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Zhang B, Cui S, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Structure and Phase Behavior of Bottlebrush Diblock Copolymer-Linear Homopolymer Ternary Blends. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuquan Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Zheng C, Zhang B, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Self-Assembly of Partially Charged Diblock Copolymer-Homopolymer Ternary Blends. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caini Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Honaryar H, LaNasa JA, Hickey RJ, Shillcock JC, Niroobakhsh Z. Investigating the morphological transitions in an associative surfactant ternary system. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2611-2633. [PMID: 35297452 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01668g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Associative surfactants systems involving polar oils have recently been shown to stabilize immiscible liquids by forming nanostructures at the liquid interface and have been used to print soft materials. Although these associating surfactant systems show great promise for creating nanostructured soft materials, a fundamental understanding of the self-assembly process is still unknown. In this study, a ternary phase diagram for a system of cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate (CPCl), a polar oil (oleic acid), and water is established using experiment and simulation, to study the equilibrium phase behavior. A combination of visual inspection, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and rheological measurements was employed to establish the phase behavior and properties of the self-assembled materials. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is used to simulate the formation of the morphologies in this system and support the experimental results. The ternary phase diagram obtained from the simulations agrees with the experimental results, indicating the robustness of the computational simulation as a supplement to the mesoscale experimental systems. We observe that morphological transitions (e.g., micelle-to-bilayer and vesicle-to-lamellar) are in agreement between experiments and simulations across the ternary diagram. DPD simulations correctly predict that associative surfactant systems form new nanoscale phases due to the co-assembly of the components. The established ternary phase diagram and the DPD model pave the way towards predicting and controlling the formation of different mesostructures like lamellar or vesicles, opening new avenues to tailor and synthesize desired morphologies for applications related to liquid-in-liquid 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Honaryar
- Department of Civil & Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
| | - Jacob A LaNasa
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Julian C Shillcock
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Zahra Niroobakhsh
- Department of Civil & Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
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4
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Chen MJ, Chang GG, Chen LY, Huang KX, Pu C, Li D, Yao Y, Li JX, Yang XY, Chen B. Multifunctional Pd/MOFs@MOFs Confined Core-Shell Catalysts with Wrinkled Surface for Selective Catalysis. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3743-3747. [PMID: 34546651 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Process intensification, targeting the maximization of spatial-temporal productivity utilizing minimum energy and resources has always been the constant trends especially in chemical industry. In this regard, tandem reactions that are able to perform a multi-step reaction in a single pot by eliminating costly separation steps have been viewed as a typical paradigm. However, a spatial isolation of varied active sites with a controlled manner in a single catalyst to avoid deactivation and work synergistically is a challenging problem yet sometimes being overlooked. In this work, a spatial base-metal core-shell structured catalyst with wrinkled surface was successfully fabricated by a direct homoepitaxial growth method in an acid/water system, which exhibited increased hydrophobicity, exposure of active sites and significantly improved product selectivity towards one-pot Knoevenagel condensation-hydrogenation tandem reaction compared with the uncoated catalyst. Meanwhile, the catalytic performance was largely retained and the structural stability was maintained even after successive 8 cycles, which shows great promise for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jie Chen
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Gang-Gang Chang
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yan Chen
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Xin Huang
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Chun Pu
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, USA
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5
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Xu H, Xiao H, Ellison CJ, Mahanthappa MK. Flexible Nanoporous Materials by Matrix Removal from Cylinder-Forming Diblock Copolymers. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7587-7594. [PMID: 34460249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe a straightforward self-assembly route to nanoporous materials derived from a hexagonally-packed cylinder (HEX) morphology of a polyisoprene-block-polylactide (PI-b-PLA) diblock copolymer, by thermal cross-linking of the minority PI domains followed by selective chemical etching of the PLA matrix. The resulting mechanically stable and porous samples defy the expectation that the remaining cylinders cannot yield a robust, integrated material upon matrix removal. Scanning electron microscopy imaging reveals that this unexpected structural integrity stems from the interconnected nanofibrils therein, reflecting topological defects at the grain boundaries of the parent polydomain HEX nanostructure. Hydrodynamic radius-dependent poly(ethylene oxide) (Mn = 0.4-35 kg/mol) permeation behavior through these monoliths directly demonstrated the continuity and size selectivity of the nanoporous material. The ready accessibility of block copolymer HEX morphologies of varied chemistries suggests that this matrix etching strategy will enable the future design of functional, size-selective nanofiltration membrane materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mahesh K Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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6
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Zhang B, Xie S, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Phase Behavior of Diblock Copolymer–Homopolymer Ternary Blends with a Compositionally Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuyi Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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From nano to macro: Hierarchical platinum superstructures synthesized using bicontinuous microemulsion for hydrogen evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Lv Y, Yang X, Du W, Ma P, Wang H, Bonnefont A, Wright DS, Ruhlmann L, Zhang C. An Efficient Electrochromic Supercapacitor Based on Solution-Processable Nanoporous Poly{tris[4-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)phenyl]amine}. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3844-3854. [PMID: 32413249 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new green synthetic route to tris[4-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)phenyl]amine (TEPA) monomer has been developed and the molecular structure of TEPA has been determined by using single-crystal XRD. Solution-processable nanoporous poly{tris[4-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)phenyl]amine} (PTEPA) is prepared by a chemical oxidative polymerization in a microemulsion. Based on the distorted structure of TEPA in the solid state, it is proposed that dendritic PTEPA has a distorted 3 D conformation with multiple twisted channels and pores that are narrowed and blocked by bifurcation and distortion of PTEPA, which is consistent with the observed hierarchical pore structure. As a cathode material, PTEPA exhibits a discharge capacity of 89.5 mAh g-1 in the initial cycle with a highly sloping two-stage discharge curve and relatively stable cycling performance. Beyond its excellent energy storage properties, PTEPA also shows relatively good electrochromic performance. Furthermore, an efficient all-solid-state electrochromic supercapacitor (ECSC) with good electrochromic performance and high energy storage capacity (13.3 mF cm-2 ) is assembled from PTEPA and nanoporous graphene films. During charge-discharge processes, the color of the ECSC changes between yellow-green and steel blue. Thus, the energy storage level of the ECSC can be monitored by the corresponding color changes. The fabricated ECSC may have practical applications, for example, in self-powered electrochromic smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaokang Lv
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
- Institut de Chimie (UMR au CNRS n°7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Xing Yang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weishi Du
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Peihua Ma
- Shaoxing Jinye Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., No.173, Zhenghai Road, Binhai Industrial Zone, Keqiao District, Shaoxing, 312073, P.R. China
| | - Hu Wang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Antoine Bonnefont
- Institut de Chimie (UMR au CNRS n°7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Institut de Chimie (UMR au CNRS n°7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
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9
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Salvati Manni L, Fong WK, Mezzenga R. Lipid-based mesophases as matrices for nanoscale reactions. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:914-927. [PMID: 32322863 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipidic mesophases are versatile bioorganic materials that have been effectively employed as nanoscale matrices for membrane protein crystallization, drug delivery and as food emulsifiers over the last 30 years. In this review, the focus is upon studies that have employed non-lamellar lipid mesophases as matrices for organic, inorganic and enzymatic reactions. The ability of lipidic mesophases to incorporate hydrophilic, amphiphilic and hydrophobic molecules, together with the high interfacial area of the lipidic cubic and inverse hexagonal phases has been exploited in heterogeneous catalysis as well as for enzyme immobilization. The unique nanostructure of these mesophases is the driving force behind their ability to act as templates for synthesis, resulting in the creation of highly ordered polymeric and inorganic materials with complex geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Salvati Manni
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Varadharajan R, Leermakers FAM. The physics of microemulsions extracted from modeling balanced tensionless surfactant-loaded liquid-liquid interfaces. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:094902. [PMID: 33480717 DOI: 10.1063/1.5133155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microemulsions are explored using the self-consistent field approach. We consider a balanced model that features two solvents of similar size and a symmetric surfactant. Interaction parameter χ and surfactant concentration φs b complement the model definition. The phase diagram in χ-φs b coordinates is known to feature two lines of critical points, the Scott and Leibler lines. Only upon imposing a finite distance between the interfaces, we observe that the Scott line meets the Leibler line. We refer to this as a Lifshitz point (LP) for real systems. We add regions that are relevant for microemulsions to this phase diagram by considering the saturation line, which connects (χ, φs b)-points for which the interface becomes tensionless. Crossing this line implies a first-order phase transition as internal interfaces develop, characteristic for one-phase microemulsions. The saturation line ends at the so-called microemulsion point (MP). The MP is shown to connect with the LP by a line of MP-like critical points, found by searching for a "MP" while the distance between interfaces is fixed. A pair of binodal lines that envelop the three-phase (Winsor III) microemulsion region is shown to connect to the MP. The cohesiveness of the middle phase in Winsor III is related to non-monotonic, inverse DLVO-type interaction curves between the surfactant-loaded tensionless interfaces. The mean and Gaussian bending modulus, relevant for the shape fluctuations and the topology of interfaces, respectively, are evaluated along the saturation line. Near the MP, both rigidities are positive and vanish in a power-law fashion with coefficient unity at the MP. Overseeing these results proves that the MP has a pivoting role in the physics of microemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Varadharajan
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research Center, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans A M Leermakers
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research Center, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Xie S, Meyer DJ, Wang E, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Structure and Properties of Bicontinuous Microemulsions from Salt-Doped Ternary Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Shim J, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Bicontinuous Microemulsions in Partially Charged Ternary Polymer Blends. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1166-1171. [PMID: 35619439 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the phase behavior of a partially charged ternary polymer blend model system, comprising a compositionally symmetric poly[(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) propyl sodium sulfonate methacrylate)]-b-polystyrene (POEGMA23-PS) diblock polymer and the constituent POEGMA23 and PS homopolymers, along the volumetrically symmetric isopleth, where 23 denotes the percentage of charged monomers in the POEGMA chain. Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy measurements reveal morphological transitions from a layered superlattice to swollen lamellae to a bicontinuous microemulsion (BμE), followed by macroscopic phase separation, with increasing homopolymer content. The BμE channel occurs between 85 and 90% homopolymer addition, positioned approximately at the isotropic Lifshitz composition predicted by mean-field theory for neutral systems. The resulting BμE morphology exhibits a periodicity of 26 nm, yielding a mesoscopically structured but macroscopically disordered bicontinuous structure. That this structure can be achieved in a charged polymer system is surprising, given the huge asymmetries typically induced by adding charge to either diblock copolymers or binary polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Shim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Niroobakhsh Z, LaNasa JA, Belmonte A, Hickey RJ. Rapid Stabilization of Immiscible Fluids using Nanostructured Interfaces via Surfactant Association. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:178003. [PMID: 31107071 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.178003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant molecules have been extensively used as emulsifying agents to stabilize immiscible fluids. Droplet stability has been shown to be increased when ordered nanoscale phases form at the interface of the two fluids due to surfactant association. Here, we report on using mixtures of a cationic surfactant and long chained alkenes with polar head groups [e.g., cetylpyridinium chloride (CPCl) and oleic acid] to create an ordered nanoscale lamellar morphology at aqueous-oil interfaces. The self-assembled nanostructure at the liquid-liquid interface was characterized using small-angle x-ray scattering, and the mechanical properties were measured using interfacial rheology. We hypothesize that the resulting lamellar morphology at the liquid-liquid interface is driven by the change in critical packing parameter when the CPCl molecules are diluted by the presence of the long chain alkenes with polar head groups, which leads to a spherical micelle-to-lamellar phase transition. The work presented here has larger implications for using nanostructured interfacial material to separate different fluids in flowing conditions for biosystems and in 3D printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Niroobakhsh
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Jacob A LaNasa
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Andrew Belmonte
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Abstract
We give an elementary and pedagogical review of the phase diagrams which are possible in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Herein, emphasis is upon the appearance of a critical endpoint, where disordered and ordered phases meet. In many models, though, a Lifshitz point also arises. At a Lifshitz point, three phases meet: disordered, ordered, and one in which spatially inhomogeneous phases arise. At the level of mean field theory, the appearance of a Lifshitz point does not dramatically affect the phase diagram. We argue, however, that fluctuations about the Lifshitz point are very strong in the infrared and significantly alter the phase diagram. We discuss at length the analogy to inhomogeneous polymers, where the Lifshitz regime produces a bicontinuous microemulsion. We briefly mention the possible relevance to the phase diagram of QCD.
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Sierra-Salazar AF, Ayral A, Chave T, Hulea V, Nikitenko SI, Abate S, Perathoner S, Lacroix-Desmazes P. Unconventional Pathways for Designing Silica-Supported Pt and Pd Catalysts With Hierarchical Porosity. STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64127-4.00018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Acoustic activation of water-in-oil microemulsions for controlled salt dissolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 529:366-374. [PMID: 29940319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The dynamic nature of the oil-water interface allows for sequestration of material within the dispersed domains of a microemulsion. Microstructural changes should therefore change the dissolution rate of a solid surface in a microemulsion. We hypothesize that microstructural changes due to formulation and cavitation in an acoustic field will enable control over solid dissolution rates. EXPERIMENTS Water-in-oil microemulsions were formulated using cyclohexane, water, Triton X-100, and hexanol. The microstructure and solvation properties of Winsor Type IV formulations were characterized. Dissolution rates of KH2PO4 (KDP), were measured. A kinetic analysis isolated the effect of the microstructure, and rate enhancements due to cavitation effects on the microstructure were characterized by measuring dissolution rates in an ultrasonic field. FINDINGS Dispersed aqueous domains of 2-6 nm radius dissolve a solid block of KDP at 0-10 nm/min. Dissolution rate is governed not by the domain-surface collision frequency but rather by a dissolution probability per domain-surface encounter. Higher probabilities are correlated with larger domains. Rapid and reversible dissolution rate increases of up to 270× were observed under ultrasonic conditions, with <20% of the increase due to bulk heating effects. The rest is attributed to cavitation-induced changes to the domain microstructure, providing a simple method for remotely activating and de-activating dissolution.
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Lolli A, Maslova V, Bonincontro D, Basile F, Ortelli S, Albonetti S. Selective Oxidation of HMF via Catalytic and Photocatalytic Processes Using Metal-Supported Catalysts. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112792. [PMID: 30373265 PMCID: PMC6278393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation was carried out via both the catalytic and the photocatalytic approach. Special attention was devoted to the preparation of the TiO2-based catalysts, since this oxide has been widely used for catalytic and photocatalytic application in alcohol oxidation reactions. Thus, in the catalytic process, the colloidal heterocoagulation of very stable sols, followed by the spray-freeze-drying (SFD) approach, was successfully applied for the preparation of nanostructured porous TiO2-SiO2 mixed-oxides with high surface areas. The versatility of the process made it possible to encapsulate Pt particles and use this material in the liquid-phase oxidation of HMF. The photocatalytic activity of a commercial titania and a homemade oxide prepared with the microemulsion technique was then compared. The influence of gold, base addition, and oxygen content on product distribution in the photocatalytic process was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lolli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Valeriia Maslova
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- C2P2, UMR 5265, CNRS⁻Univeristé de Lyon1 UCBL⁻CPE Lyon, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Danilo Bonincontro
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- C2P2, UMR 5265, CNRS⁻Univeristé de Lyon1 UCBL⁻CPE Lyon, Université de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simona Ortelli
- ISTEC-CNR, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy.
| | - Stefania Albonetti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- ISTEC-CNR, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy.
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18
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Gao L, Chandra A, Nabae Y, Hayakawa T. Inducing defects in ordered mesoporous carbons via the block copolymer-templated high-temperature carbonization of nitrogen-containing polymeric precursors. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Phase behavior and interfacial properties of diblock copolymer-homopolymer ternary mixtures: Influence of volume fraction of copolymers and interaction energy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Wang B, Prinsen P, Wang H, Bai Z, Wang H, Luque R, Xuan J. Macroporous materials: microfluidic fabrication, functionalization and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:855-914. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00065c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an up-to-date highly comprehensive overview (594 references) on the state of the art of the synthesis and design of macroporous materials using microfluidics and their applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Pepijn Prinsen
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- Campus de Rabanales
- Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Huizhi Wang
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Zhishan Bai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- Campus de Rabanales
- Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Jin Xuan
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
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21
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Hickey RJ, Gillard TM, Irwin MT, Morse DC, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Phase Behavior of Diblock Copolymer–Homopolymer Ternary Blends: Congruent First-Order Lamellar–Disorder Transition. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Hickey
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy M. Gillard
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew T. Irwin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David C. Morse
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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22
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Tao Y, Hasan A, Deeb G, Hu C, Han H. Rheological and Mechanical Behavior of Silk Fibroin Reinforced Waterborne Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E94. [PMID: 30979186 PMCID: PMC6432601 DOI: 10.3390/polym8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is a versatile and environment-friendly material with growing applications in both industry and academia. Silk fibroin (SF) is an attractive material known for its structural, biological and hemocompatible properties. The SF reinforced waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is a promising scaffold material for tissue engineering applications. In this work, we report synthesis and characterization of a novel nanocomposite using SF reinforced WPU. The rheological behaviors of WPU and WPU-SF dispersions with different solid contents were investigated with steady shear and dynamic oscillatory tests to evaluate the formation of the cross-linked gel structure. The average particle size and the zeta potential of WPU-SF dispersions with different SF content were examined at 25 °C to investigate the interaction between SF and WPU. FTIR, SEM, TEM and tensile testing were performed to study the effects of SF content on the structural morphology and mechanical properties of the resultant composite films. Experimental results revealed formation of gel network in the WPU dispersions at solid contents more than 17 wt %. The conjugate reaction between the WPU and SF as well as the hydrogen bond between them helped in dispersing the SF powder into the WPU matrix as small aggregates. Addition of SF to the WPU also improved the Young's modulus from 0.30 to 3.91 MPa, tensile strength from 0.56 to 8.94 MPa, and elongation at break from 1067% to 2480%, as SF was increased up to 5 wt %. Thus, significant strengthening and toughening can be achieved by introducing SF powder into the WPU formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional Textiles of New Textile Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
- Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - George Deeb
- Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Changkai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional Textiles of New Textile Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Huipeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional Textiles of New Textile Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
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23
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Choukourov A, Gordeev I, Ponti J, Uboldi C, Melnichuk I, Vaidulych M, Kousal J, Nikitin D, Hanyková L, Krakovský I, Slavínská D, Biederman H. Microphase-Separated PE/PEO Thin Films Prepared by Plasma-Assisted Vapor Phase Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8201-8212. [PMID: 26953817 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immiscible polymer blends tend to undergo phase separation with the formation of nanoscale architecture which can be used in a variety of applications. Different wet-chemistry techniques already exist to fix the resultant polymeric structure in predictable manner. In this work, an all-dry and plasma-based strategy is proposed to fabricate thin films of microphase-separated polyolefin/polyether blends. This is achieved by directing (-CH2-)100 and (-CH2-CH2-O-)25 oligomer fluxes produced by vacuum thermal decomposition of poly(ethylene) and poly(ethylene oxide) onto silicon substrates through the zone of the glow discharge. The strategy enables mixing of thermodynamically incompatible macromolecules at the molecular level, whereas electron-impact-initiated radicals serve as cross-linkers to arrest the subsequent phase separation at the nanoscale. The mechanism of the phase separation as well as the morphology of the films is found to depend on the ratio between the oligomeric fluxes. For polyolefin-rich mixtures, polyether molecules self-organize by nucleation and growth into spherical domains with average height of 22 nm and average diameter of 170 nm. For equinumerous fluxes and for mixtures with the prevalence of polyethers, spinodal decomposition is detected that results in the formation of bicontinuous structures with the characteristic domain size and spacing ranging between 5 × 10(1) -7 × 10(1) nm and 3 × 10(2)-4 × 10(2) nm, respectively. The method is shown to produce films with tunable wettability and biologically nonfouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Choukourov
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Gordeev
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Jan Evangelista Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem , Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, České mládeže 8, Usti nad Labem 400 96, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica Ponti
- European Commision Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Nanobiosciences, via Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Chiara Uboldi
- European Commision Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Nanobiosciences, via Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Iurii Melnichuk
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mykhailo Vaidulych
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kousal
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniil Nikitin
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hanyková
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Krakovský
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Danka Slavínská
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Biederman
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Hickey RJ, Gillard TM, Irwin MT, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Structure, viscoelasticity, and interfacial dynamics of a model polymeric bicontinuous microemulsion. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:53-66. [PMID: 26439750 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have systematically studied the equilibrium structure and dynamics of a polymeric bicontinuous microemulsion (BμE) composed of poly(cyclohexylethylene) (PCHE), poly(ethylene) (PE), and a volumetrically symmetric PCHE-PE diblock copolymer, using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, small angle X-ray and neutron scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The BμE was investigated over an 80 °C temperature range, revealing a structural evolution and a rheological response not previously recognized in such systems. As the temperature is reduced below the point associated with the lamellar-disorder transition at compositions adjacent to the microemulsion channel, the interfacial area per chain of the BμE approaches that of the neat (undiluted) lamellar diblock copolymer. With increasing temperature, the diblock-rich interface swells through homopolymer infiltration. Time-temperature-superposed linear dynamic data obtained as a function of frequency show that the viscoelastic response of the BμE is strikingly similar to that of the fluctuating pure diblock copolymer in the disordered state, which we associate with membrane undulations and the breaking and reforming of interfaces. This work provides new insights into the structure and dynamics that characterize thermodynamically stable BμEs in the limits of relatively weak and strong segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hickey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy M Gillard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Matthew T Irwin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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25
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Malgras V, Ji Q, Kamachi Y, Mori T, Shieh FK, Wu KCW, Ariga K, Yamauchi Y. Templated Synthesis for Nanoarchitectured Porous Materials. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Malgras
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Qingmin Ji
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Yuichiro Kamachi
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Taizo Mori
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University
| | - Fa-Kuen Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University
| | - Kevin C.-W. Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
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26
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Hickey RJ, Gillard TM, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Influence of Composition Fluctuations on the Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Symmetric Diblock Copolymers near the Order-Disorder Transition. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:260-265. [PMID: 35596419 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rheological evidence of composition fluctuations in disordered diblock copolymers near the order-disorder transition (ODT) has been documented in the literature over the past three decades, characterized by a failure of time-temperature superposition (tTS) to reduce linear dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS) data in the terminal viscoelastic regime to a temperature-independent form. However, for some materials, most notably poly(styrene-b-isoprene) (PS-PI), no signature of these rheological features has been found. We present small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results on symmetric poly(cyclohexylethylene-b-ethylene) (PCHE-PE) diblock copolymers that confirm the presence of fluctuations in the disordered state and DMS measurements that also show no sign of the features ascribed to composition fluctuations. Assessment of DMS results published on five different diblock copolymer systems leads us to conclude that the effects of composition fluctuations can be masked by highly asymmetric block dynamics, thereby resolving a long-standing disagreement in the literature and reinforcing the importance of mechanical contrast in understanding the dynamics of ordered and disordered block polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Hickey
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy M. Gillard
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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27
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Hsueh HY, Yao CT, Ho RM. Well-ordered nanohybrids and nanoporous materials from gyroid block copolymer templates. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1974-2018. [PMID: 25622806 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The design of nanostructured materials and their corresponding morphologies has attracted intense attention because of their effectiveness in tuning electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties, as well as mechanical properties. Although many technologies have been explored to fabricate nanostructured materials, templated synthesis is one of the most important approaches to fabricate nanostructured materials with precisely controlled structures and morphologies from their constituent components. In this review article, we aim to highlight the use of the self-assembly of block copolymers as an emerging and powerful tool to fabricate well-defined nanomaterials with precise control over the structural dimensions and shape, as well as over the composition and corresponding spatial arrangement. After providing a brief introduction to the synthesis of regular porous materials, including silica- and carbon-based mesoporous materials, the review focuses on the fabrication of well-ordered nanoporous polymers from the selfassembly of degradable block copolymers, in particular with gyroid-forming network morphologies, as templates for the syntheses of various materials with different entities. We highlight the principles of different templated syntheses, from the fundamentals to their practical uses in the fabrication of nanohybrids and nanoporous materials; moreover, we provide an introduction to templates, precursors, solvents, and processing. Finally, some recent examples using block copolymer structure-directed nanomaterials for applications, such as solar cells, catalysis, and drug delivery, are presented. In particular, by taking advantage of the "well-ordered" structural characteristics of the gyroid texture, the properties and applications of 3D regular nanostructures, such as the photonic behavior and optical properties of gyroid-forming nanostructures, as well as of gyroid-forming metamaterials, will be emphasized. Special attention is also given to present new developments and future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China.
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28
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Hess SC, Kohll AX, Raso RA, Schumacher CM, Grass RN, Stark WJ. Template-particle stabilized bicontinuous emulsion yielding controlled assembly of hierarchical high-flux filtration membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:611-617. [PMID: 25513883 DOI: 10.1021/am506737n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel solvent-evaporation-based process that exploits template-particle stabilized bicontinuous emulsions for the formation of previously unreached membrane morphologies is reported in this article. Porous membranes have a wide range of applications spanning from water filtration, pharmaceutical purification, and battery separators to scaffolds for tissue engineering. Different situations require different membrane morphologies including various pore sizes and pore gradients. However, most of the previously reported membrane preparation procedures are restricted to specific morphologies and morphology alterations require an extensive optimization process. The tertiary system presented in this article, which consists of a poly(ether sulfone)/dimethylacetamide (PES/DMAc) solution, glycerol, and ZnO-nanoparticles, allows simple and exact tuning of pore diameters ranging from sub-20 nm, up to 100 nm. At the same time, the pore size gradient is controlled from 0 up to 840%/μm yielding extreme asymmetry. In addition to structural analysis, water flux rates of over 5600 L m(-2) h(-1) are measured for membranes retaining 45 nm silica beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Hess
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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29
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Cai D, Clegg PS. Stabilizing bijels using a mixture of fumed silica nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16984-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07346d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of bicontinuous pickering emulsions (bijels) using “off the shelf” particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Cai
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Paul S. Clegg
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
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30
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Habersberger BM, Gillard TM, Hickey RJ, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Fluctuation Effects in Symmetric Diblock Copolymer-Homopolymer Ternary Mixtures near the Lamellar-Disorder Transition. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:1041-1045. [PMID: 35610789 DOI: 10.1021/mz500531y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have systematically mapped the phase behavior of a series of symmetric CE/C/E ternary copolymer/homopolymer mixtures, where C is poly(cyclohexylethylene) and E is poly(ethylene), identifying the location in composition of the technologically important bicontinuous microemulsion (BμE) channel as a function of diblock molecular weight. The lamellar-to-disorder transition, characterized by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and optical transmission measurements, exhibits increasingly second-order behavior as the BμE state is approached with increasing homopolymer content. Real-space transmission electron microscopy images obtained from rapidly frozen specimens evidence the development of large-scale fluctuating smectic correlations in the disordered state as the order-disorder transition is approached. This discovery provides fresh insights into the unexplained role of fluctuations in the formation of the BμE in ternary mixtures formed from binary blends of homopolymers that display an Ising-like critical point and a symmetric diblock copolymer governed by a weak, fluctuation-induced, first-order phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Habersberger
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy M. Gillard
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Hickey
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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31
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Carroll NJ, Crowder PF, Pylypenko S, Patterson W, Ratnaweera DR, Perahia D, Atanassov P, Petsev DN. Microfluidic synthesis of monodisperse nanoporous oxide particles and control of hierarchical pore structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3524-3529. [PMID: 23387998 DOI: 10.1021/am3030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Particles with hierarchical porosity can be formed by templating silica microparticles with a specially designed surfactant micelle/oil nanoemulsion mixture. The nanoemulsion oil droplet and micellar dimensions determine the pore size distribution: one set of pores with diameters of tens of nanometers coexisting with a second subset of pores with diameters of single nanometers. Further practical utility of these nanoporous particles requires precise tailoring of the hierarchical pore structure. In this synthesis study, the particle nanostructure is tuned by adjusting the oil, water, and surfactant mixture composition for the controlled design of nanoemulsion-templated features. We also demonstrate control of the size distribution and surface area of the smaller micelle-templated pores as a consequence of altering the hydrophobic chain length of the molecular surfactant template. Moreover, a microfluidic system is designed to process the low interfacial system for fabrication of monodisperse porous particles. The ability to direct the assembly of template nanoemulsion and micelle structures creates new opportunities to engineer hierarchically porous particles for utility as electrocatalysts for fuel cells, chromatography separations, drug delivery vehicles, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Carroll
- Department for Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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32
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Gong J, Zhang A, Bai H, Zhang Q, Du C, Li L, Hong Y, Li J. Formation of nanoscale networks: selectively swelling amphiphilic block copolymers with CO2-expanded liquids. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1195-1204. [PMID: 23299578 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr33188h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric films with nanoscale networks were prepared by selectively swelling an amphiphilic diblock copolymer, polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP), with the CO(2)-expanded liquid (CXL), CO(2)-methanol. The phase behavior of the CO(2)-methanol system was investigated by both theoretical calculation and experiments, revealing that methanol can be expanded by CO(2), forming homogeneous CXL under the experimental conditions. When treated with the CO(2)-methanol system, the spin cast compact PS-b-P4VP film was transformed into a network with interconnected pores, in a pressure range of 12-20 MPa and a temperature range of 45-60 °C. The formation mechanism of the network, involving plasticization of PS and selective swelling of P4VP, was proposed. Because the diblock copolymer diffusion process is controlled by the activated hopping of individual block copolymer chains with the thermodynamic barrier for moving PVP segments from one to another, the formation of the network structures is achieved in a short time scale and shows "thermodynamically restricted" character. Furthermore, the resulting polymer networks were employed as templates, for the preparation of polypyrrole networks, by an electrochemical polymerization process. The prepared porous polypyrrole film was used to fabricate a chemoresistor-type gas sensor which showed high sensitivity towards ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Gong
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
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33
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Drisko GL, Zelcer A, Wang X, Caruso RA, Soler-Illia GJDAA. Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of titania monoliths prepared with controlled macro- and mesopore structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:4123-4130. [PMID: 22775206 DOI: 10.1021/am300880q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a one-pot synthesis of crack-free titania monoliths with hierarchical macro-mesoporosity and crystalline anatase walls. Bimodal macroporosity is created through the polymer-induced phase separation of poly(furfuryl alcohol). The cationic polymerization of furfuryl alcohol is performed in situ and subsequently the polymer becomes immiscible with the aqueous phase, which includes titanic acid. Addition of template, Pluronic F127, increases the mesopore volume and diameter of the resulting titania, as the poly(ethylene glycol) block interacts with the titania precursor, leading to assisted assembly of the metal oxide framework. The hydrophobic poly(propylene glycol) micelle core could itself be swollen with monomeric and oligomeric furfuryl alcohol, allowing for mesopores as large as 18 nm. Variations in synthesis parameters affect porosity; for instance furfuryl alcohol content changes the size and texture of the macropores, water content changes the grain size of the titania and Pluronic F127 content changes the size and volume of the mesopore. Morphological manipulation improves the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Light can penetrate several millimeters into the porous monolith, giving these materials possible application in commercial devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenna L Drisko
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
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Hasegawa G, Kanamori K, Ishizuka N, Nakanishi K. New monolithic capillary columns with well-defined macropores based on poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:2343-2347. [PMID: 22530588 DOI: 10.1021/am300552q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Macroporous polymer monoliths based on poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) with varied styrene/divinylbenzene ratios have been prepared by organotellurium-mediated living radical polymerization. The well-defined cocontinuous macroporous structure can be obtained by polymerization-induced spinodal decomposition, and the pore structures are controlled by adjusting the starting composition. The separation efficiency of small molecules (alkylbenzenes) in the obtained monoliths has been evaluated in the capillary format by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) under the isocratic reversed-phase mode. Baseline separations of these molecules with a low pressure drop (∼2 MPa) have been achieved because of the well-defined macropores and to the less-heterogeneous cross-linked networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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