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Li G, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li M, He D, Guan W, Yao H. Research progress on phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115993. [PMID: 38151075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) could phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI) to produce phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and maintain its metabolic balance and location. PI4P, the most abundant monophosphate inositol in eukaryotic cells, is a precursor of higher phosphoinositols and an essential substrate for the PLC/PKC and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. PI4Ks regulate vesicle transport, signal transduction, cytokinesis, and cell unity, and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including infection and growth of parasites such as Plasmodium and Cryptosporidium, replication and survival of RNA viruses, and the development of tumors and nervous system diseases. The development of novel drugs targeting PI4Ks and PI4P has been the focus of the research and clinical application of drugs, especially in recent years. In particular, PI4K inhibitors have made great progress in the treatment of malaria and cryptosporidiosis. We describe the biological characteristics of PI4Ks; summarize the physiological functions and effector proteins of PI4P; and analyze the structural basis of selective PI4K inhibitors for the treatment of human diseases in this review. Herein, this review mainly summarizes the developments in the structure and enzyme activity of PI4K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China; Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Huamin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Dengqin He
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China
| | - Wen Guan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China.
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Yang H, Tan JX. Lysosomal quality control: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:749-764. [PMID: 36717330 PMCID: PMC10374877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are essential catabolic organelles with an acidic lumen and dozens of hydrolytic enzymes. The detrimental consequences of lysosomal leakage have been well known since lysosomes were discovered during the 1950s. However, detailed knowledge of lysosomal quality control mechanisms has only emerged relatively recently. It is now clear that lysosomal leakage triggers multiple lysosomal quality control pathways that replace, remove, or directly repair damaged lysosomes. Here, we review how lysosomal damage is sensed and resolved in mammalian cells, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying different lysosomal quality control pathways. We also discuss the clinical implications and therapeutic potential of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Yang
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jay Xiaojun Tan
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Bura A, Čabrijan S, Đurić I, Bruketa T, Jurak Begonja A. A Plethora of Functions Condensed into Tiny Phospholipids: The Story of PI4P and PI(4,5)P 2. Cells 2023; 12:1411. [PMID: 37408244 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are small, phosphorylated lipids that serve many functions in the cell. They regulate endo- and exocytosis, vesicular trafficking, actin reorganization, and cell mobility, and they act as signaling molecules. The most abundant PIs in the cell are phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate (PI4P) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. PI4P is mostly localized at the Golgi apparatus where it regulates the anterograde trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane (PM), but it also localizes at the PM. On the other hand, the main localization site of PI(4,5)P2 is the PM where it regulates the formation of endocytic vesicles. The levels of PIs are regulated by many kinases and phosphatases. Four main kinases phosphorylate the precursor molecule phosphatidylinositol into PI4P, divided into two classes (PI4KIIα, PI4KIIβ, PI4KIIIα, and PI4KIIIβ), and three main kinases phosphorylate PI4P to form PI(4,5)P2 (PI4P5KIα, PI4P5KIβ, and PI4P5KIγ). In this review, we discuss the localization and function of the kinases that produce PI4P and PI(4,5)P2, as well as the localization and function of their product molecules with an overview of tools for the detection of these PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bura
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sara Čabrijan
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Iris Đurić
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tea Bruketa
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Antonija Jurak Begonja
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Tan X, Xiao GY, Wang S, Shi L, Zhao Y, Liu X, Yu J, Russell WK, Creighton CJ, Kurie JM. EMT-activated secretory and endocytic vesicular trafficking programs underlie a vulnerability to PI4K2A antagonism in lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e165863. [PMID: 36757799 PMCID: PMC10065074 DOI: 10.1172/jci165863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersecretory malignant cells underlie therapeutic resistance, metastasis, and poor clinical outcomes. However, the molecular basis for malignant hypersecretion remains obscure. Here, we showed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) initiates exocytic and endocytic vesicular trafficking programs in lung cancer. The EMT-activating transcription factor zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) executed a PI4KIIIβ-to-PI4KIIα (PI4K2A) dependency switch that drove PI4P synthesis in the Golgi and endosomes. EMT enhanced the vulnerability of lung cancer cells to PI4K2A small-molecule antagonists. PI4K2A formed a MYOIIA-containing protein complex that facilitated secretory vesicle biogenesis in the Golgi, thereby establishing a hypersecretory state involving osteopontin (SPP1) and other prometastatic ligands. In the endosomal compartment, PI4K2A accelerated recycling of SPP1 receptors to complete an SPP1-dependent autocrine loop and interacted with HSP90 to prevent lysosomal degradation of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, a driver of cell migration. These results show that EMT coordinates exocytic and endocytic vesicular trafficking to establish a therapeutically actionable hypersecretory state that drives lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Tan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guan-Yu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shike Wang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William K. Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- Department of Medicine and Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Kurie
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas–MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Zhou B, Hao Q, Liang Y, Kong E. Protein palmitoylation in cancer: molecular functions and therapeutic potential. Mol Oncol 2022; 17:3-26. [PMID: 36018061 PMCID: PMC9812842 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation (hereinafter referred to as protein palmitoylation) is a reversible lipid posttranslational modification catalyzed by the zinc finger DHHC-type containing (ZDHHC) protein family. The reverse reaction, depalmitoylation, is catalyzed by palmitoyl-protein thioesterases (PPTs), including acyl-protein thioesterases (APT1/2), palmitoyl protein thioesterases (PPT1/2), or alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 17A/B/C (ABHD17A/B/C). Proteins encoded by several oncogenes and tumor suppressors are modified by palmitoylation, which enhances the hydrophobicity of specific protein subdomains, and can confer changes in protein stability, membrane localization, protein-protein interaction, and signal transduction. The importance for protein palmitoylation in tumorigenesis has just started to be elucidated in the past decade; palmitoylation appears to affect key aspects of cancer, including cancer cell proliferation and survival, cell invasion and metastasis, and antitumor immunity. Here we review the current literature on protein palmitoylation in the various cancer types, and discuss the potential of targeting of palmitoylation enzymes or palmitoylated proteins for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhui Zhou
- Institute of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceXinxiang Medical UniversityChina,Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Qianyun Hao
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Thoracic Oncology IIPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Yinming Liang
- Institute of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceXinxiang Medical UniversityChina,Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityChina,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Eryan Kong
- Institute of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
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Structure-based design and modular synthesis of novel PI4K class II inhibitors bearing a 4-aminoquinazoline scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 76:129010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Huang X, Cao Y, Bao P, Zhu B, Cheng Z. High expression of PI4K2A predicted poor prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and correlated with immunity. Cancer Med 2022; 12:837-851. [PMID: 35634680 PMCID: PMC9844633 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PI4K2A has been found to have a tumor-promoting role in various solid tumors and be involved in various biological procedures. In this article, we aim to investigate the prognostic values of PI4K2A and provide new insights in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, Human Protein Atlas online database, and UALCAN database were used to analyze the expression of PI4K2A in COAD and the survival of patients. Univariate and multifactorial Cox regression analyses were used to assess the prognosis of PI4K2A on COAD. GSEA was used to explore PI4K2A-related signaling pathways. In addition, the effect of PI4K2A on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) treatment was investigated by constructing a TIDE model and predicting the association between PI4K2A and anticancer drug sensitivity through the CellMiner database. RESULTS In the TCGA database, PI4K2A was highly expressed in COAD and the similar results were verified by qRT-PCR. Survival analysis, utilizing Kaplan-Meier curves, revealed that COAD patients with high PI4K2A expression had a worse prognosis. In addition, PI4K2A expression was discovered to have been associated with T-stage, N-stage, and pathological stage by logistic analysis. Next, we utilized univariate and multifactorial Cox regression analyses to identify PI4K2A as an independent predictor. Additionally, GSEA analysis indicates that PI4K2A is enriched in MAPK signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, etc. In COAD, PI4K2A was remarkably associated with the tumor immune microenvironment. In addition, by constructing a TIDE model, we discovered that COAD patients in the PI4K2A low-expression cohort were better treated with ICI. Finally, analysis of the CellMiner database predicted that PI4K2A was adversely correlated with the sensitivity of various anticancer drugs. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that PI4K2A may be a potential predictor of poor prognosis in COAD and a potential biomarker for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Huang
- Department of General SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of NantongNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of OperationAffiliated Hospital of NantongNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Peng Bao
- Department of Critical Care MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Bingye Zhu
- Department of UrologyAffiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University/The Sixth People's Hospital of NantongNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Zhouyang Cheng
- Department of General SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of NantongNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina
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Li YP, Mikrani R, Hu YF, Faran Ashraf Baig MM, Abbas M, Akhtar F, Xu M. Research progress of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase and its inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174300. [PMID: 34217706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) is a lipid kinase that can catalyze the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) resulting in the phosphorylation of PtdIns at 4-OH sites, to generate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P). Studies on biological functions reveal that PI4K is closely related to the occurrence and development of various inflammatory diseases such as obesity, cancer, viral infections, malaria, Alzheimer's disease, etc. PI4K-related inhibitors have been found to have the effects of inhibiting virus replication, anti-cancer, treating malaria and reducing rejection in organ transplants, among which MMV390048, an anti-malaria drug, has entered phase II clinical trial. This review discusses the classification, structure, distribution and related inhibitors of PI4K and their role in the progression of cancer, viral replication, and other inflammation induced diseases to explore their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Preclinical Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Reyaj Mikrani
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yi-Fan Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Preclinical Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering for Novel Bio-functional and Pharmaceutical Nano-materials, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Fahad Akhtar
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Preclinical Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Impairing activation of phospholipid synthesis by c-Fos interferes with glioblastoma cell proliferation. Biochem J 2021; 477:4675-4688. [PMID: 33211090 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive type of tumor of the CNS with an overall survival rate of approximately one year. Since this rate has not changed significantly over the last 20 years, the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these tumors is peremptory. The over-expression of the proto-oncogene c-Fos has been observed in several CNS tumors including glioblastoma multiforme and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. Besides its genomic activity as an AP-1 transcription factor, this protein can also activate phospholipid synthesis by a direct interaction with key enzymes of their metabolic pathways. Given that the amino-terminal portion of c-Fos (c-Fos-NA: amino acids 1-138) associates to but does not activate phospholipid synthesizing enzymes, we evaluated if c-Fos-NA or some shorter derivatives are capable of acting as dominant-negative peptides of the activating capacity of c-Fos. The over-expression or the exogenous administration of c-Fos-NA to cultured T98G cells hampers the interaction between c-Fos and PI4K2A, an enzyme activated by c-Fos. Moreover, it was observed a decrease in tumor cell proliferation rates in vitro and a reduction in tumor growth in vivo when a U87-MG-generated xenograft on nude mice is intratumorally treated with recombinant c-Fos-NA. Importantly, a smaller peptide of 92 amino acids derived from c-Fos-NA retains the capacity to interfere with tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results support the use of the N-terminal portion of c-Fos, or shorter derivatives as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Mohamed M, Gardeitchik T, Balasubramaniam S, Guerrero‐Castillo S, Dalloyaux D, van Kraaij S, Venselaar H, Hoischen A, Urban Z, Brandt U, Al‐Shawi R, Simons JP, Frison M, Ngu L, Callewaert B, Spelbrink H, Kallemeijn WW, Aerts JMFG, Waugh MG, Morava E, Wevers RA. Novel defect in phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha (PI4K2A) at the membrane-enzyme interface is associated with metabolic cutis laxa. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:1382-1391. [PMID: 32418222 PMCID: PMC7687218 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inherited cutis laxa, or inelastic, sagging skin is a genetic condition of premature and generalised connective tissue ageing, affecting various elastic components of the extracellular matrix. Several cutis laxa syndromes are inborn errors of metabolism and lead to severe neurological symptoms. In a patient with cutis laxa, a choreoathetoid movement disorder, dysmorphic features and intellectual disability we performed exome sequencing to elucidate the underlying genetic defect. We identified the amino acid substitution R275W in phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIα, caused by a homozygous missense mutation in the PI4K2A gene. We used lipidomics, complexome profiling and functional studies to measure phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate synthesis in the patient and evaluated PI4K2A deficient mice to define a novel metabolic disorder. The R275W residue, located on the surface of the protein, is involved in forming electrostatic interactions with the membrane. The catalytic activity of PI4K2A in patient fibroblasts was severely reduced and lipid mass spectrometry showed that particular acyl-chain pools of PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 were decreased. Phosphoinositide lipids play a major role in intracellular signalling and trafficking and regulate the balance between proliferation and apoptosis. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases such as PI4K2A mediate the first step in the main metabolic pathway that generates PI4P, PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 . Although neurologic involvement is common, cutis laxa has not been reported previously in metabolic defects affecting signalling. Here we describe a patient with a complex neurological phenotype, premature ageing and a mutation in PI4K2A, illustrating the importance of this enzyme in the generation of inositol lipids with particular acylation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miski Mohamed
- Department of PaediatricsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Thatjana Gardeitchik
- Department of PaediatricsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Shanti Balasubramaniam
- Clinical Genetic DepartmentHospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan PahangKuala LumpurMalaysia
- Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Western Sydney Genetics ProgramThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sergio Guerrero‐Castillo
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Daisy Dalloyaux
- Department of PaediatricsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Sanne van Kraaij
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Center of Molecular and Biomolecular InformaticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Urban
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ulrich Brandt
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Raya Al‐Shawi
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Medicine, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - J. Paul Simons
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Medicine, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Michele Frison
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Medicine, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lock‐Hock Ngu
- Clinical Genetic DepartmentHospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan PahangKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical GeneticsGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Hans Spelbrink
- Department of PaediatricsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Waugh
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Eva Morava
- Haywards Genetics CenterTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical CentreLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ron A. Wevers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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11
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Colodette NM, Franco LS, Maia RC, Fokoue HH, Sant'Anna CMR, Barreiro EJ. Novel phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases III beta (PI4KIIIβ) inhibitors discovered by virtual screening using free energy models. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2020; 34:1091-1103. [PMID: 32601839 PMCID: PMC7324290 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the LASSBio Chemical Library is presented as a valuable source of compounds for screening to identify hits suitable for subsequent hit-to-lead optimization stages. A feature of the LASSBio Chemical Library worth highlighting is the fact that it is a smart library designed by medicinal chemists with pharmacological activity as the main priority. The great majority of the compounds part of this library have shown in vivo activity in animal models, which is an indication that they possess overall favorable bioavailability properties and, hence, adequate pharmacokinetic profiles. This, in turn, is supported by the fact that approximately 85% of the compounds are compliant with Lipinski's rule of five and ca. 95% are compliant with Veber's rules, two important guidelines for oral bioavailability. In this work it is presented a virtual screening methodology combining a pharmacophore-based model and an empirical Gibbs free energy-based model for the ligand-protein interaction to explore the LASSBio Chemical Library as a source of new hits for the inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ) enzyme, which is related to the development of viral infections (including enteroviruses, SARS coronavirus, and hepatitis C virus), cancers and neurological diseases. The approach resulted in the identification of two hits, LASSBio-1799 (7) and LASSBio-1814 (10), which inhibited the target enzyme with IC50 values of 3.66 μM and IC50 and 6.09 μM, respectively. This study also enabled the determination of the structural requirements for interactions with the active site of PI4KIIIβ, demonstrating the importance of both acceptor and donor hydrogen bonding groups for forming interactions with binding site residues Val598 and Lys549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Colodette
- LASSBio - Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, ZIP 21941-910, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Franco
- LASSBio - Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, ZIP 21941-910, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo C Maia
- LASSBio - Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, ZIP 21941-910, Brazil
| | - Harold H Fokoue
- LASSBio - Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, ZIP 21941-910, Brazil
| | - Carlos Mauricio R Sant'Anna
- LASSBio - Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, ZIP 21941-910, Brazil.,Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ, ZIP 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- LASSBio - Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, ZIP 21941-910, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Programa de Pesquisas em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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12
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Therapeutic targeting of the PI4K2A/PKR lysosome network is critical for misfolded protein clearance and survival in cancer cells. Oncogene 2019; 39:801-813. [PMID: 31554935 PMCID: PMC6976521 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and its association with misfolded protein expression in cancer cells are unclear. Herein we report that PKR regulates misfolded protein clearance by preventing it release through exosomes and promoting lysosomal degradation of misfolded prion proteins in cancer cells. We demonstrated that PKR contributes to the lysosome function and regulates misfolded prion protein clearance. We hypothesized that PKR-associated lysosome function is critical for cancer but not normal cell survival, representing an effective approach for highly targeted cancer therapy. In screening a compound library, we identified two PKR-associated compounds 1 and 2 (Pac 1 and 2) did not affect normal cells but selectively induced cell death in cancer cells depending on their PKR expression status. Pac 1 significantly inhibited the growth of human lung and breast xenograft tumors in mice with no toxicity. Pac 1 binds to PI4K2A and disrupts the PKR/PI4K2A-associated lysosome complex, contributing to destabilization of cancer cell lysosomes and triggering cell death. We observed that PKR and PI4K2A play significant prognostic roles in breast cancer patients. These results demonstrate that targeting of a PI4K2A/PKR lysosome complex may be an effective approach for cancer therapy.
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13
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The Great Escape: how phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases and PI4P promote vesicle exit from the Golgi (and drive cancer). Biochem J 2019; 476:2321-2346. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) is a membrane glycerophospholipid and a major regulator of the characteristic appearance of the Golgi complex as well as its vesicular trafficking, signalling and metabolic functions. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, and in particular the PI4KIIIβ isoform, act in concert with PI4P to recruit macromolecular complexes to initiate the biogenesis of trafficking vesicles for several Golgi exit routes. Dysregulation of Golgi PI4P metabolism and the PI4P protein interactome features in many cancers and is often associated with tumour progression and a poor prognosis. Increased expression of PI4P-binding proteins, such as GOLPH3 or PITPNC1, induces a malignant secretory phenotype and the release of proteins that can remodel the extracellular matrix, promote angiogenesis and enhance cell motility. Aberrant Golgi PI4P metabolism can also result in the impaired post-translational modification of proteins required for focal adhesion formation and cell–matrix interactions, thereby potentiating the development of aggressive metastatic and invasive tumours. Altered expression of the Golgi-targeted PI 4-kinases, PI4KIIIβ, PI4KIIα and PI4KIIβ, or the PI4P phosphate Sac1, can also modulate oncogenic signalling through effects on TGN-endosomal trafficking. A Golgi trafficking role for a PIP 5-kinase has been recently described, which indicates that PI4P is not the only functionally important phosphoinositide at this subcellular location. This review charts new developments in our understanding of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase function at the Golgi and how PI4P-dependent trafficking can be deregulated in malignant disease.
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14
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Ijuin T. Phosphoinositide phosphatases in cancer cell dynamics-Beyond PI3K and PTEN. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:50-65. [PMID: 30922959 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are a group of lipids that regulate intracellular signaling and subcellular biological events. The signaling by phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate and Akt mediates the action of growth factors that are essential for cell proliferation, gene transcription, cell migration, and polarity. The hyperactivation of this signaling has been identified in different cancer cells; and, it has been implicated in oncogenic transformation and cancer cell malignancy. Recent studies have argued the role of phosphoinositides in cancer cell dynamics, including actin cytoskeletal rearrangement at the plasma membrane and the organization of intracellular compartments. The focus of this review is to summarize the impact of the activities of phosphoinositide phosphatases on intracellular signaling related to cancer cell dynamics and to discuss how the abnormalities in the activities of the enzymes alter the levels of phosphoinositides in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ijuin
- Division of Biochemistry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki, Chu-o, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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15
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Silencing of type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase β stabilizes prostate apoptosis response-4 and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Biochem J 2019; 476:405-419. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase β (PtdIns 4-kinase II β) is an enigma among the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase family. The role of PtdIns 4-kinase II β in MCF-7 cells was addressed with the help of short hairpin RNA (shRNA). PtdIns 4-kinase II β shRNA transfection increased pan-caspase activity and induced apoptosis in cancerous MCF-7 cells. Non-cancerous MCF-10A cells were resistant to PtdIns 4-kinase II β shRNA-induced apoptosis. Caspase 8 and 9 inhibitors rescued MCF-7 cells from apoptosis. Shotgun proteomic studies with Flag-tagged PtdIns 4-kinase II β immunoprecipitates showed tumor suppressor prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) as one of the interacting proteins in HEK293 cells. In reciprocal experiments, Par-4 antibodies co-precipitated PtdIns 4-kinase II β from MCF-7 cells. Deletion of membrane localization motif (ΔCCPCC) or a mutation in ATP-binding region (D304A) of PtdIns 4-kinase II β did not affect its interaction with Par-4. Pull-down assays with GST-PtdIns 4-kinase II β-truncated mutants showed that the region between 101 and 215 amino acid residues is essential for interaction with Par-4. At molecular level, PtdIns 4-kinase II β shRNA transfection increased Par-4 stability, its nuclear localization and inhibition of NF-κB binding to target DNA. Knocking down of Par-4 with siRNA (small interfering RNA) rescued MCF-7 cells from PtdIns 4-kinase II β shRNA-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that PtdIns 4-kinase II β may be a novel regulator of Par-4 through protein–protein interactions. These studies have potential implications in cancer therapy.
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16
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Isaji T, Im S, Kameyama A, Wang Y, Fukuda T, Gu J. A complex between phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα and integrin α3β1 is required for N-glycan sialylation in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4425-4436. [PMID: 30659093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant N-glycan sialylation of glycoproteins is closely associated with malignant phenotypes of cancer cells and metastatic potential, which includes cell adhesion, migration, and growth. Recently, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα (PI4KIIα), which is localized to the trans-Golgi network, was identified as a regulator of Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) and of vesicle transport in the Golgi apparatus. GOLPH3 is a target of PI4KIIα and helps anchor sialyltransferases and thereby regulates sialylation of cell surface receptors. However, how PI4KIIα-mediated sialyation of cell surface proteins is regulated remains unclear. In this study, using several cell lines, CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knockout and short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing, RT-PCR, lentivirus-mediated overexpression, and immunoblotting methods, we confirmed that PI4KIIα knockdown suppresses the sialylation of N-glycans on the cell surface, in Akt phosphorylation and activation, and integrin α3-mediated cell migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, both integrin α3β1 and PI4KIIα co-localized to the trans-Golgi network, where they physically interacted with each other, and PI4KIIα specifically associated with integrin α3 but not α5. Furthermore, overexpression of both integrin α3β1 and PI4KIIα induced hypersialylation. Conversely, integrin α3 knockout significantly inhibited the sialylation of membrane proteins, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor, as well as in total cell lysates. These findings suggest that the malignant phenotype of cancer cells is affected by a sialylation mechanism that is regulated by a complex between PI4KIIα and integrin α3β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Isaji
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Sanghun Im
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kameyama
- the Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan, and
| | - Yuqin Wang
- the Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Tomohiko Fukuda
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Jianguo Gu
- From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi 981-8558, Japan,
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17
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Kuna RS, Field SJ. GOLPH3: a Golgi phosphatidylinositol(4)phosphate effector that directs vesicle trafficking and drives cancer. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:269-275. [PMID: 30266835 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r088328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GOLPH3 is a peripheral membrane protein localized to the Golgi and its vesicles, but its purpose had been unclear. We found that GOLPH3 binds specifically to the phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol(4)phosphate [PtdIns(4)P], which functions at the Golgi to promote vesicle exit for trafficking to the plasma membrane. PtdIns(4)P is enriched at the trans-Golgi and so recruits GOLPH3. Here, a GOLPH3 complex is formed when it binds to myosin18A (MYO18A), which binds F-actin. This complex generates a pulling force to extract vesicles from the Golgi; interference with this GOLPH3 complex results in dramatically reduced vesicle trafficking. The GOLPH3 complex has been identified as a driver of cancer in humans, likely through multiple mechanisms that activate secretory trafficking. In this review, we summarize the literature that identifies the nature of the GOLPH3 complex and its role in cancer. We also consider the GOLPH3 complex as a hub with the potential to reveal regulation of the Golgi and suggest the possibility of GOLPH3 complex inhibition as a therapeutic approach in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya S Kuna
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Seth J Field
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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18
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Del Bel LM, Brill JA. Sac1, a lipid phosphatase at the interface of vesicular and nonvesicular transport. Traffic 2018; 19:301-318. [PMID: 29411923 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lipid phosphatase Sac1 dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), thereby holding levels of this crucial membrane signaling molecule in check. Sac1 regulates multiple cellular processes, including cytoskeletal organization, membrane trafficking and cell signaling. Here, we review the structure and regulation of Sac1, its roles in cell signaling and development and its links to health and disease. Remarkably, many of the diverse roles attributed to Sac1 can be explained by the recent discovery of its requirement at membrane contact sites, where its consumption of PI4P is proposed to drive interorganelle transfer of other cellular lipids, thereby promoting normal lipid homeostasis within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Del Bel
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Zhang L, Li J, Zhang P, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Qiao X, Chen C. PI4KIIα regulates insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis via a PKD-dependent pathway. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2018; 4:25-38. [PMID: 29577067 PMCID: PMC5860104 DOI: 10.1007/s41048-018-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin release by pancreatic β cells plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels in humans, and to understand the mechanism for insulin secretion may reveal therapeutic strategies for diabetes. We found that PI4KIIα transgenic (TG) mice have abnormal glucose tolerance and higher serum glucose levels than wild-type mice. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was significantly reduced in both PI4KIIα TG mice and PI4KIIα-overexpressing pancreatic β cell lines. A proximity-based biotin labeling technique, BioID, was used to identify proteins that interact with PI4KIIα, and the results revealed that PI4KIIα interacts with PKD and negatively regulates its activity. The effect of PI4KIIα on insulin secretion was completely rescued by altering PKD activity. PI4KIIα overexpression also worsened glucose tolerance in streptozotocin/high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice by impairing insulin secretion. Our study has shed new light on PI4KIIα function and mechanism in diabetes and identified PI4KIIα as an important regulator of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunfeng Zhang
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jiangmei Li
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,3Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- 3Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Zhen Gao
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,3Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Xinhua Qiao
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chang Chen
- 1National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China.,4Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069 China
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20
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Minogue S. The Many Roles of Type II Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinases in Membrane Trafficking: New Tricks for Old Dogs. Bioessays 2017; 40. [PMID: 29280156 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4KIIs) produce the lipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) and participate in a confusing variety of membrane trafficking and signaling roles. This review argues that both historical and contemporary evidence supports the function of the PI4KIIs in numerous trafficking pathways, and that the key to understanding the enzymatic regulation is through membrane interaction and the intrinsic membrane environment. By summarizing new research and examining the trafficking roles of the PI4KIIs in the context of recently solved molecular structures, I highlight how mechanisms of PI4KII function and regulation are providing insights into the development of cancer and in neurological disease. I present an integrated view connecting the cell biology, molecular regulation, and roles in whole animal systems of these increasingly important proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Minogue
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, UCL Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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21
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Abstract
MYO18A is a divergent member of the myosin family characterized by the presence of an amino-terminal PDZ domain. MYO18A has been found in a few different complexes involved in intracellular transport processes. MYO18A is found in a complex with LURAP1 and MRCK that functions in retrograde treadmilling of actin. It also has been found in a complex with PAK2, βPIX, and GIT1, functioning to transport that protein complex from focal adhesions to the leading edge. Finally, a high proportion of MYO18A is found in complex with GOLPH3 at the trans Golgi, where it functions to promote vesicle budding for Golgi-to-plasma membrane trafficking. Interestingly, MYO18A has been implicated as a cancer driver, as have other components of the GOLPH3 pathway. It remains uncertain as to whether or not MYO18A has intrinsic motor activity. While many questions remain, MYO18A is a fascinatingly unique myosin that is essential in higher organisms.
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22
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PI-273, a Substrate-Competitive, Specific Small-Molecule Inhibitor of PI4KIIα, Inhibits the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6253-6266. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Kwon J, Kim DH, Park JM, Park YH, Hwang YH, Wu HG, Shin KH, Kim IA. Targeting Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase IIIα for Radiosensitization: A Potential Model of Drug Repositioning Using an Anti-Hepatitis C Viral Agent. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 96:867-876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Alli-Balogun GO, Gewinner CA, Jacobs R, Kriston-Vizi J, Waugh MG, Minogue S. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIβ negatively regulates invadopodia formation and suppresses an invasive cellular phenotype. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:4033-4042. [PMID: 27798239 PMCID: PMC5156544 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KII) enzymes synthesize the lipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P), which has been detected at the Golgi complex and endosomal compartments and recruits clathrin adaptors. Despite common mechanistic similarities between the isoforms, the extent of their redundancy is unclear. We found that depletion of PI4KIIα and PI4KIIβ using small interfering RNA led to actin remodeling. Depletion of PI4KIIβ also induced the formation of invadopodia containing membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). Depletion of PI4KII isoforms also differentially affected trans-Golgi network (TGN) pools of PI(4)P and post-TGN traffic. PI4KIIβ depletion caused increased MT1-MMP trafficking to invasive structures at the plasma membrane and was accompanied by reduced colocalization of MT1-MMP with membranes containing the endosomal markers Rab5 and Rab7 but increased localization with the exocytic Rab8. Depletion of PI4KIIβ was sufficient to confer an aggressive invasive phenotype on minimally invasive HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. Mining oncogenomic databases revealed that loss of the PI4K2B allele and underexpression of PI4KIIβ mRNA are associated with human cancers. This finding supports the cell data and suggests that PI4KIIβ may be a clinically significant suppressor of invasion. We propose that PI4KIIβ synthesizes a pool of PI(4)P that maintains MT1-MMP traffic in the degradative pathway and suppresses the formation of invadopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganiyu Olabanji Alli-Balogun
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, UCL Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth Jacobs
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, UCL Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Waugh
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, UCL Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Minogue
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, UCL Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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25
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Gokhale A, Ryder PV, Zlatic SA, Faundez V. Identification of the Interactome of a Palmitoylated Membrane Protein, Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Type II Alpha. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1376:35-42. [PMID: 26552673 PMCID: PMC5696628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3170-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4K) are enzymes responsible for the production of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphates, important intermediates in several cell signaling pathways. PI4KIIα is the most abundant membrane-associated kinase in mammalian cells and is involved in a variety of essential cellular functions. However, the precise role(s) of PI4KIIα in the cell is not yet completely deciphered. Here we present an experimental protocol that uses a chemical cross-linker, DSP, combined with immunoprecipitation and immunoaffinity purification to identify novel PI4KIIα interactors. As predicted, PI4KIIα participates in transient, low-affinity interactions that are stabilized by the use of DSP. Using this optimized protocol we have successfully identified actin cytoskeleton regulators-the WASH complex and RhoGEF1, as major novel interactors of PI4KIIα. While this chapter focuses on the PI4KIIα interactome, this protocol can and has been used to generate other membrane interactome networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street Room 446, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pearl V Ryder
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street Room 446, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stephanie A Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street Room 446, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street Room 446, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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26
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Venditti R, Masone MC, Wilson C, De Matteis MA. PI(4)P homeostasis: Who controls the controllers? Adv Biol Regul 2016; 60:105-114. [PMID: 26542744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During recent decades, PI(4)P (phosphoinositol-4-phosphate) has been described as a key regulator of a wide range of cellular functions such as organelle biogenesis, lipid metabolism and distribution, membrane trafficking, ion channels, pumps, and transporter activities. In this review we will focus on the multiple mechanisms that regulate PI(4)P homeostasis ranging from those responsible for the spatial distribution of the PI4 kinases and PI(4)P phosphatase to those controlling their enzymatic activity or the delivery/presentation of the substrate, i.e. PI or PI(4)P, to the PI4Ks or PI(4)P phosphatase, respectively. We will also highlight the open questions in the field mainly dealing with the existence and mode of action of PI(4)P sensors that monitor its amount and can act as a rheostat tuning PI(4)P levels in different compartments and adapting them to the different needs of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Venditti
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Masone
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Cathal Wilson
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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Kilbride P, Woodward HJ, Tan KB, Thanh NTK, Chu KME, Minogue S, Waugh MG. Modeling the effects of cyclodextrin on intracellular membrane vesicles from Cos-7 cells prepared by sonication and carbonate treatment. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1351. [PMID: 26528413 PMCID: PMC4627923 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol has important functions in the organization of membrane structure and this may be mediated via the formation of cholesterol-rich, liquid-ordered membrane microdomains often referred to as lipid rafts. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (cyclodextrin) is commonly used in cell biology studies to extract cholesterol and therefore disrupt lipid rafts. However, in this study we reassessed this experimental strategy and investigated the effects of cyclodextrin on the physical properties of sonicated and carbonate-treated intracellular membrane vesicles isolated from Cos-7 fibroblasts. We treated these membranes, which mainly originate from the trans-Golgi network and endosomes, with cyclodextrin and measured the effects on their equilibrium buoyant density, protein content, represented by the palmitoylated protein phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIα, and cholesterol. Despite the reduction in mass stemming from cholesterol removal, the vesicles became denser, indicating a possible large volumetric decrease, and this was confirmed by measurements of hydrodynamic vesicle size. Subsequent mathematical analyses demonstrated that only half of this change in membrane size was attributable to cholesterol loss. Hence, the non-selective desorption properties of cyclodextrin are also involved in membrane size and density changes. These findings may have implications for preceding studies that interpreted cyclodextrin-induced changes to membrane biochemistry in the context of lipid raft disruption without taking into account our finding that cyclodextrin treatment also reduces membrane size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kilbride
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Holly J Woodward
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Kuan Boone Tan
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Nguyễn T K Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - K M Emily Chu
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Shane Minogue
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Waugh
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London , London , United Kingdom
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Buschman MD, Xing M, Field SJ. The GOLPH3 pathway regulates Golgi shape and function and is activated by DNA damage. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:362. [PMID: 26500484 PMCID: PMC4595774 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi protein GOLPH3 binds to PtdIns(4)P and MYO18A, linking the Golgi to the actin cytoskeleton. The GOLPH3 pathway is essential for vesicular trafficking from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. A side effect of GOLPH3-dependent trafficking is to generate the extended ribbon shape of the Golgi. Perturbation of the pathway results in changes to both Golgi morphology and secretion, with functional consequences for the cell. The cellular response to DNA damage provides an example of GOLPH3-mediated regulation of the Golgi. Upon DNA damage, DNA-PK phosphorylation of GOLPH3 increases binding to MYO18A, activating the GOLPH3 pathway, which consequently results in Golgi fragmentation, reduced trafficking, and enhanced cell survival. The PtdIns(4)P/GOLPH3/MYO18A/F-actin pathway provides new insight into the relationship between Golgi morphology and function, and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Buschman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mengke Xing
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seth J Field
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Boura E, Nencka R. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases: Function, structure, and inhibition. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Saitta C, Tripodi G, Barbera A, Bertuccio A, Smedile A, Ciancio A, Raffa G, Sangiovanni A, Navarra G, Raimondo G, Pollicino T. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA integration in patients with occult HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2015; 35:2311-7. [PMID: 25677098 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA integration in the host genome is a major mechanism responsible for the etiopathogenetic role exerted by HBV in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Extensive analyses evaluating viral integration in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) negative patients with occult HBV infection (OBI) have not yet been performed. The aim of this study was to investigate and characterize HBV DNA integration in HCC tissues from OBI patients. METHODS Tumour DNA extracts from 69 HCC patients (49 HBsAg-negative with occult infection diagnosed by HBV DNA detection in tumour tissues; 10 HBsAg-positive and 10 HBsAg-negative/OBI-negative as control groups) were examined by Alu-PCR technique to reveal HBV DNA integration into the host genome. The molecular characterization of the virus-genome junctions was performed by cloning and sequencing analyses. RESULTS Integrated HBV DNA was detected in 37/49 (75.5%) OBI-positive HCC samples, in 8/10 (80%) HBsAg-positive and in 0/10 OBI-negative HCC samples. Nine of 37 (24.3%) integrated viral sequences from OBI-positive cases were inside human genome coding regions and in the remaining cases the localization at intergenic level was frequently adjacent to coding genes. Concerning viral integrants in OBI cases, X gene sequences were found in 14 cases, preS/S sequences in 13, Core sequences in 7, and Polymerase gene sequences in three cases. CONCLUSIONS In analogy to what occurs in HBsAg-positive cases, HBV DNA integration is highly prevalent in OBI-related HCCs, it mainly involves X and preS/S viral genomic regions and it frequently occurs at the level of regulatory and functional genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Saitta
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tripodi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adalberto Barbera
- Division of Oncological Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Bertuccio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonina Smedile
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, University of Torino, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciancio
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, University of Torino, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Raffa
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Sangiovanni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "AM & A Migliavacca" Center for the Study of Liver Disease, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Navarra
- Division of Oncological Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Raimondo
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Pollicino
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pediatric, Gynecologic, Microbiologic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Waugh MG. Chromosomal Instability and Phosphoinositide Pathway Gene Signatures in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:621-630. [PMID: 25502460 PMCID: PMC4703635 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural rearrangements of chromosome 10 are frequently observed in glioblastoma multiforme and over 80 % of tumour samples archived in the catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer database had gene copy number loss for PI4K2A which encodes phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIalpha. PI4K2A loss of heterozygosity mirrored that of PTEN, another enzyme that regulates phosphoinositide levels and also PIK3AP1, MINPP1, INPP5A and INPP5F. These results indicated a reduction in copy number for a set of phosphoinositide signalling genes that co-localise to chromosome 10q. This analysis was extended to a panel of phosphoinositide pathway genes on other chromosomes and revealed a number of previously unreported associations with glioblastoma multiforme. Of particular note were highly penetrant copy number losses for a group of X-linked phosphoinositide phosphatase genes OCRL, MTM1 and MTMR8; copy number amplifications for the chromosome 19 genes PIP5K1C, AKT2 and PIK3R2, and also for the phospholipase C genes PLCB1, PLCB4 and PLCG1 on chromosome 20. These mutations are likely to affect signalling and trafficking functions dependent on the PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,5)P2 lipids as well as the inositol phosphates IP3, IP5 and IP6. Analysis of flanking genes with functionally unrelated products indicated that chromosomal instability as opposed to a phosphoinositide-specific process underlay this pattern of copy number variation. This in silico study suggests that in glioblastoma multiforme, karyotypic changes have the potential to cause multiple abnormalities in sets of genes involved in phosphoinositide metabolism and this may be important for understanding drug resistance and phosphoinositide pathway redundancy in the advanced disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Waugh
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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Waugh MG. Amplification of Chromosome 1q Genes Encoding the Phosphoinositide Signalling Enzymes PI4KB, AKT3, PIP5K1A and PI3KC2B in Breast Cancer. J Cancer 2014; 5:790-6. [PMID: 25368680 PMCID: PMC4216804 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the possible oncogenic roles of genes encoding for the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, a family of enzymes that regulate an early step in phosphoinositide signalling. To address this issue, the mutational status of all four human phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases genes was analyzed across 852 breast cancer samples using the COSMIC data resource. Point mutations in the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase genes were uncommon and appeared in less than 1% of the patient samples however, 62% of the tumours had increases in gene copy number for PI4KB which encodes the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIbeta isozyme. Extending this analysis to subsequent enzymes in the phosphoinositide signalling cascades revealed that the only PIP5K1A, PI3KC2B and AKT3 genes exhibited similar patterns of gene copy number variation. By comparison, gene copy number increases for established oncogenes such as EGFR and HER2/Neu were only evident in 20% of the samples. The PI4KB, PIP5K1A, PI3KC2B and AKT3 genes are related in that they all localize to chromosome 1q which is often structurally and numerically abnormal in breast cancer. These results demonstrate that a gene quartet encoding a potential phosphoinositide signalling pathway is amplified in a subset of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Waugh
- Lipid and Membrane Biology Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF United Kingdom
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Morrow AA, Alipour MA, Bridges D, Yao Z, Saltiel AR, Lee JM. The Lipid Kinase PI4KIIIβ Is Highly Expressed in Breast Tumors and Activates Akt in Cooperation with Rab11a. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1492-508. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cancer Lett 2014; 351:23-9. [PMID: 24858024 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As in many tumors, heterogeneity within the cell population is one of the main features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Heterogeneity results from the ability of tumor to produce multiple subpopulations of cells with diverse genetic, biochemical and immunological characteristics. Little is known about how heterogeneity emerges and how it is maintained. Fluctuations in single cells can be masked or completely misrepresented when cell populations are analyzed. It has become exceedingly apparent that the utility of measurement based on the analysis of bulk specimens is limited by intra-tumor genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, as characteristics of the most abundant cell type might not necessarily predict the properties of cell populations. Yet, such non-uniformities often unveil molecular patterns that can represent mechanisms of tumor progression. Interestingly, variability among single cells in a population may arise from different responses to intrinsic and extrinsic perturbations mainly mediated by the plasma membrane. The association of certain proteins, including tetraspanins, and lipids in specific location on the plasma membrane constitutes specialized structure called tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). TEMs organization in cancer may reveal essential clues for understanding pathogenic mechanisms underlying cancer progression. Along these lines, TEMs and HCC progression represent a valuable paradigm for gaining a deeper understanding of such mechanisms.
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Dual inhibition of EGFR at protein and activity level via combinatorial blocking of PI4KIIα as anti-tumor strategy. Protein Cell 2014; 5:457-68. [PMID: 24801752 PMCID: PMC4026421 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicate that phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα can promote the growth of multi-malignant tumors via HER-2/PI3K and MAPK pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms of this pathway and its potential for clinical application remain unknown. In this study, we found that PI4KIIα could be an ideal combinatorial target for EGFR treatment via regulating EGFR degradation. Results showed that PI4KIIα knockdown reduced EGFR protein level, and the expression of PI4KIIα shows a strong correlation with EGFR in human breast cancer tissues (r = 0.77, P < 0.01). PI4KIIα knockdown greatly prolonged the effects and decreased the effective dosage of AG-1478, a specific inhibitor of EGFR. In addition, it significantly enhanced AG1478-induced inhibition of tumor cell survival and strengthened the effect of the EGFR-targeting anti-cancer drug Iressa in xenograft tumor models. Mechanistically, we found that PI4KIIα suppression increased EGFR ligand-independent degradation. Quantitative proteomic analysis by stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and LC-MS/MS suggested that HSP90 mediated the effect of PI4KIIα on EGFR. Furthermore, we found that combined inhibition of PI4KIIα and EGFR suppressed both PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways, and resulted in downregulation of multiple oncogenes like PRDX2, FASN, MTA2, ultimately leading to suppression of tumor growth. Therefore, we conclude that combined inhibition of PI4KIIα and EGFR exerts a multiple anti-tumor effect. Dual inhibition of EGFR at protein and activity level via combinatorial blocking of PI4KIIα presents a novel strategy to combat EGFR-dependent tumors.
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Puzzle out the regulation mechanism of PI4KIIα activity. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:636-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhou Q, Li J, Yu H, Zhai Y, Gao Z, Liu Y, Pang X, Zhang L, Schulten K, Sun F, Chen C. Molecular insights into the membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3552. [PMID: 24675427 PMCID: PMC3974213 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα (PI4KIIα), a membrane-associated PI kinase, plays a central role in cell signalling and trafficking. Its kinase activity critically depends on palmitoylation of its cysteine-rich motif (-CCPCC-) and is modulated by the membrane environment. Lack of atomic structure impairs our understanding of the mechanism regulating kinase activity. Here we present the crystal structure of human PI4KIIα in ADP-bound form. The structure identifies the nucleotide-binding pocket that differs notably from that found in PI3Ks. Two structural insertions, a palmitoylation insertion and an RK-rich insertion, endow PI4KIIα with the ‘integral’ membrane-binding feature. Molecular dynamics simulations, biochemical and mutagenesis studies reveal that the palmitoylation insertion, containing an amphipathic helix, contributes to the PI-binding pocket and anchors PI4KIIα to the membrane, suggesting that fluctuation of the palmitoylation insertion affects PI4KIIα’s activity. We conclude from our results that PI4KIIα’s activity is regulated indirectly through changes in the membrane environment. Type II PI4-kinase dysfunction is associated with diseases including cancer and Alzheimer's disease; however, the development of specific modulators has been hampered by a lack of structural information. Zhou et al. present the crystal structure of PI4KIIα in its ADP-bound form, providing insight into its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangjun Zhou
- 1] National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China [3]
| | - Jiangmei Li
- 1] National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China [2]
| | - Hang Yu
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Yujia Zhai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- 1] National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanxin Liu
- Beckman Institute and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Pang
- 1] National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lunfeng Zhang
- 1] National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Klaus Schulten
- 1] Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [2] Beckman Institute and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Fei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chang Chen
- 1] National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China [2] Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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Ilboudo A, Nault JC, Dubois-Pot-Schneider H, Corlu A, Zucman-Rossi J, Samson M, Le Seyec J. Overexpression of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIα is associated with undifferentiated status and poor prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:7. [PMID: 24393405 PMCID: PMC3898250 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a particularly severe disease characterized by a high rate of recurrence and death even after surgical resection. Molecular characterization of HCC helps refine prognosis and may facilitate the development of improved therapy. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases have recently been identified as cellular factors associated with cancer. Also, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIα (PI4KA) is necessary for the propagation of the hepatitis C virus, a major etiological factor for HCC. METHODS Reverse transcription, quantitative real-time PCR was used to assay PI4KA mRNA. The expression levels were investigated both in a collection of molecularly and clinically characterized hepatic tissues from 344 patients with diverse liver diseases and in human hepatocyte cell lines whose proliferative and differentiation status was controlled by specific culture conditions. Analytical microarray data for 60 HCC and six normal liver tissue samples were exploited to study correlations between PI4KA mRNA levels and cell proliferation markers in vivo. Postoperative disease-specific survival and time to recurrence in a set of 214 patients with HCC were studied by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS PI4KA mRNA was more abundant in HCC than normal healthy tissues. This upregulation correlated significantly with both poor differentiation and the active proliferation rate in HCC. These associations were confirmed with in vitro models. Moreover, patients with HCC who had been treated by surgical resection and had higher PI4KA mRNA concentrations in their tumor tissue exhibited a higher risk of tumor recurrence (median time: 20 months versus 49 months, P = 0.0012) and shorter disease-specific survival (first quartile time: 16 months versus 48 months, P = 0.0004). Finally, the abundance of PI4KA mRNA proved to be an independent prognostic marker of survival for cases of HCC (hazard ratio = 2.36, P = 0.0064). CONCLUSIONS PI4KA mRNA could be used as a new molecular marker to improve established prognostic models for HCC. These findings also indicate possible new lines of research for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches targeting PI4KA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacques Le Seyec
- INSERM, UMR-1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail (IRSET), F-35043, Rennes, France.
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De Matteis MA, Wilson C, D'Angelo G. Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate: The Golgi and beyond. Bioessays 2013; 35:612-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathal Wilson
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine; Naples; Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Angelo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry; National Research Council (CNR); Naples; Italy
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40
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Clayton EL, Minogue S, Waugh MG. Mammalian phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases as modulators of membrane trafficking and lipid signaling networks. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:294-304. [PMID: 23608234 PMCID: PMC3989048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The four mammalian phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases modulate inter-organelle lipid trafficking, phosphoinositide signalling and intracellular vesicle trafficking. In addition to catalytic domains required for the synthesis of PI4P, the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases also contain isoform-specific structural motifs that mediate interactions with proteins such as AP-3 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, and such structural differences determine isoform-specific roles in membrane trafficking. Moreover, different permutations of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isozymes may be required for a single cellular function such as occurs during distinct stages of GPCR signalling and in Golgi to lysosome trafficking. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases have recently been implicated in human disease. Emerging paradigms include increased phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase expression in some cancers, impaired functioning associated with neurological pathologies, the subversion of PI4P trafficking functions in bacterial infection and the activation of lipid kinase activity in viral disease. We discuss how the diverse and sometimes overlapping functions of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases present challenges for the design of isoform-specific inhibitors in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Clayton
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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He X, Yang Y, Zhi F, Moore ML, Kang X, Chao D, Wang R, Balboni G, Salvadori S, Kim DH, Xia Y. δ-Opioid receptor activation modified microRNA expression in the rat kidney under prolonged hypoxia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61080. [PMID: 23596515 PMCID: PMC3626642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic injury to kidney is a frequently encountered clinical problem with limited therapeutic options. Since microRNAs are differentially involved in hypoxic/ischemic events and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) activation is known to protect against hypoxic/ischemic injury, we speculated on the involvement of DOR activation in altering the microRNA (miRNA) expression in kidney under hypoxic condition. We selected 31 miRNAs based on microarray data for quantitative PCR analysis. Among them, 14 miRNAs were significantly altered after prolonged hypoxia, DOR activation or a combination of both. We found that 1) DOR activation alters miRNA expression profiles in normoxic conditions; 2) hypoxia differentially alters miRNA expression depending on the duration of hypoxia; and 3) DOR activation can modify hypoxia-induced changes in miRNA expression. For example, 10-day hypoxia reduced the level of miR-212 by over 70%, while DOR activation could mimic such reduction even in normoxic kidney. In contrast, the same stress increased miR-29a by >100%, which was reversed following DOR activation. These first data suggest that hypoxia comprehensively modifies the miRNA profile within the kidney, which can be mimicked or modified by DOR activation. Ascertaining the targeted pathways that regulate the diverse cellular and molecular functions of miRNA may provide new insights into potential therapies for hypoxic/ischemic injury of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou He
- Research Institute of Modern Medicine, The Third Clinical College of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Research Institute of Modern Medicine, The Third Clinical College of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhi
- Research Institute of Modern Medicine, The Third Clinical College of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meredith L. Moore
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuezhi Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rong Wang
- Research Institute of Modern Medicine, The Third Clinical College of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dong H. Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Delang L, Paeshuyse J, Neyts J. The role of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate during viral replication. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1400-8. [PMID: 22885339 PMCID: PMC7111036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PI) are phospholipids that mediate signaling cascades in the cell by binding to effector proteins. Reversible phosphorylation of the inositol ring at positions 3, 4 and 5 results in the synthesis of seven different phosphoinositides. Each phosphoinositide has a unique subcellular distribution with a predominant localization in subsets of membranes. These lipids play a major role in recruiting and regulating the function of proteins at membrane interfaces [1]. Several bacteria and viruses modulate and exploit the host PI metabolism to ensure efficient replication and survival. Here, we focus on the roles of cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) during the replication cycle of various viruses. It has been well documented that phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ, EC 2.7.1.67) is indispensable for viral RNA replication of several picornaviruses. Two recruitment strategies were reported: (i) binding and modulation of GBF1/Arf1 to enhance recruitment of PI4KIIIβ and (ii) interaction with ACBD3 for recruitment of PI4KIIIβ. PI4KIII has also been demonstrated to be crucial for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. PI4KIII appears to be directly recruited and activated by HCV NS5A protein to the replication complexes. In contrast to picornaviruses, it is still debated whether the α or the β isoform is the most important. PI4KIII can be explored as a target for inhibition of viral replication. The challenge will be to develop highly selective inhibitors for PI4KIIIα and/or β and to avoid off-target toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Delang
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Waugh MG. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 325:125-31. [PMID: 22750097 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the emerging roles for phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases in cancer. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate is a common substrate for both the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase C pathways, and has been implicated in the membrane targeting of proteins such as Girdin/GIV and OSBP. Alterations to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase expression levels can modulate MAP kinase and Akt signalling, and are important for chemoresistance, tumour angiogenesis and the suppression of apoptosis and metastases. Recent improvements in high-throughput screening assays, and the discoveries that some anti-viral molecules are isoform selective phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibitors have advanced the drugability of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Waugh
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are minor components of cellular membranes that play critical regulatory roles in several intracellular functions. This chapter describes the main enzymes regulating the turnover of each of the seven PIs in mammalian cells and introduces to some of their intracellular functions and to some evidences of their involvement in human diseases. Due to the complex interrelation between the distinct PIs and the plethora of functions that they can regulate inside a cell, this chapter is not meant to be a comprehensive coverage of all aspects of PI signalling but rather an introduction to this complex signalling field. For more details of their regulation/functions and extensive description of their intracellular roles, more detailed reviews are suggested on each single topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maffucci
- Centre for Diabetes, Blizard Institute, Inositide Signalling Group, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK.
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Differential effects of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, PI4KIIα and PI4KIIIβ, on Akt activation and apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2011; 1:e106. [PMID: 21218173 PMCID: PMC3015391 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of PI4P synthesis by the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, PI4KIIα and PI4KIIIβ, in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated phosphoinositide signaling and cell survival. In COS-7 cells, knockdown of either isozyme by RNA interference reduced basal levels of PI4P and PI(4,5)P2, without affecting receptor activation. Only knockdown of PI4KIIα inhibited EGF-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, indicating that decreased PI(4,5)P2 synthesis observed by loss of either isoform could not account for this PI4KIIα-specific effect. Phospholipase Cγ activation was also differentially affected by knockdown of either PI4K isozyme. Overexpression of kinase-inactive PI4KIIα, which induces defective endosomal trafficking without reducing PI(4,5)P2 levels, also reduced Akt activation. Furthermore, PI4KIIα knockdown profoundly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis as evidenced by the cleavage of caspase-3 and its substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. However, in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, apoptosis was observed subsequent to knockdown of either PI4KIIα or PI4KIIIβ and this correlated with enhanced proapoptotic Akt phosphorylation. The differential effects of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase knockdown in the two cell lines lead to the conclusion that phosphoinositide turnover is inhibited through PI4P substrate depletion, whereas impaired antiapoptotic Akt signaling is an indirect consequence of dysfunctional endosomal trafficking.
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Minogue S, Chu KME, Westover EJ, Covey DF, Hsuan JJ, Waugh MG. Relationship between phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate synthesis, membrane organization, and lateral diffusion of PI4KIIalpha at the trans-Golgi network. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2314-24. [PMID: 20388919 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m005751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIalpha (PI4KIIalpha) is the dominant phosphatidylinositol kinase activity measured in mammalian cells and has important functions in intracellular vesicular trafficking. Recently PI4KIIalpha has been shown to have important roles in neuronal survival and tumorigenesis. This study focuses on the relationship between membrane cholesterol levels, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) synthesis, and PI4KIIalpha mobility. Enzyme kinetic measurements, sterol substitution studies, and membrane fragmentation analyses all revealed that cholesterol regulates PI4KIIalpha activity indirectly through effects on membrane structure. In particular, we found that cholesterol levels determined the distribution of PI4KIIalpha to biophysically distinct membrane domains. Imaging studies on cells expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-tagged PI4KIIalpha demonstrated that cholesterol depletion resulted in morphological changes to the juxtanuclear membrane pool of the enzyme. Lateral membrane diffusion of eGFP-PI4KIIalpha was assessed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments, which revealed the existence of both mobile and immobile pools of the enzyme. Sterol depletion decreased the size of the mobile pool of PI4KIIalpha. Further measurements revealed that the reduction in the mobile fraction of PI4KIIalpha correlated with a loss of trans-Golgi network (TGN) membrane connectivity. We conclude that cholesterol modulates PI4P synthesis through effects on membrane organization and enzyme diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Minogue
- Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, Centre for Molecular Cell Biology, London, United Kingdom
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