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Sun X, Sun Y. Synthesis of metallic high-entropy alloy nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4400-4433. [PMID: 38497773 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00954h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The theoretically infinite compositional space of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) and their novel properties and applications have attracted significant attention from a broader research community. The successful synthesis of high-quality single-phase HEA nanoparticles represents a crucial step in fully unlocking the potential of this new class of materials to drive innovations. This review analyzes the various methods reported in the literature to identify their commonalities and dissimilarities, which allows categorizing these methods into five general strategies. Physical minimization of HEA metals into HEA nanoparticles through cryo-milling represents the typical top-down strategy. The counter bottom-up strategy requires the simultaneous generation and precipitation of metal atoms of different elements on growing nanoparticles. Depending on the metal atom generation process, there are four synthesis strategies: vaporization of metals, burst reduction of metal precursors, thermal shock-induced reduction of metal precursors, and solvothermal reduction of metal precursors. Comparisons among the methods within each strategy, along with discussions, provide insights and guidance for achieving the robust synthesis of HEA nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Sun
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, 253023, P. R. China
| | - Yugang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA.
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2
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Li X, Wang F, Xia C, The HL, Bomer JG, Wang Y. Laser Controlled Manipulation of Microbubbles on a Surface with Silica-Coated Gold Nanoparticle Array. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2302939. [PMID: 37496086 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbubble generation and manipulation play critical roles in diverse applications such as microfluidic mixing, pumping, and microrobot propulsion. However, existing methods are typically limited to lateral movements on customized substrates or rely on specific liquids with particular properties or designed concentration gradients, thereby hindering their practical applications. To address this challenge, this paper presents a method that enables robust vertical manipulation of microbubbles. By focusing a resonant laser on hydrophilic silica-coated gold nanoparticle arrays immersed in water, plasmonic microbubbles are generated and detach from the substrates immediately upon cessation of laser irradiation. Using simple laser pulse control, it can achieve an adjustable size and frequency of bubble bouncing, which is governed by the movement of the three-phase contact line during surface wetting. Furthermore, it demonstrates that rising bubbles can be pulled back by laser irradiation induced thermal Marangoni flow, which is verified by particle image velocimetry measurements and numerical simulations. This study provides novel insights into flexible bubble manipulation and integration in microfluidics, with significant implications for various applications including mixing, drug delivery, and the development of soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Li
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Fulong Wang
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Xia
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hai Le The
- BIOS Lab-on-a-chip, University of Twente, Enschede, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, The Netherlands
- Physics of Fluids, Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics and J.M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Mechanics, University of Twente, Enschede, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Bomer
- BIOS Lab-on-a-chip, University of Twente, Enschede, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Beihang University, Ningbo, 315832, P. R. China
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3
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Tian F, Li M, Wu S, Li L, Hu H. A hybrid and scalable nanofabrication approach for bio-inspired bactericidal silicon nanospike surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113092. [PMID: 36577343 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insects and plants exhibit bactericidal properties through surface nanostructures, such as nanospikes, which physically kill bacteria without antibiotics or chemicals. This is a promising new avenue for achieving antibacterial surfaces. However, the existing methods for fabricating nanospikes are incapable of producing uniform nanostructures on a large scale and in a cost-effective manner. In this paper, a scalable nanofabrication method involving the application of nanosphere lithography and reactive ion etching for constructing nanospike surfaces is demonstrated. Low-cost silicon nanospikes with uniform spacing that were sized similarly to biological nanospikes on cicada wings with a 4-inch wafer scale were fabricated. The spacing, tip radius, and base diameter of the silicon nanospikes were controlled precisely by adjusting the nanosphere diameters, etching conditions, and diameter reduction. The bactericidal properties of the silicon nanospikes with 300 nm spacing were measured quantitatively using the standard viability plate count method; they killed E. coli cells with 59 % efficiency within 30 h. The antibacterial ability of the nanospike surface was further indicated by the morphological differences between bacteria observed in the scanning electron microscopic images as well as the live/dead stains of fluorescence signals. The fabrication process combined the advantages of both top-down and bottom-up methods and was a significant step toward affordable bio-inspired antibacterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- ZJUI Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, State Key laboratory of Fluidic Power & Mechanical Systems, Haining 314400, China; School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Meixi Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxiong Wu
- ZJUI Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, State Key laboratory of Fluidic Power & Mechanical Systems, Haining 314400, China; School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lei Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Huan Hu
- ZJUI Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, State Key laboratory of Fluidic Power & Mechanical Systems, Haining 314400, China; School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China.
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4
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Jonker D, Berenschot EJW, Tas NR, Tiggelaar RM, van Houselt A, Gardeniers HJGE. Large Dense Periodic Arrays of Vertically Aligned Sharp Silicon Nanocones. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:100. [PMID: 36245035 PMCID: PMC9573847 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Convex cylindrical silicon nanostructures, also referred to as silicon nanocones, find their value in many applications ranging from photovoltaics to nanofluidics, nanophotonics, and nanoelectronic applications. To fabricate silicon nanocones, both bottom-up and top-down methods can be used. The top-down method presented in this work relies on pre-shaping of silicon nanowires by ion beam etching followed by self-limited thermal oxidation. The combination of pre-shaping and oxidation obtains high-density, high aspect ratio, periodic, and vertically aligned sharp single-crystalline silicon nanocones at the wafer-scale. The homogeneity of the presented nanocones is unprecedented and may give rise to applications where numerical modeling and experiments are combined without assumptions about morphology of the nanocone. The silicon nanocones are organized in a square periodic lattice, with 250 nm pitch giving arrays containing 1.6 billion structures per square centimeter. The nanocone arrays were several mm2 in size and located centimeters apart across a 100-mm-diameter single-crystalline silicon (100) substrate. For single nanocones, tip radii of curvature < 3 nm were measured. The silicon nanocones were vertically aligned, baring a height variation of < 5 nm (< 1%) for seven adjacent nanocones, whereas the height inhomogeneity is < 80 nm (< 16%) across the full wafer scale. The height inhomogeneity can be explained by inhomogeneity present in the radii of the initial columnar polymer mask. The presented method might also be applicable to silicon micro- and nanowires derived through other top-down or bottom-up methods because of the combination of ion beam etching pre-shaping and thermal oxidation sharpening. A novel method is presented where argon ion beam etching and thermal oxidation sharpening are combined to tailor a high-density single-crystalline silicon nanowire array into a vertically aligned single-crystalline silicon nanocones array with < 3 nm apex radius of curvature tips, at the wafer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jonker
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van Houselt
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Alsudir SA, Fardous RS, Alsoughayer S, Almalik AM, Alsharaeh EH, Alhasan AH. Custom-made holey graphene via scanning probe block co-polymer lithography. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1336-1344. [PMID: 36133681 PMCID: PMC9418674 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00769f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative chemical etching of metal nanoparticles (NPs) to produce holey graphene (hG) suffers from the presence of aggregated NPs on the graphene surface triggering heterogeneous etching rates and thereby producing irregular sized holes. To encounter such a challenge, we investigated the use of scanning probe block co-polymer lithography (SPBCL) to fabricate precisely positioned silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on graphene surfaces with exquisite control over the NP size to prevent their aggregation and consequently produce uniformly distributed holes after oxidative chemical etching. SPBCL experiments were carried out via printing an ink suspension consisting of poly(ethylene oxide-b-2-vinylpyridine) and silver nitrate on a graphene surface in a selected pattern under controlled environmental and instrumental parameters followed by thermal annealing in a gaseous environment to fabricate AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the uniform size distribution of AgNPs on the graphene surface with minimal to no aggregation. Four main sizes of AgNPs were obtained (37 ± 3, 45 ± 3, 54 ± 2, and 64 ± 3 nm) via controlling the printing force, z-piezo extension, and dwell time. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis validated the existence of elemental Ag on the graphene surface. Subsequent chemical etching of AgNPs using nitric acid (HNO3) with the aid of sonication and mechanical agitation produced holes of uniform size distribution generating hG. The obtained I D/I G ratios ≤ 0.96 measured by Raman spectroscopy were lower than those commonly reported for GO (I D/I G > 1), indicating the removal of more defective C atoms during the etching process to produce hG while preserving the remaining C atoms in ordered or crystalline structures. Indeed, SPBCL could be utilized to fabricate uniformly distributed AgNPs of controlled sizes on graphene surfaces to ultimately produce hG of uniform hole size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Alsudir
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) P. O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia
| | - Roa S Fardous
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) P. O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahla Alsoughayer
- KACST-BWH/Harvard Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) P. O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almalik
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) P. O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia
- KACST-BWH/Harvard Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) P. O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia
| | - Edreese H Alsharaeh
- College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University P. O. Box 50927 Riyadh 11533 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Alhasan
- College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University P. O. Box 50927 Riyadh 11533 Saudi Arabia
- National Center for Biotechnology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) P. O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia
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Lv P, Peñas P, Le The H, Eijkel J, van den Berg A, Zhang X, Lohse D. Self-Propelled Detachment upon Coalescence of Surface Bubbles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:235501. [PMID: 34936792 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.235501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The removal of microbubbles from substrates is crucial for the efficiency of many catalytic and electrochemical gas evolution reactions in liquids. The current work investigates the coalescence and detachment of bubbles generated from catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Self-propelled detachment, induced by the coalescence of two bubbles, is observed at sizes much smaller than those determined by buoyancy. Upon coalescence, the released surface energy is partly dissipated by the bubble oscillations, working against viscous drag. The remaining energy is converted to the kinetic energy of the out-of-plane jumping motion of the merged bubble. The critical ratio of the parent bubble sizes for the jumping to occur is theoretically derived from an energy balance argument and found to be in agreement with the experimental results. The present results provide both physical insight for the bubble interactions and practical strategies for applications in chemical engineering and renewable energy technologies like electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Physics of Fluids group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Pablo Peñas
- Physics of Fluids group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Hai Le The
- Physics of Fluids group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Mathematics and Computer Science, MESA+Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jan Eijkel
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Mathematics and Computer Science, MESA+Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Mathematics and Computer Science, MESA+Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Physics of Fluids group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G1H9, Canada
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Jonker D, Jafari Z, Winczewski JP, Eyovge C, Berenschot JW, Tas NR, Gardeniers JGE, De Leon I, Susarrey-Arce A. A wafer-scale fabrication method for three-dimensional plasmonic hollow nanopillars. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4926-4939. [PMID: 34485816 PMCID: PMC8386417 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00316j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Access to nanofabrication strategies for crafting three-dimensional plasmonic structures is limited. In this work, a fabrication strategy to produce 3D plasmonic hollow nanopillars (HNPs) using Talbot lithography and I-line photolithography is introduced. This method is named subtractive hybrid lithography (SHL), and permits intermixed usage of nano-and-macroscale patterns. Sputter-redeposition of gold (Au) on the SHL resist pattern yields large areas of dense periodic Au-HNPs. These Au-HNPs are arranged in a square unit cell with a 250 nm pitch. The carefully controlled fabrication process resulted in Au-HNPs with nanoscale dimensions over the Au-HNP dimensions such as an 80 ± 2 nm thick solid base with a 133 ± 4 nm diameter, and a 170 ± 10 nm high nano-rim with a 14 ± 3 nm sidewall rim-thickness. The plasmonic optical response is assessed with FDTD-modeling and reveals that the highest field enhancement is at the top of the hollow nanopillar rim. The modeled field enhancement factor (EF) is compared to the experimental analytical field enhancement factor, which shows to pair up with ca. 103 < EF < 104 and ca. 103 < EF < 105 for excitation wavelengths of 633 and 785 nm. From a broader perspective, our results can stimulate the use of Au-HNPs in the fields of plasmonic sensors and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jonker
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - Z Jafari
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey Monterrey Nuevo Leon 64849 Mexico
| | - J P Winczewski
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - C Eyovge
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - N R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - I De Leon
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey Monterrey Nuevo Leon 64849 Mexico
| | - A Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
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8
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Le-The H, Küchler C, van den Berg A, Bodenschatz E, Lohse D, Krug D. Fabrication of freestanding Pt nanowires for use as thermal anemometry probes in turbulence measurements. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 34567742 PMCID: PMC8433353 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a robust fabrication method for patterning freestanding Pt nanowires for use as thermal anemometry probes for small-scale turbulence measurements. Using e-beam lithography, high aspect ratio Pt nanowires (~300 nm width, ~70 µm length, ~100 nm thickness) were patterned on the surface of oxidized silicon (Si) wafers. Combining wet etching processes with dry etching processes, these Pt nanowires were successfully released, rendering them freestanding between two silicon dioxide (SiO2) beams supported on Si cantilevers. Moreover, the unique design of the bridge holding the device allowed gentle release of the device without damaging the Pt nanowires. The total fabrication time was minimized by restricting the use of e-beam lithography to the patterning of the Pt nanowires, while standard photolithography was employed for other parts of the devices. We demonstrate that the fabricated sensors are suitable for turbulence measurements when operated in constant-current mode. A robust calibration between the output voltage and the fluid velocity was established over the velocity range from 0.5 to 5 m s-1 in a SF6 atmosphere at a pressure of 2 bar and a temperature of 21 °C. The sensing signal from the nanowires showed negligible drift over a period of several hours. Moreover, we confirmed that the nanowires can withstand high dynamic pressures by testing them in air at room temperature for velocities up to 55 m s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le-The
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Küchler
- Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Bodenschatz
- Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Krug
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Max Planck-University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Wu T, Zheng H, Kou Y, Su X, Kadasala NR, Gao M, Chen L, Han D, Liu Y, Yang J. Self-sustainable and recyclable ternary Au@Cu 2O-Ag nanocomposites: application in ultrasensitive SERS detection and highly efficient photocatalysis of organic dyes under visible light. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:23. [PMID: 34567737 PMCID: PMC8433429 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ternary noble metal-semiconductor nanocomposites (NCs) with core-shell-satellite nanostructures have received widespread attention due to their outstanding performance in detecting pollutants through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and photodegradation of organic pollutants. In this work, ternary Au@Cu2O-Ag NCs were designed and prepared by a galvanic replacement method. The effect of different amounts of Ag nanocrystals adsorbed on the surfaces of Au@Cu2O on the SERS activity was investigated based on the SERS detection of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) reporter molecules. Based on electromagnetic field simulations and photoluminescence (PL) results, a possible SERS enhancement mechanism was proposed and discussed. Moreover, Au@Cu2O-Ag NCs served as SERS substrates, and highly sensitive SERS detection of malachite green (MG) with a detection limit as low as 10-9 M was achieved. In addition, Au@Cu2O-Ag NCs were recycled due to their superior self-cleaning ability and could catalyze the degradation of MG driven by visible light. This work demonstrates a wide range of possibilities for the integration of recyclable SERS detection and photodegradation of organic dyes and promotes the development of green testing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Hui Zheng
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Yichuan Kou
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Xinyue Su
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | | | - Ming Gao
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Donglai Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
| | - Jinghai Yang
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000 China
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10
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Ezaki R, Mizutani Y, Ura N, Uenohara T, Makiura Y, Takaya Y. Fabrication of three-dimensional high-aspect-ratio structures by oblique-incidence Talbot lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36924-36935. [PMID: 33379776 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing a suitable production method for three-dimensional periodic nanostructures with high aspect ratios is a subject of growing interest. For mass production, Talbot lithography offers many advantages. However, one disadvantage is that the minimum period of the light intensity distribution is limited by the period of the diffraction grating used. To enhance the aspect ratio of fabricated nanostructures, in the present study we focus on multiple wave interference between diffracted waves created using the Talbot effect. We propose a unique exposure method to generate multiple wave interference between adjacent diffraction orders by controlling the angle of incidence of an ultraviolet (UV) light source. Using finite-difference time-domain simulations, we obtain fringe patterns with a sub-wavelength period using a one-dimensional periodic grating mask. Moreover, we demonstrate the practical application of this approach by using UV lithography to fabricate sub-wavelength periodic photopolymer-based structures with an aspect ratio of 30 in millimeter-scale areas, indicating its suitability for mass production.
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11
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Jung WB, Jang S, Cho SY, Jeon HJ, Jung HT. Recent Progress in Simple and Cost-Effective Top-Down Lithography for ≈10 nm Scale Nanopatterns: From Edge Lithography to Secondary Sputtering Lithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907101. [PMID: 32243015 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating ≈10 nm scale nanopatterns over large areas is an important issue, owing to the performance enhancement such patterning brings to various applications including sensors, semiconductors, and flexible transparent electrodes. Although nanoimprinting, extreme ultraviolet, electron beams, and scanning probe litho-graphy are candidates for developing such nanopatterns, they are limited to complicated procedures with low throughput and high startup cost, which are difficult to use in various academic and industry fields. Recently, several easy and cost-effective lithographic approaches have been reported to produce ≈10 nm scale patterns without defects over large areas. This includes a method of reducing the size using the narrow edge of a pattern, which has been attracting attention for the past several decades. More recently, secondary sputtering lithography using an ion-bombardment technique was reported as a new method to create high-resolution and high-aspect-ratio structures. Recent progress in simple and cost-effective top-down lithography for ≈10 nm scale nanopatterns via edge and secondary sputtering techniques is reviewed. The principles, technical advances, and applications are demonstrated. Finally, the future direction of edge and secondary sputtering lithography research toward issues to be resolved to broaden applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Bin Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jang
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 1, Samsungjeonja-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hwan-Jin Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15073, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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12
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Kumar R, Chauhan M, Moinuddin MG, Sharma SK, Gonsalves KE. Development of Nickel-Based Negative Tone Metal Oxide Cluster Resists for Sub-10 nm Electron Beam and Helium Ion Beam Lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19616-19624. [PMID: 32267144 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid metal-organic cluster resist materials, also termed as organo-inorganics, demonstrate their potential for use in next-generation lithography owing to their ability for patterning down to ∼10 nm or below. High-resolution resist patterning is integrally associated with the compatibility of the resist and irradiation of the exposure source. Helium ion beam lithography (HIBL) is an emerging approach for the realization of sub-10 nm patterns at considerably lower line edge/width roughness (LER/LWR) and higher sensitivity as compared to electron beam lithography (EBL). Here, for the first time, a negative tone resist incorporating nickel (Ni)-based metal-organic clusters (Ni-MOCs) was synthesized and patterned using HIBL and EBL at 30 keV. This resist comprises a nickel-based metal building unit covalently linked with the organic ligand: m-toluic acid (C8H8O2). Dynamic light scattering confirmed a narrow size distribution of ∼2 nm for metal-organic cluster (MOC) formulations. High-resolution ∼9 nm HIBL line patterns were well developed at a sensitivity of 22 μC/cm2 and at a significantly low LER and LWR of 1.81 ± 0.06 and 2.90 ± 0.06 nm, respectively. Analogous high-resolution patterns were also observed in EBL with a sensitivity of 473 μC/cm2. Hence, the Ni-MOC-based resist investigated using HIBL and EBL elucidates the ability of its potential for the sub-10 nm technology node, under standard processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Kumar
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering (SCEE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Manvendra Chauhan
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering (SCEE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mohamad G Moinuddin
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering (SCEE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Satinder K Sharma
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering (SCEE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kenneth E Gonsalves
- School of Basic Sciences (SBS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Mandi, Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
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13
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Le-The H, Lozeman JJA, Lafuente M, Muñoz P, Bomer JG, Duy-Tong H, Berenschot E, van den Berg A, Tas NR, Odijk M, Eijkel JCT. Wafer-scale fabrication of high-quality tunable gold nanogap arrays for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12152-12160. [PMID: 31194202 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a robust and high-yield fabrication method for wafer-scale patterning of high-quality arrays of dense gold nanogaps, combining displacement Talbot lithography based shrink-etching with dry etching, wet etching, and thin film deposition techniques. By using the self-sharpening of <111>-oriented silicon crystal planes during the wet etching process, silicon structures with extremely smooth nanogaps are obtained. Subsequent conformal deposition of a silicon nitride layer and a gold layer results in dense arrays of narrow gold nanogaps. Using this method, we successfully fabricate high-quality Au nanogaps down to 10 nm over full wafer areas. Moreover, the gap spacing can be tuned by changing the thickness of deposited Au layers. Since the roughness of the template is minimized by the crystallographic etching of silicon, the roughness of the gold nanogaps depends almost exclusively on the roughness of the sputtered gold layers. Additionally, our fabricated Au nanogaps show a significant enhancement of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals of benzenethiol molecules chemisorbed on the structure surface, at an average enhancement factor up to 1.5 × 106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le-The
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Jasper J A Lozeman
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Lafuente
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Muñoz
- Optical Sciences Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Bomer
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Hien Duy-Tong
- Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese German University, Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Erwin Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
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14
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Le-The H, Tiggelaar RM, Berenschot E, van den Berg A, Tas N, Eijkel JCT. Postdeposition UV-Ozone Treatment: An Enabling Technique to Enhance the Direct Adhesion of Gold Thin Films to Oxidized Silicon. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6782-6789. [PMID: 31189059 PMCID: PMC6595434 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We found that continuous films of gold (Au) on oxidized silicon (SiO2) substrates, upon treatment with ultraviolet (UV)-ozone, exhibit strong adhesion to the SiO2 support. Importantly, the enhancement is independent of micro- or nanostructuring of such nanometer-thick films. Deposition of a second Au layer on top of the pretreated Au layer makes the adhesion stable for at least 5 months in environmental air. Using this treatment method enables us to large-scale fabricate various SiO2-supported Au structures at various thicknesses with dimensions spanning from a few hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers, without the use of additional adhesion layers. We explain the observed adhesion improvement as polarization-induced increased strength of Auδ-Siδ+ bonds at the Au-SiO2 interface due to the formation of a gold oxide monolayer on the Au surface by the UV-ozone treatment. Our simple and enabling method thus provides opportunities for patterning Au micro/nanostructures on SiO2 substrates without an intermediate metallic adhesion layer, which is critical for biosensing and nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le-The
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute & Max Planck Center for Complex
Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab
Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Berenschot
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute & Max Planck Center for Complex
Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Tas
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. T. Eijkel
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute & Max Planck Center for Complex
Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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Kanjanachuchai S, Wongpinij T, Euaruksakul C, Photongkam P. Au-catalyzed desorption of GaAs oxides. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:215703. [PMID: 30873954 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption of native oxides on GaAs(100), (110) and (111)B surfaces around Au particles are studied in vacuum using in situ microspectroscopy. Two temperature-dependent desorption regimes, common to all surfaces, are identified. The low-temperature desorption regime spatially limited to the vicinity of some Au nanoparticles (NPs) is catalytically enhanced, resulting in oxide pinholes which expand laterally into macro holes many times the size of the catalyzing NPs and with shapes dictated by the underlying crystallography. The high-temperature desorption regime causes homogeneous oxides thinning and, ultimately, complete oxide desorption. The temperature difference between the two regimes is ∼25 °C-60 °C. After oxide desorption and depending on Au size and GaAs surface orientation, Au particles may dissolve the fresh GaAs surface and form mobile AuGa2/Ga core/shell units, or form stationary AuGa2 crystallites, or the catalyzing Au particles may run with minimal reaction with the GaAs surface. These results will add to the fundamental understanding of many Au-based nanofabrication processes, particularly the epitaxial growth of vertical and lateral nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songphol Kanjanachuchai
- Semiconductor Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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16
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Le-The H, Tregouet C, Kappl M, Müller M, Kirchhoff K, Lohse D, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Eijkel JCT. Engulfment control of platinum nanoparticles into oxidized silicon substrates for fabrication of dense solid-state nanopore arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:065301. [PMID: 30523814 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We found that platinum (Pt) nanoparticles, upon annealing at high temperature of 1000 °C, are engulfed into amorphous fused-silica or thermal oxide silicon substrates. The same phenomenon was previously published for gold (Au) nanoparticles. Similar to the Au nanoparticles, the engulfed Pt nanoparticles connect to the surface of the substrates through conical nanopores, and the size of the Pt nanoparticles decreases with increasing depth of the nanopores. We explain the phenomena as driven by the formation of platinum oxide by reaction of the platinum with atmospheric oxygen, with platinum oxide evaporating to the environment. We found that the use of Pt provides much better controllability than the use of Au. Due to the high vapor pressure of platinum oxide, the engulfment of the Pt nanoparticles into oxidized silicon (SiO2) substrates is faster than of Au nanoparticles. At high temperature annealing we also find that the aggregation of Pt nanoparticles on the substrate surface is insignificant. As a result, the Pt nanoparticles are uniformly engulfed into the substrates, leading to an opportunity for patterning dense nanopore arrays. Moreover, the use of oxidized Si substrates enables us to precisely control the depth of the nanopores since the engulfment of Pt nanoparticles stops at a short distance above the SiO x /Si interface. After subsequent etching steps, a membrane with dense nanopore through-holes with diameters down to sub-30 nm is obtained. With its simple operation and high controllability, this fabrication method provides an alternative for rapid patterning of dense arrays of solid-state nanopores at low-cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le-The
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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17
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Coulon PM, Damilano B, Alloing B, Chausse P, Walde S, Enslin J, Armstrong R, Vézian S, Hagedorn S, Wernicke T, Massies J, Zúñiga‐Pérez J, Weyers M, Kneissl M, Shields PA. Displacement Talbot lithography for nano-engineering of III-nitride materials. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:52. [PMID: 31814992 PMCID: PMC6885515 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nano-engineering III-nitride semiconductors offers a route to further control the optoelectronic properties, enabling novel functionalities and applications. Although a variety of lithography techniques are currently employed to nano-engineer these materials, the scalability and cost of the fabrication process can be an obstacle for large-scale manufacturing. In this paper, we report on the use of a fast, robust and flexible emerging patterning technique called Displacement Talbot lithography (DTL), to successfully nano-engineer III-nitride materials. DTL, along with its novel and unique combination with a lateral planar displacement (D2TL), allow the fabrication of a variety of periodic nanopatterns with a broad range of filling factors such as nanoholes, nanodots, nanorings and nanolines; all these features being achievable from one single mask. To illustrate the enormous possibilities opened by DTL/D2TL, dielectric and metal masks with a number of nanopatterns have been generated, allowing for the selective area growth of InGaN/GaN core-shell nanorods, the top-down plasma etching of III-nitride nanostructures, the top-down sublimation of GaN nanostructures, the hybrid top-down/bottom-up growth of AlN nanorods and GaN nanotubes, and the fabrication of nanopatterned sapphire substrates for AlN growth. Compared with their planar counterparts, these 3D nanostructures enable the reduction or filtering of structural defects and/or the enhancement of the light extraction, therefore improving the efficiency of the final device. These results, achieved on a wafer scale via DTL and upscalable to larger surfaces, have the potential to unlock the manufacturing of nano-engineered III-nitride materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Coulon
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Benjamin Damilano
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, rue B. Gregory, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Blandine Alloing
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, rue B. Gregory, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Pierre Chausse
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Sebastian Walde
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Enslin
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Solid State Physics, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Armstrong
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Stéphane Vézian
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, rue B. Gregory, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Sylvia Hagedorn
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Wernicke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Solid State Physics, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean Massies
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, rue B. Gregory, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Jesus Zúñiga‐Pérez
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, rue B. Gregory, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Markus Weyers
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kneissl
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Solid State Physics, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip A. Shields
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
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18
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Sun X, Berenschot EJW, Veltkamp HW, Gardeniers HJGE, Tas NR. Scalable 3D Nanoparticle Trap for Electron Microscopy Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803283. [PMID: 30324725 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of nanoscale pyramidal cages embedded in a silicon nitride membrane are fabricated with an order of magnitude miniaturization in the size of the cages compared to previous work. This becomes possible by combining the previously published wafer-scale corner lithography process with displacement Talbot lithography, including an additional resist etching step that allows the creation of masking dots with a size down to 50 nm, using a conventional 365 nm UV source. The resulting pyramidal cages have different entrance and exit openings, which allows trapping of nanoparticles within a predefined size range. The cages are arranged in a well-defined array, which guarantees traceability of individual particles during post-trapping analysis. Gold nanoparticles with a size of 25, 150, and 200 nm are used to demonstrate the trapping capability of the fabricated devices. The traceability of individual particles is demonstrated by transferring the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) transparent devices between scanning electron microscopy and TEM instruments and relocating a desired collection of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwu Sun
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Willem Veltkamp
- Integrated Devices and Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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