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Göbel C, Godbole S, Schoof M, Holdhof D, Kresbach C, Loose C, Neumann J, Schüller U. MYC overexpression and SMARCA4 loss cooperate to drive medulloblastoma formation in mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:174. [PMID: 37919824 PMCID: PMC10621315 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 3 medulloblastoma is one of the most aggressive types of childhood brain tumors. Roughly 30% of cases carry genetic alterations in MYC, SMARCA4, or both genes combined. While overexpression of MYC has previously been shown to drive medulloblastoma formation in mice, the functional significance of SMARCA4 mutations and their suitability as a therapeutic target remain largely unclear. To address this issue, we combined overexpression of MYC with a loss of SMARCA4 in granule cell precursors. Both alterations did not increase proliferation of granule cell precursors in vitro. However, combined MYC overexpression and SMARCA4 loss successfully induced tumor formation in vivo after orthotopic transplantation in recipient mice. Resulting tumors displayed anaplastic histology and exclusively consisted of SMARCA4-negative cells although a mixture of recombined and non-recombined cells was injected. These observations provide first evidence for a tumor-promoting role of a SMARCA4 deficiency in the development of medulloblastoma. In comparing the transcriptome of tumors to the cells of origin and an established Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma model, we gathered first hints on deregulated gene expression that could be specifically involved in SMARCA4/MYC driven tumorigenesis. Finally, an integration of RNA sequencing and DNA methylation data of murine tumors with human samples revealed a high resemblance to human Group 3 medulloblastoma on the molecular level. Altogether, the development of SMARCA4-deficient medulloblastomas in mice paves the way to deciphering the role of frequently occurring SMARCA4 alterations in Group 3 medulloblastoma with the perspective to explore targeted therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Göbel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, Building N63 (LIV), Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Shweta Godbole
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Melanie Schoof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, Building N63 (LIV), Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, Building N63 (LIV), Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Catena Kresbach
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, Building N63 (LIV), Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Carolin Loose
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, Building N63 (LIV), Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Julia Neumann
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Falkenried 94, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany.
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, Building N63 (LIV), Hamburg, D-20251, Germany.
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany.
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2
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Bou-Rouphael J, Durand BC. T-Cell Factors as Transcriptional Inhibitors: Activities and Regulations in Vertebrate Head Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:784998. [PMID: 34901027 PMCID: PMC8651982 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.784998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first discovery in the late 90s, Wnt canonical signaling has been demonstrated to affect a large variety of neural developmental processes, including, but not limited to, embryonic axis formation, neural proliferation, fate determination, and maintenance of neural stem cells. For decades, studies have focused on the mechanisms controlling the activity of β-catenin, the sole mediator of Wnt transcriptional response. More recently, the spotlight of research is directed towards the last cascade component, the T-cell factor (TCF)/Lymphoid-Enhancer binding Factor (LEF), and more specifically, the TCF/LEF-mediated switch from transcriptional activation to repression, which in both embryonic blastomeres and mouse embryonic stem cells pushes the balance from pluri/multipotency towards differentiation. It has been long known that Groucho/Transducin-Like Enhancer of split (Gro/TLE) is the main co-repressor partner of TCF/LEF. More recently, other TCF/LEF-interacting partners have been identified, including the pro-neural BarH-Like 2 (BARHL2), which belongs to the evolutionary highly conserved family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors. This review describes the activities and regulatory modes of TCF/LEF as transcriptional repressors, with a specific focus on the functions of Barhl2 in vertebrate brain development. Specific attention is given to the transcriptional events leading to formation of the Organizer, as well as the roles and regulations of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in growth of the caudal forebrain. We present TCF/LEF activities in both embryonic and neural stem cells and discuss how alterations of this pathway could lead to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Béatrice C. Durand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, IBPS Developmental Biology Laboratory, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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3
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Liu F, Shao J, Yang H, Yang G, Zhu Q, Wu Y, Zhu L, Wu H. Disruption of rack1 suppresses SHH-type medulloblastoma formation in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1518-1530. [PMID: 34480519 PMCID: PMC8611787 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant pediatric brain tumor that arises in the cerebellar granular neurons. Sonic Hedgehog subtype of MB (SHH‐MB) is one of the major subtypes of MB in the clinic. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MB tumorigenesis are still not fully understood. Aims Our previous work demonstrated that the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (Rack1) is essential for SHH signaling activation in granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) during cerebellar development. To investigate the potential role of Rack1 in MB development, human MB tissue array and SHH‐MB genetic mouse model were used to study the expression of function of Rack1 in MB pathogenesis. Results We found that the expression of Rack1 was significantly upregulated in the majority of human cerebellar MB tumors. Genetic ablation of Rack1 expression in SHH‐MB tumor mice could significantly inhibit MB proliferation, reduce the tumor size, and prolong the survival of tumor rescue mice. Interestingly, neither apoptosis nor autophagy levels were affected in Rack1‐deletion rescue mice compared to WT mice, but the expression of Gli1 and HDAC2 was significantly decreased suggesting the inactivation of SHH signaling pathway in rescue mice. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that Rack1 may serve as a potential candidate for the diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of MB, including SHH‐MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Guochao Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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4
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Cheng Y, Liao S, Xu G, Hu J, Guo D, Du F, Contreras A, Cai KQ, Peri S, Wang Y, Corney DC, Noronha AM, Chau LQ, Zhou G, Wiest DL, Bellacosa A, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Zhao Y, Yang ZJ. NeuroD1 Dictates Tumor Cell Differentiation in Medulloblastoma. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107782. [PMID: 32579914 PMCID: PMC7357167 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are characterized by unlimited proliferation and perturbed differentiation. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that tumor cells in medulloblastoma (MB) retain their capacity to differentiate in a similar way as their normal originating cells, cerebellar granule neuron precursors. Once they differentiate, MB cells permanently lose their proliferative capacity and tumorigenic potential. Differentiated MB cells highly express NeuroD1, a helix-loop-helix transcription factor, and forced expression of NeuroD1 promotes the differentiation of MB cells. The expression of NeuroD1 in bulk MB cells is repressed by trimethylation of histone 3 lysine-27 (H3K27me3). Inhibition of the histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2 prevents H3K27 trimethylation, resulting in increased NeuroD1 expression and enhanced differentiation in MB cells, which consequently reduces tumor growth. These studies reveal the mechanisms underlying MB cell differentiation and provide rationales to treat MB (potentially other malignancies) by stimulating tumor cell differentiation. Cheng et al. demonstrate that medulloblastoma cells retain the capacity to undergo differentiation. The differentiation of tumor cells is regulated by NeuroD1 expression, which is repressed by H3K27me3 in tumor cells. EZH2 inhibitors suppress medulloblastoma growth by stimulating tumor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shengyou Liao
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Duancheng Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Du
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alejandra Contreras
- Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suraj Peri
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - David C Corney
- Genomics and Molecular Genetics, GENEWIZ Co., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lianne Q Chau
- Tumor Initiation& Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ginger Zhou
- Genomics and Molecular Genetics, GENEWIZ Co., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alfonso Bellacosa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation& Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Albadri S, Armant O, Aljand-Geschwill T, Del Bene F, Carl M, Strähle U, Poggi L. Expression of a Barhl1a reporter in subsets of retinal ganglion cells and commissural neurons of the developing zebrafish brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8814. [PMID: 32483163 PMCID: PMC7264323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting the regeneration or survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is one focus of regenerative medicine. Homeobox Barhl transcription factors might be instrumental in these processes. In mammals, only barhl2 is expressed in the retina and is required for both subtype identity acquisition of amacrine cells and for the survival of RGCs downstream of Atoh7, a transcription factor necessary for RGC genesis. The underlying mechanisms of this dual role of Barhl2 in mammals have remained elusive. Whole genome duplication in the teleost lineage generated the barhl1a and barhl2 paralogues. In the Zebrafish retina, Barhl2 functions as a determinant of subsets of amacrine cells lineally related to RGCs independently of Atoh7. In contrast, barhl1a expression depends on Atoh7 but its expression dynamics and function have not been studied. Here we describe for the first time a Barhl1a reporter line in vivo showing that barhl1a turns on exclusively in subsets of RGCs and their post-mitotic precursors. We also show transient expression of barhl1a:GFP in diencephalic neurons extending their axonal projections as part of the post-optic commissure, at the time of optic chiasm formation. This work sets the ground for future studies on RGC subtype identity, axonal projections and genetic specification of Barhl1a-positive RGCs and commissural neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Albadri
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Filippo Del Bene
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Carl
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lucia Poggi
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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6
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Huang M, Tailor J, Zhen Q, Gillmor AH, Miller ML, Weishaupt H, Chen J, Zheng T, Nash EK, McHenry LK, An Z, Ye F, Takashima Y, Clarke J, Ayetey H, Cavalli FMG, Luu B, Moriarity BS, Ilkhanizadeh S, Chavez L, Yu C, Kurian KM, Magnaldo T, Sevenet N, Koch P, Pollard SM, Dirks P, Snyder MP, Largaespada DA, Cho YJ, Phillips JJ, Swartling FJ, Morrissy AS, Kool M, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Smith A, Weiss WA. Engineering Genetic Predisposition in Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells Recapitulates Medulloblastoma Tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:433-446.e7. [PMID: 31204176 PMCID: PMC6731167 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem cell cultures provide progenitor cells that are potential cells of origin for brain cancers. However, the extent to which genetic predisposition to tumor formation can be faithfully captured in stem cell lines is uncertain. Here, we evaluated neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells, representative of cerebellar progenitors. We transduced NES cells with MYCN, observing medulloblastoma upon orthotopic implantation in mice. Significantly, transcriptomes and patterns of DNA methylation from xenograft tumors were globally more representative of human medulloblastoma compared to a MYCN-driven genetically engineered mouse model. Orthotopic transplantation of NES cells generated from Gorlin syndrome patients, who are predisposed to medulloblastoma due to germline-mutated PTCH1, also generated medulloblastoma. We engineered candidate cooperating mutations in Gorlin NES cells, with mutation of DDX3X or loss of GSE1 both accelerating tumorigenesis. These findings demonstrate that human NES cells provide a potent experimental resource for dissecting genetic causation in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miller Huang
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qiqi Zhen
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aaron H Gillmor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew L Miller
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Justin Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tina Zheng
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Emily K Nash
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lauren K McHenry
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhenyi An
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fubaiyang Ye
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - James Clarke
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Harold Ayetey
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Betty Luu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chunying Yu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 1, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Thierry Magnaldo
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice UMR CNRS 7284 INSERM U1081 UNS/UCA, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Sevenet
- Institut Bergonie & INSERM U1218, Universite de Bordeaux, 229 cours de l'Argonne, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Philipp Koch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim and Hector Institut for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven M Pollard
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Dirks
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A Largaespada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yoon Jae Cho
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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7
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Koskimäki J, Zhang D, Li Y, Saadat L, Moore T, Lightle R, Polster SP, Carrión-Penagos J, Lyne SB, Zeineddine HA, Shi C, Shenkar R, Romanos S, Avner K, Srinath A, Shen L, Detter MR, Snellings D, Cao Y, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Fonseca G, Tang AT, Faber P, Andrade J, Ginsberg M, Kahn ML, Marchuk DA, Girard R, Awad IA. Transcriptome clarifies mechanisms of lesion genesis versus progression in models of Ccm3 cerebral cavernous malformations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:132. [PMID: 31426861 PMCID: PMC6699077 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are dilated capillaries causing epilepsy and stroke. Inheritance of a heterozygous mutation in CCM3/PDCD10 is responsible for the most aggressive familial form of the disease. Here we studied the differences and commonalities between the transcriptomes of microdissected lesional neurovascular units (NVUs) from acute and chronic in vivo Ccm3/Pdcd10ECKO mice, and cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) Ccm3/Pdcd10ECKO.We identified 2409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in acute and 2962 in chronic in vivo NVUs compared to microdissected brain capillaries, as well as 121 in in vitro BMECs with and without Ccm3/Pdcd10 loss (fold change ≥ |2.0|; p < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). A functional clustered dendrogram generated using the Euclidean distance showed that the DEGs identified only in acute in vivo NVUs were clustered in cellular proliferation gene ontology functions. The DEGs only identified in chronic in vivo NVUs were clustered in inflammation and immune response, permeability, and adhesion functions. In addition, 1225 DEGs were only identified in the in vivo NVUs but not in vitro BMECs, and these clustered within neuronal and glial functions. One miRNA mmu-miR-3472a was differentially expressed (FC = - 5.98; p = 0.07, FDR corrected) in the serum of Ccm3/Pdcd10+/- when compared to wild type mice, and this was functionally related as a putative target to Cand2 (cullin associated and neddylation dissociated 2), a DEG in acute and chronic lesional NVUs and in vitro BMECs. Our results suggest that the acute model is characterized by cell proliferation, while the chronic model showed inflammatory, adhesion and permeability processes. In addition, we highlight the importance of extra-endothelial structures in CCM disease, and potential role of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of disease, interacting with DEGs. The extensive DEGs library of each model will serve as a validation tool for potential mechanistic, biomarker, and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Koskimäki
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laleh Saadat
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sean P Polster
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julián Carrión-Penagos
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seán B Lyne
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hussein A Zeineddine
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Changbin Shi
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sharbel Romanos
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth Avner
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abhinav Srinath
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Le Shen
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew R Detter
- The Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Snellings
- The Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ying Cao
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Gregory Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alan T Tang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pieter Faber
- University of Chicago Genomics Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- The Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Barh D, García-Solano ME, Tiwari S, Bhattacharya A, Jain N, Torres-Moreno D, Ferri B, Silva A, Azevedo V, Ghosh P, Blum K, Conesa-Zamora P, Perry G. BARHL1 Is Downregulated in Alzheimer's Disease and May Regulate Cognitive Functions through ESR1 and Multiple Pathways. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100245. [PMID: 28956815 PMCID: PMC5664095 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transcription factor BarH like homeobox 1 (BARHL1) is overexpressed in medulloblastoma and plays a role in neurogenesis. However, much about the BARHL1 regulatory networks and their functions in neurodegenerative and neoplastic disorders is not yet known. In this study, using a tissue microarray (TMA), we report for the first time that BARHL1 is downregulated in hormone-negative breast cancers and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, using an integrative bioinformatics approach and mining knockout mouse data, we show that: (i) BARHL1 and Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) may constitute a network that regulates Neurotrophin 3 (NTF3)- and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)-mediated neurogenesis and neural survival; (ii) this is probably linked to AD pathways affecting aberrant post-translational modifications including SUMOylation and ubiquitination; (iii) the BARHL1-ESR1 network possibly regulates β-amyloid metabolism and memory; and (iv) hsa-mir-18a, having common key targets in the BARHL1-ESR1 network and AD pathway, may modulate neuron death, reduce β-amyloid processing and might also be involved in hearing and cognitive decline associated with AD. We have also hypothesized why estrogen replacement therapy improves AD condition. In addition, we have provided a feasible new mechanism to explain the abnormal function of mossy fibers and cerebellar granule cells related to memory and cognitive decline in AD apart from the Tau and amyloid pathogenesis through our BARHL1-ESR1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India.
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - María E García-Solano
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
- Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India.
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Antaripa Bhattacharya
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India.
| | - Neha Jain
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India.
| | - Daniel Torres-Moreno
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
- Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Belén Ferri
- Department of Pathology, Virgen Arrixaca University Hospital (HUVA), Ctra. Madrid Cartagena sn, 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
| | - Artur Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01-Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India.
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
- Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - George Perry
- UTSA Neurosciences Institute and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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9
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Neumann JE, Wefers AK, Lambo S, Bianchi E, Bockstaller M, Dorostkar MM, Meister V, Schindler P, Korshunov A, von Hoff K, Nowak J, Warmuth-Metz M, Schneider MR, Renner-Müller I, Merk DJ, Shakarami M, Sharma T, Chavez L, Glass R, Chan JA, Taketo MM, Neumann P, Kool M, Schüller U. A mouse model for embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes uncovers the therapeutic potential of Sonic-hedgehog inhibitors. Nat Med 2017; 23:1191-1202. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Conduit SE, Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Watkins DN, Wainwright BJ, Taylor MD, Mitchell CA, Dyson JM. A compartmentalized phosphoinositide signaling axis at cilia is regulated by INPP5E to maintain cilia and promote Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma. Oncogene 2017. [PMID: 28650469 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling at primary cilia drives the proliferation and progression of a subset of medulloblastomas, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumor. Severe side effects associated with conventional treatments and resistance to targeted therapies has led to the need for new strategies. SHH signaling is dependent on primary cilia for signal transduction suggesting the potential for cilia destabilizing mechanisms as a therapeutic target. INPP5E is an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase that hydrolyses PtdIns(4,5)P2 and more potently, the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. INPP5E promotes SHH signaling during embryonic development via PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis at cilia, that in turn regulates the cilia recruitment of the SHH suppressor GPR161. However, the role INPP5E plays in cancer is unknown and the contribution of PI3-kinase signaling to cilia function is little characterized. Here, we reveal INPP5E promotes SHH signaling in SHH medulloblastoma by negatively regulating a cilia-compartmentalized PI3-kinase signaling axis that maintains primary cilia on tumor cells. Conditional deletion of Inpp5e in a murine model of constitutively active Smoothened-driven medulloblastoma slowed tumor progression, suppressed cell proliferation, reduced SHH signaling and promoted tumor cell cilia loss. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, its effector pAKT and the target pGSK3β, which when non-phosphorylated promotes cilia assembly/stability, localized to tumor cell cilia. The number of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3/pAKT/pGSK3β-positive cilia was increased in cultured Inpp5e-null tumor cells relative to controls. PI3-kinase inhibition or expression of wild-type, but not catalytically inactive HA-INPP5E partially rescued cilia loss in Inpp5e-null tumor cells in vitro. INPP5E mRNA and copy number were reduced in human SHH medulloblastoma compared to other molecular subtypes and consistent with the murine model, reduced INPP5E was associated with improved overall survival. Therefore our study identifies a compartmentalized PtdIns(3,4,5)P3/AKT/GSK3β signaling axis at cilia in SHH-dependent medulloblastoma that is regulated by INPP5E to maintain tumor cell cilia, promote SHH signaling and thereby medulloblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Conduit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - V Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Remke
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D N Watkins
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B J Wainwright
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C A Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - J M Dyson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Shackleford GM, Shi XH, Swanson KS, Mahdi MY, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Asgharzadeh S, D’Apuzzo M, Erdreich-Epstein A, Moats RA. BarTeL, a Genetically Versatile, Bioluminescent and Granule Neuron Precursor-Targeted Mouse Model for Medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156907. [PMID: 27310018 PMCID: PMC4911170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor and have been divided into four major molecular subgroups. Animal models that mimic the principal molecular aberrations of these subgroups will be important tools for preclinical studies and allow greater understanding of medulloblastoma biology. We report a new transgenic model of medulloblastoma that possesses a unique combination of desirable characteristics including, among others, the ability to incorporate multiple and variable genes of choice and to produce bioluminescent tumors from a limited number of somatic cells within a normal cellular environment. This model, termed BarTeL, utilizes a Barhl1 homeobox gene promoter to target expression of a bicistronic transgene encoding both the avian retroviral receptor TVA and an eGFP-Luciferase fusion protein to neonatal cerebellar granule neuron precursor (cGNP) cells, which are cells of origin for the sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup of human medulloblastomas. The Barhl1 promoter-driven transgene is expressed strongly in mammalian cGNPs and weakly or not at all in mature granule neurons. We efficiently induced bioluminescent medulloblastomas expressing eGFP-luciferase in BarTeL mice by infection of a limited number of somatic cGNPs with avian retroviral vectors encoding the active N-terminal fragment of SHH and a stabilized MYCN mutant. Detection and quantification of the increasing bioluminescence of growing tumors in young BarTeL mice was facilitated by the declining bioluminescence of their uninfected maturing cGNPs. Inclusion of eGFP in the transgene allowed enriched sorting of cGNPs from neonatal cerebella. Use of a single bicistronic avian vector simultaneously expressing both Shh and Mycn oncogenes increased the medulloblastoma incidence and aggressiveness compared to mixed virus infections. Bioluminescent tumors could also be produced by ex vivo transduction of neonatal BarTeL cerebellar cells by avian retroviruses and subsequent implantation into nontransgenic cerebella. Thus, BarTeL mice provide a versatile model with opportunities for use in medulloblastoma biology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Shackleford
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiang-He Shi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly S. Swanson
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Min Y. Mahdi
- Department of Radiology, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Gonzalez-Gomez
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Massimo D’Apuzzo
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rex A. Moats
- Department of Radiology, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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12
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Butts T, Green MJ, Wingate RJT. Development of the cerebellum: simple steps to make a 'little brain'. Development 2014; 141:4031-41. [PMID: 25336734 DOI: 10.1242/dev.106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a pre-eminent model for the study of neurogenesis and circuit assembly. Increasing interest in the cerebellum as a participant in higher cognitive processes and as a locus for a range of disorders and diseases make this simple yet elusive structure an important model in a number of fields. In recent years, our understanding of some of the more familiar aspects of cerebellar growth, such as its territorial allocation and the origin of its various cell types, has undergone major recalibration. Furthermore, owing to its stereotyped circuitry across a range of species, insights from a variety of species have contributed to an increasingly rich picture of how this system develops. Here, we review these recent advances and explore three distinct aspects of cerebellar development - allocation of the cerebellar anlage, the significance of transit amplification and the generation of neuronal diversity - each defined by distinct regulatory mechanisms and each with special significance for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Butts
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Mary J Green
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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13
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Ahlfeld J, Favaro R, Pagella P, Kretzschmar HA, Nicolis S, Schüller U. Sox2 requirement in sonic hedgehog-associated medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3796-807. [PMID: 23596255 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox2 has been shown to play essential roles during embryonic development as well as in cancer. To more precisely understand tumor biology and to identify potential therapeutical targets, we thoroughly investigated the expression and function of Sox2 in medulloblastoma, a malignant embryonic brain tumor that initiates in the posterior fossa and eventually spreads throughout the entire cerebrospinal axis. We examined a large series of tumor samples (n = 188) to show that SOX2 is specifically expressed in Sonic hedgehog (SHH)-associated medulloblastoma with an interesting preponderance in adolescent and adult cases. We further show that cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNP), which are believed to serve as the cell of origin for this medulloblastoma subgroup, express Sox2 in early stages. Also, Shh-associated medulloblastoma can be initiated from such Sox2-positive CGNPs in mice. Independent of their endogenous Sox2 expression, constitutive activation of Shh signaling in CGNPs resulted in significantly enhanced proliferation and ectopic expression of Sox2 in vitro and Sox2-positive medulloblastoma in vivo. Genetic ablation of Sox2 from murine medulloblastoma did not affect survival, most likely due to a compensatory overexpression of Sox3. However, acute deletion of Sox2 from primary cultures of CGNPs with constitutive Shh signaling significantly decreased proliferation, whereas overexpression of Sox2 enhanced proliferation of murine medulloblastoma cells. We conclude that Sox2 is a marker for Shh-dependent medulloblastomas where it is required and sufficient to drive tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ahlfeld
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
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14
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Adam SA, Schnell O, Pöschl J, Eigenbrod S, Kretzschmar HA, Tonn J, Schüller U. ALDH1A1 is a marker of astrocytic differentiation during brain development and correlates with better survival in glioblastoma patients. Brain Pathol 2012; 22:788-97. [PMID: 22417385 PMCID: PMC8057636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor and patients usually succumb to their disease within 2 years. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) has been suggested as a marker for cancer stem cells that is associated with poor prognosis in human gliomas. However, little is known about the expression and the function of ALDH1A1 in early stages of brain development. We analyzed ALDH1A1 expression in developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) as well as in 93 cases of primary glioblastomas. Surprisingly, ALDH1A1 was absent in the stem cell niches at varying stages of CNS development, but strong ALDH1A1 expression was observed in mature astrocytes coexpressing GFAP and S100. There were 92 out of 93 glioblastomas (99%) that showed ALDH1A1 protein expression in up to 49% of tumor cells. The majority of these cells co-expressed GFAP, but not established stem cell markers such as Nestin, OLIG2 or SOX2. Finally, strong expression of ALDH1A1 correlated with a significantly better survival of the patients and proved to be an independent prognostic marker in our series (P < 0.01). In contrast to other published data, we therefore provide evidence for ALDH1A1 as a marker of astrocytic differentiation during brain development and of better prognosis in patients suffering from primary glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Pöschl
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich Schüller
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Munich, Germany
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15
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Smits M, van Rijn S, Hulleman E, Biesmans D, van Vuurden DG, Kool M, Haberler C, Aronica E, Vandertop WP, Noske DP, Würdinger T. EZH2-regulated DAB2IP is a medulloblastoma tumor suppressor and a positive marker for survival. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4048-58. [PMID: 22696229 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Despite recent improvements, the molecular mechanisms driving medulloblastoma are not fully understood and further elucidation could provide cues to improve outcome prediction and therapeutic approaches. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of mouse and human medulloblastoma gene expression data sets, to identify potential medulloblastoma tumor suppressor genes. RESULTS We identified DAB2IP, a member of the RAS-GTPase-activating protein family (RAS GAP), and showed that DAB2IP expression is repressed in medulloblastoma by EZH2-induced trimethylation. Moreover, we observed that reduced DAB2IP expression correlates significantly with a poor overall survival of patients with medulloblastoma, independent of metastatic stage. Finally, we showed that ectopic DAB2IP expression enhances stress-induced apoptosis in medulloblastoma cells and that reduced expression of DAB2IP in medulloblastoma cells conveys resistance to irradiation-induced cell death. CONCLUSION These results suggest that repression of DAB2IP may at least partly protect medulloblastoma cells from apoptotic cell death. Moreover, DAB2IP may represent a molecular marker to distinguish patients with medulloblastoma at high risk from those with a longer survival prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Smits
- Neuro-oncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Sonic hedgehog-associated medulloblastoma arising from the cochlear nuclei of the brainstem. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:601-14. [PMID: 22349907 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a malignant brain tumor of childhood that comprises at least four molecularly distinct subgroups. We have previously described that cerebellar granule neuron precursors may give rise to the subgroup with a molecular fingerprint of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Other recent data indicate that precursor cells within the dorsal brain stem may serve as cellular origins for Wnt-associated medulloblastomas. To see whether Shh-associated medulloblastomas are also able to develop in the dorsal brainstem, we analyzed two lines of transgenic mice with constitutive Shh signaling in hGFAP- and Math1-positive brainstem precursor populations, respectively. Our results show that in both of these lines, medulloblastomas arise from granule neuron precursors of the cochlear nuclei, a derivative of the auditory lower rhombic lip. This region is distinct from derivatives of precerebellar lower rhombic lip where medulloblastomas arise in mice with constitutive-active Wnt signaling. With respect to their histology and the expression of appropriate markers, Shh tumors from the murine cochlear nuclei perfectly resemble human Shh-associated medulloblastomas. Moreover, we find that in a series of 63 human desmoplastic medulloblastomas, 21 (33%) have a very close contact to the cochlear nuclei on MR imaging. In conclusion, we demonstrate that precursors of the murine rhombic lip, which either develop into cerebellar or into cochlear granule neurons, may give rise to Shh-associated medulloblastoma, and this has important implications for the cellular origin of human medulloblastomas.
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