1
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Chavarriaga J, Penn LZ, Khurram N, Lajkosz K, Longo J, Chen E, Fleshner N, van der Kwast T, Hamilton RJ. Statin Concentration in Prostatic Tissue is Subtype- and Dose-dependent. Urology 2024:S0090-4295(24)00760-X. [PMID: 39222671 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2024.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate for the first time, comparative serum and prostate tissue concentrations of lipophilic and hydrophilic statins. METHODS After reviewing all patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1993 and 2019, we selected 80 patients taking atorvastatin (lipophilic) or rosuvastatin (hydrophilic) for cholesterol control and with available banked fresh-frozen tissue from the prostatectomy. Primary endpoint was serum and prostate statin concentration measured by HPLC-mass spectrometry analysis. Serum/prostate statin concentrations were compared between patients on atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, and patients receiving high- and low-dose statin, using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS In total, 39 patients were taking atorvastatin and 41 were taking rosuvastatin. Thirty-eight and 42 were taking high- and low-dose statin, respectively. Statin concentration was measurable in the prostatic tissue of 15 patients (38.4%) taking atorvastatin (33.3% high-dose vs 42.8% low-dose) compared to 22 (53.6%) taking rosuvastatin (55% high-dose vs 52.3% low-dose). Median tissue concentration of rosuvastatin was greater than atorvastatin (3.98 ng/g vs 0.96 ng/g, P <.001). Dose-dependency was observed: median prostate concentration was higher in those taking high-dose versus low-dose statin for both atorvastatin (1.22 ng/g vs 0.79 ng/g, P = .69) and rosuvastatin (5.21 ng/g vs 1.99 ng/g, P <.001). CONCLUSION We have shown, for the first time, that lipophilic and hydrophilic statins can be measured in the prostate of patients with prostate cancer and that the concentrations are dependent on dose. Moreover, rosuvastatin, a hydrophilic statin, achieves a 4-fold higher concentration in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Chavarriaga
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Cancer Treatment and Research Centre (CTIC) Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo Foundation, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Linda Z Penn
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Najia Khurram
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine Lajkosz
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Longo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Fleshner
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theodorus van der Kwast
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J Hamilton
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Torabinejad S, Miro C, Barone B, Imbimbo C, Crocetto F, Dentice M. The androgen-thyroid hormone crosstalk in prostate cancer and the clinical implications. Eur Thyroid J 2023; 12:e220228. [PMID: 36930264 PMCID: PMC10160561 DOI: 10.1530/etj-22-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that thyroid hormones (THs) work in an integrative fashion with androgen receptors (ARs) to regulate gonadal differentiation and reproductive function. Studies reveal that THs have interactions with the AR promoter region and increase AR expression. THs also have a role in the regulation of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of androgens, such as 5α-reductase, which is essential in the conversion of testosterone into its active form, 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Additionally, the presence of androgen response elements in the promoter regions of TH-related genes, such as deiodinases and TH receptor isoforms, has been identified in some vertebrates, indicating a mutual interaction between THs and ARs. Since the androgen signaling pathway, mediated by ARs, plays a key role in the formation and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), the existence of crosstalk between THs and ARs supports the epidemiologic and experimental evidence indicating a relationship between the high incidence of PCa and hyperthyroidism. This article aims to review the role of androgen-TH crosstalk in PCa and its implication in clinical management. As life expectancy is growing these days, it can increase the number of patients with PCa and the critical relevance of the disease. In order to gain better knowledge about PCa and to improve clinical management, it is essential to get better insight into the key factors related to the formation and progression of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Torabinejad
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Miro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Barone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Ciro Imbimbo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE – Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
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3
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Okamoto N, Fujinaga D, Yamanaka N. Steroid hormone signaling: What we can learn from insect models. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:525-554. [PMID: 37717997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are a group of steroid hormones in arthropods with pleiotropic functions throughout their life history. Ecdysteroid research in insects has made a significant contribution to our current understanding of steroid hormone signaling in metazoans, but how far can we extrapolate our findings in insects to other systems, such as mammals? In this chapter, we compare steroid hormone signaling in insects and mammals from multiple perspectives and discuss similarities and differences between the two lineages. We also highlight a few understudied areas and remaining questions of steroid hormone biology in metazoans and propose potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okamoto
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daiki Fujinaga
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Naoki Yamanaka
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States.
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4
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Michalska K, Balcerczak E, Jeleń A, Saed L, Pietrzak J, Żebrowska-Nawrocka M. Effects of the SLCO1B1 A388G single nucleotide polymorphism on the development, clinical parameters, treatment, and survival of multiple myeloma cases in a Polish population. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1447-1458. [PMID: 36478296 PMCID: PMC9889417 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma is one of the most common hematological malignancies worldwide. Genetic alterations may lead to the progression from monoclonal gammopathy to multiple myeloma. Additionally, the genetic background of the disease might influence therapy outcomes, including survival time. SLCO1B1, belonging to the OATPs family, is a membrane protein that mediates the uptake of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous (including drugs) compounds. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, the A388G single nucleotide polymorphism in the SLCO1B1 gene in Polish multiple myeloma patients was determined. This polymorphism affects the amino acid change of the protein, so it may be responsible for treatment effectiveness or risk of disease development. A388G was evaluated by the PCR-RFLP method. The presented study showed a statistically significant association between the GG genotype with longer survival of patients with multiple myeloma with Melphalan-Prednisone therapy compared to other treatment regimens (p = 0.0271). There was no statistically significant association in the frequency of genotypes (p = 0.8211) and alleles: allele A (p = 0.5442); allele G (p = 0.8020) between multiple myeloma patients and a control group. CONCLUSIONS The A388G polymorphism does not seem to affect the increased risk of the development of multiple myeloma. However, the occurrence of the GG genotype may prolong of patients overall survival in the case of Melphalan-Prednisone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Michalska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lias Saed
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Pietrzak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Żebrowska-Nawrocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Interfaculty Cathedral of Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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5
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Shiota M, Endo S, Blas L, Fujimoto N, Eto M. Steroidogenesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2022; 41:240-251. [PMID: 36376200 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Castration resistance is in part attributable to aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling by the intracrine activation of androgen precursors derived from adrenal glands. To overcome this, novel AR pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) that suppress androgen synthesis by CYP17 inhibition or AR activation by antiandrogen effects have been developed. However, primary or acquired resistance to these ARPIs occurs; in turn attributable, at least in part, to the maintained androgen milieu despite intensive suppression of AR signaling similar to castration resistance. In addition to the classical pathway to produce potent androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, the alternative pathway and the backdoor pathway which bypasses testosterone to produce dihydrotestosterone have been shown to play a role in intratumor steroidogenesis. Furthermore, the 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione pathway to produce the potent oxygenated androgens 11-ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone has been suggested to be functional in prostate cancer. These steroidogenesis pathways produce potent androgens that promote tumor resistance to endocrine therapy including novel ARPIs. Here, we overview the current evidence on the pathological androgen milieu by altered metabolism and transport in prostate cancer, leading to resistance to endocrine therapy.
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6
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Kong P, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Feng K, Sang Y, Duan X, Liu C, Sun T, Tao Z, Liu W. Emerging Proteins in CRPC: Functional Roles and Clinical Implications. Front Oncol 2022; 12:873876. [PMID: 35756667 PMCID: PMC9226405 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.873876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men in the western world, but the lack of specific and sensitive markers often leads to overtreatment of prostate cancer which eventually develops into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Novel protein markers for diagnosis and management of CRPC will be promising. In this review, we systematically summarize and discuss the expression pattern of emerging proteins in tissue, cell lines, and serum when castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) progresses to CRPC; focus on the proteins involved in CRPC growth, invasion, metastasis, metabolism, and immune microenvironment; summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of emerging proteins in CSPC progressed to CRPC at the molecular level; and finally summarize the clinical applications of emerging proteins as diagnostic marker, prognostic marker, predictive marker, and therapeutic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaoping Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengliang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangle Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Sang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Zhang W, Shi Y, Abd Shukor S, Vijayakumaran A, Vlatakis S, Wright M, Thanou M. Phase-shift nanodroplets as an emerging sonoresponsive nanomaterial for imaging and drug delivery applications. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2943-2965. [PMID: 35166273 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07882h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanodroplets - emerging phase-changing sonoresponsive materials - have attracted substantial attention in biomedical applications for both tumour imaging and therapeutic purposes due to their unique response to ultrasound. As ultrasound is applied at different frequencies and powers, nanodroplets have been shown to cavitate by the process of acoustic droplet vapourisation (ADV), causing the development of mechanical forces which promote sonoporation through cellular membranes. This allows drugs to be delivered efficiently into deeper tissues where tumours are located. Recent reviews on nanodroplets are mostly focused on the mechanism of cavitation and their applications in biomedical fields. However, the chemistry of the nanodroplet components has not been discussed or reviewed yet. In this review, the commonly used materials and preparation methods of nanodroplets are summarised. More importantly, this review provides examples of variable chemistry components in nanodroplets which link them to their efficiency as ultrasound-multimodal imaging agents to image and monitor drug delivery. Finally, the drawbacks of current research, future development, and future direction of nanodroplets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | - Yuhong Shi
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | | | | | - Stavros Vlatakis
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | - Michael Wright
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | - Maya Thanou
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK.
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8
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Pace F, Watnick PI. The Interplay of Sex Steroids, the Immune Response, and the Intestinal Microbiota. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:849-859. [PMID: 33257138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of sex steroids in mammalian maturation is well established. Recently, it has been increasingly appreciated that sex steroids also play an important role in the propensity of adults to develop a myriad of diseases. The exposure and responsiveness of tissues to sex steroids varies among individuals and between the sexes, and this has been correlated with gender-specific differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and in susceptibility to metabolic, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Here we focus on recent studies that demonstrate an interplay between sex steroids, the intestinal immune response, and the intestinal microbiota. While correlations between biological sex, the intestinal innate immune response, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal microbiota have been established, many gaps in our knowledge prevent the emergence of an overarching model for this complex interaction. Such a model could aid in the development of prebiotic, probiotic, or synthetic therapeutics that decrease the risk of autoimmune, metabolic, neoplastic, and infectious diseases of the intestine and mitigate the particular health risks faced by individuals receiving sex steroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pace
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paula I Watnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Penning TM, Asangani IA, Sprenger C, Plymate S. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis and drug resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:912-929. [PMID: 35582223 PMCID: PMC8992556 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer is the lethal form of prostate cancer and most commonly remains dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Current therapies use AR signaling inhibitors (ARSI) exemplified by abiraterone acetate, a P450c17 inhibitor, and enzalutamide, a potent AR antagonist. However, drug resistance to these agents occurs within 12-18 months and they only prolong overall survival by 3-4 months. Multiple mechanisms can contribute to ARSI drug resistance. These mechanisms can include but are not limited to germline mutations in the AR, post-transcriptional alterations in AR structure, and adaptive expression of genes involved in the intracrine biosynthesis and metabolism of androgens within the tumor. This review focuses on intracrine androgen biosynthesis, how this can contribute to ARSI drug resistance, and therapeutic strategies that can be used to surmount these resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irfan A. Asangani
- Department Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cynthia Sprenger
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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10
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Mout L, Moll JM, Chen M, de Morrée ES, de Ridder CMA, Gibson A, Stuurman D, Aghai A, Erkens-Schulze S, Mathijssen RHJ, Sparreboom A, de Wit R, Lolkema MP, van Weerden WM. Androgen receptor signalling impairs docetaxel efficacy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1715-1719. [PMID: 32989230 PMCID: PMC7722857 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signalling drives neoplastic growth and therapy resistance in prostate cancer. Recent clinical data show that docetaxel combined with androgen deprivation therapy improves outcome in hormone-sensitive disease. We studied whether testosterone and AR signalling interferes with docetaxel treatment efficacy in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We found that testosterone supplementation significantly impaired docetaxel tumour accumulation in a CRPC model, resulting in decreased tubulin stabilisation and antitumour activity. Furthermore, testosterone competed with docetaxel for uptake by the drug transporter OATP1B3. Irrespective of docetaxel-induced tubulin stabilisation, AR signalling by testosterone counteracted docetaxel efficacy. AR-pathway activation could also reverse long-term tumour regression by docetaxel treatment in vivo. These results indicate that to optimise docetaxel efficacy, androgen levels and AR signalling need to be suppressed. This study lends evidence for continued maximum suppression of AR signalling by combining targeted therapeutics with docetaxel in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Mout
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Moll
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 217 Lloyd M. Parks Hall, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eleonora S de Morrée
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M A de Ridder
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Gibson
- Division of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 217 Lloyd M. Parks Hall, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ashraf Aghai
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrun Erkens-Schulze
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 217 Lloyd M. Parks Hall, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ronald de Wit
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P Lolkema
- Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology Erasmus University MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Bianchi VE, Rizzi L, Bresciani E, Omeljaniuk RJ, Torsello A. Androgen Therapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa120. [PMID: 33094209 PMCID: PMC7568521 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington disease, are characterized by the loss of neurons as well as neuronal function in multiple regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Several studies in animal models have shown that androgens have neuroprotective effects in the brain and stimulate axonal regeneration. The presence of neuronal androgen receptors in the peripheral and central nervous system suggests that androgen therapy might be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. To illustrate, androgen therapy reduced inflammation, amyloid-β deposition, and cognitive impairment in patients with AD. As well, improvements in remyelination in MS have been reported; by comparison, only variable results are observed in androgen treatment of PD. In ALS, androgen administration stimulated motoneuron recovery from progressive damage and regenerated both axons and dendrites. Only a few clinical studies are available in human individuals despite the safety and low cost of androgen therapy. Clinical evaluations of the effects of androgen therapy on these devastating diseases using large populations of patients are strongly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Emanuele Bianchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Center Stella Maris, Strada Rovereta, Falciano, San Marino
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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12
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Laczkó-Rigó R, Jójárt R, Mernyák E, Bakos É, Tuerkova A, Zdrazil B, Özvegy-Laczka C. Structural dissection of 13-epiestrones based on the interaction with human Organic anion-transporting polypeptide, OATP2B1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 200:105652. [PMID: 32147459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human OATP2B1 encoded by the SLCO2B1 gene is a multispecific transporter mediating the cellular uptake of large, organic molecules, including hormones, prostaglandins and bile acids. OATP2B1 is ubiquitously expressed in the human body, with highest expression levels in pharmacologically relevant barriers, like enterocytes, hepatocytes and endothelial cells of the blood-brain-barrier. In addition to its endogenous substrates, OATP2B1 also recognizes clinically applied drugs, such as statins, antivirals, antihistamines and chemotherapeutic agents and influences their pharmacokinetics. On the other hand, OATP2B1 is also overexpressed in various tumors. Considering that elevated hormone uptake by OATP2B1 results in increased cell proliferation of hormone dependent tumors (e.g. breast or prostate), inhibition of OATP2B1 can be a good strategy to inhibit the growth of these tumors. 13-epiestrones represent a potential novel strategy in the treatment of hormone dependent cancers by the suppression of local estrogen production due to the inhibition of the key enzyme of estrone metabolism, 17ß-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17ß1). Recently, we have demonstrated that various phosphonated 13-epiestrones are dual inhibitors also suppressing OATP2B1 function. In order to gain better insights into the molecular determinants of OATP2B1 13-epiestrone interaction we investigated the effect of C-2 and C-4 halogen or phenylalkynyl modified epiestrones on OATP2B1 transport function. Potent inhibitors (with EC50 values in the low micromolar range) as well as non-inhibitors of OATP2B1 function were identified. Based on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the various 13-epiestrone derivatives we could define structural elements important for OATP2B1 inhibition. Our results may help to understand the drug/inhibitor interaction profile of OATP2B1, and also may be a useful strategy to block steroid hormone entry into tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Laczkó-Rigó
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Jójárt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Alzbeta Tuerkova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary.
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Ma X, Shang X, Qin X, Lu J, Liu M, Wang X. Characterization of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1b2 knockout rats generated by CRISPR/Cas9: a novel model for drug transport and hyperbilirubinemia disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:850-860. [PMID: 32528832 PMCID: PMC7276679 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (OATP1B1/3) as important uptake transporters play a fundamental role in the transportation of exogenous drugs and endogenous substances into cells. Rat OATP1B2, encoded by the Slco1b2 gene, is homologous to human OATP1B1/3. Although OATP1B1/3 is very important, few animal models can be used to study its properties. In this report, we successfully constructed the Slco1b2 knockout (KO) rat model via using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the first time. The novel rat model showed the absence of OATP1B2 protein expression, with no off-target effects as well as compensatory regulation of other transporters. Further pharmacokinetic study of pitavastatin, a typical substrate of OATP1B2, confirmed the OATP1B2 function was absent. Since bilirubin and bile acids are the substrates of OATP1B2, the contents of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, and total bile acids in serum are significantly higher in Slco1b2 KO rats than the data of wild-type rats. These results are consistent with the symptoms caused by the absence of OATP1B1/3 in Rotor syndrome. Therefore, this rat model is not only a powerful tool for the study of OATP1B2-mediated drug transportation, but also a good disease model to study hyperbilirubinemia-related diseases.
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Key Words
- A/G, albumin/globulin ratio
- ADRs, adverse drug reactions
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- AUC, the area under the time–plasma concentration curve
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CL/F, clearance/bioavailability
- CR, reatinine
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- CRISPR/Cas9
- Chr, chromosome
- Cmax, peak concentration
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
- DBL, direct bilirubin
- DDI, drug–drug interaction
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FDA, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GLB, globulin
- GLU, glucose
- HCG, human chorionic gonadotropin
- HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HE, haemotoxylin and eosin
- HMG, hydroxymethylglutaryl
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- HZ, heterozygous
- IBIL, indirect bilirubin
- IS, internal standard solution
- KO, knockout
- LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MC, methylcellulose
- MRT, mean residence time
- NC, nitrocellulose
- OATP1B1/3
- OATP1B1/3, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3
- OATP1B2
- OATPs, organic anion transporting polypeptides
- PAM, protospacer adjacent motif
- PMSG, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
- R-GT, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase
- Rat model
- SD, Sprague–Dawley
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SLC, solute carrier
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- T-CH, total cholesterol
- T7E I, T7 endonuclease I
- TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease
- TBA, total bile acid
- TBL, total bilirubin
- TBST, Tris-buffered saline Tween 20
- TG, triglyceride
- TP, total protein
- Tmax, peak time
- Transporter
- UA, uric acid
- Ugt1a1, UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1
- Vd/F, the apparent volume of distribution/bioavailability
- WT, wild type
- ZFN, zinc-finger nucleases
- crRNA, mature CRISPR RNA
- p.o., peroral
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Wang
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 21 24206564; fax: +86 21 5434 4922.
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14
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Barnard M, Mostaghel EA, Auchus RJ, Storbeck KH. The role of adrenal derived androgens in castration resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105506. [PMID: 31672619 PMCID: PMC7883395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains androgen dependant despite castrate levels of circulating testosterone following androgen deprivation therapy, the first line of treatment for advanced metstatic prostate cancer. CRPC is characterized by alterations in the expression levels of steroidgenic enzymes that enable the tumour to derive potent androgens from circulating adrenal androgen precursors. Intratumoral androgen biosynthesis leads to the localized production of both canonical androgens such as 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as well as less well characterized 11-oxygenated androgens, which until recently have been overlooked in the context of CRPC. In this review we discuss the contribution of both canonical and 11-oxygenated androgen precursors to the intratumoral androgen pool in CRPC. We present evidence that CRPC remains androgen dependent and discuss the alterations in steroidogenic enzyme expression and how these affect the various pathways to intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Finally we summarize the current treatment strategies for targeting adrenal derived androgen biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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15
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Penning TM, Detlefsen AJ. Intracrinology-revisited and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 196:105499. [PMID: 31614208 PMCID: PMC6954292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The formation of steroid hormones in peripheral target tissues is referred to as their intracrine formation. This process occurs in hormone dependent malignancies such as prostate and breast cancer in which the disease can be either castrate resistant or occur post-menopausally, respectively. In these instances, the major precursor steroid of androgens and estrogens is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-SO4. This article reviews the major pathways by which adrenal steroids are converted to the potent male sex hormones, testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) and the discrete enzyme isoforms involved in castration resistant prostate cancer. Previous studies have mainly utilized radiotracers to investigate these pathways but have not used prevailing concentrations of precursors found in castrate male human serum. In addition, the full power of stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has not been applied routinely. Furthermore, it is clear that adaptive responses occur in the transporters and enzyme isoforms involved in response to androgen deprivation therapy that need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, 421 Curie Blvd, 1350 BRBII/IIII, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6084, United States.
| | - Andrea J Detlefsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Park S, Song CS, Lin CL, Jiang S, Osmulski PA, Wang CM, Marck BT, Matsumoto AM, Morrissey C, Gaczynska ME, Chen Y, Mostaghel EA, Chatterjee B. Inhibitory Interplay of SULT2B1b Sulfotransferase with AKR1C3 Aldo-keto Reductase in Prostate Cancer. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqz042. [PMID: 31894239 PMCID: PMC7341717 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SULT2B1b (SULT2B) is a prostate-expressed hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase, which may regulate intracrine androgen homeostasis by mediating 3β-sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the precursor for 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) biosynthesis. The aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C3 regulates androgen receptor (AR) activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by promoting tumor tissue androgen biosynthesis from adrenal DHEA and also by functioning as an AR-selective coactivator. Herein we report that SULT2B-depleted CRPC cells, arising from stable RNA interference or gene knockout (KO), are markedly upregulated for AKR1C3, activated for ERK1/2 survival signal, and induced for epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT)-like changes. EMT was evident from increased mesenchymal proteins and elevated EMT-inducing transcription factors SNAI1 and TWIST1 in immunoblot and single-cell mass cytometry analyses. SULT2B KO cells showed greater motility and invasion in vitro; growth escalation in xenograft study; and enhanced metastatic potential predicted on the basis of decreased cell stiffness and adhesion revealed from atomic force microscopy analysis. While AR and androgen levels were unchanged, AR activity was elevated, since PSA and FKBP5 mRNA induction by DHT-activated AR was several-fold higher in SULT2B-silenced cells. AKR1C3 silencing prevented ERK1/2 activation and SNAI1 induction in SULT2B-depleted cells. SULT2B was undetectable in nearly all CRPC metastases from 50 autopsy cases. Primary tumors showed variable and Gleason score (GS)-independent SULT2B levels. CRPC metastases lacking SULT2B expressed AKR1C3. Since AKR1C3 is frequently elevated in advanced prostate cancer, the inhibitory influence of SULT2B on AKR1C3 upregulation, ERK1/2 activation, EMT-like induction, and on cell motility and invasiveness may be clinically significant. Pathways regulating the inhibitory SULT2B-AKR1C3 axis may inform new avenue(s) for targeting SULT2B-deficient prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulgi Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, South Korea
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chung-Seog Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chun-Lin Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shoulei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Pawel A Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chiou-Miin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Brett T Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria E Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Greehy Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Bandana Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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17
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Yang H, Cai W, Lv W, Zhao P, Shen Y, Zhang L, Ma B, Yuan L, Duan Y, Yao K. A new strategy for accurate targeted diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous malignant melanoma: dual-mode phase-change lipid nanodroplets as ultrasound contrast agents. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7079-7093. [PMID: 31564866 PMCID: PMC6731466 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s207419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, effective detection and treatment of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) still face severe challenges. Ultrasound molecular imaging as a noninvasive and easy-to-operate method is expected to bring improvements for tumor detection. Purpose The aim of this research is to prepare novel phase-change ultrasound contrast agents, Nds-IR780, which can perform not only dual-mode molecule-targeted imaging but also targeted photothermal therapy for CMM. Methods A double emulsion process was used to prepare the Nds-IR780. Then, the entrapment rate and drug loading of IR-780 iodide in Nds-IR780 were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The biocompatibility of Nds-IR780 was evaluated by a CCK-8 assay and the characteristics and stability of that were verified through the particle size analyzer, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The abilities of dual-mode molecule-targeted imaging and targeted photothermal therapy for Nds-IR780 were confirmed via the in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results Nds-IR780 had good size distribution, polydispersity index, stability and biosafety. The in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that Nds-IR780 were capable of targeting CMM cells with high affinity (22.4±3.2%) and facilitating dual-mode imaging to detect the primary lesion and sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) of CMM. Furthermore, the photothermal ablation of CMM mediated by Nds-IR780 was very effective in vivo. Conclusion The newly prepared Nds-IR780 were observed to be effective targeted theranostic probe for the precise detection and targeted treatment of CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Cai
- Special Diagnosis Department, General Hospital of Tibet Military Command, Lhasa, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Shen
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfang Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyou Duan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Kechun Yao
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Kaipainen A, Zhang A, da Costa RMG, Lucas J, Marck B, Matsumoto AM, Morrissey C, True LD, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Testosterone accumulation in prostate cancer cells is enhanced by facilitated diffusion. Prostate 2019; 79:1530-1542. [PMID: 31376206 PMCID: PMC6783279 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone is a driver of prostate cancer (PC) growth via ligand-mediated activation of the androgen receptor (AR). Tumors that have escaped systemic androgen deprivation, castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC), have measurable intratumoral levels of testosterone, suggesting that a resistance mechanism still depends on androgen-simulated growth. However, AR activation requires an optimal intracellular concentration of androgens, a situation challenged by low circulating testosterone concentrations. Notably, PC cells may optimize their androgen levels by regulating the expression of steroid metabolism enzymes that convert androgen precursors into androgens. Here we propose that testosterone entry into the cell could be another control point. METHODS To determine whether testosterone enters cells via a transporter, we performed in vitro 3 H-testosterone uptake assays in androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen and AR-independent PC3 cells. To determine if the uptake mechanism depended on a concentration gradient, we modified UGT2B17 levels in LNCaP cells and measured androgen levels by liquid-liquid extraction-mass spectrometry. We also analyzed CRPC metastases for expression of AKR1C3 to determine whether this enzyme that converts adrenal androgens to testosterone was present in the tumor stroma (microenvironment) in addition to its expression in the tumor epithelium. RESULTS Testosterone uptake followed a concentration gradient but unlike in passive diffusion, was saturable and temperature-dependent, thus suggesting facilitated transport. Suppression of UGT2B17 to abrogate a testosterone gradient reduced testosterone transport while overexpression of the enzyme enhanced it. The facilitated transport suggests a paracrine route of testosterone uptake for maintaining optimal intracellular levels. We found that AKR1C3 was expressed in the tumor microenvironment of CRPC metastases in addition to epithelial cells and the pattern of relative abundance of the enzyme in epithelium vs stroma varied substantially between the metastatic sites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in addition to testosterone transport and metabolism by tumor epithelium, testosterone could also be produced by components of the tumor microenvironment. Facilitated testosterone uptake by tumor cells supports a cell nonautonomous mechanism for testosterone signaling in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Kaipainen
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jared Lucas
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brett Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Alvin M. Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
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19
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Association of prostate cancer SLCO gene expression with Gleason grade and alterations following androgen deprivation therapy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2019; 22:560-568. [PMID: 30890759 PMCID: PMC6752995 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-019-0141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background. SLCO-encoded transporters have been associated with progression to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Although expressed at lower levels than in CRPC tissues, SLCO-encoded transporters may also play a role in response of primary prostate cancer (PCa) to ADT and biochemical recurrence. Methods. We systematically explored expression of the 11 human SLCO genes in a large sample of untreated and ADT-treated normal prostate (NP) and primary PCa tissues, including tumors treated with neoadjuvant abiraterone. Results. Transporters with the most recognized role in steroid uptake in PCa, including SLCO2B1 (DHEAS) and 1B3 (testosterone), were consistently detected in primary PCa. SLCO1B3 was nearly 5-fold higher in PCa vs NP with no difference in Gleason 3 vs 4 and no change with ADT. SLCO2B1 was detected at 3-fold lower levels in PCa than NP but was nearly 7-fold higher in Gleason 4 vs Gleason 3 and increased 3-fold following ADT (p<0.05 for all). Conclusions. We observed clear differences in SLCO expression in PCa vs NP samples, in Gleason 4 vs Gleason 3 tumors, and in ADT-treated vs untreated tissues. These findings are hypothesis generating due to small sample size, but suggest that baseline and ADT-induced changes in PCa OATP expression may influence steroid uptake and response to ADT, as well as uptake and response to drugs such as abiraterone and docetaxel which are also subject to OATP-mediated transport and are now being routinely combined with ADT in the metastatic castration sensitive setting.
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20
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Okamoto N, Viswanatha R, Bittar R, Li Z, Haga-Yamanaka S, Perrimon N, Yamanaka N. A Membrane Transporter Is Required for Steroid Hormone Uptake in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2018; 47:294-305.e7. [PMID: 30293839 PMCID: PMC6219898 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are a group of lipophilic hormones that are believed to enter cells by simple diffusion to regulate diverse physiological processes through intracellular nuclear receptors. Here, we challenge this model in Drosophila by demonstrating that Ecdysone Importer (EcI), a membrane transporter identified from two independent genetic screens, is involved in cellular uptake of the steroid hormone ecdysone. EcI encodes an organic anion transporting polypeptide of the evolutionarily conserved solute carrier organic anion superfamily. In vivo, EcI loss of function causes phenotypes indistinguishable from ecdysone- or ecdysone receptor (EcR)-deficient animals, and EcI knockdown inhibits cellular uptake of ecdysone. Furthermore, EcI regulates ecdysone signaling in a cell-autonomous manner and is both necessary and sufficient for inducing ecdysone-dependent gene expression in culture cells expressing EcR. Altogether, our results challenge the simple diffusion model for cellular uptake of ecdysone and may have wide implications for basic and medical aspects of steroid hormone studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okamoto
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Raghuvir Viswanatha
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riyan Bittar
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zhongchi Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sachiko Haga-Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naoki Yamanaka
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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21
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Penning TM. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-SO 4 Depot and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 108:309-331. [PMID: 30029732 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-SO4 of adrenal origin is the major C19 steroid in the serum. It is a precursor of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in patients with advanced prostate cancer following chemical or surgical castration. DHEA is a product of the P450c17 (17α-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase) enzyme. Despite inhibition of P450c17 with new agents, e.g., Abiraterone acetate, Orterenol, and Galeterone, the level of enzyme inhibition rarely exceeds 90% leaving behind a significant depot for androgen biosynthesis within the tumor. For DHEA-SO4 to be utilized there is uptake by organic anion transporter polypeptides, deconjugation catalyzed by steroid sulfatase, and adaptive upregulation of prostate steroidogenic enzymes that will convert DHEA into either testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. The depot of DHEA-SO4 that remains after P450c17 inhibition and the adaptive responses that occur within the tumor to promote DHEA utilization contribute to mechanisms of drug resistance observed with P450c17 inhibitors. Knowledge of these mechanisms identify new targets for therapeutics that could be used to surmount drug resistance in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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22
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Terakawa T, Katsuta E, Yan L, Turaga N, McDonald KA, Fujisawa M, Guru KA, Takabe K. High expression of SLCO2B1 is associated with prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14207-14218. [PMID: 29581838 PMCID: PMC5865664 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier organic anion (SLCO) gene families encode organic anion transport proteins, which are transporters that up-take a number of substrates including androgens. Among them, high expression of SLCO2B1 is known to associate with the resistance to androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer (PCa). We hypothesized that high expression of SLCO genes enhances PCa progression by promoting the influx of androgen. Here, we demonstrated the impact of the expression levels of SLCO2B1 on prognosis in localized PCa after radical prostatectomy (RP) utilizing 494 PCa cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). SLCO2B1 high expression group showed significantly worse Disease-free survival (DFS) after RP (p = 0.001). The expression level of SLCO2B1 was significantly higher in advanced characteristics including Gleason Score (GS ≤ 6 vs GS = 7; p = 0.047, GS = 7 vs GS ≥ 8; p = 0.002), pathological primary tumor (pT2 vs pT3/4; p < 0.001), and surgical margin status (positive vs negative; p = 0.013), respectively. There was a significant difference in DFS between these two groups only in GS ≥ 8 patients (p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only SLCO2B1 expression level was an independent predictor for DFS after RP in GS ≥ 8. SLCO2B1 high expressed tumors in GS ≥ 8 not only enriched epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) related gene set, (p = 0.027), as well as Hedgehog (p < 0.001), IL-6/JAK/STAT3 (p < 0.001), and K-ras signaling gene sets (p < 0.001), which are known to promote EMT, but also showed higher expression of EMT related genes, including N-cadherin (p = 0.024), SNAIL (p = 0.001), SLUG (p = 0.001), ZEB-1 (p < 0.001) and Vimentin (p < 0.001). In conclusion, PCa with high expression of SLCO2B1 demonstrated worse DFS, which might be due to accelerated EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Terakawa
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eriko Katsuta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, NY, USA
| | - Nitesh Turaga
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, NY, USA
| | - Kerry-Ann McDonald
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Khurshid A Guru
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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23
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Mout L, de Wit R, Stuurman D, Verhoef E, Mathijssen R, de Ridder C, Lolkema M, van Weerden W. Testosterone Diminishes Cabazitaxel Efficacy and Intratumoral Accumulation in a Prostate Cancer Xenograft Model. EBioMedicine 2018; 27:182-186. [PMID: 29276148 PMCID: PMC5828553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay of (metastatic) prostate cancer therapy. Ultimately, the AR pathway will be re-activated despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. Thereby, maintaining its role even in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The recent STAMPEDE and CHAARTED trials showed that docetaxel in combination with ADT increased survival in hormone sensitive prostate cancer patients, suggesting cross-talk between AR signaling and chemotherapy efficacy. We hypothesized that a similar interaction may also apply for CRPC that is treated with cabazitaxel. We studied the impact of androgen status on the efficacy, pharmacodynamics and -kinetics of cabazitaxel in a unique and clinically relevant patient derived xenograft model of castration resistant disease. We found that cabazitaxel is highly effective in a castrate setting with strongly reduced AR activation, while tumor growth inhibition by cabazitaxel was completely abolished in the presence of high AR pathway activity. Moreover, additional experiments showed that intratumoral cabazitaxel levels were 3.5 times higher in tumors from castrated mice as compared to tumors from androgen-supplemented animals. We confirmed that cabazitaxel pharmacokinetics were not affected by testosterone, suggesting that androgen status might influence cabazitaxel tumor uptake directly. This study reveals the impact of androgen status on cabazitaxel efficacy and supports the potential of combination of taxane chemotherapeutics with AR axis targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Mout
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Wit
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Verhoef
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Lolkema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske van Weerden
- Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Gregory BJ, Chen SM, Murphy MA, Atchley DH, Kamdem LK. Impact of the OATP1B1 c.521T>C single nucleotide polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of exemestane in healthy post-menopausal female volunteers. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 42:547-553. [PMID: 28868654 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE OATP1B1 mediates the transport of a diverse range of amphiphilic organic compounds that include bile acids, steroid conjugates and hormones. This retrospective pharmacogenetic study was conducted to assess the impact of the OATP1B1 c.521T>C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on the pharmacokinetics of the steroidal aromatase inhibitor drug exemestane in healthy volunteers. METHODS Exemestane (25 mg) was administered orally to 14 healthy post-menopausal women. All of the 14 subjects were sampled for pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses and retrospectively genotyped for OATP1B1 c.521T>C (rs 4149056). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of the 14 subjects enrolled in the study, five were carriers of the minor C allele (OATP1B1 c.521TC+CC) and the remaining nine were carriers of the OATP1B1 c.521TT genotype. PK was assessed over 8 hours post-dosing. Our results showed statistically significant differences (P=.04) in the plasma exemestane AUC0-8 between the OATP1B1 genotype groups. Our data also showed statistically significant differences (P=.04) in the plasma AUC0-8 of 17-hydroexemestane (the major biologically active metabolite) between the OATP1B1 genotype groups. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the OAPTP1B1 c.521T>C SNP may influence exemestane pharmacokinetics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Gregory
- Harding University College of Pharmacy, Searcy, AR, USA
| | - S M Chen
- Fort Defiance Hospital, Fort Defiance, AZ, USA
| | - M A Murphy
- Harding University Physician Program, Searcy, AR, USA
| | - D H Atchley
- University of Pikeville-Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pikeville, KY, USA
| | - L K Kamdem
- Harding University College of Pharmacy, Searcy, AR, USA
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25
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Mostaghel EA, Cho E, Zhang A, Alyamani M, Kaipainen A, Green S, Marck BT, Sharifi N, Wright JL, Gulati R, True LD, Loda M, Matsumoto AM, Tamae D, Penning TN, Balk SP, Kantoff PW, Nelson PS, Taplin ME, Montgomery RB. Association of Tissue Abiraterone Levels and SLCO Genotype with Intraprostatic Steroids and Pathologic Response in Men with High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4592-4601. [PMID: 28389510 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Germline variation in solute carrier organic anion (SLCO) genes influences cellular steroid uptake and is associated with prostate cancer outcomes. We hypothesized that, due to its steroidal structure, the CYP17A inhibitor abiraterone may undergo transport by SLCO-encoded transporters and that SLCO gene variation may influence intracellular abiraterone levels and outcomes.Experimental Design: Steroid and abiraterone levels were measured in serum and tissue from 58 men with localized prostate cancer in a clinical trial of LHRH agonist plus abiraterone acetate plus prednisone for 24 weeks prior to prostatectomy. Germline DNA was genotyped for 13 SNPs in six SLCO genes.Results: Abiraterone levels spanned a broad range (serum median 28 ng/mL, 108 nmol/L; tissue median 77 ng/mL, 271 nmol/L) and were correlated (r = 0.355, P = 0.001). Levels correlated positively with steroids upstream of CYP17A (pregnenolone, progesterone), and inversely with steroids downstream of CYP17A (DHEA, AED, testosterone). Serum PSA and tumor volumes were higher in men with undetectable versus detectable tissue abiraterone at prostatectomy (median 0.10 vs. 0.03 ng/dL, P = 0.02; 1.28 vs. 0.44 cc, P = 0.09, respectively). SNPs in SLCO2B1 associated with significant differences in tissue abiraterone (rs1789693, P = 0.0008; rs12422149, P = 0.03) and higher rates of minimal residual disease (tumor volume < 0.5 cc; rs1789693, 67% vs. 27%, P = 0.009; rs1077858, 46% vs. 0%, P = 0.03). LNCaP cells expressing SLCO2B1 showed two- to fourfold higher abiraterone levels compared with vector controls (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Intraprostatic abiraterone levels and genetic variation in SLCO genes are associated with pathologic responses in high-risk localized prostate cancer. Variation in SLCO genes may serve as predictors of response to abiraterone treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4592-601. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunpi Cho
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, California
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mohammad Alyamani
- Lerner Research Institute, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arja Kaipainen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean Green
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brett T Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Lerner Research Institute, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Roman Gulati
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Massimo Loda
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel Tamae
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Trevor N Penning
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven P Balk
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Peter S Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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