [PMID: 28486040 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High GATA2 expression has been associated with an increased risk of poor clinical outcomes after radical prostatectomy; however, this has not been studied in relation to risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after salvage radiation therapy (SRT) for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Our aim was to evaluate the association between protein expression levels of GATA2 in primary prostate cancer tumour samples and the risk of BCR after SRT. METHODS 109 males who were treated with SRT were included. The percentage of cells with nuclear staining and GATA2 staining intensity were both measured. These two measures were multiplied together to obtain a GATA2 H-score (range 0-12) which was our primary GATA2 staining measure. RESULTS In unadjusted analysis, the risk of BCR was higher for patients with a GATA2 H-score >4 (hazard ratio = 2.04, p = 0.033). In multivariable analysis adjusting for SRT dose, pre-SRT PSA, pathological tumour stage and Gleason score, this association weakened substantially (hazard ratio = 1.45, p = 0.31). This lack of an independent association with BCR appears to be the result of correlations between GATA2 H-score >4 and higher pre-SRT PSA (p = 0.021), higher Gleason score (p = 0.044) and more severe pathological tumour stage (p = 0.068). CONCLUSION Higher levels of GATA2 expression appear to be a marker of prostate cancer severity; however, these do not provide independent prognostic information regarding BCR beyond that of validated clinicopathological risk factors. Advances in knowledge: A higher GATA2 expression level appears to be correlated with known measures of prostate cancer severity and therefore is likely not an independent marker of outcome after SRT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine S Tzou
- 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alexander S Parker
- 3 Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael G Heckman
- 3 Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin J Wu
- 4 Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Tracy W Hilton
- 4 Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Steven E Schild
- 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Laura A Vallow
- 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Steven J Buskirk
- 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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31
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Groner AC, Brown M. Role of steroid receptor and coregulator mutations in hormone-dependent cancers. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1126-1135. [PMID: 28368289 PMCID: PMC5373886 DOI: 10.1172/jci88885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones mediate critical lineage-specific developmental and physiologic responses. They function by binding their cognate receptors, which are transcription factors that drive specific gene expression programs. The requirement of most prostate cancers for androgen and most breast cancers for estrogen has led to the development of endocrine therapies that block the action of these hormones in these tumors. While initial endocrine interventions are successful, resistance to therapy often arises. We will review how steroid receptor-dependent genomic signaling is affected by genetic alterations in endocrine therapy resistance. The detailed understanding of these interactions will not only provide improved treatment options to overcome resistance, but, in the future, will also be the basis for implementing precision cancer medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Groner
- Department of Medical Oncology and
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology and
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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32
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Obinata D, Takayama K, Takahashi S, Inoue S. Crosstalk of the Androgen Receptor with Transcriptional Collaborators: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E22. [PMID: 28264478 PMCID: PMC5366817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer among males in Western countries. It is also the most commonly diagnosed male cancer in Japan. The progression of prostate cancer is mainly influenced by androgens and the androgen receptor (AR). Androgen deprivation therapy is an established therapy for advanced prostate cancer; however, prostate cancers frequently develop resistance to low testosterone levels and progress to the fatal stage called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Surprisingly, AR and the AR signaling pathway are still activated in most CRPC cases. To overcome this problem, abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide were introduced for the treatment of CRPC. Despite the impact of these drugs on prolonged survival, CRPC acquires further resistance to keep the AR pathway activated. Functional molecular studies have shown that some of the AR collaborative transcription factors (TFs), including octamer transcription factor (OCT1), GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) and forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), still stimulate AR activity in the castration-resistant state. Therefore, elucidating the crosstalk between the AR and collaborative TFs on the AR pathway is critical for developing new strategies for the treatment of CRPC. Recently, many compounds targeting this pathway have been developed for treating CRPC. In this review, we summarize the AR signaling pathway in terms of AR collaborators and focus on pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamide as a candidate compound for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Takayama
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
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Rodriguez-Bravo V, Carceles-Cordon M, Hoshida Y, Cordon-Cardo C, Galsky MD, Domingo-Domenech J. The role of GATA2 in lethal prostate cancer aggressiveness. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:38-48. [PMID: 27872477 PMCID: PMC5489122 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer is a classic example of the intractability and consequent lethality that characterizes metastatic carcinomas. Novel treatments have improved the survival of men with prostate cancer; however, advanced prostate cancer invariably becomes resistant to these therapies and ultimately progresses to a lethal metastatic stage. Consequently, detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control prostate cancer cell survival and progression towards this lethal stage of disease will benefit the development of new therapeutics. The transcription factor endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 (GATA2) has been reported to have a key role in driving prostate cancer aggressiveness. In addition to being a pioneer transcription factor that increases androgen receptor (AR) binding and activity, GATA2 regulates a core subset of clinically relevant genes in an AR-independent manner. Functionally, GATA2 overexpression in prostate cancer increases cellular motility and invasiveness, proliferation, tumorigenicity, and resistance to standard therapies. Thus, GATA2 has a multifaceted function in prostate cancer aggressiveness and is a highly attractive target in the development of novel treatments against lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Marc Carceles-Cordon
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Josep Domingo-Domenech
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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34
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Bruce HM, Stricker PD, Gupta R, Savdie RR, Haynes AM, Mahon KL, Lin HM, Kench JG, Horvath LG. Loss of AZGP1 as a Superior Predictor of Relapse in Margin-Positive Localized Prostate Cancer. Prostate 2016; 76:1491-1500. [PMID: 27473574 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive surgical margins (PSMs) in localized prostate cancer (PC) confer a two- to three-fold increased risk of biochemical relapse (BR). Absent/weak AZGP1 expression and Gleason grade ≥4 at the margin are each independent predictors of BR in patients with PSMs. Our study aimed to determine whether the biomarkers AZGP1 expression and Gleason grade at the site of a PSM are significant independent markers of biochemical and clinical relapse (CR) when modeled together and whether one of these biomarkers may be superior in its capacity to predict outcome. METHODS A cohort of 275 consecutive patients with margin-positive localized PC following surgery were assessed for Gleason grade and AZGP1 expression at the PSM. BR-free survival was the primary end-point, while CR-free survival and PC-specific death were secondary endpoints. Kaplan-Meier Analysis and Cox Proportional Hazards Modeling were performed. RESULTS Absent AZGP1 expression was significantly associated with increased risk of BR (P = 0.001) and PC-specific death (P = 0.02). Gleason grade ≥4 at PSM was associated with BR (P = 0.02), CR (P = 0.003), and PC-specific death (P = 0.004). On multivariable analysis, absent AZGP1 expression remained an independent predictor of BR (HR 2.4, 95%CI 1.5-3.9, P < 0.001) when modeled with Gleason grade at margin (HR 1.3, 95%CI 0.9-1.9, P = 0.16), preoperative PSA (P = 0.002), seminal vesicle involvement (P = 0.002), extraprostatic extension (P = 0.001), Gleason score (P = 0.01), adjuvant treatment (P = 0.75), linear length of the involved margin (P = 0.001) and margin number (P = 0.09). CONCLUSION Absent AZGP1 expression is an independent predictor of BR in margin-positive localized PC and is associated with increased PC-specific mortality in a Phase II study. Absent AZGP1 expression was superior to Gleason grade at PSM in predicting relapse and should be incorporated into subsequent clinical trials of post-operative radiotherapy in men with margin-positive PC. Prostate 76:1491-1500, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Bruce
- Division of Cancer Research, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillip D Stricker
- Division of Cancer Research, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Urology, St Vincent's Clinic, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Division of Cancer Research, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard R Savdie
- Department of Urology, St Vincent's Clinic, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Haynes
- Division of Cancer Research, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate L Mahon
- Division of Cancer Research, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui-Ming Lin
- Division of Cancer Research, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- Division of Cancer Research, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Division of Cancer Research, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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35
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Coutinho I, Day TK, Tilley WD, Selth LA. Androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a lesson in persistence. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T179-T197. [PMID: 27799360 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis drives all stages of prostate cancer, including the lethal, drug-resistant form of the disease termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which arises after failure of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Persistent AR activity in spite of ADT and the second-generation AR-targeting agents enzalutamide and abiraterone is achieved in many cases by direct alterations to the AR signaling axis. Herein, we provide a detailed description of how such alterations contribute to the development and progression of CRPC. Aspects of this broad and ever-evolving field specifically addressed in this review include: the etiology and significance of increased AR expression; the frequency and role of gain-of-function mutations in the AR gene; the function of constitutively active, truncated forms of the AR termed AR variants and the clinical relevance of alterations to the activity and expression of AR coregulators. Additionally, we examine the novel therapeutic strategies to inhibit these classes of therapy resistance mechanisms, with an emphasis on emerging agents that act in a manner distinct from the current ligand-centric approaches. Throughout, we discuss how the central role of AR in prostate cancer and the constant evolution of the AR signaling axis during disease progression represent archetypes of two key concepts in oncology, oncogene addiction and therapy-mediated selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Coutinho
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tanya K Day
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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36
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Cao S, Zhan Y, Dong Y. Emerging data on androgen receptor splice variants in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T199-T210. [PMID: 27702752 PMCID: PMC5107136 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor splice variants are alternatively spliced variants of androgen receptor, which are C-terminally truncated and lack the canonical ligand-binding domain. Accumulating evidence has indicated a significant role of androgen receptor splice variants in mediating resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer to current therapies and in predicting therapeutic responses. As such, there is an urgent need to target androgen receptor splicing variants for more effective treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Identification of precise and critical targeting points to deactivate androgen receptor splicing variants relies on a deep understanding of how they are generated and the mechanisms of their action. In this review, we will focus on the emerging data on their generation, clinical significance and mechanisms of action as well as the therapeutic influence of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subing Cao
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yang Zhan
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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37
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Brooks JD, Wei W, Pollack JR, West RB, Shin JH, Sunwoo JB, Hawley SJ, Auman H, Newcomb LF, Simko J, Hurtado-Coll A, Troyer DA, Carroll PR, Gleave ME, Lin DW, Nelson PS, Thompson IM, True LD, McKenney JK, Feng Z, Fazli L. Loss of Expression of AZGP1 Is Associated With Worse Clinical Outcomes in a Multi-Institutional Radical Prostatectomy Cohort. Prostate 2016; 76:1409-19. [PMID: 27325561 PMCID: PMC5557496 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the uncertainties inherent in clinical measures of prostate cancer aggressiveness, clinically validated tissue biomarkers are needed. We tested whether Alpha-2-Glycoprotein 1, Zinc-Binding (AZGP1) protein levels, measured by immunohistochemistry, and RNA expression, by RNA in situ hybridization (RISH), predict recurrence after radical prostatectomy independent of clinical and pathological parameters. METHODS AZGP1 IHC and RISH were performed on a large multi-institutional tissue microarray resource including 1,275 men with 5 year median follow-up. The relationship between IHC and RISH expression levels was assessed using the Kappa analysis. Associations with clinical and pathological parameters were tested by the Chi-square test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Relationships with outcome were assessed with univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and the Log-rank test. RESULTS Absent or weak expression of AZGP1 protein was associated with worse recurrence free survival (RFS), disease specific survival, and overall survival after radical prostatectomy in univariable analysis. AZGP1 protein expression, along with pre-operative serum PSA levels, surgical margin status, seminal vesicle invasion, extracapsular extension, and Gleason score predicted RFS on multivariable analysis. Similarly, absent or low AZGP1 RNA expression by RISH predicted worse RFS after prostatectomy in univariable and multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS In our large, rigorously designed validation cohort, loss of AZGP1 expression predicts RFS after radical prostatectomy independent of clinical and pathological variables. Prostate 76:1409-1419, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Robert B West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jun Ho Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sarah J Hawley
- Canary Foundation, Canary Center at Stanford, Palo Alto, California
| | - Heidi Auman
- Canary Foundation, Canary Center at Stanford, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lisa F Newcomb
- Department of Urology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeff Simko
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Antonio Hurtado-Coll
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dean A Troyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Pathology and Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Peter R Carroll
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel W Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ian M Thompson
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Ziding Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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38
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Stelloo S, Nevedomskaya E, van der Poel HG, de Jong J, van Leenders GJLH, Jenster G, Wessels LFA, Bergman AM, Zwart W. Androgen receptor profiling predicts prostate cancer outcome. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1450-64. [PMID: 26412853 PMCID: PMC4644377 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent malignancy in men. Biomarkers for outcome prediction are urgently needed, so that high-risk patients could be monitored more closely postoperatively. To identify prognostic markers and to determine causal players in prostate cancer progression, we assessed changes in chromatin state during tumor development and progression. Based on this, we assessed genomewide androgen receptor/chromatin binding and identified a distinct androgen receptor/chromatin binding profile between primary prostate cancers and tumors with an acquired resistance to therapy. These differential androgen receptor/chromatin interactions dictated expression of a distinct gene signature with strong prognostic potential. Further refinement of the signature provided us with a concise list of nine genes that hallmark prostate cancer outcome in multiple independent validation series. In this report, we identified a novel gene expression signature for prostate cancer outcome through generation of multilevel genomic data on chromatin accessibility and transcriptional regulation and integration with publically available transcriptomic and clinical datastreams. By combining existing technologies, we propose a novel pipeline for biomarker discovery that is easily implementable in other fields of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Stelloo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina Nevedomskaya
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk G van der Poel
- Division of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jong
- Division of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J L H van Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk F A Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries M Bergman
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Foley C, Mitsiades N. Moving Beyond the Androgen Receptor (AR): Targeting AR-Interacting Proteins to Treat Prostate Cancer. Discov Oncol 2016; 7:84-103. [PMID: 26728473 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-015-0239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical or surgical castration serves as the backbone of systemic therapy for advanced and metastatic prostate cancer, taking advantage of the importance of androgen signaling in this disease. Unfortunately, resistance to castration emerges almost universally. Despite the development and approval of new and more potent androgen synthesis inhibitors and androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, prostate cancers continue to develop resistance to these therapeutics, while often maintaining their dependence on the AR signaling axis. This highlights the need for innovative therapeutic approaches that aim to continue disrupting AR downstream signaling but are orthogonal to directly targeting the AR itself. In this review, we discuss the preclinical research that has been done, as well as clinical trials for prostate cancer, on inhibiting several important families of AR-interacting proteins, including chaperones (such as heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and FKBP52), pioneer factors (including forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) and GATA-2), and AR transcriptional coregulators such as the p160 steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) SRC-1, SRC-2, SRC-3, as well as lysine deacetylases (KDACs) and lysine acetyltransferases (KATs). Researching the effect of-and developing new therapeutic agents that target-the AR signaling axis is critical to advancing our understanding of prostate cancer biology, to continue to improve treatments for prostate cancer and for overcoming castration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Foley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite R407, MS: BCM187, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite R407, MS: BCM187, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas Mitsiades
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite R407, MS: BCM187, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite R407, MS: BCM187, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Burdelski C, Kleinhans S, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Minner S, Koop C, Graefen M, Heinzer H, Tsourlakis MC, Wilczak W, Marx A, Sauter G, Wittmer C, Huland H, Simon R, Schlomm T, Steurer S. Reduced AZGP1 expression is an independent predictor of early PSA recurrence and associated with ERG-fusion positive andPTENdeleted prostate cancers. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1199-206. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Burdelski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
- General; Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Sandra Kleinhans
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Christina Koop
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic; Prostate Cancer Center; University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic; Prostate Cancer Center; University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | | | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Corinna Wittmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini-Clinic; Prostate Cancer Center; University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic; Prostate Cancer Center; University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
- Department of Urology; Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
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Liu X, Jiang B, Wang A, Di J, Wang Z, Chen L, Su X. GATA2 rs2335052 Polymorphism Predicts the Survival of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136020. [PMID: 26287967 PMCID: PMC4546112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) is a transcription factor that has essential roles in hematologic malignancies and progression of various solid tumors. Our previous studies suggested that high GATA2 expression is associated with recurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the influence of GATA2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the survival of CRC remains unknown. Methods We genotyped GATA2 SNP rs2335052 using Sanger sequencing after PCR amplification, and determined GATA2 expression by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 180 CRC patients. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression were used to analyze the association between the GATA2 rs2335052 genotypes and the clinical outcome of CRC. Results We found that there was no significant correlation between the rs2335052 genotypes and the expression of GATA2. However, the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis suggested that the carriers of the A-allele of SNP rs2335052 were significantly associated with increased risk of recurrence and reduced disease-free survival (DFS), compared with those carrying the variant genotype of GG in rs2335052 (P = 0.021). Moreover, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that GATA2 SNP rs2335052 was an independent risk factor for the DFS of CRC patients. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that GATA2 SNP rs2335052 is an independent predictor for prognosis of CRC patients. This raised the possibility that SNP rs2335052 may serve as a potential indicator for predicting recurrence of CRC after curative colectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Liu
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Central Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Beihai Jiang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Aidong Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiabo Di
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zaozao Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangqian Su
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Hsiao JJ, Ng BH, Smits MM, Martinez HD, Jasavala RJ, Hinkson IV, Fermin D, Eng JK, Nesvizhskii AI, Wright ME. Research Resource: Androgen Receptor Activity Is Regulated Through the Mobilization of Cell Surface Receptor Networks. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1195-218. [PMID: 26181434 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of androgen receptor (AR)-dependent transcriptional programs is a defining pathology of the development and progression of prostate cancers. Transcriptional cofactors that bind AR are critical determinants of prostate tumorigenesis. To gain a deeper understanding of the proteins linked to AR-dependent gene transcription, we performed a DNA-affinity chromatography-based proteomic screen designed to identify proteins involved in AR-mediated gene transcription in prostate tumor cells. Functional experiments validated the coregulator roles of known AR-binding proteins in AR-mediated transcription in prostate tumor cells. More importantly, novel coregulatory functions were detected in components of well-established cell surface receptor-dependent signal transduction pathways. Further experimentation demonstrated that components of the TNF, TGF-β, IL receptor, and epidermal growth factor signaling pathways modulated AR-dependent gene transcription and androgen-dependent proliferation in prostate tumor cells. Collectively, our proteomic dataset demonstrates that the cell surface receptor- and AR-dependent pathways are highly integrated, and provides a molecular framework for understanding how disparate signal-transduction pathways can influence AR-dependent transcriptional programs linked to the development and progression of human prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy J Hsiao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Brandon H Ng
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Melinda M Smits
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Harryl D Martinez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Rohini J Jasavala
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Izumi V Hinkson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Damian Fermin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jimmy K Eng
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Michael E Wright
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (J.J.H., B.H.N., M.M.S., H.D.M., M.E.W.), Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Department of Pharmacology (H.D.M., R.J.J., I.V.H., M.E.W.), School of Medicine and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616; Departments of Pathology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (D.F., A.I.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Genome Sciences (J.K.E.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Histone methyltransferase Setd8 represses Gata2 expression and regulates erythroid maturation. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2059-72. [PMID: 25848090 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01413-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Setd8 is the sole histone methyltransferase in mammals capable of monomethylating histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me1). Setd8 is expressed at significantly higher levels in erythroid cells than any other cell or tissue type, suggesting that Setd8 has an erythroid-cell-specific function. To test this hypothesis, stable Setd8 knockdown was established in extensively self-renewing erythroblasts (ESREs), a well-characterized, nontransformed model of erythroid maturation. Knockdown of Setd8 resulted in impaired erythroid maturation characterized by a delay in hemoglobin accumulation, larger mean cell area, persistent ckit expression, incomplete nuclear condensation, and lower rates of enucleation. Setd8 knockdown did not alter ESRE proliferation or viability or result in accumulation of DNA damage. Global gene expression analyses following Setd8 knockdown demonstrated that in erythroid cells, Setd8 functions primarily as a repressor. Most notably, Gata2 expression was significantly higher in knockdown cells than in control cells and Gata2 knockdown rescued some of the maturation impairments associated with Setd8 disruption. Setd8 occupies critical regulatory elements in the Gata2 locus, and knockdown of Setd8 resulted in loss of H4K20me1 and gain of H4 acetylation at the Gata2 1S promoter. These results suggest that Setd8 is an important regulator of erythroid maturation that works in part through repression of Gata2 expression.
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Abstract
Effective treatment for metastatic prostate cancer is critically needed. The present study was aimed at identifying metastasis-driving genes as potential targets for therapy (oncotargets). A differential gene expression profile of metastatic LTL-313H and non-metastatic LTL-313B prostate cancer tissue xenografts, derived from one patient's specimen, was subjected to integrative analysis using the Ingenuity Upstream Regulator Analysis tool. Six candidate master regulatory genes were identified, including GATA2, a gene encoding a pioneer factor, a special transcription factor facilitating the recruitment of additional transcription factors. Elevated GATA2 expression in metastatic prostate cancer tissues correlated with poor patient prognosis. Furthermore, GATA2 gene silencing in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells led to a marked reduction in cell migration, tissue invasion, focal adhesion disassembly and to a dramatic change in cell transcriptomes, indicating that GATA2 plays a critical role in prostate cancer metastasis. As such, GATA2 could represent a prostate cancer metastasis-driving gene and a potential target for therapy of metastatic prostate cancer.
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GATA2 facilitates steroid receptor coactivator recruitment to the androgen receptor complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18261-6. [PMID: 25489091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421415111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key driver of prostate cancer (PC), even in the state of castration-resistant PC (CRPC) and frequently even after treatment with second-line hormonal therapies such as abiraterone and enzalutamide. The persistence of AR activity via both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent mechanisms (including constitutively active AR splice variants) highlights the unmet need for alternative approaches to block AR signaling in CRPC. We investigated the transcription factor GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2) as a regulator of AR signaling and an actionable therapeutic target in PC. We demonstrate that GATA2 directly promotes expression of both full-length and splice-variant AR, resulting in a strong positive correlation between GATA2 and AR expression in both PC cell lines and patient specimens. Conversely, GATA2 expression is repressed by androgen and AR, suggesting a negative feedback regulatory loop that, upon androgen deprivation, derepresses GATA2 to contribute to AR overexpression in CRPC. Simultaneously, GATA2 is necessary for optimal transcriptional activity of both full-length and splice-variant AR. GATA2 colocalizes with AR and Forkhead box protein A1 on chromatin to enhance recruitment of steroid receptor coactivators and formation of the transcriptional holocomplex. In agreement with these important functions, high GATA2 expression and transcriptional activity predicted worse clinical outcome in PC patients. A GATA2 small molecule inhibitor suppressed the expression and transcriptional function of both full-length and splice-variant AR and exerted potent anticancer activity against PC cell lines. We propose pharmacological inhibition of GATA2 as a first-in-field approach to target AR expression and function and improve outcomes in CRPC.
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Peters I, Dubrowinskaja N, Tezval H, Kramer MW, von Klot CA, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Scherer R, Kuczyk MA, Serth J. Decreased mRNA expression of GATA1 and GATA2 is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor outcome in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Target Oncol 2014; 10:267-75. [PMID: 25230694 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-014-0335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GATA-binding proteins 1 (GATA1) and 2 (GATA2) are zinc-finger transcription factors and belong to the GATA family proteins 1-6. GATA1 interacts with the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, and both GATAs have been shown to be involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis of several solid tumors. GATA1 and GATA2 expression alterations are associated with poor survival and adverse clinicopathology in prostate and colorectal cancer, while the significance and prognostic value in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has not been investigated as yet. We investigated relative messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of GATA1 and GATA2 in 77 ccRCC and 58 paired adjacent noncancerous renal tissues by quantitative real-time reverse-transcribed PCR. Relative mRNA expression levels were determined using the ΔΔCt method. GATA1 and GATA2 expression levels were significantly decreased in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues (p < 0.001, paired t test). In univariate logistic regression analysis, decreased GATA1 and GATA2 expression levels were associated with advanced tumor disease (p = 0.005 and 0.008), positive distant metastasis (p = 0.03 and 0.001), and lymph node metastasis status (p = 0.011 and 0.038). Reduced expression levels of GATA1 and GATA2 were associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence (p = 0.005 and 0.006; hazard ratio = 0.05 and 0.21). Pairwise bivariate analysis after adjusting for clinicopathological parameters revealed relative mRNA expression of GATA1, but not GATA2, as an independent candidate prognosticator for ccRCC. Our results support that GATA1 and GATA2 are involved in ccRCC tumor biology possibly affecting tumor development and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Peters
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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Rosa-Ribeiro R, Nishan U, Vidal RO, Barbosa GO, Reis LO, Cesar CL, Carvalho HF. Transcription factors involved in prostate gland adaptation to androgen deprivation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97080. [PMID: 24886974 PMCID: PMC4041569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens regulate prostate physiology, and exert their effects through the androgen receptor. We hypothesized that androgen deprivation needs additional transcription factors to orchestrate the changes taking place in the gland after castration and for the adaptation of the epithelial cells to the androgen-deprived environment, ultimately contributing to the origin of castration-resistant prostate cancer. This study was undertaken to identify transcription factors that regulate gene expression after androgen deprivation by castration (Cas). For the sake of comparison, we extended the analysis to the effects of administration of a high dose of 17β-estradiol (E2) and a combination of both (Cas+E2). We approached this by (i) identifying gene expression profiles and enrichment terms, and by searching for transcription factors in the derived regulatory pathways; and (ii) by determining the density of putative transcription factor binding sites in the proximal promoter of the 10 most up- or down-regulated genes in each experimental group in comparison to the controls Gapdh and Tbp7. Filtering and validation confirmed the expression and localized EVI1 (Mecom), NFY, ELK1, GATA2, MYBL1, MYBL2, and NFkB family members (NFkB1, NFkB2, REL, RELA and RELB) in the epithelial and/or stromal cells. These transcription factors represent major regulators of epithelial cell survival and immaturity as well as an adaptation of the gland as an immune barrier in the absence of functional stimulation by androgens. Elk1 was expressed in smooth muscle cells and was up-regulated after day 4. Evi1 and Nfy genes are expressed in both epithelium and stroma, but were apparently not affected by androgen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Rosa-Ribeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Oliveira Vidal
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Center for Research on Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira Barbosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Lenz Cesar
- Department of Quantum Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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QI MIN, HUANG XIAOYUAN, ZHOU LEI, ZHANG JIANGLIN. Identification of differentially expressed microRNAs in metastatic melanoma using next-generation sequencing technology. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1117-21. [PMID: 24573402 PMCID: PMC4020490 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) and their functions in metastatic melanoma using next-generation sequencing technology. The GSE36236 data set was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and 4 primary cutaneous melanoma samples (used as controls) and 3 metastatic melanoma samples were selected from 31 samples for further analysis. Firstly, the differentially expressed miRNAs were screened by limma package in R language. Secondly, the target genes of the miRNAs were retrieved with TargetScanHuman 6.2, and the interactions among these genes were identified by String and an interaction network was established. Finally, functional and pathway analyses were performed for the genes in the network using Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (EASE). A total of 4 differentially expressed miRNAs (hsa-miR-146, hsa-miR-27, hsa-miR-877 and hsa-miR-186) were obtained between the metastatic melanoma and primary cutaneous melanoma samples. We predicted 101 high-confidence target genes of hsa-miR-27 and obtained a network with 41 interactions. Finally, functional and pathway analyses revealed that the genes in the network were significantly enriched at the transcriptional level. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in the metastatic melanoma compared with the primary cutaneous melanoma samples and the target genes of hsa-miR-27 were found to be significantly enriched at the transcriptional level. The results presented in our study may prove helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- MIN QI
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - XIAOYUAN HUANG
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - LEI ZHOU
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - JIANGLIN ZHANG
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Abstract
Prostate cancer treatment is dominated by strategies to control androgen receptor (AR) activity. AR has an impact on prostate cancer development through the regulation of not only transcription networks but also genomic stability and DNA repair, as manifest in the emergence of gene fusions. Whole-genome maps of AR binding sites and transcript profiling have shown changes in the recruitment and regulatory effect of AR on transcription as prostate cancer progresses. Defining other factors that are involved in this reprogramming of AR function gives various opportunities for cancer detection and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospitals, N-0318 Oslo, Norway;Departments of Cancer Prevention and Urology, Institute of Cancer Research and Oslo University Hospitals, N-0424 Oslo, Norway;Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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Yang ZH, Zheng R, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Zhang H. Abnormal gene expression and gene fusion in lung adenocarcinoma with high-throughput RNA sequencing. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:74-82. [PMID: 24503571 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To explore the universal law of the abnormal gene expression and the structural variation of genes related to lung adenocarcinoma, the gene expression profile of GSE37765 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed with t-test and NOISeq tool, and the core DEGs were screened out by combining with another RNA-seq data containing totally 77 pairs of samples in 77 patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, the functional annotation of the core DEGs was performed by using the Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery following selection of oncogene and tumor suppressor by combining with tumor suppressor genes and Cancer Genes database, and motif-finding of core DEGs was performed with motif-finding algorithm Seqpos. We also used Tophat-fusion tool to further explore the fusion genes. In total, 850 downregulated DEGs and 206 upregulated DEGs were screened out in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Next, we selected 543 core DEGs, including 401 downregulated and 142 upregulated genes, and vasculature development (P=1.89E-06) was significantly enriched among downregulated core genes, as well as mitosis (P=6.26E-04) enriched among upregulated core genes. On the basis of the cellular localization analysis of core genes, wnt-1-induced secreted protein 1 (WISP1) and receptor (G protein-coupled) activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) identified mainly located in extracellular region and extracellular space. We also screened one oncogene, v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-like 2 (MYBL2). Moreover, transcription factor GATA2 was mined by motif-finding analysis. Finally, four fusion genes belonged to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) family. WISP1, RAMP1, MYBL2 and GATA2 could be potential targets of treatment for lung adenocarcinoma and the fusion of HLA family genes might have important roles in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-H Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - R Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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