1
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Campbell D, Johnson M, Piedrahita R, Pillarisetti A, Waller LA, Kearns KA, Kremer J, Mollinedo E, Sarnat JA, Clark ML, Underhill LJ, McCracken JP, Diaz-Artiga A, Steenland K, Rosa G, Kirby MA, Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Mukhopadhyay K, Sendhil S, Natarajan A, Ndagijimana F, Dusabimana E, Thompson LM, Checkley W, Nicolaou L, Hartinger S, Peel JL, Clasen TF, Naeher LP. Factors Determining Black Carbon Exposures among Pregnant Women Enrolled in the HAPIN Trial. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10162-10174. [PMID: 38810212 PMCID: PMC11171448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Residential biomass burning is an important source of black carbon (BC) exposure among rural communities in low- and middle-income countries. We collected 7165 personal BC samples and individual/household level information from 3103 pregnant women enrolled in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network trial. Women in the intervention arm received free liquefied petroleum gas stoves and fuel throughout pregnancy; women in the control arm continued the use of biomass stoves. Median (IQR) postintervention BC exposures were 9.6 μg/m3 (5.2-14.0) for controls and 2.8 μg/m3 (1.6-4.8) for the intervention group. Using mixed models, we characterized predictors of BC exposure and assessed how exposure contrasts differed between arms by select predictors. Primary stove type was the strongest predictor (R2 = 0.42); the models including kerosene use, kitchen location, education, occupation, or stove use hours also provided additional explanatory power from the base model adjusted only for the study site. Our full, trial-wide, model explained 48% of the variation in BC exposures. We found evidence that the BC exposure contrast between arms differed by study site, adherence to the assigned study stove, and whether the participant cooked. Our findings highlight factors that may be addressed before and during studies to implement more impactful cookstove intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan
A. Campbell
- University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Benchmark
Risk Group, Chicago, Illinois 60601, United States
| | - Michael Johnson
- Berkeley
Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, California 94701, United States
| | - Ricardo Piedrahita
- Berkeley
Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, California 94701, United States
| | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Environmental
Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Department
of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 80521, United States
| | - Katherine A. Kearns
- University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Berkeley
Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, California 94701, United States
| | - Jacob Kremer
- University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | - Jeremy A. Sarnat
- Department
of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 80521, United States
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department
of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Lindsay J. Underhill
- Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - John P. McCracken
- University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Center
for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle
de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala 01015, United States
| | - Anaité Diaz-Artiga
- Center
for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle
de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala 01015, United States
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins
School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ghislaine Rosa
- Department
of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, U.K.
| | - Miles A. Kirby
- Department
of Global Health and Population, Harvard
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air quality, Climate
and Health,
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600001, India
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air quality, Climate
and Health,
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600001, India
| | - Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air quality, Climate
and Health,
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600001, India
| | - Saritha Sendhil
- ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air quality, Climate
and Health,
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600001, India
| | - Amudha Natarajan
- ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air quality, Climate
and Health,
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600001, India
| | | | | | - Lisa M. Thompson
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins
School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William Checkley
- Center for
Global Non-Communicable Diseases, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Division
of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Laura Nicolaou
- Center for
Global Non-Communicable Diseases, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Division
of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Stella Hartinger
- Center for
Global Non-Communicable Diseases, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Division
of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department
of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas F. Clasen
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins
School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Luke P. Naeher
- University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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2
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Casey JA, Daouda M, Babadi RS, Do V, Flores NM, Berzansky I, González DJ, Van Horne YO, James-Todd T. Methods in Public Health Environmental Justice Research: a Scoping Review from 2018 to 2021. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023; 10:312-336. [PMID: 37581863 PMCID: PMC10504232 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The volume of public health environmental justice (EJ) research produced by academic institutions increased through 2022. However, the methods used for evaluating EJ in exposure science and epidemiologic studies have not been catalogued. Here, we completed a scoping review of EJ studies published in 19 environmental science and epidemiologic journals from 2018 to 2021 to summarize research types, frameworks, and methods. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 402 articles that included populations with health disparities as a part of EJ research question and met other inclusion criteria. Most studies (60%) evaluated EJ questions related to socioeconomic status (SES) or race/ethnicity. EJ studies took place in 69 countries, led by the US (n = 246 [61%]). Only 50% of studies explicitly described a theoretical EJ framework in the background, methods, or discussion and just 10% explicitly stated a framework in all three sections. Among exposure studies, the most common area-level exposure was air pollution (40%), whereas chemicals predominated personal exposure studies (35%). Overall, the most common method used for exposure-only EJ analyses was main effect regression modeling (50%); for epidemiologic studies the most common method was effect modification (58%), where an analysis evaluated a health disparity variable as an effect modifier. Based on the results of this scoping review, current methods in public health EJ studies could be bolstered by integrating expertise from other fields (e.g., sociology), conducting community-based participatory research and intervention studies, and using more rigorous, theory-based, and solution-oriented statistical research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A. Casey
- University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA USA
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Misbath Daouda
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Ryan S. Babadi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Vivian Do
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Nina M. Flores
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Isa Berzansky
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - David J.X. González
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Tamarra James-Todd
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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3
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Wellenius GA. Assessing exposure to air pollution during pregnancy:The role of personal exposure monitoring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2023. [PMID: 37245867 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Wellenius
- Center for Climate and Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Das A, Baig NA, Yawar M, Kumar A, Habib G, Perumal V. Size fraction of hazardous particulate matter governing the respiratory deposition and inhalation risk in the highly polluted city Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11600-11616. [PMID: 36097310 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Delhi has been identified as one of the highly polluted cities in the world and recently associated with the highest population weighted PM2.5 concentration. However, the unavailability of the health risk estimations using long-term data for Indian cities has been pointed out as a hurdle in performing the correct assessment. The present work estimated deposition of particles in different regions of respiratory systems (head airway = 67% deposition for 2.5 µm particles; tracheo-bronchiolar (TB) = 73% deposition for 1.0 µm particles; alveolar (AL) = 17% deposition for 0.5 µm, 0.25 µm, and < 0.25 µm particles) using PM samples collected at a breathing height of 1.5 m near the major ring road in New Delhi (India). The calculated risk index (RI) varied considerably between winter (1.21 ± 0.26 to 1.33 ± 0.50) and pre-monsoon-southwest monsoon months (0.34 ± 0.08 to 0.96 ± 0.27). Respiratory deposition dose of nanosized particles (≤ 500 nm) in the alveoli region of the lung was found to be considerable (35%) indicating the need for understanding the role of these particles in posing health risk. Although the calculated values of risk metric for exposures of PM-associated metals indicated no risk to IIT Delhi population (hazard quotient < 1 and excess risk of getting cancer < 10-6-10-9), continuous monitoring for particles of different sizes at inhalation height are required for protecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Nisar Ali Baig
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Yawar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Gazala Habib
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
| | - Vivekanandan Perumal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
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5
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Lim S, Bassey E, Bos B, Makacha L, Varaden D, Arku RE, Baumgartner J, Brauer M, Ezzati M, Kelly FJ, Barratt B. Comparing human exposure to fine particulate matter in low and high-income countries: A systematic review of studies measuring personal PM 2.5 exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155207. [PMID: 35421472 PMCID: PMC7615091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the adverse health effects of air pollution, researchers have advocated for personal exposure measurements whereby individuals carry portable monitors in order to better characterise and understand the sources of people's pollution exposure. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review is to assess the differences in the magnitude and sources of personal PM2.5 exposures experienced between countries at contrasting levels of income. METHODS This review summarised studies that measured participants personal exposure by carrying a PM2.5 monitor throughout their typical day. Personal PM2.5 exposures were summarised to indicate the distribution of exposures measured within each country income category (based on low (LIC), lower-middle (LMIC), upper-middle (UMIC), and high (HIC) income countries) and between different groups (i.e. gender, age, urban or rural residents). RESULTS From the 2259 search results, there were 140 studies that met our criteria. Overall, personal PM2.5 exposures in HICs were lower compared to other countries, with UMICs exposures being slightly lower than exposures measured in LMICs or LICs. 34% of measured groups in HICs reported below the ambient World Health Organisation 24-h PM2.5 guideline of 15 μg/m3, compared to only 1% of UMICs and 0% of LMICs and LICs. There was no difference between rural and urban participant exposures in HICs, but there were noticeably higher exposures recorded in rural areas compared to urban areas in non-HICs, due to significant household sources of PM2.5 in rural locations. In HICs, studies reported that secondhand smoke, ambient pollution infiltrating indoors, and traffic emissions were the dominant contributors to personal exposures. While, in non-HICs, household cooking and heating with biomass and coal were reported as the most important sources. CONCLUSION This review revealed a growing literature of personal PM2.5 exposure studies, which highlighted a large variability in exposures recorded and severe inequalities in geographical and social population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Lim
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Eridiong Bassey
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Brendan Bos
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liberty Makacha
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Place Alert Labs, Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe; Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Diana Varaden
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Raphael E Arku
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, UK; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR-HPRU Environmental Exposures and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
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6
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Alas HD, Stöcker A, Umlauf N, Senaweera O, Pfeifer S, Greven S, Wiedensohler A. Pedestrian exposure to black carbon and PM 2.5 emissions in urban hot spots: new findings using mobile measurement techniques and flexible Bayesian regression models. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:604-614. [PMID: 34455418 PMCID: PMC9349038 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data from extensive mobile measurements (MM) of air pollutants provide spatially resolved information on pedestrians' exposure to particulate matter (black carbon (BC) and PM2.5 mass concentrations). OBJECTIVE We present a distributional regression model in a Bayesian framework that estimates the effects of spatiotemporal factors on the pollutant concentrations influencing pedestrian exposure. METHODS We modeled the mean and variance of the pollutant concentrations obtained from MM in two cities and extended commonly used lognormal models with a lognormal-normal convolution (logNNC) extension for BC to account for instrument measurement error. RESULTS The logNNC extension significantly improved the BC model. From these model results, we found local sources and, hence, local mitigation efforts to improve air quality, have more impact on the ambient levels of BC mass concentrations than on the regulated PM2.5. SIGNIFICANCE Firstly, this model (logNNC in bamlss package available in R) could be used for the statistical analysis of MM data from various study areas and pollutants with the potential for predicting pollutant concentrations in urban areas. Secondly, with respect to pedestrian exposure, it is crucial for BC mass concentration to be monitored and regulated in areas dominated by traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honey Dawn Alas
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Almond Stöcker
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Sascha Pfeifer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Li X, Baumgartner J, Barrington-Leigh C, Harper S, Robinson B, Shen G, Sternbach T, Tao S, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Carter E. Socioeconomic and Demographic Associations with Wintertime Air Pollution Exposures at Household, Community, and District Scales in Rural Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8308-8318. [PMID: 35675631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese government implemented a national household energy transition program that replaced residential coal heating stoves with electricity-powered heat pumps for space heating in northern China. As part of a baseline assessment of the program, this study investigated variability in personal air pollution exposures within villages and between villages and evaluated exposure patterns by sociodemographic factors. We randomly recruited 446 participants in 50 villages in four districts in rural Beijing and measured 24 h personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC). The geometric mean personal exposure to PM2.5 and BC was 72 and 2.5 μg/m3, respectively. The variability in PM2.5 and BC exposures was greater within villages than between villages. Study participants who used traditional stoves as their dominant source of space heating were exposed to the highest levels of PM2.5 and BC. Wealthier households tended to burn more coal for space heating, whereas less wealthy households used more biomass. PM2.5 and BC exposures were almost uniformly distributed by socioeconomic status. Future work that combines these results with PM2.5 chemical composition analysis will shed light on whether air pollution source contributors (e.g., industrial, traffic, and household solid fuel burning) follow similar distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Christopher Barrington-Leigh
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
- Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Sam Harper
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Brian Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Talia Sternbach
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
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8
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Miri M, Rezaei H, Momtaz SM, Najafi ML, Adli A, Pajohanfar NS, Abroudi M, Bazghandi MS, Razavi Z, Alonso L, Tonne C, Basagaña X, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Sunyer J, Nawrot TS, Dadvand P. Determinants of carbon load in airway macrophages in pregnant women. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118765. [PMID: 34973383 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The airway macrophages carbon loading (AMCL) has been suggested to be a biomarker of the long-term exposure to air pollution; however, to date no study has characterized AMCL for the pregnancy period. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the determinants of AMCL during pregnancy in Iran, a middle-income country. This study was based on a sample of 234 pregnant women with term and normal vaginal delivery who were residing in Sabzevar, Iran (2019). We characterized 35 potential determinants of personal exposure to air pollution for each participant, including six personal, nine indoor, and 20 home-outdoor factors. We applied Deletion/Substitution/Addition algorithm to identify the most relevant determinants that could predict AMCL levels. The median (IQR) of AMCL level was 0.12 (0.30) μm2 with a successful sputum induction in 82.9% (194) of participants. Ambient residential PM2.5 levels were positively associated with higher AMCL levels. On the other hand, increased residential distance to the traffic lights, squares and ring-roads, the duration of opening window per day, and opening window during cooking were inversely associated with AMCL levels. Our findings provide novel insights on the different personal, indoor, and outdoor determinants of personal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy in a middle-income country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miri
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hossein Rezaei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Momtaz
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Zarand School of Nursing, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moslem Lari Najafi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Adli
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Nasim Sadat Pajohanfar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mina Abroudi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Malihe Sadat Bazghandi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zahra Razavi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Lucia Alonso
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
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9
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Shupler M, Hystad P, Birch A, Chu YL, Jeronimo M, Miller-Lionberg D, Gustafson P, Rangarajan S, Mustaha M, Heenan L, Seron P, Lanas F, Cazor F, Jose Oliveros M, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Camacho PA, Otero J, Perez M, Yeates K, West N, Ncube T, Ncube B, Chifamba J, Yusuf R, Khan A, Liu Z, Wu S, Wei L, Tse LA, Mohan D, Kumar P, Gupta R, Mohan I, Jayachitra KG, Mony PK, Rammohan K, Nair S, Lakshmi PVM, Sagar V, Khawaja R, Iqbal R, Kazmi K, Yusuf S, Brauer M. Multinational prediction of household and personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in the PURE cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107021. [PMID: 34915352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of polluting cooking fuels generates household air pollution (HAP) containing health-damaging levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Many global epidemiological studies rely on categorical HAP exposure indicators, which are poor surrogates of measured PM2.5 levels. To quantitatively characterize HAP levels on a large scale, a multinational measurement campaign was leveraged to develop household and personal PM2.5 exposure models. METHODS The Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE)-AIR study included 48-hour monitoring of PM2.5 kitchen concentrations (n = 2,365) and male and/or female PM2.5 exposure monitoring (n = 910) in a subset of households in Bangladesh, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Pakistan, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. PURE-AIR measurements were combined with survey data on cooking environment characteristics in hierarchical Bayesian log-linear regression models. Model performance was evaluated using leave-one-out cross validation. Predictive models were applied to survey data from the larger PURE cohort (22,480 households; 33,554 individuals) to quantitatively estimate PM2.5 exposures. RESULTS The final models explained half (R2 = 54%) of the variation in kitchen PM2.5 measurements (root mean square error (RMSE) (log scale):2.22) and personal measurements (R2 = 48%; RMSE (log scale):2.08). Primary cooking fuel type, heating fuel type, country and season were highly predictive of PM2.5 kitchen concentrations. Average national PM2.5 kitchen concentrations varied nearly 3-fold among households primarily cooking with gas (20 μg/m3 (Chile); 55 μg/m3 (China)) and 12-fold among households primarily cooking with wood (36 μg/m3 (Chile)); 427 μg/m3 (Pakistan)). Average PM2.5 kitchen concentration, heating fuel type, season and secondhand smoke exposure were significant predictors of personal exposures. Modeled average PM2.5 female exposures were lower than male exposures in upper-middle/high-income countries (India, China, Colombia, Chile). CONCLUSION Using survey data to estimate PM2.5 exposures on a multinational scale can cost-effectively scale up quantitative HAP measurements for disease burden assessments. The modeled PM2.5 exposures can be used in future epidemiological studies and inform policies targeting HAP reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Shupler
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Aaron Birch
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yen Li Chu
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Paul Gustafson
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha Mustaha
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Heenan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela Seron
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Camacho
- Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Johnna Otero
- Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Karen Yeates
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nicola West
- Pamoja Tunaweza Research Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tatenda Ncube
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brian Ncube
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jephat Chifamba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rita Yusuf
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afreen Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zhiguang Liu
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Shutong Wu
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Li Wei
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Deepa Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
| | - Indu Mohan
- Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - K G Jayachitra
- St. John's Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Prem K Mony
- St. John's Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Kamala Rammohan
- Health Action By People, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Sanjeev Nair
- Health Action By People, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - P V M Lakshmi
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Sagar
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rehman Khawaja
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khawar Kazmi
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Hossain S, Che W, Lau AKH. Inter- and Intra-Individual Variability of Personal Health Risk of Combined Particle and Gaseous Pollutants across Selected Urban Microenvironments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010565. [PMID: 35010825 PMCID: PMC8744794 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure surrogates, such as air quality measured at a fixed-site monitor (FSM) or residence, are typically used for health estimates. However, people spend various amounts of time in different microenvironments, including the home, office, outdoors and in transit, where they are exposed to different magnitudes of particle and gaseous air pollutants. Health risks caused by air pollution exposure differ among individuals due to differences in activity, microenvironmental concentration, as well as the toxicity of pollutants. We evaluated individual and combined added health risks (AR) of exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and O3 for 21 participants in their daily life based on real-world personal exposure measurements. Exposure errors from using surrogates were quantified. Inter- and intra-individual variability in health risks and key contributors in variations were investigated using linear mixed-effects models and correlation analysis, respectively. Substantial errors were found between personal exposure concentrations and ambient concentrations when using air quality measurements at either FSM or the residence location. The mean exposure errors based on the measurements taken at either the FSM or residence as exposure surrogates was higher for NO2 than PM2.5, because of the larger spatial variability in NO2 concentrations in urban areas. The daily time-integrated AR for the combined PM2.5, NO2, and O3 (TIARcombine) ranged by a factor of 2.5 among participants and by a factor up to 2.5 for a given person across measured days. Inter- and intra-individual variability in TIARcombine is almost equally important. Several factors were identified to be significantly correlated with daily TIARcombine, with the top five factors, including PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentrations at ‘home indoor’, O3 concentrations at ‘office indoor’ and ambient PM2.5 concentrations. The results on the contributors of variability in the daily TIARcombine could help in targeting interventions to reduce daily health damage related to air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakhaoat Hossain
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; (S.H.); (A.K.-H.L.)
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Wenwei Che
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; (S.H.); (A.K.-H.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexis Kai-Hon Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; (S.H.); (A.K.-H.L.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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11
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Lai A, Lee M, Carter E, Chan Q, Elliott P, Ezzati M, Kelly F, Yan L, Wu Y, Yang X, Zhao L, Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ. Chemical Investigation of Household Solid Fuel Use and Outdoor Air Pollution Contributions to Personal PM 2.5 Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15969-15979. [PMID: 34817986 PMCID: PMC8655976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In communities with household solid fuel use, transitioning to clean stoves/fuels often results in only moderate reductions in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures; the chemical composition of those exposures may help explain why. We collected personal exposure (men and women) and outdoor PM2.5 samples in villages in three Chinese provinces (Shanxi, Beijing, and Guangxi) and measured chemical components, including water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), ions, elements, and organic tracers. Source contributions from chemical mass balance modeling (biomass burning, coal combustion, vehicles, dust, and secondary inorganic aerosol) were similar between outdoor and personal PM2.5 samples. Principal component analysis of organic and inorganic components identified analogous sources, including a regional ambient source. Chemical components of PM2.5 exposures did not differ significantly by gender. Participants using coal had higher personal/outdoor (P/O) ratios of coal combustion tracers (picene, sulfate, As, and Pb) than those not using coal, but no such trend was observed for biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, K+, WSOC). Picene and most levoglucosan P/O ratios exceeded 1 even among participants not using coal and biomass, respectively, indicating substantial indirect exposure to solid fuel emissions from other homes. Contributions of community-level emissions to exposures suggest that meaningful exposure reductions will likely require extensive fuel use changes within communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lai
- Environmental
Chemistry and Technology Program, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martha Lee
- Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Queenie Chan
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics,
and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Paul Elliott
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics,
and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics,
and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Frank Kelly
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental, and Forensic Sciences, Kings College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Li Yan
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental, and Forensic Sciences, Kings College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- Clinical
Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department
of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- Fuwai
Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical
College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Institute
for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - James J. Schauer
- Environmental
Chemistry and Technology Program, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin
State Laboratory of Hygiene, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, United States
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12
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Johnson M, Piedrahita R, Pillarisetti A, Shupler M, Menya D, Rossanese M, Delapeña S, Penumetcha N, Chartier R, Puzzolo E, Pope D. Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1441-1457. [PMID: 33655590 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the performance of modeling approaches to estimate personal exposure in Kenyan homes where cooking fuel combustion contributes substantially to household air pollution (HAP). We measured emissions (PM2.5 , black carbon, CO); household air pollution (PM2.5 , CO); personal exposure (PM2.5 , CO); stove use; and behavioral, socioeconomic, and household environmental characteristics (eg, ventilation and kitchen volume). We then applied various modeling approaches: a single-zone model; indirect exposure models, which combine person-location and area-level measurements; and predictive statistical models, including standard linear regression and ensemble machine learning approaches based on a set of predictors such as fuel type, room volume, and others. The single-zone model was reasonably well-correlated with measured kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 (R2 = 0.45) and CO (R2 = 0.45), but lacked precision. The best performing regression model used a combination of survey-based data and physical measurements (R2 = 0.76) and a root mean-squared error of 85 µg/m3 , and the survey-only-based regression model was able to predict PM2.5 exposures with an R2 of 0.51. Of the machine learning algorithms evaluated, extreme gradient boosting performed best, with an R2 of 0.57 and RMSE of 98 µg/m3 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew Shupler
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Diana Menya
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Chartier
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elisa Puzzolo
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Global LPG Partnership, London, UK
| | - Daniel Pope
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Lim S, Barratt B, Holliday L, Griffiths CJ, Mudway IS. Characterising professional drivers' exposure to traffic-related air pollution: Evidence for reduction strategies from in-vehicle personal exposure monitoring. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106532. [PMID: 33812042 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Professional drivers working in congested urban areas are required to work near harmful traffic related pollutants for extended periods, representing a significant, but understudied occupational risk. This study collected personal black carbon (BC) exposures for 141 drivers across seven sectors in London. The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude and the primary determinants of their exposure, leading to the formulation of targeted exposure reduction strategies for the occupation. Each participant's personal BC exposures were continuously measured using real-time monitors for 96 h, incorporating four shifts per participant. 'At work' BC exposures (3.1 ± 3.5 µg/m3) were 2.6 times higher compared to when 'not at work' (1.2 ± 0.7 µg/m3). Workers spent 19% of their time 'at work driving', however this activity contributed 36% of total BC exposure, highlighting the disproportionate effect driving had on their daily exposure. Taxi drivers experienced the highest BC exposures due to the time they spent working in congested central London, while emergency services had the lowest. Spikes in exposure were observed while driving and were at times greater than 100 µg/m3. The most significant determinants of drivers' exposures were driving in tunnels, congestion, location, day of week and time of shift. Driving with closed windows significantly reduced exposures and is a simple behaviour change drivers could implement. Our results highlight strategies by which employers and local policy makers can reduce professional drivers' exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Lim
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; NIHR Environmental Exposure and Health HPRU, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Lois Holliday
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Chris J Griffiths
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK; NIHR Environmental Exposure and Health HPRU, Imperial College London, UK
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14
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Zhu C, Maharajan K, Liu K, Zhang Y. Role of atmospheric particulate matter exposure in COVID-19 and other health risks in human: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111281. [PMID: 33961825 PMCID: PMC8096764 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to intense industrialization and urbanization, air pollution has become a serious global concern as a hazard to human health. Epidemiological studies found that exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) causes severe health problems in human and significant damage to the physiological systems. In recent days, PM exposure could be related as a carrier for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus transmission and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Hence, it is important to understand the adverse effects of PM in human health. This review aims to provide insights on the detrimental effects of PM in various human health problems including respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and immune system along with their possible toxicity mechanisms. Overall, this review highlights the potential relationship of PM with several life-limiting human diseases and their significance for better management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyue Zhu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Kannan Maharajan
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China.
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15
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Cheong DKW, Chandra Sekhar S, Tham KW, Balasubramanian R. Assessment of Home-Based and Mobility-Based Exposure to Black Carbon in an Urban Environment: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095028. [PMID: 34068742 PMCID: PMC8126254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of fossil fuels is a significant source of particulate-bound black carbon (BC) in urban environments. The personal exposure (PE) of urban dwellers to BC and subsequent health impacts remain poorly understood due to a lack of observational data. In this study, we assessed and quantified the levels of PE to BC under two exposure scenarios (home-based and mobility-based exposure) in the city of Trivandrum in India. In the home-based scenario, the PE to BC was assessed in a naturally ventilated building over 24 h each day during the study period while in the mobility-based scenario, the PE to BC was monitored across diverse microenvironments (MEs) during the day using the same study protocol for consistency. Elevated BC concentrations were observed during the transport by motorcycle (26.23 ± 2.33 µg/m3) and car (17.49 ± 2.37 µg/m3). The BC concentrations observed in the MEs decreased in the following order: 16.58 ± 1.38 µg/m3 (temple), 13.78 ± 2.07 µg/m3 (restaurant), 11.44 ± 1.37 µg/m3 (bus stop), and 8.27 ± 1.88 µg/m3 (home); the standard deviations represent the temporal and spatial variations of BC concentrations. Overall, a relatively larger inhaled dose of BC in the range of 148.98–163.87 µg/day was observed for the mobility-based scenario compared to the home-based one (118.10–137.03 µg/day). This work highlights the importance of reducing PE to fossil fuel-related particulate emissions in cities for which BC is a good indicator. The study outcome could be used to formulate effective strategies to improve the urban air quality as well as public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gerrit Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
| | - Phuong Thi Minh Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
- Faculty of Environment, The University of Danang—University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City 50608, Vietnam
| | - David Kok Wai Cheong
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Sitaraman Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Kwok Wai Tham
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-5135; Fax: +65-6779-1635
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16
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Grajeda LM, Thompson LM, Arriaga W, Canuz E, Omer SB, Sage M, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Bryan JP, McCracken JP. Effectiveness of Gas and Chimney Biomass Stoves for Reducing Household Air Pollution Pregnancy Exposure in Guatemala: Sociodemographic Effect Modifiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217723. [PMID: 33105825 PMCID: PMC7660060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Household air pollution (HAP) due to solid fuel use during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes. The real-life effectiveness of clean cooking interventions has been disappointing overall yet variable, but the sociodemographic determinants are not well described. We measured personal 24-h PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) thrice in pregnant women (n = 218) gravimetrically with Teflon filter, impactor, and personal pump setups. To estimate the effectiveness of owning chimney and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves (i.e., proportion of PM2.5 exposure that would be prevented) and to predict subject-specific typical exposures, we used linear mixed-effects models with log (PM2.5) as dependent variable and random intercept for subject. Median (IQR) personal PM2.5 in µg/m3 was 148 (90-249) for open fire, 78 (51-125) for chimney stove, and 55 (34-79) for LPG stoves. Adjusted effectiveness of LPG stoves was greater in women with ≥6 years of education (49% (95% CI: 34, 60)) versus <6 years (26% (95% CI: 5, 42)). In contrast, chimney stove adjusted effectiveness was greater in women with <6 years of education (50% (95% CI: 38, 60)), rural residence (46% (95% CI: 34, 55)) and lowest SES (socio-economic status) quartile (59% (95% CI: 45, 70)) than ≥6 years education (16% (95% CI: 22, 43)), urban (23% (95% CI: -164, 42)) and highest SES quartile (-44% (95% CI: -183, 27)), respectively. A minority of LPG stove owners (12%) and no chimney owner had typical exposure below World Health Organization Air Quality guidelines (35 μg/m3). Although having a cleaner stove alone typically does not lower exposure enough to protect health, understanding sociodemographic determinants of effectiveness may lead to better targeting, implementation, and adoption of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Grajeda
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (E.C.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lisa M. Thompson
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - William Arriaga
- Regional Hospital, Ministry of Public Health Social Assistance of Guatemala, Quetzaltenango 09001, Guatemala;
| | - Eduardo Canuz
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (E.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Schools of Public Health & Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Michael Sage
- Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;
| | | | - Joe P. Bryan
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central American Regional Office, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala
| | - John P. McCracken
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (E.C.); (J.P.M.)
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17
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Gould CF, Schlesinger SB, Molina E, Lorena Bejarano M, Valarezo A, Jack DW. Long-standing LPG subsidies, cooking fuel stacking, and personal exposure to air pollution in rural and peri-urban Ecuador. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:707-720. [PMID: 32415299 PMCID: PMC7316622 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ecuador presents a unique case study for evaluating personal air pollution exposure in a middle-income country where a clean cooking fuel has been available at low cost for several decades. We measured personal PM2.5 exposure, stove use, and participant location during a 48-h monitoring period for 157 rural and peri-urban households in coastal and Andean Ecuador. While nearly all households owned a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and used it as their primary cooking fuel, one-quarter of households utilized firewood as a secondary fuel and 10% used induction stoves secondary to LPG. Stove use monitoring demonstrated clear within- and across-meal fuel stacking patterns. Firewood-owning participants had higher distributions of 48-h and 10-min PM2.5 exposure as compared with primary LPG and induction stove users, and this effect became more pronounced with firewood use during monitoring.Accounting for within-subject clustering, contemporaneous firewood stove use was associated with 101 μg/m3 higher 10-min PM2.5 exposure (95% CI: 94-108 μg/m3). LPG and induction cooking events were largely not associated with contemporaneous PM2.5 exposure. Our results suggest that firewood use is associated with average and short-term personal air pollution exposure above the WHO interim-I guideline, even when LPG is the primary cooking fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Gould
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Emilio Molina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M Lorena Bejarano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alfredo Valarezo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Darby W Jack
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Ranzani OT, Milà C, Kulkarni B, Kinra S, Tonne C. Association of Ambient and Household Air Pollution With Bone Mineral Content Among Adults in Peri-urban South India. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e1918504. [PMID: 31899531 PMCID: PMC6991311 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.18504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Air pollution is a major threat to global health. Osteoporosis is responsible for a substantial burden of disease globally and is expected to increase in prevalence because of population aging. Few studies have investigated the association between air pollution and bone health, and their findings were inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between ambient and household air pollution and bone mass in a sample of the general population in peri-urban India. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a population-based cross-sectional analysis of the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study cohort, which recruited participants from 28 villages near Hyderabad, South India, during 2009 to 2012. Separate linear mixed models were fitted with nested random intercepts (household within villages) for each exposure-outcome pair and were sequentially adjusted for potential confounders. Data analysis was conducted between April 2019 and July 2019. EXPOSURES Annual mean ambient particulate matter air pollution less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) levels at the residence estimated by land-use regression and self-reported use of biomass cooking fuel. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was bone mineral content (BMC) measured in grams, corrected by bone area at the lumbar spine and left hip, as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The secondary outcome was bone mineral density measured in grams per centimeters squared. RESULTS A total of 3717 participants were analyzed (mean [SD] age, 35.7 [14.0] years; 1711 [46.0%] women). The annual mean (SD) PM2.5 exposure was 32.8 (2.5) μg/m3, and the annual mean (SD) BC exposure was 2.5 (0.2) μg/m3; 57.8% of participants used biomass cooking fuels. In fully adjusted models, PM2.5 was associated with lower BMC in the spine (mean difference, -0.57 g per 3 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5; 95% CI, -1.06 to -0.07 g per 3 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5) and hip (mean difference, -0.13 g per 3 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5; 95% CI, -0.3 to 0.03 g per 3 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5). After confounder adjustment, exposure to PM2.5 was also associated with lower bone mineral density in the spine (mean difference, -0.011 g/cm2 per 3 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5; 95% CI, -0.021 to 0 g/cm2 per 3 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5) and hip (mean difference, -0.004 g/cm2 per 3 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5; 95% CI, -0.008 to 0.001 g/cm2 per 3 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5). Exposure to BC was associated with lower BMC in the spine (mean difference, -1.13 g per 1 μg/m3 increase in BC; 95% CI, -2.81 to 0.54 g per 1 μg/m3 increase in BC) and hip (mean difference, -0.35 g per 1 μg/m3 increase in BC; 95% CI, -0.96 to 0.25 g per 1 μg/m3 increase in BC), although the confidence intervals were wider. There was no association between biomass fuel use and spine BMC (mean difference, 0.12 g; 95% CI, -0.45 to 0.68 g). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In a cross-sectional analysis of a population-based cohort, ambient air pollution was associated with lower BMC in a young adult population in a peri-urban area of South India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio T. Ranzani
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Milà
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bharati Kulkarni
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Curto A, Ranzani O, Milà C, Sanchez M, Marshall JD, Kulkarni B, Bhogadi S, Kinra S, Wellenius GA, Tonne C. Lack of association between particulate air pollution and blood glucose levels and diabetic status in peri-urban India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105033. [PMID: 31376594 PMCID: PMC6718580 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence exists on the effect of particulate air pollution on blood glucose levels. We evaluated the associations of residential and personal levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) with blood glucose and diabetic status among residents of 28 peri-urban villages in South India. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from 5065 adults (≥18 years, 54% men) included in the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study. Fasting plasma glucose was measured once in 2010-2012 and prevalent prediabetes and diabetes were defined following the American Diabetes Association criteria. We estimated annual ambient PM2.5 and BC levels at residence using land-use regression models and annual personal exposure to PM2.5 and BC using prediction models based on direct measurements from a subsample of 402 participants. We used linear and logistic nested mixed-effect models to assess the association between exposure metrics and health outcomes. For personal exposures, we stratified analyses by sex. RESULTS Mean (SD) residential PM2.5 and BC were 32.9 (2.6) μg/m3 and 2.5 (2.6) μg/m3, respectively; personal exposures to PM2.5 and BC were 54.5 (11.5) μg/m3 and 5.8 (2.5) μg/m3, respectively. Average (SD) fasting blood glucose was 5.3 (1.3) mmol/l, 16% of participants had prediabetes, and 5.5% had diabetes. Residential PM2.5 and BC were not associated with higher blood glucose levels. Personal PM2.5 (20 μg/m3 increase) and BC (1 μg/m3 increase) were negatively associated with blood glucose levels in women (PM2.5: -1.93, 95%CI: -3.12, -0.73; BC: -0.63, 95%CI: -0.90, -0.37). In men, associations were negative for personal PM2.5 (-1.99, 95%CI: -3.56, -0.39) and positive for personal BC (0.49, 95%CI: -0.44, 1.43). We observed no evidence of associations between any exposure and prevalence of prediabetes/diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not provide evidence that residential exposures to PM2.5 or BC are associated with blood glucose or prevalence of prediabetes/diabetes in this population. Associations with personal exposure may have been affected by unmeasured confounding, highlighting a challenge in using personal exposure estimates in air pollution epidemiology. These associations should be further examined in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Curto
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Otavio Ranzani
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Milà
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margaux Sanchez
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Bharati Kulkarni
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Santhi Bhogadi
- Public Health Foundation of India, Indian Institute for Public Health, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gregory A Wellenius
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, RI, USA
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain.
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