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Chu X, Sun J, Dai S, Liang Y, Qian X, Xu J, Zhang J. AURKA Activates FOXO3a to Form a Positive Feedback Loop in the Proliferation and Migration of Keloid Fibroblasts. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2024. [PMID: 39078320 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2024.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Keloids are benign fibroproliferative disorders with invasive growth exceeding the wound boundary. Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a serine/threonine kinase highly expressed in various tumors, facilitating tumor growth and invasion. Currently, the role of AURKA in keloid remains unclear. Approach: Fibroblasts were isolated from keloid and normal skin samples. AURKA was evaluated by qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Transcriptome sequencing and dual-luciferase reporter assays were applied to figure out targets of AURKA. Following expression alteration and MLN8237 (an AURKA kinase inhibitor, AKI) treatment, phenotypical experiments were conducted to clarify biological functions of AURKA along with its target, and to probe into the clinical potential of AURKA inhibition. Results: AURKA was upregulated in keloid tissues and fibroblasts. Forkhead box O 3a (FOXO3a) was verified as a downstream of AURKA. Further experiments demonstrated that AURKA transactivated FOXO3a by binding to FOXO3a, while FOXO3a directly transactivated AURKA. Functionally, AURKA and FOXO3a cooperated in enhancing the proliferation and migration of keloid fibroblasts via protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation. Although MLN8237 weakened the proliferation and migration in keloid fibroblasts, the transactivation of AURKA on FOXO3a was independent of kinase activity. Innovation: This study reveals that AURKA and FOXO3a compose a transactivation loop in enhancing the proliferative and migrative properties of keloid fibroblasts, and proposes AURKA as a promising target. Conclusion: AURKA/FOXO3a loop promotes the proliferation and migration of keloid fibroblasts via AKT signaling. Despite the anti-keloid effects of AKIs, AURKA acts as a transcription factor independently of kinase activity, deepening our understanding on AKI insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siya Dai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yehua Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xifei Qian
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghong Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jufang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Dong Z, Guo Z, Li H, Han D, Xie W, Cui S, Zhang W, Huang S. FOXO3a-interacting proteins' involvement in cancer: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:196. [PMID: 38270719 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Due to its role in apoptosis, differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage repair in stress responses (oxidative stress, hypoxia, chemotherapeutic drugs, and UV irradiation or radiotherapy), FOXO3a is considered a key tumor suppressor that determines radiotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic responses in cancer cells. Mutations in the FOXO3a gene are rare, even in cancer cells. Post-translational regulations are the main mechanisms for inactivating FOXO3a. The subcellular localization, stability, transcriptional activity, and DNA binding affinity for FOXO3a can be modulated via various post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and interactions with other transcriptional factors or regulators. This review summarizes how proteins that interact with FOXO3a engage in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Dong
- Health College, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265700, Shandong, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Zongming Guo
- Health College, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265700, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Health College, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265700, Shandong, China
| | - Dequan Han
- Health College, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265700, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Health College, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265700, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoning Cui
- Health College, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265700, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Health College, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265700, Shandong, China.
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Health College, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265700, Shandong, China.
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, China.
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, China.
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3
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Li X, Qu Y, Yang Q, Li R, Diao Y, Wang J, Wu L, Zhang C, Cui S, Qin L, Zhuo D, Wang H, Wang L, Huang Y. Cellular Localization of FOXO3 Determines Its Role in Cataractogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1845-1862. [PMID: 37517685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein (FOX)-O3 is a core regulator of cellular homeostasis, stress response, and longevity. The cellular localization of FOXO3 is closely related to its function. Herein, the role of FOXO3 in cataract formation was explored. FOXO3 showed nuclear translocation in lens epithelial cells (LECs) arranged in a single layer on lens capsule tissues from both human cataract and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat cataract, also in MNU-injured human (H)-LEC lines. FOXO3 knockdown inhibited the MNU-induced increase in expression of genes related to cell cycle arrest (GADD45A and CCNG2) and apoptosis (BAK and TP53). H2 is highly effective in reducing oxidative impairments in nuclear DNA and mitochondria. When H2 was applied to MNU-injured HLECs, FOXO3 underwent cleavage by MAPK1 and translocated into mitochondria, thereby increasing the transcription of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes (MTCO1, MTCO2, MTND1, and MTND6) in HLECs. Furthermore, H2 mediated the translocation of FOXO3 from the nucleus to the mitochondria within the LECs of cataract capsule tissues of rats exposed to MNU. This intervention ameliorated MNU-induced cataracts in the rat model. In conclusion, there was a correlation between the localization of FOXO3 and its function in cataract formation. It was also determined that H2 protects HLECs from injury by leading FOXO3 mitochondrial translocation via MAPK1 activation. Mitochondrial FOXO3 can increase mtDNA transcription and stabilize mitochondrial function in HLECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese Aerospace 731 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Runpu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yumei Diao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Deyi Zhuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Yifei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Francisco JT, Holt AW, Bullock MT, Williams MD, Poovey CE, Holland NA, Brault JJ, Tulis DA. FoxO3 normalizes Smad3-induced arterial smooth muscle cell growth. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1136998. [PMID: 37693008 PMCID: PMC10483145 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1136998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition of arterial smooth muscle (ASM) from a quiescent, contractile state to a growth-promoting state is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of death and disability in the United States and worldwide. While many individual signals have been identified as important mechanisms in this phenotypic conversion, the combined impact of the transcription factors Smad3 and FoxO3 in ASM growth is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine that a coordinated, phosphorylation-specific relationship exists between Smad3 and FoxO3 in the control of ASM cell growth. Using a rat in vivo arterial injury model and rat primary ASM cell lysates and fractions, validated low and high serum in vitro models of respective quiescent and growth states, and adenoviral (Ad-) gene delivery for overexpression (OE) of individual and combined Smad3 and/or FoxO3, we hypothesized that FoxO3 can moderate Smad3-induced ASM cell growth. Key findings revealed unique cellular distribution of Smad3 and FoxO3 under growth conditions, with induction of both nuclear and cytosolic Smad3 yet primarily cytosolic FoxO3; Ad-Smad3 OE leading to cytosolic and nuclear expression of phosphorylated and total Smad3, with almost complete reversal of each with Ad-FoxO3 co-infection in quiescent and growth conditions; Ad-FoxO3 OE leading to enhanced cytosolic expression of phosphorylated and total FoxO3, both reduced with Ad-Smad3 co-infection in quiescent and growth conditions; Ad-FoxO3 inducing expression and activity of the ubiquitin ligase MuRF-1, which was reversed with concomitant Ad-Smad3 OE; and combined Smad3/FoxO3 OE reversing both the pro-growth impact of singular Smad3 and the cytostatic impact of singular FoxO3. A primary takeaway from these observations is the capacity of FoxO3 to reverse growth-promoting effects of Smad3 in ASM cells. Additional findings lend support for reciprocal antagonism of Smad3 on FoxO3-induced cytostasis, and these effects are dependent upon discrete phosphorylation states and cellular localization and involve MuRF-1 in the control of ASM cell growth. Lastly, results showing capacity of FoxO3 to normalize Smad3-induced ASM cell growth largely support our hypothesis, and overall findings provide evidence for utility of Smad3 and/or FoxO3 as potential therapeutic targets against abnormal ASM growth in the context of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A. Tulis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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5
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Coda DM, Patel H, Gori I, Gaarenstroom TE, Song OR, Howell M, Hill CS. A network of transcription factors governs the dynamics of NODAL/Activin transcriptional responses. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259972. [PMID: 35302162 PMCID: PMC9080556 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SMAD2, an effector of the NODAL/Activin signalling pathway, regulates developmental processes by sensing distinct chromatin states and interacting with different transcriptional partners. However, the network of factors that controls SMAD2 chromatin binding and shapes its transcriptional programme over time is poorly characterised. Here, we combine ATAC-seq with computational footprinting to identify temporal changes in chromatin accessibility and transcription factor activity upon NODAL/Activin signalling. We show that SMAD2 binding induces chromatin opening genome wide. We discover footprints for FOXI3, FOXO3 and ZIC3 at the SMAD2-bound enhancers of the early response genes, Pmepa1 and Wnt3, respectively, and demonstrate their functionality. Finally, we determine a mechanism by which NODAL/Activin signalling induces delayed gene expression, by uncovering a self-enabling transcriptional cascade whereby activated SMADs, together with ZIC3, induce the expression of Wnt3. The resultant activated WNT pathway then acts together with the NODAL/Activin pathway to regulate expression of delayed target genes in prolonged NODAL/Activin signalling conditions. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide M. Coda
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ilaria Gori
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tessa E. Gaarenstroom
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- High Throughput Screening Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- High Throughput Screening Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Caroline S. Hill
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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6
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Shan Y, Chen Y, Brkić J, Fournier L, Ma H, Peng C. miR-218-5p Induces Interleukin-1β and Endovascular Trophoblast Differentiation by Targeting the Transforming Growth Factor β-SMAD2 Pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:842587. [PMID: 35299960 PMCID: PMC8920978 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.842587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of an endovascular trophoblast (enEVT) phenotype is essential for normal placental development and healthy pregnancy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in regulating gene expression. We have recently reported that miR-218-5p promotes enEVT differentiation and spiral artery remodeling in part by targeting transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2). We also identified IL1B, which encodes interleukin 1β (IL1β), as one of the most highly upregulated genes by miR-218-5p. In this study, we investigated how miR-218-5p regulates IL1B expression and IL1β secretion and the potential role of IL1β in enEVT differentiation. Using two cell lines derived from extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), HTR-8/SVneo and Swan 71, we found that stable overexpression of miR-218-5p precursor, mir-218-1, or transient transfection of miR-218-5p mimic, significantly increased IL1B mRNA and IL1β protein levels in cells and conditioned media. We also showed that miR-218-5p directly interacted with SMAD2 3'UTR and reduced SMAD2 at mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of SMAD2 induced IL1B expression and attenuated the inhibitory effect of TGFβ2 on IL1B expression. On the other hand, overexpression of SMAD2 reduced IL1β levels and blocked the stimulatory effects of miR-218-5p on IL1B expression, trophoblast migration and endothelial-like network formation. In addition, treatment of trophoblasts with IL1β induced the formation of endothelial-like networks and the expression of enEVT markers in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that miR-218-5p inhibits the TGFβ/SMAD2 pathway to induce IL1β and enEVT differentiation. Finally, low doses of IL1β also inhibited the expression of miR-218-5p, suggesting the existence of a negative feedback regulatory loop. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel interactive miR-218-5p/TGFβ/SMAD2/IL1β signaling nexus that regulates enEVT differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jelena Brkić
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Haiying Ma
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Chun Peng,
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7
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Hu B, Ma X, Huang R, Wu Z, Lu J, Guo Y, Tang J, Ma C, Ma J, Zhang L, Bai Y. Identification of Key Genes Mutations Associated With the Radiosensitivity by Whole Exome Sequencing in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:697308. [PMID: 34434896 PMCID: PMC8381198 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.697308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal human cancers, and radiation therapy (RT) is an important treating option. Many patients diagnosed with PC do not achieve objective responses because of the existence of intrinsic and acquired radioresistance. Therefore, biomarkers, which predict radiotherapy benefit in PC, are eagerly needed to be identified. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing of six pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients (PDAC) (three with a good response and three with a poor response) who had received radical surgery and then radiotherapy has been performed as standard of care treatment. Somatic and germline variants and the mutational signatures were analyzed with bioinformatics tools and public databases. Functional enrichment and pathway-based protein-protein interaction analyses were utilized to address the possibly mechanism in radioresistance. MTT, LDH, and colony formation assay were applied to evaluate cell growth and colony formation ability. RESULTS In the present study, somatic mutations located in 441 genes were detected to be radiosensitivity-related loci. Seventeen genes, including the Smad protein family members (SMAD3 and SMAD4), were identified to influence the radiosensitivity in PDAC. The SMAD3 and SMAD4 genes mutate differently between radiosensitive and radioresistant PDAC patients. Mutation of SMAD3 potentiates the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on cell growth and colony formation in PDAC cells, whereas mutation of SMAD4 had the opposite effects. SMAD3 and SMAD4 regulate the radiosensitivity of PDAC, at least in part, by P21 and FOXO3a, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that mutations of SMAD3 and SMAD4 likely cause the difference of response to radiotherapy in PDAC, which might be considered as the biomarkers and potential targets for the radiotherapy of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renhua Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Research, Medical Laboratory of Nantong Zhongke, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntao Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Medical Laboratory of Nantong Zhongke, Nantong, China
| | - Jianmin Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhui Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongrui Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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McIntyre RL, Denis SW, Kamble R, Molenaars M, Petr M, Schomakers BV, Rahman M, Gupta S, Toth ML, Vanapalli SA, Jongejan A, Scheibye‐Knudsen M, Houtkooper RH, Janssens GE. Inhibition of the neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor with atracurium activates FOXO/DAF-16-induced longevity. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13381. [PMID: 34227219 PMCID: PMC8373276 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome‐based drug screening is emerging as a powerful tool to identify geroprotective compounds to intervene in age‐related disease. We hypothesized that, by mimicking the transcriptional signature of the highly conserved longevity intervention of FOXO3 (daf‐16 in worms) overexpression, we could identify and repurpose compounds with similar downstream effects to increase longevity. Our in silico screen, utilizing the LINCS transcriptome database of genetic and compound interventions, identified several FDA‐approved compounds that activate FOXO downstream targets in mammalian cells. These included the neuromuscular blocker atracurium, which also robustly extends both lifespan and healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans. This longevity is dependent on both daf‐16 signaling and inhibition of the neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor subunit unc‐38. We found unc‐38 RNAi to improve healthspan, lifespan, and stimulate DAF‐16 nuclear localization, similar to atracurium treatment. Finally, using RNA‐seq transcriptomics, we identify atracurium activation of DAF‐16 downstream effectors. Together, these data demonstrate the capacity to mimic genetic lifespan interventions with drugs, and in doing so, reveal that the neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor regulates the highly conserved FOXO/DAF‐16 longevity pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. McIntyre
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Simone W. Denis
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rashmi Kamble
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marte Molenaars
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Michael Petr
- Center for Healthy Aging Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bauke V. Schomakers
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
| | | | | | - Siva A. Vanapalli
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
- NemaLife Inc Lubbock TX USA
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Morten Scheibye‐Knudsen
- Center for Healthy Aging Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Riekelt H. Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Georges E. Janssens
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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9
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Yang S, Pang L, Dai W, Wu S, Ren T, Duan Y, Zheng Y, Bi S, Zhang X, Kong J. Role of Forkhead Box O Proteins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Biology and Progression (Review). Front Oncol 2021; 11:667730. [PMID: 34123834 PMCID: PMC8190381 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.667730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of malignant tumor of the digestive system, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The main treatment for HCC is surgical resection. Advanced disease, recurrence, and metastasis are the main factors affecting prognosis. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are not sufficiently efficacious for the treatment of primary and metastatic HCC; therefore, optimizing targeted therapy is essential for improving outcomes. Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins are widely expressed in cells and function to integrate a variety of growth factors, oxidative stress signals, and other stimulatory signals, thereby inducing the specific expression of downstream signal factors and regulation of the cell cycle, senescence, apoptosis, oxidative stress, HCC development, and chemotherapy sensitivity. Accordingly, FOXO proteins are considered multifunctional targets of cancer treatment. The current review discusses the roles of FOXO proteins, particularly FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6, in HCC and establishes a theoretical basis for the potential targeted therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liwei Pang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanlin Dai
- Innovation Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tengqi Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunlong Duan
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiyuan Bi
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Nguyen VHL, Yue C, Du KY, Salem M, O’Brien J, Peng C. The Role of microRNAs in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197093. [PMID: 32993038 PMCID: PMC7583982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest gynecological cancer, and the major cause of death is mainly attributed to metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that exert important regulatory functions in many biological processes through their effects on regulating gene expression. In most cases, miRNAs interact with the 3′ UTRs of target mRNAs to induce their degradation and suppress their translation. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been detected in EOC tumors and/or the biological fluids of EOC patients. Such dysregulation occurs as the result of alterations in DNA copy numbers, epigenetic regulation, and miRNA biogenesis. Many studies have demonstrated that miRNAs can promote or suppress events related to EOC metastasis, such as cell migration, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and interaction with the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we provide a brief overview of miRNA biogenesis and highlight some key events and regulations related to EOC metastasis. We summarize current knowledge on how miRNAs are dysregulated, focusing on those that have been reported to regulate metastasis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of miRNAs in promoting and inhibiting EOC metastasis. Finally, we point out some limitations of current findings and suggest future research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hong Loan Nguyen
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.H.L.N.); (C.Y.); (K.Y.D.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Chenyang Yue
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.H.L.N.); (C.Y.); (K.Y.D.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Kevin Y. Du
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.H.L.N.); (C.Y.); (K.Y.D.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.H.L.N.); (C.Y.); (K.Y.D.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Jacob O’Brien
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.H.L.N.); (C.Y.); (K.Y.D.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.H.L.N.); (C.Y.); (K.Y.D.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
- Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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11
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Ko YS, Kim NY, Pyo JS. Clinicopathological significance and angiogenic role of the constitutive phosphorylation of the FOXO1 transcription factor in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153150. [PMID: 32829108 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological significance of phospho-forkhead box O1 (pFOXO1) expression and its impact on the angiogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We performed immunohistochemistry in 266 human CRC tissues for pFOXO1, and evaluated its cytoplasmic expression, regardless of its nuclear expression. We also investigated the correlation between pFOXO1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics, survival, microvessel density (MVD), and angiogenesis-related molecules in CRC. RESULTS pFOXO1 was expressed in the cytoplasm of 100 (37.6 %) of the 266 CRC tissues. Furthermore, pFOXO1 expression was significantly correlated with the left colon and rectum, and with vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and higher pTNM stage. However, there was no significant correlation between pFOXO1 expression and other clinicopathological parameters. MVD was significantly higher in pFOXO1-positive tumors than in pFOXO1-negative tumors (P = 0.025). Among the angiogenesis-related molecules examined, pFOXO1 expression was significantly correlated with SIRT1 (P = 0.002) and VEGF expression (P < 0.001), but not with HIF-1α expression. pFOXO1 expression was significantly correlated with poor overall and recurrence-free survival rates (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results showed that the pFOXO1 expression was significantly correlated with aggressive tumor behavior and poor survival rates. Moreover, pFOXO1 expression may affect tumor progression through SIRT1- and VEGF-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young San Ko
- Forensic Medicine Div., Busan Institute, National Forensic Service, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nae Yu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Daejeon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35233, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Nguyen VHL, Hough R, Bernaudo S, Peng C. Wnt/β-catenin signalling in ovarian cancer: Insights into its hyperactivation and function in tumorigenesis. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:122. [PMID: 31829231 PMCID: PMC6905042 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest female malignancy. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays critical roles in regulating embryonic development and physiological processes. This pathway is tightly regulated to ensure its proper activity. In the absence of Wnt ligands, β-catenin is degraded by a destruction complex. When the pathway is stimulated by a Wnt ligand, β-catenin dissociates from the destruction complex and translocates into the nucleus where it interacts with TCF/LEF transcription factors to regulate target gene expression. Aberrant activation of this pathway, which leads to the hyperactivity of β-catenin, has been reported in ovarian cancer. Specifically, mutations of CTNNB1, AXIN, or APC, have been observed in the endometrioid and mucinous subtypes of EOC. In addition, upregulation of the ligands, abnormal activation of the receptors or intracellular mediators, disruption of the β-catenin destruction complex, inhibition of the association of β-catenin/E-cadherin on the cell membrane, and aberrant promotion of the β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity, have all been reported in EOC, especially in the high grade serous subtype. Furthermore, several non-coding RNAs have been shown to regulate EOC development, in part, through the modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been reported to promote cancer stem cell self-renewal, metastasis, and chemoresistance in all subtypes of EOC. Emerging evidence also suggests that the pathway induces ovarian tumor angiogenesis and immune evasion. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays critical roles in EOC development and is a strong candidate for the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Hough
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Jung M, Lee JH, Lee C, Park JH, Park YR, Moon KC. Prognostic Implication of pAMPK Immunohistochemical Staining by Subcellular Location and Its Association with SMAD Protein Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101602. [PMID: 31640193 PMCID: PMC6826619 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cytoplasmic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been known as a tumor-suppressor protein, nuclear AMPK is suggested to support clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In addition, pAMPK interacts with TGF-β/SMAD, which is one of the frequently altered pathways in ccRCC. In this study, we investigated the prognostic significance of pAMPK with respect to subcellular location and investigated its interaction with TGF-β/SMAD in ccRCC. Immunohistochemical staining for pAMPK, pSMAD2 and SMAD4 was conducted on tissue microarray of 987 ccRCC specimens. Moreover, the levels of pSMAD2 were measured in Caki-1 cells treated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide. The relationship between AMPK/pAMPK and TGFB1 expression was determined using the TCGA database. As a result, pAMPK positivity, either in the cytoplasm or nuclei, was independently associated with improved ccRCC prognosis, after adjusting for TNM stage and WHO grade. Furthermore, pAMPK-positive ccRCC displayed increased pSMAD2 and SMAD4 expression, while activation of pAMPK increased pSMAD2 in Caki-1 cells. However, AMPK/pAMPK expression was inversely correlated with TGFB1 expression in the TCGA database. Therefore, pAMPK immunostaining, both in the cytoplasm and nuclei, is a useful prognostic biomarker for ccRCC. pAMPK targets TGF-β-independent phosphorylation of SMAD2 and activates pSMAD2/SMAD4, representing a novel anti-tumoral mechanism of pAMPK in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea.
| | - Yu Rang Park
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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Contextual Regulation of TGF-β Signaling in Liver Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101235. [PMID: 31614569 PMCID: PMC6829617 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is one of the leading causes for cancer-related death worldwide. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that signals through membrane receptors and intracellular Smad proteins, which enter the nucleus upon receptor activation and act as transcription factors. TGF-β inhibits liver tumorigenesis in the early stage by inducing cytostasis and apoptosis, but promotes malignant progression in more advanced stages by enhancing cancer cell survival, EMT, migration, invasion and finally metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning the multi-faceted roles of TGF-β in liver cancer has become a persistent pursuit during the last two decades. Contextual regulation fine-tunes the robustness, duration and plasticity of TGF-β signaling, yielding versatile albeit specific responses. This involves multiple feedback and feed-forward regulatory loops and also the interplay between Smad signaling and non-Smad pathways. This review summarizes the known regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β signaling in liver cancer, and how they channel, skew and even switch the actions of TGF-β during cancer progression.
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15
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Kurakazu I, Akasaki Y, Hayashida M, Tsushima H, Goto N, Sueishi T, Toya M, Kuwahara M, Okazaki K, Duffy T, Lotz MK, Nakashima Y. FOXO1 transcription factor regulates chondrogenic differentiation through transforming growth factor β1 signaling. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17555-17569. [PMID: 31601652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins are transcription factors involved in the differentiation of many cell types. Type II collagen (Col2) Cre-Foxo1-knockout and Col2-Cre-Foxo1,3,4 triple-knockout mice exhibit growth plate malformation. Moreover, recent studies have reported that in some cells, the expressions and activities of FOXOs are promoted by transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), a growth factor playing a key role in chondrogenic differentiation. Here, using a murine chondrogenic cell line (ATDC5), mouse embryos, and human mesenchymal stem cells, we report the mechanisms by which FOXOs affect chondrogenic differentiation. FOXO1 expression increased along with chondrogenic differentiation, and FOXO1 inhibition suppressed chondrogenic differentiation. TGFβ1/SMAD signaling promoted expression and activity of FOXO1. In ATDC5, FOXO1 knockdown suppressed expression of sex-determining region Y box 9 (Sox9), a master regulator of chondrogenic differentiation, resulting in decreased collagen type II α1 (Col2a1) and aggrecan (Acan) expression after TGFβ1 treatment. On the other hand, chemical FOXO1 inhibition suppressed Col2a1 and Acan expression without suppressing Sox9 To investigate the effects of FOXO1 on chondrogenic differentiation independently of SOX9, we examined FOXO1's effects on the cell cycle. FOXO1 inhibition suppressed expression of p21 and cell-cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Conversely, FOXO1 overexpression promoted expression of p21 and cell-cycle arrest. FOXO1 inhibition suppressed expression of nascent p21 RNA by TGFβ1, and FOXO1 bound the p21 promoter. p21 inhibition suppressed expression of Col2a1 and Acan during chondrogenic differentiation. These results suggest that FOXO1 is necessary for not only SOX9 expression, but also cell-cycle arrest during chondrogenic differentiation via TGFβ1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kurakazu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukio Akasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Hayashida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tsushima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Goto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Sueishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masanari Kuwahara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken Okazaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Tomas Duffy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Martin K Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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16
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Sandomenico A, Ruvo M. Targeting Nodal and Cripto-1: Perspectives Inside Dual Potential Theranostic Cancer Biomarkers. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1994-2050. [PMID: 30207211 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180912104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the mechanisms of recurrence of embryonic signaling pathways in tumorigenesis has led to the discovery of onco-fetal players which have physiological roles during normal development but result aberrantly re-activated in tumors. In this context, Nodal and Cripto-1 are recognized as onco-developmental factors, which are absent in normal tissues but are overexpressed in several solid tumors where they can serve as theranostic agents. OBJECTIVE To collect, review and discuss the most relevant papers related to the involvement of Nodal and Cripto-1 in the development, progression, recurrence and metastasis of several tumors where they are over-expressed, with a particular attention to their occurrence on the surface of the corresponding sub-populations of cancer stem cells (CSC). RESULTS We have gathered, rationalized and discussed the most interesting findings extracted from some 370 papers related to the involvement of Cripto-1 and Nodal in all tumor types where they have been detected. Data demonstrate the clear connection between Nodal and Cripto-1 presence and their multiple oncogenic activities across different tumors. We have also reviewed and highlighted the potential of targeting Nodal, Cripto-1 and the complexes that they form on the surface of tumor cells, especially of CSC, as an innovative approach to detect and suppress tumors with molecules that block one or more mechanisms that they regulate. CONCLUSION Overall, Nodal and Cripto-1 represent two innovative and effective biomarkers for developing potential theranostic anti-tumor agents that target normal as well as CSC subpopulations and overcome both pharmacological resistance and tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
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17
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Alwhaibi A, Verma A, Artham S, Adil MS, Somanath PR. Nodal pathway activation due to Akt1 suppression is a molecular switch for prostate cancer cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:1-13. [PMID: 31202735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have unraveled the negative role of Akt1 in advanced cancers, including metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). Hence, understanding the consequences of targeting Akt1 in the mPCa and identifying its downstream novel targets is essential. We studied how Akt1 deletion in PC3 and DU145 cells activates the Nodal pathway and promotes PCa epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. Here we show that Akt1 loss increases Nodal expression in PCa cells accompanied by activation of FoxO1/3a, and EMT markers Snail and N-cadherin as well as loss of epithelial marker E-cadherin. Treatment with FoxO inhibitor AS1842856 abrogated the Nodal expression in Akt1 deleted PCa cells. Akt1 deficient PCa cells exhibited enhanced cell migration and invasion in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo, which were attenuated by treatment with Nodal pathway inhibitor SB505124. Interestingly, Nodal mRNA analysis from two genomic studies in cBioportal showed a positive correlation between Nodal expression and Gleason score indicating the positive role of Nodal in human mPCa. Collectively, our data demonstrate Akt1-FoxO3a-Nodal pathway as an important mediator of PCa metastasis and present Nodal as a potential target to treat mPCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alwhaibi
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Arti Verma
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Sandeep Artham
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Mir S Adil
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center and Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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18
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Sang Y, Chen B, Song X, Li Y, Liang Y, Han D, Zhang N, Zhang H, Liu Y, Chen T, Li C, Wang L, Zhao W, Yang Q. circRNA_0025202 Regulates Tamoxifen Sensitivity and Tumor Progression via Regulating the miR-182-5p/FOXO3a Axis in Breast Cancer. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1638-1652. [PMID: 31153828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the most commonly used endocrine therapy for patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. Despite its initial therapeutic efficacy, many patients eventually develop drug resistance, which remains a serious clinical challenge. To investigate roles of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in tamoxifen resistance, a tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cell line was established and screened for its circRNA expression profile by RNA sequencing. hsa_circ_0025202, a circRNA that was significantly downregulated, was selected for further investigation. Using a large cohort of clinical specimens, we found that hsa_circ_0025202 exhibited low expression in cancer tissues and was negatively correlated with lymphatic metastasis and histological grade. Gain- and loss-of-function assays indicated that hsa_circ_0025202 could inhibit cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration and increase cell apoptosis and sensitivity to tamoxifen. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays verified that hsa_circ_0025202 could act as a miRNA sponge for miR-182-5p and further regulate the expression and activity of FOXO3a. Functional studies revealed that tumor inhibition and tamoxifen sensitization effects of hsa_circ_0025202 were achieved via the miR-182-5p/FOXO3a axis. Moreover, in vivo experiments confirmed that hsa_circ_0025202 could suppress tumor growth and enhance tamoxifen efficacy. Taken together, hsa_circ_0025202 served an anti-oncogenic role in HR-positive breast cancer, and it could be exploited as a novel marker for tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dianwen Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Salem M, Shan Y, Bernaudo S, Peng C. miR-590-3p Targets Cyclin G2 and FOXO3 to Promote Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation, Invasion, and Spheroid Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1810. [PMID: 31013711 PMCID: PMC6515004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that interact with the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of target genes to repress their expression. We have previously reported that miR-590-3p promoted ovarian cancer growth and metastasis, in part by targeting Forkhead box A (FOXA2). In this study, we further investigated the mechanisms by which miR-590-3p promotes ovarian cancer development. Using luciferase reporter assays, real-time PCR, and Western blot analyses, we demonstrated that miR-590-3p targets cyclin G2 (CCNG2) and Forkhead box class O3 (FOXO3) at their 3' UTRs. Silencing of CCNG2 or FOXO3 mimicked, while the overexpression of CCNG2 or FOXO3 reversed, the stimulatory effect of miR-590-3p on cell proliferation and invasion. In hanging drop cultures, the overexpression of mir-590 or the transient transfection of miR-590-3p mimics induced the formation of compact spheroids. Transfection of the CCNG2 or FOXO3 plasmid into the mir-590 cells resulted in the partial disruption of the compact spheroid formation. Since we have shown that CCNG2 suppressed β-catenin signaling, we investigated if miR-590-3p regulated β-catenin activity. In the TOPFlash luciferase reporter assays, mir-590 increased β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity and the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Silencing of β-catenin attenuated the effect of mir-590 on the compact spheroid formation. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-590-3p promotes ovarian cancer development, in part by directly targeting CCNG2 and FOXO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Yanan Shan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Stefanie Bernaudo
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Centre for Research on Molecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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20
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Li J, Yang R, Dong Y, Chen M, Wang Y, Wang G. Knockdown of FOXO3a induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by activation of the β-catenin/TCF4 pathway through SPRY2. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:38. [PMID: 30691517 PMCID: PMC6350320 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early invasion and metastasis are responsible for the dismal prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is recognized as a crucial biological progress in driving tumor invasion and metastasis. The transcription factor FOXO3a is inactivated in various types of solid cancers and the loss of FOXO3a is associated with EMT and tumor metastasis. In this study, we sought to explore whether SPRY2, a regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, is involved in FOXO3a-mediated EMT and metastasis in PDAC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed in 130 paired PDAC tissues and paracarcinomatous pancreatic tissues. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by cell counting kit and flow cytometry, while cell migration and invasion were evaluated with wound healing and transwell assays. The changes in mRNA and protein levels were estimated by qRT-PCR and western blot. BALB/c nude mice xenograft model was established to evaluate tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. RESULTS FOXO3a expression was remarkably reduced in PDAC tissues, and correlated with metastasis-associated clinicopathologic characteristics and poor prognosis in patients with PDAC. In addition to the promotion of proliferation and suppression of apoptosis, knockdown of FOXO3a or SPRY2 induced EMT and promoted the migration and invasion of PDAC cells via activation of the β-catenin/TCF4 pathway. Moreover, silencing of SPRY2 reversed the suppressor effects induced by FOXO3a overexpression on EMT-associated migration and invasion of PDAC cells, while blockade of β-catenin reversed the effects of SPRY2 loss. FOXO3a knockdown decreased SPRY2 protein stability, whereas SPRY2 knockdown enhanced β-catenin protein stability. In vivo, FOXO3a knockdown promoted the tumorigenic ability and metastasis of PDAC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that knockdown of FOXO3a induces EMT and promotes metastasis of PDAC by activation of the β-catenin/TCF4 pathway through SPRY2. Thus, FOXO3a may represent a candidate therapeutic target in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Rumeng Yang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Dong
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Manyao Chen
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoping Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Seftor EA, Margaryan NV, Seftor REB, Hendrix MJC. Heterogeneity of Melanoma with Stem Cell Properties. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1139:105-114. [PMID: 31134497 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14366-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma continues to present a significant challenge-with a cure rate of less than 10% and a median survival of 6-9 months. Despite noteworthy advances in the field, the heterogeneity of melanoma tumors, comprised of cell subpopulations expressing a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype concomitant with drug resistance markers presents a formidable challenge in the design of current therapies. Particularly vexing is the ability of distinct subpopulations of melanoma cells to resist standard-of-care treatments, resulting in relapse and progression to metastasis. Recent studies have provided new information and insights into the expression and function of CSC markers associated with the aggressive melanoma phenotype, such as the embryonic morphogen Nodal and CD133, together with a drug resistance marker ABCA1. This chapter highlights major findings that demonstrate the promise of targeting Nodal as a viable option to pursue in combination with standard-of-care therapy. In recognizing that aggressive melanoma tumors utilize multiple mechanisms to survive, we must consider a more strategic approach to effectively target heterogeneity, tumor cell plasticity, and functional adaptation and resistance to current therapies-to eliminate relapse, disease progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Seftor
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Naira V Margaryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Richard E B Seftor
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, USA.
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22
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Gao J, Zhao C, Liu Q, Hou X, Li S, Xing X, Yang C, Luo Y. Cyclin G2 suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inhibits gastric cancer cell growth and migration through Dapper1. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:317. [PMID: 30547803 PMCID: PMC6295076 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. Cyclin G2 has been shown to be associated with the development of multiple types of tumors, but its underlying mechanisms in gastric tumors is not well-understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the role and the underlying mechanisms of cyclin G2 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gastric cancer. METHODS Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and in silico assay were used to determine the expression of cyclin G2 in gastric cancer. TCGA datasets were used to evaluate the association between cyclin G2 expression and the prognostic landscape of gastric cancers. The effects of ectopic and endogenous cyclin G2 on the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells were assessed using the MTS assay, colony formation assay, cell cycle assay, wound healing assay and transwell assay. Moreover, a xenograft model and a metastasis model of nude mice was used to determine the influence of cyclin G2 on gastric tumor growth and migration in vivo. The effects of cyclin G2 expression on Wnt/β-catenin signaling were explored using a TOPFlash luciferase reporter assay, and the molecular mechanisms involved were investigated using immunoblots assay, yeast two-hybrid screening, immunoprecipitation and Duolink in situ PLA. Ccng2-/- mice were generated to further confirm the inhibitory effect of cyclin G2 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vivo. Furthermore, GSK-3β inhibitors were utilized to explore the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the suppression effect of cyclin G2 on gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration. RESULTS We found that cyclin G2 levels were decreased in gastric cancer tissues and were associated with tumor size, migration and poor differentiation status. Moreover, overexpression of cyclin G2 attenuated tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Dpr1 was identified as a cyclin G2-interacting protein which was required for the cyclin G2-mediated inhibition of β-catenin expression. Mechanically, cyclin G2 impacted the activity of CKI to phosphorylate Dpr1, which has been proved to be a protein that acts as a suppressor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling when unphosphorylated. Furthermore, GSK-3β inhibitors abolished the cyclin G2-induced suppression of cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that cyclin G2 suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inhibits gastric cancer cell growth and migration through Dapper1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Gao
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hou
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sen Li
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuesha Xing
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122 People’s Republic of China
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23
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Salem M, O'Brien JA, Bernaudo S, Shawer H, Ye G, Brkić J, Amleh A, Vanderhyden BC, Refky B, Yang BB, Krylov SN, Peng C. miR-590-3p Promotes Ovarian Cancer Growth and Metastasis via a Novel FOXA2-Versican Pathway. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4175-4190. [PMID: 29748371 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs play important roles in gene regulation, and their dysregulation is associated with many diseases, including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In this study, we determined the expression and function of miR-590-3p in EOC. miR-590-3p levels were higher in high-grade carcinoma when compared with low-grade or tumors with low malignant potential. Interestingly, plasma levels of miR-590-3p were significantly higher in patients with EOC than in subjects with benign gynecologic disorders. Transient transfection of miR-590-3p mimics or stable transfection of mir-590 increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In vivo studies revealed that mir-590 accelerated tumor growth and metastasis. Using a cDNA microarray, we identified forkhead box A2 (FOXA2) and versican (VCAN) as top downregulated and upregulated genes by mir-590, respectively. miR-590-3p targeted FOXA2 3' UTR to suppress its expression. In addition, knockdown or knockout of FOXA2 enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Overexpression of FOXA2 decreased, whereas knockout of FOXA2 increased VCAN mRNA and protein levels, which was due to direct binding and regulation of the VCAN gene by FOXA2. Interrogation of the TCGA ovarian cancer database revealed a negative relationship between FOXA2 and VCAN mRNA levels in EOC tumors, and high FOXA2/low VCAN mRNA levels in tumors positively correlated with patient survival. Finally, overexpression of FOXA2 or silencing of VCAN reversed the effects of mir-590. These findings demonstrate that miR-590-3p promotes EOC development via a novel FOXA2-VCAN pathway.Significance: Low FOXA2/high VCAN levels mediate the tumor-promoting effects of miR-590-3p and negatively correlate with ovarian cancer survival. Cancer Res; 78(15); 4175-90. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Heba Shawer
- Department of Biology, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gang Ye
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jelena Brkić
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Asma Amleh
- Department of Biology, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Basel Refky
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Mansoura Oncology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Burton B Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Research on Molecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada. .,Centre for Research on Molecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Canada
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24
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Zhang D, Wang C, Li Z, Li Y, Dai D, Han K, Lv L, Lu Y, Hou L, Wang J. CCNG2 Overexpression Mediated by AKT Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation in Human Astrocytoma Cells. Front Neurol 2018; 9:255. [PMID: 29720957 PMCID: PMC5915460 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclin family protein CCNG2 has an important inhibitory role in cancer initiation and progression, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we examined the relationship between CCNG2 and the malignancy of astrocytomas and whether the AKT pathway, which is upregulated in astrocytomas, may inhibit CCNG2 expression. CCNG2 expression was found to be negatively associated with the pathological grade and proliferative activity of astrocytomas, as the highest expression was found in control brain tissue (N = 31), whereas the lowest expression was in high-grade glioma tissue (N = 31). Additionally, CCNG2 overexpression in glioma cell lines, T98G and U251 inhibited proliferation and arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, CCNG2 overexpression could increase glioma cells apoptosis. In contrast, AKT activity increased in glioma cells that had low CCNG2 expression. Expression of CCNG2 was higher in cells treated with the AKT kinase inhibitor MK-2206 indicating that the presence of phosphorylated AKT may inhibit the expression of CCNG2. Inhibition of AKT also led to decreased colony formation in T98G and U251 cells and knocked down of CCNG2 reversed the result. Finally, overexpression of CCNG2 in glioma cells reduced tumor volume in a murine model. To conclude, low expression of CCNG2 correlated with the severity astrocytoma and CCNG2 overexpression could induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation. Inhibition of AKT activity increased the expression of CCNG2. The present study highlights the regulatory consequences of CCNG2 expression and AKT activity in astrocytoma tumorigenesis and the potential use of CCNG2 in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liquan Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yicheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Hou T, Li Z, Zhao Y, Zhu WG. Mechanisms controlling the anti-neoplastic functions of FoxO proteins. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 50:101-114. [PMID: 29155239 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Forkhead box O (FoxO) proteins comprise a family of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that predominantly function as tumor suppressors. These proteins assume diverse roles in the cellular anti-neoplastic response, including regulation of apoptosis and autophagy, cancer metabolism, cell-cycle arrest, oxidative stress and the DNA damage response. More recently, FoxO proteins have been implicated in cancer immunity and cancer stem-cell (CSC) homeostasis. Interestingly, in some sporadic sub-populations, FoxO protein function may also be manipulated by factors such as β-catenin whereby they instead can facilitate cancer progression via maintenance of CSC properties or promoting drug resistance or metastasis and invasion. This review highlights the essential biological functions of FoxOs and explores the areas that may be exploited in FoxO protein signaling pathways in the development of novel cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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26
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Xiang Z, Liang Z, Yanfeng H, Leitao K. Persistence of RSV promotes proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of bronchial epithelial cells through Nodal signaling. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1499-1505. [PMID: 28901900 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xiang
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong Region, Shengyang 110042, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhang Liang
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong Region, Shengyang 110042, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Huang Yanfeng
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong Region, Shengyang 110042, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Kang Leitao
- Department of Microbiology, Central South University, Changsha 410000, PR China
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27
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Epidermal growth factor promotes cyclin G2 degradation via calpain-mediated proteolysis in gynaecological cancer cells. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640887 PMCID: PMC5481008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin G2 (CCNG2) is an atypical cyclin that functions to inhibit cell cycle progression and is often dysregulated in human cancers. We have previously shown that cyclin G2 is highly unstable and can be degraded through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Furthermore, cyclin G2 contains a PEST domain, which has been suggested to act as a signal for degradation by multiple proteases. In this study, we determined if calpains, a family of calcium-dependent proteases, are also involved in cyclin G2 degradation. The addition of calpain inhibitors or silencing of calpain expression by siRNAs strongly enhanced cyclin G2 levels. On the other hand, incubation of cell lysates with purified calpains or increasing the intracellular calcium concentration resulted in a decrease in cyclin G2 levels. Interestingly, the effect of calpain was found to be dependent on the phosphorylation of cyclin G2. Using a kinase inhibitor library, we found that Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptor is involved in cyclin G2 degradation and treatment with its ligand, EGF, induced cyclin G2 degradation. In addition, the presence of the PEST domain is necessary for calpain and EGF action. When the PEST domain was completely removed, calpain or EGF treatment failed to trigger degradation of cyclin G2. Taken together, these novel findings demonstrate that EGF-induced, calpain-mediated proteolysis contributes to the rapid destruction of cyclin G2 and that the PEST domain is critical for EGF/calpain actions.
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28
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Comprehensive phenotypic analysis of knockout mice deficient in cyclin G1 and cyclin G2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39091. [PMID: 27982046 PMCID: PMC5159814 DOI: 10.1038/srep39091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin G1 (CycG1) and Cyclin G2 (CycG2) play similar roles during the DNA damage response (DDR), but their detailed roles remain elusive. To investigate their distinct roles, we generated knockout mice deficient in CycG1 (G1KO) or CycG2 (G2KO), as well as double knockout mice (DKO) deficient in both proteins. All knockouts developed normally and were fertile. Generation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from these mice revealed that G2KO MEFs, but not G1KO or DKO MEFs, were resistant to DNA damage insults caused by camptothecin and ionizing radiation (IR) and underwent cell cycle arrest. CycG2, but not CycG1, co-localized with γH2AX foci in the nucleus after γ-IR, and γH2AX-mediated DNA repair and dephosphorylation of CHK2 were delayed in G2KO MEFs. H2AX associated with CycG1, CycG2, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), suggesting that γH2AX affects the function of PP2A via direct interaction with its B'γ subunit. Furthermore, expression of CycG2, but not CycG1, was abnormal in various cancer cell lines. Kaplan-Meier curves based on TCGA data disclosed that head and neck cancer patients with reduced CycG2 expression have poorer clinical prognoses. Taken together, our data suggest that reduced CycG2 expression could be useful as a novel prognostic marker of cancer.
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29
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Zimmermann M, Arachchige-Don APS, Donaldson MS, Patriarchi T, Horne MC. Cyclin G2 promotes cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells responding to fulvestrant and metformin and correlates with patient survival. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3278-3295. [PMID: 27753529 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1243189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Definition of cell cycle control proteins that modify tumor cell resistance to estrogen (E2) signaling antagonists could inform clinical choice for estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) therapy. Cyclin G2 (CycG2) is upregulated during cell cycle arrest responses to cellular stresses and growth inhibitory signals and its gene, CCNG2, is directly repressed by E2-bound ER complexes. Our previous studies showed that blockade of HER2, PI3K and mTOR signaling upregulates CycG2 expression in HER2+ BC cells, and that CycG2 overexpression induces cell cycle arrest. Moreover, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor signaling strongly represses CycG2. Here we show that blockade of ER-signaling in MCF7 and T47D BC cell lines enhances the expression and nuclear localization of CycG2. Knockdown of CycG2 attenuated the cell cycle arrest response of E2-depleted and fulvestrant treated MCF7 cells. These muted responses were accompanied by sustained inhibitory phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (RB) protein, expression of cyclin D1, phospho-activation of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 and expression of cRaf. Our work indicates that CycG2 can form complexes with CDK10, a CDK linked to modulation of RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling and tamoxifen resistance. We determined that metformin upregulates CycG2 and potentiates fulvestrant-induced CycG2 expression and cell cycle arrest. CycG2 knockdown blunts the enhanced anti-proliferative effect of metformin on fulvestrant treated cells. Meta-analysis of BC tumor microarrays indicates that CCNG2 expression is low in aggressive, poor-prognosis BC and that high CCNG2 expression correlates with longer periods of patient survival. Together these findings indicate that CycG2 contributes to signaling networks that limit BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Zimmermann
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.,b Department of Pharmacology , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA.,c Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | | | | | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Mary C Horne
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.,b Department of Pharmacology , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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30
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Bernaudo S, Salem M, Qi X, Zhou W, Zhang C, Yang W, Rosman D, Deng Z, Ye G, Yang B, Vanderhyden B, Wu Z, Peng C. Cyclin G2 inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by disrupting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Oncogene 2016; 35:4816-27. [PMID: 26876206 PMCID: PMC5024152 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has the highest mortality rate among gynecological malignancies owing to poor screening methods, non-specific symptoms and limited knowledge of the cellular targets that contribute to the disease. Cyclin G2 is an unconventional cyclin that acts to oppose cell cycle progression. Dysregulation of the cyclin G2 gene (CCNG2) in a variety of human cancers has been reported; however, the role of cyclin G2 in tumorigenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the function of cyclin G2 in EOC. In vitro and in vivo studies using several EOC-derived tumor cell lines revealed that cyclin G2 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and spheroid formation, as well as tumor formation and invasion. By interrogating cDNA microarray data sets, we found that CCGN2 mRNA is reduced in several large cohorts of human ovarian carcinoma when compared with normal ovarian surface epithelium or borderline tumors of the ovary. Mechanistically, cyclin G2 was found to suppress epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as demonstrated by the differential regulation of various EMT genes, such as Snail, Slug, vimentin and E-cadherin. Moreover, cyclin G2 potently suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by downregulating key Wnt components, namely LRP6, DVL2 and β-catenin, which could be linked to inhibition of EMT. Taken together, our novel findings demonstrate that cyclin G2 has potent tumor-suppressive effects in EOCs by inhibiting EMT through attenuating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bernaudo
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Salem
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - X Qi
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Zhou
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Yang
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Rosman
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Deng
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Ye
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Vanderhyden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Wu
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Yang Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Du J, Hou J, Feng J, Tian Y, He L, Li X, Pei H. Does growth differentiation factor 11 protect against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury? A hypothesis. J Int Med Res 2016; 45:1629-1635. [PMID: 27565745 PMCID: PMC5805180 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516658984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury is multifactorial. Understanding the mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion will benefit patients with ischaemic heart disease. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a member of the secreted transforming growth factor-β superfamily, has been found to reverse age-related hypertrophy, revealing the important role of GDF11 in cardiovascular disease. However, the functions of GDF11 in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion have not been elucidated yet. A number of signalling molecules are known to occur downstream of GDF11, including mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3) and forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a). A hypothesis is presented that GDF11 has protective effects in acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury through suppression of oxidative stress, prevention of calcium ion overload and promotion of the elimination of abnormal mitochondria via both canonical (SMAD3) and non-canonical (FOXO3a) pathways. Since circulating GDF11 may mainly derive from the spleen, the lack of a spleen may make the myocardium susceptible to damaging insults. Administration of GDF11 may be an efficacious therapy to protect against cardiovascular diseases in splenectomized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Yang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Yang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Du
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Juanni Hou
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Feng
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Tian
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei He
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuchuan Li
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Haifeng Pei
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Fu G, Somasundaram RT, Jessa F, Srivastava G, MacMillan C, Witterick I, Walfish PG, Ralhan R. ER maleate is a novel anticancer agent in oral cancer: implications for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 7:17162-81. [PMID: 26934445 PMCID: PMC4941378 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ER maleate [10-(3-Aminopropyl)-3, 4-dimethyl-9(10H)-acridinone maleate] identified in a kinome screen was investigated as a novel anticancer agent for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Our aim was to demonstrate its anticancer effects, identify putative molecular targets and determine their clinical relevance and investigate its chemosensitization potential for platinum drugs to aid in OSCC management. Biologic effects of ER maleate were determined using oral cancer cell lines in vitro and oral tumor xenografts in vivo. mRNA profiling, real time PCR and western blot revealed ER maleate modulated the expression of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Their clinical significance was determined in oral SCC patients by immunohistochemistry and correlated with prognosis by Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox regression analyses. ER maleate induced cell apoptosis, inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion in oral cancer cells. Imagestream analysis revealed cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and increased polyploidy, unravelling deregulation of cell division and cell death. Mechanistically, ER maleate decreased expression of PLK1 and Syk, induced cleavage of PARP, caspase9 and caspase3, and increased chemosensitivity to carboplatin; significantly suppressed tumor growth and increased antitumor activity of carboplatin in tumor xenografts. ER maleate treated tumor xenografts showed reduced PLK1 and Syk expression. Clinical investigations revealed overexpression of PLK1 and Syk in oral SCC patients that correlated with disease prognosis. Our in vitro and in vivo findings provide a strong rationale for pre-clinical efficacy of ER maleate as a novel anticancer agent and chemosensitizer of platinum drugs for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Fu
- Department of Medicine, Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raj Thani Somasundaram
- Department of Medicine, Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fatima Jessa
- Department of Medicine, Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gunjan Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christina MacMillan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ian Witterick
- Department of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul G. Walfish
- Department of Medicine, Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ranju Ralhan
- Department of Medicine, Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Galvão A, Skarzynski D, Ferreira-Dias G. Nodal Promotes Functional Luteolysis via Down-Regulation of Progesterone and Prostaglandins E2 and Promotion of PGF2α Synthetic Pathways in Mare Corpus Luteum. Endocrinology 2016; 157:858-71. [PMID: 26653568 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated the role of Nodal, an embryonic morphogen from the TGFβ superfamily in corpus luteum (CL) secretory activity using cells isolated from equine CL as a model. Expression pattern of Nodal and its receptors activin receptor A type IIB (ACVR2B), activin receptor-like kinase (Alk)-7, and Alk4, as well as the Nodal physiological role, demonstrate the involvement of this pathway in functional luteolysis. Nodal and its receptors were immune localized in small and large luteal cells and endothelial cells, except ACVR2B, which was not detected in the endothelium. Nodal mRNA in situ hybridization confirmed its transcription in steroidogenic and endothelial cells. Expression analysis of the aforementioned factors evidenced that Nodal and Alk7 proteins peaked at the mid-CL (P < .01), the time of luteolysis initiation, whereas Alk4 and ACVR2B proteins increased from mid- to late CL (P < .05). The Nodal treatment of luteal cells decreased progesterone and prostaglandin (PG) E2 concentrations in culture media (P < .05) as well as mRNA and protein of secretory enzymes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, cytosolic PGE2 synthase, and microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 (P < .05). Conversely, PGF2α secretion and gene expression of PG-endoperoxidase synthase 2 and PGF2α synthase were increased after Nodal treatment (P < .05). Mid-CL cells cultured with PGF2α had increased Nodal protein expression (P < .05) and phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic-3 phosphorylation (P < .05). Finally, the supportive interaction between Nodal and PGF2α on luteolysis was shown to its greatest extent because both factors together more significantly inhibited progesterone (P < .05) and promoted PGF2α (P < .05) synthesis than Nodal or PGF2α alone. Our results neatly pinpoint the sites of action of the Nodal signaling pathway toward functional luteolysis in the mare.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Galvão
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research (A.G., D.S.), Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (A.G., G.F.-D.), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dariusz Skarzynski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research (A.G., D.S.), Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (A.G., G.F.-D.), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Ferreira-Dias
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research (A.G., D.S.), Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (A.G., G.F.-D.), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Strizzi L, Sandomenico A, Margaryan NV, Focà A, Sanguigno L, Bodenstine TM, Chandler GS, Reed DW, Gilgur A, Seftor EA, Seftor RE, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Leonardi A, Ruvo M, Hendrix MJ. Effects of a novel Nodal-targeting monoclonal antibody in melanoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:34071-86. [PMID: 26460952 PMCID: PMC4741437 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal is highly expressed in various human malignancies, thus supporting the rationale for exploring Nodal as a therapeutic target. Here, we describe the effects of a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), 3D1, raised against human Nodal. In vitro treatment of C8161 human melanoma cells with 3D1 mAb shows reductions in anchorage-independent growth and vasculogenic network formation. 3D1 treated cells also show decreases of Nodal and downstream signaling molecules, P-Smad2 and P-ERK and of P-H3 and CyclinB1, with an increase in p27. Similar effects were previously reported in human breast cancer cells where Nodal expression was generally down-regulated; following 3D1 mAb treatment, both Nodal and P-H3 levels are reduced. Noteworthy is the reduced growth of human melanoma xenografts in Nude mice treated with 3D1 mAb, where immunostaining of representative tumor sections show diminished P-Smad2 expression. Similar effects both in vitro and in vivo were observed in 3D1 treated A375SM melanoma cells harboring the active BRAF(V600E) mutation compared to treatments with IgG control or a BRAF inhibitor, dabrafenib. Finally, we describe a 3D1-based ELISA for the detection of Nodal in serum samples from cancer patients. These data suggest the potential of 3D1 mAb for selecting and targeting Nodal expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Strizzi
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini del CNR and CIRPeB, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Naira V. Margaryan
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Annalia Focà
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini del CNR and CIRPeB, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Sanguigno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas M. Bodenstine
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grace S. Chandler
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David W. Reed
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alina Gilgur
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elisabeth A. Seftor
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard E.B. Seftor
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini del CNR and CIRPeB, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mary J.C. Hendrix
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hasegawa S, Nagano H, Konno M, Eguchi H, Tomokuni A, Tomimaru Y, Wada H, Hama N, Kawamoto K, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Nishida N, Koseki J, Gotoh N, Ohno S, Yabuta N, Nojima H, Mori M, Doki Y, Ishii H. Cyclin G2: A novel independent prognostic marker in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2986-2990. [PMID: 26722276 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other cyclins that positively regulate the cell cycle, cyclin G2 (CCNG2) regulates cell proliferation as a tumor suppressor gene. A decreased CCNG2 expression serves as a marker for poor prognosis in several types of cancer. The aim of the present study was to clarify the correlation of CCNG2 expression with overall survival and histopathological factors in pancreatic cancer patients. This retrospective analysis included data from 36 consecutive patients who underwent complete surgical resection for pancreatic cancer and did not undergo any preoperative therapies. The association between prognoses and the expression of CCNG2 was assessed using immunohistochemical staining. Multivariate analysis identified that the expression of CCNG2 is an independent prognostic factor. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival revealed that decreased expression of CCNG2 was a consistent indicator of poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients (P=0.0198). A decreased CCNG2 expression significantly correlated with venous invasion in tumor specimens and the tumor invasion depth. In conclusion, CCNG2 expression inversely reflected cancer progression and may be a novel, independent prognostic marker in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Hasegawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan ; Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Tomokuni
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Hama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Marubashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriko Gotoh
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute of Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohno
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan ; Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE P27(kip1) is a negative cell cycle regulator that plays an important role in tumor suppression. Deregulation of p27(kip1) is commonly observed in many human cancers. Numerous studies about p27(kip1) are reported in clinical patients despite variable data for the prognostic of p27(kip1) expression. Here we report a meta-analysis of the association of p27(kip1) expression with the survival of ovarian cancer. METHODS PubMed and Web of science were searched for studies evaluating expression of p27(kip1) and prognostic in ovarian cancer. Published data were extracted and computed into odds ratios (ORs) for death at 3 and 5 years. Data were pooled using the random-effect model. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Analysis included 9 studies: six studies were reported in European, three studies were reported in American, and one study was reported in Asian. Loss of p27(kip1) was associated with worse overall survival (OS) at both 3 years [OR = 2.61, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.95-3.49, p < 0.05] and 5 years (OR = 3.01, 95 % CI 2.17-4.17, p < 0.05). Among studies with different ethnicity (European, American and Asian), the results showed a more significant association in European, including Italy, Germany, and Greece [for both 3-year OS (OR = 3.53, 95 % CI 2.37-5.26) and 5-year OS (OR = 3.66, 95 % CI 2.30-5.83)]. CONCLUSIONS Loss of p27(kip1) is associated with worse survival in ovarian cancer. The development of strategies target p27(kip1) could be a reasonable therapeutic approach.
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Srivastava G, Matta A, Fu G, Somasundaram RT, Datti A, Walfish PG, Ralhan R. Anticancer activity of pyrithione zinc in oral cancer cells identified in small molecule screens and xenograft model: Implications for oral cancer therapy. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1720-35. [PMID: 26115765 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients diagnosed in late stages have limited chemotherapeutic options, underscoring the great need for development of new anticancer agents for more effective disease management. We aimed to identify novel anticancer agents for OSCC using quantitative high throughput assays for screening six chemical libraries consisting of 5170 small molecule inhibitors. In depth characterization resulted in identification of pyrithione zinc (PYZ) as the most effective cytotoxic agent inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in OSCC cells in vitro. Further, treatment with PYZ reduced colony forming, migration and invasion potential of oral cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. PYZ treatment also led to altered expression of several key components of the major signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT/mTOR and WNT/β-catenin in OSCC cells. In addition, treatment with PYZ also reduced expression of 14-3-3ζ, 14-3-3σ, cyclin D1, c-Myc and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), proteins identified in our earlier studies to be involved in development and progression of OSCCs. Importantly, PYZ treatment significantly reduced tumor xenograft volume in immunocompromised NOD/SCID/Crl mice without causing apparent toxicity to normal tissues. Taken together, we demonstrate in vitro and in vivo efficacy of PYZ in OSCC. In conclusion, we identified PYZ in HTS assays and demonstrated in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical efficacy of PYZ as a novel anticancer therapeutic candidate in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Srivastava
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ajay Matta
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Guodong Fu
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raj Thani Somasundaram
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Simple Modular Assay and Robotics Technology Facility, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul G Walfish
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ranju Ralhan
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Ohno S, Naito Y, Mukai S, Yabuta N, Nojima H. ELAS1-mediated inhibition of the cyclin G1-B'γ interaction promotes cancer cell apoptosis via stabilization and activation of p53. Oncogene 2015; 34:5983-96. [PMID: 25915850 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is useful for selectively killing cancer cells. However, because high levels of ionizing radiation (IR) are toxic to normal cells, RT cannot be applied repeatedly to cancer patients. Therefore, novel chemicals that enhance the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) would be valuable. Here, we report that ELAS1, a peptide corresponding to the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) association domain of cyclin G1 (CycG1), can enhance the efficacy of CRT. ELAS1 interacts with the PP2A B'γ-subunit and competitively inhibits association with CycG1, thereby preventing the PP2A holoenzyme from dephosphorylating target proteins, Mdm2 (pT218) and p53 (pS46), following DNA double-strand break (DSB) insults. Doxycycline (Dox)-induced overexpression of Myc-ELAS1 caused γ-irradiation to induce apoptosis in human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cells, at 1/10th the effective dosage of γ-irradiation required for apoptosis in Myc-vector-expressing cells; ELAS1 peptide incorporation into U2OS cells also showed similar apoptotic effects. Moreover, administration of DSB-inducing chemicals, camptothecin (CPT) or irinotecan, to Myc-ELAS1-expressing U2OS cells also induced efficient apoptosis with only 1/100th (CPT) or 1/5th (irinotecan) of the amounts of drugs required for this effect in Myc-vector-expressing cells. Taken together, ELAS1 may be important for the design of ELAS1-mimetic compounds to improve CRT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohno
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Naito
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Mukai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - N Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Chang YY, Kuo WH, Hung JH, Lee CY, Lee YH, Chang YC, Lin WC, Shen CY, Huang CS, Hsieh FJ, Lai LC, Tsai MH, Chang KJ, Chuang EY. Deregulated microRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer revealed by deep sequencing. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:36. [PMID: 25888956 PMCID: PMC4351690 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA molecules that play critical roles in human malignancy. However, the regulatory characteristics of miRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer, a phenotype of breast cancer that does not express the genes for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, are still poorly understood. Methods In this study, miRNA expression profiles of 24 triple-negative breast cancers and 14 adjacent normal tissues were analyzed using deep sequencing technology. Expression levels of miRNA reads were normalized with the quantile-quantile scaling method. Deregulated miRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer were identified from the sequencing data using the Student’s t-test. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR validations were carried out to examine miRNA expression levels. Potential target candidates of a miRNA were predicted using published target prediction algorithms. Luciferase reporter assay experiments were performed to verify a putative miRNA-target relationship. Validated molecular targets of the deregulated miRNAs were retrieved from curated databases and their associations with cancer progression were discussed. Results A novel 25-miRNA expression signature was found to effectively distinguish triple-negative breast cancers from surrounding normal tissues in a hierarchical clustering analysis. We documented the evidence of seven polycistronic miRNA clusters preferentially harboring deregulated miRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer. Two of these miRNA clusters (miR-143-145 at 5q32 and miR-497-195 at 17p13.1) were markedly down-regulated in triple-negative breast cancer, while the other five miRNA clusters (miR-17-92 at 13q31.3, miR-183-182 at 7q32.2, miR-200-429 at 1p36.33, miR-301b-130b at 22q11.21, and miR-532-502 at Xp11.23) were up-regulated in triple-negative breast cancer. Moreover, miR-130b-5p from the miR-301b-130b cluster was shown to directly repress the cyclin G2 (CCNG2) gene, a crucial cell cycle regulator, in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-130b-5p-mediated repression of CCNG2 was dependent on the sequence of the 3′-untranslated region. The findings described in this study implicate a miR-130b-5p-CCNG2 axis that may be involved in the malignant progression of triple-negative breast cancer. Conclusions Our work delivers a clear picture of the global miRNA regulatory characteristics in triple-negative breast cancer and extends the current knowledge of microRNA regulatory network. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0301-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yin Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Hui Hung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, NTU Center of Genomic Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yueh Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, NTU Center of Genomic Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Hua Lee
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, NTU Center of Genomic Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Ying Shen
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chiun-Sheng Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Fon-Jou Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Mong-Hsun Tsai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - King-Jen Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Surgery, Cheng Ching General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Eric Y Chuang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, NTU Center of Genomic Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Park CH, Skarra DV, Rivera AJ, Arriola DJ, Thackray VG. Constitutively active FOXO1 diminishes activin induction of Fshb transcription in immortalized gonadotropes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113839. [PMID: 25423188 PMCID: PMC4244159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigate whether the FOXO1 transcription factor modulates activin signaling in pituitary gonadotropes. Our studies show that overexpression of constitutively active FOXO1 decreases activin induction of murine Fshb gene expression in immortalized LβT2 cells. We demonstrate that FOXO1 suppression of activin induction maps to the −304/−95 region of the Fshb promoter containing multiple activin response elements and that the suppression requires the FOXO1 DNA-binding domain (DBD). FOXO1 binds weakly to the −125/−91 region of the Fshb promoter in a gel-shift assay. Since this region of the promoter contains a composite SMAD/FOXL2 binding element necessary for activin induction of Fshb transcription, it is possible that FOXO1 DNA binding interferes with SMAD and/or FOXL2 function. In addition, our studies demonstrate that FOXO1 directly interacts with SMAD3/4 but not SMAD2 in a FOXO1 DBD-dependent manner. Moreover, we show that SMAD3/4 induction of Fshb-luc and activin induction of a multimerized SMAD-binding element-luc are suppressed by FOXO1 in a DBD-dependent manner. These results suggest that FOXO1 binding to the proximal Fshb promoter as well as FOXO1 interaction with SMAD3/4 proteins may result in decreased activin induction of Fshb in gonadotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hyun Park
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and the Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Danalea V. Skarra
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and the Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Alissa J. Rivera
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and the Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - David J. Arriola
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and the Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Varykina G. Thackray
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and the Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hedbrant A, Erlandsson A, Delbro D, Wijkander J. Conditioned media from human macrophages of M1 phenotype attenuate the cytotoxic effect of 5‑fluorouracil on the HT‑29 colon cancer cell line. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:37-46. [PMID: 25310018 PMCID: PMC4238731 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is an obstacle for successful treatment of cancer. As a follow-up of a previous study we have investigated the effect of conditioned media (CM) from macrophages of M1 or M2 phenotypes on 5-FU cytotoxicity on the colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and CACO-2. HT-29 cells, but not CACO-2 cells, having been treated with a combination of M1 CM and 5-FU recovered their cell growth to a much larger extent compared to cells having been treated with 5-FU alone when further cultured for 7 days in fresh media. M1 CM treatment of HT-29, but not CACO-2 cells, induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases. 5-FU treatment induced accumulation of cells in S-phase in both HT-29 and CACO-2 cells. This accumulation of cells in S-phase was attenuated by combined M1 CM and 5-FU treatment in HT-29 cells, but not in CACO-2 cells. The mRNA expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and 5-FU metabolic enzymes were analyzed in an attempt to find possible mechanisms for the M1 CM induced attenuation of 5-FU cytotoxicity in HT-29. Thymidylate synthetase (TS) and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) were found to be substantially downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in HT-29 cells treated with M1 CM, making them unlikely as mediators of reduced 5-FU cytotoxicity. Among cell cycle regulating proteins, p21 was induced in HT-29 cells, but not in CACO-2 cells, in response to M1 CM treatment. However, small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of p21 had no effect on the M1 CM induced cell cycle arrest seen in HT-29 and neither did it change the growth recovery after combined treatment of HT-29 cells with M1 CM and 5-FU. In conclusion, treatment of HT-29 cells with M1 CM reduces the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU and this is mediated by a M1 CM induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases. So far, we lack an explanation why this action is absent in the CACO-2 cells. The current findings may be important for optimization of chemotherapy in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Erlandsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Dick Delbro
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jonny Wijkander
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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Cyclin G2 promotes hypoxia-driven local invasion of glioblastoma by orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1272-81. [PMID: 24339739 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental conditions such as hypoxia potentiate the local invasion of malignant tumors including glioblastomas by modulating signal transduction and protein modification, yet the mechanism by which hypoxia controls cytoskeletal dynamics to promote the local invasion is not well defined. Here, we show that cyclin G2 plays pivotal roles in the cytoskeletal dynamics in hypoxia-driven invasion by glioblastoma cells. Cyclin G2 is a hypoxia-induced and cytoskeleton-associated protein and is required for glioblastoma expansion. Mechanistically, cyclin G2 recruits cortactin to the juxtamembrane through its SH3 domain-binding motif and consequently promotes the restricted tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in concert with src. Moreover, cyclin G2 interacts with filamentous actin to facilitate the formation of membrane ruffles. In primary glioblastoma, cyclin G2 is abundantly expressed in severely hypoxic regions such as pseudopalisades, which consist of actively migrating glioma cells. Furthermore, we show the effectiveness of dasatinib against hypoxia-driven, cyclin G2-involved invasion in vitro and in vivo. Our findings elucidate the mechanism of cytoskeletal regulation by which severe hypoxia promotes the local invasion and may provide a therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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Nadeem U, Ye G, Salem M, Peng C. MicroRNA-378a-5p targets cyclin G2 to inhibit fusion and differentiation in BeWo cells. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:76. [PMID: 25122062 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.119065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are expressed abundantly in the placenta throughout pregnancy. We have previously reported that microRNA (miR)-378a-5p promoted trophoblast migration and invasion. To further understand the role of miR-378a-5p during placental development, we investigated whether it may regulate the differentiation of syncytiotrophoblast (STB). Using a choriocarcinoma cell line, BeWo, we found that miR-378a-5p was down-regulated during forskolin-induced STB differentiation. Transfection of a miR-378a-5p mimic into BeWo cells decreased the formation of multinucleated STB, increased E-cadherin, and decreased the expression level of STB marker genes. On the other hand, transfection of anti-miR-378a-5p resulted in an increase in formation of multinucleated STB and expression of STB marker genes, as well as the loss of E-cadherin. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that miR-378a-5p has four potential binding sites at the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of cyclin G2 (CCNG2). Using luciferase reporter assays, we showed that miR-378a-5p decreased the luciferase activity of reporter constructs that contain CCNG2 3' UTR. In addition, miR-378a-5p decreased, whereas anti-miR-378a-5p increased, CCNG2 mRNA levels. Overexpression of CCNG2 increased the expression of syncytin-1 and fusion index and reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-378a-5p. In contrast, silencing of CCNG2 using siRNA increased E-cadherin and decreased syncytin-1 levels. These findings provide initial evidence that CCNG2 promotes STB differentiation and suggest that miR-378a-5p exerts an inhibitory role in STB differentiation, in part, by down-regulating CCNG2 expression, in the BeWo cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Nadeem
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gang Ye
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Ceballos MP, Parody JP, Quiroga AD, Casella ML, Francés DE, Larocca MC, Carnovale CE, Alvarez MDL, Carrillo MC. FoxO3a nuclear localization and its association with β-catenin and Smads in IFN-α-treated hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:858-69. [PMID: 24950290 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b) reduces proliferation and increases apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing β-catenin/TCF4/Smads interaction. Forkhead box O-class 3a (FoxO3a) participates in proliferation and apoptosis and interacts with β-catenin and Smads. FoxO3a is inhibited by Akt, IκB kinase β (IKKβ), and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (Erk), which promote FoxO3a sequestration in the cytosol, and accumulates in the nucleus upon phosphorylation by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated kinase (p38 MAPK). We analyzed FoxO3a subcellular localization, the participating kinases, FoxO3a/β-catenin/Smads association, and FoxO3a target gene expression in IFN-α2b-stimulated HepG2/C3A and Huh7 cells. Total FoxO3a and Akt-phosphorylated FoxO3a levels decreased in the cytosol, whereas total FoxO3a levels increased in the nucleus upon IFN-α2b stimulus. IFN-α2b reduced Akt, IKKβ, and Erk activation, and increased JNK and p38 MAPK activation. p38 MAPK inhibition blocked IFN-α2b-induced FoxO3a nuclear localization. IFN-α2b enhanced FoxO3a association with β-catenin and Smad2/3/7. Two-step coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggest that these proteins coexist in the same complex. The expression of several FoxO3a target genes increased with IFN-α2b. FoxO3a knockdown prevented the induction of these genes, suggesting that FoxO3a acts as mediator of IFN-α2b action. Results suggest a β-catenin/Smads switch from TCF4 to FoxO3a. Such events would contribute to the IFN-α2b-mediated effects on cellular proliferation and apoptosis. These results demonstrate new mechanisms for IFN-α action, showing the importance of its application in antitumorigenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Ceballos
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario , Rosario, Argentina
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Gao J, Liu Q, Liu X, Ji C, Qu S, Wang S, Luo Y. Cyclin G2 suppresses estrogen-mediated osteogenesis through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89884. [PMID: 24595300 PMCID: PMC3940656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen plays an important role in the maintenance of bone formation, and deficiency in the production of estrogen is directly linked to postmenopausal osteoporosis. To date, the underlying mechanisms of estrogen-mediated osteogenic differentiation are not well understood. In this study, a pluripotent mesenchymal precursor cell line C2C12 was used to induce osteogenic differentiation and subjected to detection of gene expressions or to manipulation of cyclin G2 expressions. C57BL/6 mice were used to generate bilateral ovariectomized and sham-operated mice for analysis of bone mineral density and protein expression. We identified cyclin G2, an unconventional member of cyclin, is involved in osteoblast differentiation regulated by estrogen in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the data showed that ectopic expression of cyclin G2 suppressed expression of osteoblast transcription factor Runx2 and osteogenic differentiation marker genes, as well as ALP activity and in vitro extracellular matrix mineralization. Mechanistically, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is essential for cyclin G2 to inhibit osteogenic differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, the current study presents the first evidence that cyclin G2 serves as a negative regulator of both osteogenesis and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Most importantly, the basal and 17β-estradiol-induced osteogenic differentiation was restored by overexpression of cyclin G2. These results taken together suggest that cyclin G2 may function as an endogenous suppressor of estrogen-induced osteogenic differentiation through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Gao
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Liu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengqiang Qu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Luo
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wang Y, Jiang Y, Tian T, Hori Y, Wada N, Ikeda JI, Morii E. Inhibitory effect of Nodal on the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of uterus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:731-6. [PMID: 24120944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancers consist of heterogeneous populations. Recently, it has been demonstrated that cells with tumorigenic potential are limited to a small population, called cancer-initiating cells (CICs). Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) is one of the markers of CICs. We previously reported that ALDH1-high cases of uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma showed poor prognosis, and ALDH1-high population of endometrioid adenocarcinoma cell line was more tumorigenic, resistant to anti-cancer drugs, and invasive than ALDH1-low population. Here, the regulatory signaling for ALDH1 was examined. The inhibition of TGF-β signaling increased ALDH1-high population. Among TGF-β family members, Nodal expression and ALDH1 expression levels were mutually exclusive. Immunohistochemical analysis on clinical samples revealed Nodal-high tumor cells to be ALDH-low and vise versa, suggesting that Nodal may inhibit ALDH1 expression via stimulating TGF-β signaling in uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma. In fact, the addition of Nodal to endometrioid adenocarcinoma cell line reduced ALDH1-high population. Although ALDH1 mRNA level was not affected, the amount of ALDH1 protein appeared to be reduce by Nodal through ubiquitine-proteasome pathway. The regulation of TGF-β signaling might be a novel therapeutic target of CICs in endometrioid adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-Oka 2-2, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are multifaceted transcription factors that are responsible for fine-tuning the spatial and temporal expression of a broad range of genes both during development and in adult tissues. This function is engrained in their ability to integrate a multitude of cellular and environmental signals and to act with remarkable fidelity. Several key members of the FOXA, FOXC, FOXM, FOXO and FOXP subfamilies are strongly implicated in cancer, driving initiation, maintenance, progression and drug resistance. The functional complexities of FOX proteins are coming to light and have established these transcription factors as possible therapeutic targets and putative biomarkers for specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Naito Y, Yabuta N, Sato J, Ohno S, Sakata M, Kasama T, Ikawa M, Nojima H. Recruitment of cyclin G2 to promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies promotes dephosphorylation of γH2AX following treatment with ionizing radiation. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1773-84. [PMID: 23656780 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin G2 (CycG2) and Cyclin G1 (CycG1), two members of the Cyclin G subfamily, share high amino acid homology in their Cyclin G boxes. Functionally, they play a common role as association partners of the B'γ subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and regulate PP2A function, and their expression is increased following DNA damage. However, whether or not CycG1 and CycG2 have distinct roles during the cellular DNA damage response has remained unclear. Here, we report that CycG2, but not CycG1, co-localized with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and γH2AX, forming foci following ionizing radiation (IR), suggesting that CycG2 is recruited to sites of DNA repair and that CycG1 and CycG2 have distinct functions. PML failed to localize to nuclear foci when CycG2 was depleted, and vice versa. This suggests that PML and CycG2 mutually influence each other's functions following IR. Furthermore, we generated CycG2-knockout (Ccng2 (-/-) ) mice to investigate the functions of CycG2. These mice were born healthy and developed normally. However, CycG2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts displayed an abnormal response to IR. Dephosphorylation of γH2AX and checkpoint kinase 2 following IR was delayed in Ccng2 (-/-) cells, suggesting that DNA damage repair may be perturbed in the absence of CycG2. Although knockdown of B'γ in wild-type cells also delayed dephosphorylation of γH2AX, knockdown of B'γ in Ccng2 (-/-) cells prolonged this delay, suggesting that CycG2 cooperates with B'γ to dephosphorylate γH2AX. Taken together, we conclude that CycG2 is localized at DNA repair foci following DNA damage, and that CycG2 regulates the dephosphorylation of several factors necessary for DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Naito
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
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Quail DF, Siegers GM, Jewer M, Postovit LM. Nodal signalling in embryogenesis and tumourigenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:885-98. [PMID: 23291354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With few exceptions, most cells in adult organisms have lost the expression of stem cell-associated proteins and are instead characterized by tissue-specific gene expression and function. This cell fate specification is dictated spatially and temporally during embryogenesis. It has become increasingly apparent that the elegant and complicated process of cell specification is "undone" in cancer. This may be because cancer cells respond to their microenvironment and mutations by acquiring a more permissive, plastic epigenome, or because cancer cells arise from mutated stem cells. Regardless, these advanced cancer cells must use stem cell-associated proteins to sustain their phenotype. One such protein is Nodal, an embryonic morphogen belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. First described in early developmental models, Nodal orchestrates embryogenesis by regulating a myriad of processes, including mesendoderm induction, left-right asymmetry and embryo implantation. Nodal is relatively restricted to embryonic and reproductive cell types and is thus absent from most normal adult tissues. However, recent studies focusing on a variety of malignancies have demonstrated that Nodal expression re-emerges during cancer progression. Moreover, in almost every cancer studied thus far, the acquisition of Nodal expression is associated with increased tumourigenesis, invasion and metastasis. As the list of cancers that express Nodal grows, it is essential that the scientific and medical communities fully understand how this morphogen is regulated in both normal and neoplastic conditions. Herein, we review the literature relating to normal and pathological Nodal signalling. In particular, we emphasize the role that this secreted protein plays during morphogenic events and how it signals to support stem cell maintenance and tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Quail
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario and Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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KASUKABE TAKASHI, OKABE-KADO JUNKO, HARANOSONO YU, KATO NOBUO, HONMA YOSHIO. Inhibition of rapamycin-induced Akt phosphorylation by cotylenin A correlates with their synergistic growth inhibition of cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:767-75. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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