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Carceller H, Hidalgo MR, Escartí MJ, Nacher J, de la Iglesia-Vayá M, García-García F. The impact of sex on gene expression in the brain of schizophrenic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:59. [PMID: 39068467 PMCID: PMC11282642 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by altered perception, mood, and behavior that profoundly impacts patients and society despite its relatively low prevalence. Sex-based differences have been described in schizophrenia epidemiology, symptomatology and outcomes. Different studies explored the impact of schizophrenia in the brain transcriptome, however we lack a consensus transcriptomic profile that considers sex and differentiates specific cerebral regions. METHODS We performed a systematic review on bulk RNA-sequencing studies of post-mortem brain samples. Then, we fulfilled differential expression analysis on each study and summarized their results with regions-specific meta-analyses (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) and a global all-studies meta-analysis. Finally, we used the consensus transcriptomic profiles to functionally characterize the impact of schizophrenia in males and females by protein-protein interaction networks, enriched biological processes and dysregulated transcription factors. RESULTS We discovered the sex-based dysregulation of 265 genes in the prefrontal cortex, 1.414 genes in the hippocampus and 66 genes in the all-studies meta-analyses. The functional characterization of these gene sets unveiled increased processes related to immune response functions in the prefrontal cortex in male and the hippocampus in female schizophrenia patients and the overexpression of genes related to neurotransmission and synapses in the prefrontal cortex of female schizophrenia patients. Considering a meta-analysis of all brain regions available, we encountered the relative overexpression of genes related to synaptic plasticity and transmission in females and the overexpression of genes involved in organizing genetic information and protein folding in male schizophrenia patients. The protein-protein interaction networks and transcription factors activity analyses supported these sex-based profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our results report multiple sex-based transcriptomic alterations in specific brain regions of schizophrenia patients, which provides new insight into the role of sex in schizophrenia. Moreover, we unveil a partial overlapping of inflammatory processes in the prefrontal cortex of males and the hippocampus of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Carceller
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Joint unit in Biomedical Imaging FISABIO-CIPF, Head of Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, 46012, València, Spain
| | - Marta R Hidalgo
- Joint unit in Biomedical Imaging FISABIO-CIPF, Head of Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, 46012, València, Spain
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Principe Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
| | - María José Escartí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria de la Iglesia-Vayá
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Joint unit in Biomedical Imaging FISABIO-CIPF, Head of Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, 46012, València, Spain
| | - Francisco García-García
- Joint unit in Biomedical Imaging FISABIO-CIPF, Head of Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, 46012, València, Spain.
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Principe Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain.
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2
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Idotta C, Pagano MA, Tibaldi E, Cadamuro M, Saetti R, Silvestrini M, Pigato G, Leanza L, Peruzzo R, Meneghetti L, Piazza S, Meneguzzo P, Favaro A, Grassi L, Toffanin T, Brunati AM. Neural stem/progenitor cells from olfactory neuroepithelium collected by nasal brushing as a cell model reflecting molecular and cellular dysfunctions in schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2024; 25:317-329. [PMID: 38869228 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2024.2357096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neural stem/progenitor cells derived from olfactory neuroepithelium (hereafter olfactory neural stem/progenitor cells, ONSPCs) are emerging as a potential tool in the exploration of psychiatric disorders. The present study intended to assess whether ONSPCs could help discern individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) from non-schizophrenic (NS) subjects by exploring specific cellular and molecular features. METHODS ONSPCs were collected from 19 in-patients diagnosed with SZ and 31 NS individuals and propagated in basal medium. Mitochondrial ATP production, expression of β-catenin and cell proliferation, which are described to be altered in SZ, were examined in freshly isolated or newly thawed ONSPCs after a few culture passages. RESULTS SZ-ONSPCs exhibited a lower mitochondrial ATP production and insensitivity to agents capable of positively or negatively affecting β-catenin expression with respect to NS-ONSPCs. As to proliferation, it declined in SZ-ONSPCs as the number of culture passages increased compared to a steady level of growth shown by NS-ONSPCs. CONCLUSIONS The ease and safety of sample collection as well as the differences observed between NS- and SZ-ONSPCs, may lay the groundwork for a new approach to obtain biological material from a large number of living individuals and gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying SZ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Idotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Angelo Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Saetti
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Bortolo Hospital, ULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Marina Silvestrini
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Bortolo Hospital, ULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Stefano Piazza
- Department of Mental Health, ULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Meneguzzo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Toffanin
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Chen Y, Li W, Lv L, Yue W. Shared Genetic Determinants of Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder Implicate Opposite Risk Patterns: A Genome-Wide Analysis of Common Variants. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae044. [PMID: 38616054 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS The synaptic pruning hypothesis posits that schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may represent opposite ends of neurodevelopmental disorders: individuals with ASD exhibit an overabundance of synapses and connections while SCZ was characterized by excessive pruning of synapses and a reduction. Given the strong genetic predisposition of both disorders, we propose a shared genetic component, with certain loci having differential regulatory impacts. STUDY DESIGN Genome-Wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data of European descent from SCZ (N cases = 53 386, N controls = 77 258) and ASD (N cases = 18 381, N controls = 27 969) were analyzed. We used genetic correlation, bivariate causal mixture model, conditional false discovery rate method, colocalization, Transcriptome-Wide Association Study (TWAS), and Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) to investigate the genetic overlap and gene expression pattern. STUDY RESULTS We found a positive genetic correlation between SCZ and ASD (rg = .26, SE = 0.01, P = 7.87e-14), with 11 genomic loci jointly influencing both conditions (conjFDR <0.05). Functional analysis highlights a significant enrichment of shared genes during early to mid-fetal developmental stages. A notable genetic region on chromosome 17q21.31 (lead SNP rs2696609) showed strong evidence of colocalization (PP.H4.abf = 0.85). This SNP rs2696609 is linked to many imaging-derived brain phenotypes. TWAS indicated opposing gene expression patterns (primarily pseudogenes and long noncoding RNAs [lncRNAs]) for ASD and SCZ in the 17q21.31 region and some genes (LRRC37A4P, LINC02210, and DND1P1) exhibit considerable variation in the cerebellum across the lifespan. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a shared genetic basis for SCZ and ASD. A common genetic variant, rs2696609, located in the Chr17q21.31 locus, may exert differential risk regulation on SCZ and ASD by altering brain structure. Future studies should focus on the role of pseudogenes, lncRNAs, and cerebellum in synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Cognitive Disorder (2018RU006), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Aleksandrova Y, Neganova M. Deciphering the Mysterious Relationship between the Cross-Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative and Oncological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14766. [PMID: 37834214 PMCID: PMC10573395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between oncological pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders is extremely complex and is a topic of concern among a growing number of researchers around the world. In recent years, convincing scientific evidence has accumulated that indicates the contribution of a number of etiological factors and pathophysiological processes to the pathogenesis of these two fundamentally different diseases, thus demonstrating an intriguing relationship between oncology and neurodegeneration. In this review, we establish the general links between three intersecting aspects of oncological pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders, i.e., oxidative stress, epigenetic dysregulation, and metabolic dysfunction, examining each process in detail to establish an unusual epidemiological relationship. We also focus on reviewing the current trends in the research and the clinical application of the most promising chemical structures and therapeutic platforms that have a modulating effect on the above processes. Thus, our comprehensive analysis of the set of molecular determinants that have obvious cross-functional pathways in the pathogenesis of oncological and neurodegenerative diseases can help in the creation of advanced diagnostic tools and in the development of innovative pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
| | - Margarita Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
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Mitochondria play an essential role in the trajectory of adolescent neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood: evidence from a schizophrenia rat model. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1170-1181. [PMID: 36380234 PMCID: PMC10005953 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence implicate mitochondria in early brain development. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is only circumstantial data for mitochondria involvement in late brain development occurring through adolescence, a critical period in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction has been repeatedly reported. Here we show a causal link between mitochondrial transplantation in adolescence and brain functioning in adulthood. We show that transplantation of allogenic healthy mitochondria into the medial prefrontal cortex of adolescent rats was beneficial in a rat model of schizophrenia, while detrimental in healthy control rats. Specifically, disparate initial changes in mitochondrial function and inflammatory response were associated with opposite long-lasting changes in proteome, neurotransmitter turnover, neuronal sprouting and behavior in adulthood. A similar inverse shift in mitochondrial function was also observed in human lymphoblastoid cells deived from schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects due to the interference of the transplanted mitochondria with their intrinsic mitochondrial state. This study provides fundamental insights into the essential role of adolescent mitochondrial homeostasis in the development of normal functioning adult brain. In addition, it supports a therapeutic potential for mitochondria manipulation in adolescence in disorders with neurodevelopmental and bioenergetic deficits, such as schizophrenia, yet emphasizes the need to monitor individuals' state including their mitochondrial function and immune response, prior to intervention.
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6
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Qian SH, Chen L, Xiong YL, Chen ZX. Evolution and function of developmentally dynamic pseudogenes in mammals. Genome Biol 2022; 23:235. [PMID: 36348461 PMCID: PMC9641868 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudogenes are excellent markers for genome evolution, which are emerging as crucial regulators of development and disease, especially cancer. However, systematic functional characterization and evolution of pseudogenes remain largely unexplored. RESULTS To systematically characterize pseudogenes, we date the origin of human and mouse pseudogenes across vertebrates and observe a burst of pseudogene gain in these two lineages. Based on a hybrid sequencing dataset combining full-length PacBio sequencing, sample-matched Illumina sequencing, and public time-course transcriptome data, we observe that abundant mammalian pseudogenes could be transcribed, which contribute to the establishment of organ identity. Our analyses reveal that developmentally dynamic pseudogenes are evolutionarily conserved and show an increasing weight during development. Besides, they are involved in complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulation, exhibiting the signatures of functional enrichment. Coding potential evaluation suggests that 19% of human pseudogenes could be translated, thus serving as a new way for protein innovation. Moreover, pseudogenes carry disease-associated SNPs and conduce to cancer transcriptome perturbation. CONCLUSIONS Our discovery reveals an unexpectedly high abundance of mammalian pseudogenes that can be transcribed and translated, and these pseudogenes represent a novel regulatory layer. Our study also prioritizes developmentally dynamic pseudogenes with signatures of functional enrichment and provides a hybrid sequencing dataset for further unraveling their biological mechanisms in organ development and carcinogenesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu Qian
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China
| | - Lu Chen
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China
| | - Yu-Li Xiong
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China
| | - Zhen-Xia Chen
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, 518124 PR China ,grid.488316.00000 0004 4912 1102Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124 PR China
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Ni P, Ma Y, Chung S. Mitochondrial dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. Schizophr Res 2022:S0920-9964(22)00333-4. [PMID: 36175250 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are a heterogeneous group of mental disorders with abnormal mental or behavioral patterns, which severely distress or disable affected individuals and can have a grave socioeconomic burden. Growing evidence indicates that mitochondrial function plays an important role in developing psychiatric disorders. This review discusses the neuropsychiatric consequences of mitochondrial abnormalities in both animal models and patients. We also discuss recent studies associated with compromised mitochondrial function in various psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MD), and bipolar disorders (BD). These studies employ various approaches including postmortem studies, imaging studies, genetic studies, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) studies. We also summarize the evidence from animal models and clinical trials to support mitochondrial function as a potential therapeutic target to treat various psychiatric disorders. This review will contribute to furthering our understanding of the metabolic etiology of various psychiatric disorders, and help guide the development of optimal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Ni
- The Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Ma
- The Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Sangmi Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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8
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The role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: A critical review of the evidence focusing on mitochondrial complex one. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:449-464. [PMID: 34864002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Mitochondrial complex one (MCI) dysfunction may represent a mechanism linking bioenergetic impairment with the alterations in dopamine signalling, glutamatergic dysfunction, and oxidative stress found in the disorder. New lines of evidence from novel approaches make it timely to review evidence for mitochondrial involvement in schizophrenia, with a specific focus on MCI. The most consistent findings in schizophrenia relative to controls are reductions in expression of MCI subunits in post-mortem brain tissue (Cohen's d> 0.8); reductions in MCI function in post-mortem brains (d> 0.7); and reductions in neural glucose utilisation (d= 0.3 to 0.6). Antipsychotics may affect glucose utilisation, and, at least in vitro, affect MC1. The findings overall are consistent with MCI dysfunction in schizophrenia, but also highlight the need for in vivo studies to determine the link between MCI dysfunction and symptoms in patients. If new imaging tools confirm MCI dysfunction in the disease, this could pave the way for new treatments targeting this enzyme.
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Xia YR, Wei XC, Li WS, Yan QJ, Wu XL, Yao W, Li XH, Zhu F. CPEB1, a novel risk gene in recent-onset schizophrenia, contributes to mitochondrial complex I defect caused by a defective provirus ERVWE1. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:1075-1094. [PMID: 34888175 PMCID: PMC8613759 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i11.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia afflicts 1% of the world population. Clinical studies suggest that schizophrenia patients may have an imbalance of mitochondrial energy metabolism via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity. Moreover, recent studies have shown that ERVWE1 is also a risk factor for schizophrenia. Nevertheless, there is no available literature concerning the relationship between complex I deficits and ERVWE1 in schizophrenia. Identifying risk factors and blood-based biomarkers for schizophrenia may provide new guidelines for early interventions and prevention programs.
AIM To address novel potential risk factors and the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial complex I deficiency caused by ERVWE1 in schizophrenia.
METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect differentially expressed risk factors in blood samples. Clinical statistical analyses were performed by median analyses and Mann-Whitney U analyses. Spearman’s rank correlation was applied to examine the correlation between different risk factors in blood samples. qPCR, western blot analysis, and luciferase assay were performed to confirm the relationship among ERVWE1, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1 (CPEB1), NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone flavoprotein 2 (NDUFV2), and NDUFV2 pseudogene (NDUFV2P1). The complex I enzyme activity microplate assay was carried out to evaluate the complex I activity induced by ERVWE1.
RESULTS Herein, we reported decreasing levels of CPEB1 and NDUFV2 in schizophrenia patients. Further studies showed that ERVWE1 was negatively correlated with CPEB1 and NDUFV2 in schizophrenia. Moreover, NDUFV2P1 was increased and demonstrated a significant positive correlation with ERVWE1 and a negative correlation with NDUFV2 in schizophrenia. In vitro experiments disclosed that ERVWE1 suppressed NDUFV2 expression and promoter activity by increasing NDUFV2P1 level. The luciferase assay revealed that ERVWE1 could enhance the promoter activity of NDUFV2P1. Additionally, ERVWE1 downregulated the expression of CPEB1 by suppressing the promoter activity, and the 400 base pair sequence at the 3′ terminus of the promoter was the minimum sequence required. Advanced studies showed that CPEB1 participated in regulating the NDUFV2P1/NDUFV2 axis mediated by ERVWE1. Finally, we found that ERVWE1 inhibited complex I activity in SH-SY5Y cells via the CPEB1/NDUFV2P1/NDUFV2 signaling pathway.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, CPEB1 and NDUFV2 might be novel potential blood-based biomarkers and pathogenic factors in schizophrenia. Our findings also reveal a novel mechanism of ERVWE1 in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen-Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiu-Jin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiu-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xu-Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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Varga TG, de Toledo Simões JG, Siena A, Henrique E, da Silva RCB, Dos Santos Bioni V, Ramos AC, Rosenstock TR. Haloperidol rescues the schizophrenia-like phenotype in adulthood after rotenone administration in neonatal rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2569-2585. [PMID: 34089344 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disturbances that encompass several hypotheses, including changes in neurodevelopment. It is known that brain development disturbances during early life can predict psychosis in adulthood. As we have previously demonstrated, rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, could induce psychiatric-like behavior in 60-day-old rats after intraperitoneal injections from the 5th to the 11th postnatal day. Because mitochondrial deregulation is related to psychiatric disorders and the establishment of animal models is a high-value preclinical tool, we investigated the responsiveness of the rotenone (Rot)-treated newborn rats to pharmacological agents used in clinical practice, haloperidol (Hal), and methylphenidate (MPD). Taken together, our data show that Rot-treated animals exhibit hyperlocomotion, decreased social interaction, and diminished contextual fear conditioning response at P60, consistent with positive, negative, and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia (SZ), respectively, that were reverted by Hal, but not MPD. Rot-treated rodents also display a prodromal-related phenotype at P35. Overall, our results seem to present a new SZ animal model as a consequence of mitochondrial inhibition during a critical neurodevelopmental period. Therefore, our study is crucial not only to elucidate the relevance of mitochondrial function in the etiology of SZ but also to fulfill the need for new and trustworthy experimentation models and, likewise, provide possibilities to new therapeutic avenues for this burdensome disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Garcia Varga
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Siena
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Ed. Biomédicas I, 2º andar, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Elisandra Henrique
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Camargo Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rosado Rosenstock
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 - Ed. Biomédicas I, 2º andar, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. .,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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11
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Li J, Tran OT, Crowley TB, Moore TM, Zackai EH, Emanuel BS, McDonald-McGinn DM, Gur RE, Wallace DC, Anderson SA. Association of Mitochondrial Biogenesis With Variable Penetrance of Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78:911-921. [PMID: 34009292 PMCID: PMC8135063 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Discovery of mechanisms that underlie variable penetrance for neuropsychiatric illness in the context of genetic variants that carry elevated risk can advance novel treatment approaches for these disorders. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that mitochondrial compensation is associated with the variable penetrance of schizophrenia in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study compared measures of mitochondrial function and the expression of related genes in 14 induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from typically developing control individuals (6 lines) and from adults with 22q11DS (8 lines). The individuals with 22q11DS included 2 groups, those carrying a diagnosis of schizophrenia and those without this diagnosis (4 lines each). Similar measures were made of lymphoblastic cells lines (LCLs) from a separate group of adults with 22q11DS with (10 lines) or without (8 lines) schizophrenia. The study included samples derived from a clinical setting. The induced pluripotent stem cell lines were derived from individuals with 22q11DS with or without a diagnosis of schizophrenia at Stanford University. The LCLs were from adults within the 22q and You Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Data were analyzed between July 1, 2019, and January 24, 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Total adenosine triphosphate (ATP), oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex activity, and messenger RNA expression via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of selected genes encoding for mitochondrial proteins. RESULTS Study participants included men and women aged 18 to 37 years. Of 32 participants, the mean (SD) age of men was 27 (1.9) years and of women was 29 (1.2) years. Replicating a previous study, neurons from the 22q11DS and schizophrenia (22q+Sz) group had reduced ATP levels (mean [SD], 15.6 [1.5] vs 21.9 [1.4]; P = .02) and reduced OXPHOS activity (ie, complex I; 1.51 [0.1] vs 1.89 [0.1]; P = .01). These deficits were not present in neurons from individuals with 22q11DS without schizophrenia (22q[-]Sz). In this group, the expression of multiple genes encoding OXPHOS subunits was significantly upregulated. For example, compared with control individuals, NDUFV2 expression was increased by 50% in the 22q(-)Sz group (P < .001) but not significantly changed in the 22q+Sz group. Expression of genes driving mitochondrial biogenesis, including PGC1α, showed a similar pattern of upregulation in the 22q(-)Sz group compared with the control and the 22q+Sz groups. Stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis normalizes the ATP deficit seen in 22q+Sz neurons. Finally, using LCLs from a separate group of adults with 22q11DS, evidence for enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis was again found in the 22q(-)Sz group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and function was associated with the absence of schizophrenia in neurons and LCLs from individuals with 22q11DS, but the deficit in the 22q+Sz group was reversible by agents that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis. Enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis may provide a targetable opportunity for treatment or prevention of this disorder in individuals with 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Oanh T. Tran
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - T. Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Douglas C. Wallace
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Stewart A. Anderson
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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12
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Ciomborowska-Basheer J, Staszak K, Kubiak MR, Makałowska I. Not So Dead Genes-Retrocopies as Regulators of Their Disease-Related Progenitors and Hosts. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040912. [PMID: 33921034 PMCID: PMC8071448 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroposition is RNA-based gene duplication leading to the creation of single exon nonfunctional copies. Nevertheless, over time, many of these duplicates acquire transcriptional capabilities. In human in most cases, these so-called retrogenes do not code for proteins but function as regulatory long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The mechanisms by which they can regulate other genes include microRNA sponging, modulation of alternative splicing, epigenetic regulation and competition for stabilizing factors, among others. Here, we summarize recent findings related to lncRNAs originating from retrocopies that are involved in human diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative, mental or cardiovascular disorders. Special attention is given to retrocopies that regulate their progenitors or host genes. Presented evidence from the literature and our bioinformatics analyses demonstrates that these retrocopies, often described as unimportant pseudogenes, are significant players in the cell’s molecular machinery.
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13
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Khavari B, Mahmoudi E, Geaghan MP, Cairns MJ. Oxidative Stress Impact on the Transcriptome of Differentiating Neuroblastoma Cells: Implication for Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239182. [PMID: 33276438 PMCID: PMC7731408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal environmental exposures that have been shown to induce oxidative stress (OS) during pregnancy, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, are risk factors for the onset of schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). While the OS role in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases is well known, its contribution to the genomic dysregulation associated with psychiatric disorders is less well defined. In this study we used the SH-SY5Y cell line and applied RNA-sequencing to explore transcriptomic changes in response to OS before or during neural differentiation. We observed differential expression of many genes, most of which localised to the synapse and were involved in neuronal differentiation. These genes were enriched in schizophrenia-associated signalling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, axon guidance, and signalling by retinoic acid. Interestingly, circulatory system development was affected by both treatments, which is concordant with observations of increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with NDDs. We also observed a very significant increase in the expression of immunity-related genes, supporting current hypotheses of immune system involvement in psychiatric disorders. While further investigation of this influence in other cell and animal models is warranted, our data suggest that early life exposure to OS has a disruptive influence on neuronal gene expression that may perturb normal differentiation and neurodevelopment, thereby contributing towards overall risk for developing psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Khavari
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (B.K.); (E.M.); (M.P.G.)
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Ebrahim Mahmoudi
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (B.K.); (E.M.); (M.P.G.)
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Michael P. Geaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (B.K.); (E.M.); (M.P.G.)
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (B.K.); (E.M.); (M.P.G.)
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-02-4921-8670
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14
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Bryll A, Krzyściak W, Karcz P, Śmierciak N, Kozicz T, Skrzypek J, Szwajca M, Pilecki M, Popiela TJ. The Relationship between the Level of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Metabolites, Brain-Periphery Redox Imbalance, and the Clinical State of Patients with Schizophrenia and Personality Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1272. [PMID: 32899276 PMCID: PMC7565827 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder whose course varies with periods of deterioration and symptomatic improvement without diagnosis and treatment specific for the disease. So far, it has not been possible to clearly define what kinds of functional and structural changes are responsible for the onset or recurrence of acute psychotic decompensation in the course of schizophrenia, and to what extent personality disorders may precede the appearance of the appropriate symptoms. The work combines magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging with clinical evaluation and laboratory tests to determine the likely pathway of schizophrenia development by identifying peripheral cerebral biomarkers compared to personality disorders. The relationship between the level of metabolites in the brain, the clinical status of patients according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision ICD-10, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), and biochemical indices related to redox balance (malondialdehyde), the efficiency of antioxidant systems (FRAP), and bioenergetic metabolism of mitochondria, were investigated. There was a reduction in the level of brain N-acetyl-aspartate and glutamate in the anterior cingulate gyrus of patients with schisophrenia compared to the other groups that seems more to reflect a biological etiopathological factor of psychosis. Decreased activity of brain metabolites correlated with increased peripheral oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde MDA) associated with decreased efficiency of antioxidant systems (FRAP) and the breakdown of clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in the course of psychotic decompensation compared to other groups. The period of untreated psychosis correlated negatively with glucose value in the brain of people with schizophrenia, and positively with choline level. The demonstrated differences between two psychiatric units, such as schizophrenia and personality disorders in relation to healthy people, may be used to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of schizophrenia compared to other heterogenous psychopathology in the future. The collapse of clinical symptoms of patients with schizophrenia in the course of psychotic decompensation may be associated with the occurrence of specific schizotypes, the determination of which is possible by determining common relationships between changes in metabolic activity of particular brain structures and peripheral parameters, which may be an important biological etiopathological factor of psychosis. Markers of peripheral redox imbalance associated with disturbed bioenergy metabolism in the brain may provide specific biological factors of psychosis however, they need to be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Bryll
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Paulina Karcz
- Department of Electroradiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michałowskiego 12, 31-126 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Natalia Śmierciak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kopernika 21a, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (N.Ś.); (M.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Justyna Skrzypek
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marta Szwajca
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kopernika 21a, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (N.Ś.); (M.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Maciej Pilecki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kopernika 21a, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (N.Ś.); (M.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Tadeusz J. Popiela
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
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15
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Licinio J, Wong ML. Molecular Psychiatry, August 2020: new impact factor, and highlights of recent advances in psychiatry, including an overview of the brain's response to stress during infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1606-1610. [PMID: 32724165 PMCID: PMC7385469 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Licinio
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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16
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Complex Analysis of Retroposed Genes' Contribution to Human Genome, Proteome and Transcriptome. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050542. [PMID: 32408516 PMCID: PMC7290577 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication is a major driver of organismal evolution. One of the main mechanisms of gene duplications is retroposition, a process in which mRNA is first transcribed into DNA and then reintegrated into the genome. Most gene retrocopies are depleted of the regulatory regions. Nevertheless, examples of functional retrogenes are rapidly increasing. These functions come from the gain of new spatio-temporal expression patterns, imposed by the content of the genomic sequence surrounding inserted cDNA and/or by selectively advantageous mutations, which may lead to the switch from protein coding to regulatory RNA. As recent studies have shown, these genes may lead to new protein domain formation through fusion with other genes, new regulatory RNAs or other regulatory elements. We utilized existing data from high-throughput technologies to create a complex description of retrogenes functionality. Our analysis led to the identification of human retroposed genes that substantially contributed to transcriptome and proteome. These retrocopies demonstrated the potential to encode proteins or short peptides, act as cis- and trans- Natural Antisense Transcripts (NATs), regulate their progenitors’ expression by competing for the same microRNAs, and provide a sequence to lncRNA and novel exons to existing protein-coding genes. Our study also revealed that retrocopies, similarly to retrotransposons, may act as recombination hot spots. To our best knowledge this is the first complex analysis of these functions of retrocopies.
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18
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Licinio J, Wong ML. Advances in schizophrenia research: glycobiology, white matter abnormalities, and their interactions. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3116-3118. [PMID: 33273719 PMCID: PMC7714683 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Licinio
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
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19
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Chen X, Wan L, Wang W, Xi WJ, Yang AG, Wang T. Re-recognition of pseudogenes: From molecular to clinical applications. Theranostics 2020; 10:1479-1499. [PMID: 32042317 PMCID: PMC6993246 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudogenes were initially regarded as "nonfunctional" genomic elements that did not have protein-coding abilities due to several endogenous inactivating mutations. Although pseudogenes are widely expressed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, for decades, they have been largely ignored and classified as gene "junk" or "relics". With the widespread availability of high-throughput sequencing analysis, especially omics technologies, knowledge concerning pseudogenes has substantially increased. Pseudogenes are evolutionarily conserved and derive primarily from a mutation or retrotransposon, conferring the pseudogene with a "gene repository" role to store and expand genetic information. In contrast to previous notions, pseudogenes have a variety of functions at the DNA, RNA and protein levels for broadly participating in gene regulation to influence the development and progression of certain diseases, especially cancer. Indeed, some pseudogenes have been proven to encode proteins, strongly contradicting their "trash" identification, and have been confirmed to have tissue-specific and disease subtype-specific expression, indicating their own value in disease diagnosis. Moreover, pseudogenes have been correlated with the life expectancy of patients and exhibit great potential for future use in disease treatment, suggesting that they are promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the natural properties, functions, disease involvement and clinical value of pseudogenes. Although our knowledge of pseudogenes remains nascent, this field deserves more attention and deeper exploration.
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Ben-Shachar D. The bimodal mechanism of interaction between dopamine and mitochondria as reflected in Parkinson's disease and in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:159-168. [PMID: 31848775 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are two CNS disorders in which dysfunctions in the dopaminergic system and mitochondria are major pathologies. The symptomology of both, PD a neurodegenerative disorder and SZ a neurodevelopmental disorder, is completely different. However, the pharmacological treatment of each of the diseases can cause a shift of symptoms into those characteristic of the other disease. In this review, I describe a pathological interaction between dopamine and mitochondria in both disorders, which due to differences in the extent of oxidative stress leads either to cell death and tissue degeneration as in PD substantia nigra pars compacta or to distorted neuronal activity, imbalanced neuronal circuitry and abnormal behavior and cognition in SZ. This review is in the honor of Moussa Youdim who introduced me to the secrets of research work. His enthusiasm, curiosity and novelty-seeking inspired me throughout my career. Thank you Moussa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, and B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, POB 9649, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
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