GRK3 deficiency elicits brain immune activation and psychosis

Sex differences in offspring risk and resilience following 11β-hydroxylase antagonism in a rodent model of maternal immune activation

Maternal immune activation (MIA) puts offspring at greater risk for neurodevelopmental disorders associated with impaired social behavior. While it is known that immune signaling through maternal, placental, and fetal compartments contributes to these phenotypical changes, it is unknown to what extent the stress response to illness is involved and how it can be harnessed for potential interventions. To this end, on gestational day 15, pregnant rat dams were administered the bacterial mimetic lipopolysaccharide (LPS; to induce MIA) alongside metyrapone, a clinically available 11β-hydroxylase (11βHSD) inhibitor used to treat hypercortisolism in pregnant, lactating, and neonatal populations. Maternal, placental, and fetal brain levels of corticosterone and placental 11βHSD enzymes type 1 and 2 were measured 3-hrs post treatment. Offspring social behaviors were evaluated across critical phases of development. MIA was associated with increased maternal, placental, and fetal brain corticosterone concentrations that were diminished with metyrapone exposure. Metyrapone protected against reductions in placental 11βHSD2 in males only, suggesting that less corticosterone was inactivated in female placentas. Behaviorally, metyrapone-exposure attenuated MIA-induced social disruptions in juvenile, adolescent, and adult males, while females were unaffected or performed worse. Metyrapone-exposure reversed MIA-induced transcriptional changes in monoamine-, glutamate-, and GABA-related genes in adult male ventral hippocampus, but not in females. Taken together, these findings illustrate that MIA-induced HPA responses act alongside the immune system to produce behavioral deficits. As a clinically available drug, the sex-specific benefits and constraints of metyrapone should be investigated further as a potential means of reducing neurodevelopmental risks due to gestational MIA.

TRIM58 downregulation maintains stemness via MYH9-GRK3-YAP axis activation in triple-negative breast cancer stem cells

TRIM58 is a member of the TRIM protein family, which possess with E3 ubiquitin ligase activities. Studies have revealed that low expression of TRIM58 plays key roles, has been implicated in the tumor progression of tumor formation due to its reduced expression. However, its role in regulating the stemness of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains unexplored. Here, we found that TRIM58 was underexpressed in TNBC tissues and cells compared to adjacent mucosa tissue, and its downregulation was significantly associated with shorter survival. Overexpression of TRIM58 reduced the proportion of CD44 + /CD24- cells, upregulated differentiation genes, and inhibited stemness-related gene expression in TNBC CSCs. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that TRIM58 overexpression in CSCs suppressed tumor sphere formation and tumorigenic capacity. Co-IP results indicated direct interaction between TRIM58 and MYH9, with TRIM58 inducing MYH9 degradation via ubiquitination in differentiated cells. Label-free quantitative proteomics identified GRK3 and Hippo-YAP as downstream targets and signaling pathways of MYH9. TIMER database analysis, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, DNA-protein pulldown experiments, and dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that MYH9 regulated GRK3 transcriptional activation in CSCs. In conclusion, elevated TRIM58 expression in CSCs downregulates MYH9 protein levels by promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation, thereby inhibiting downstream GRK3 transcription, inactivating the YAP stemness pathway, and ultimately promoting CSC differentiation.

Temporal changes in brain morphology related to inflammation and schizophrenia: an omnigenic Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Over the past several decades, more research focuses have been made on the inflammation/immune hypothesis of schizophrenia. Building upon synaptic plasticity hypothesis, inflammation may contribute the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Yet, pinpointing the specific inflammatory agents responsible for schizophrenia remains a complex challenge, mainly due to medication and metabolic status. Multiple lines of evidence point to a wide-spread genetic association across genome underlying the phenotypic variations of schizophrenia.

METHOD

We collected the latest genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) summary data of schizophrenia, cytokines, and longitudinal change of brain. We utilized the omnigenic model which takes into account all genomic SNPs included in the GWAS of trait, instead of traditional Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. We conducted two round MR to investigate the inflammatory triggers of schizophrenia and the resulting longitudinal changes in the brain.

RESULTS

We identified seven inflammation markers linked to schizophrenia onset, which all passed the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (bNGF, GROA(CXCL1), IL-8, M-CSF, MCP-3 (CCL7), TNF-β, CRP). Moreover, CRP were found to significantly influence the linear rate of brain morphology changes, predominantly in the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

CONCLUSION

With an omnigenic approach, our study sheds light on the immune pathology of schizophrenia. Although these findings need confirmation from future studies employing different methodologies, our work provides substantial evidence that pervasive, low-level neuroinflammation may play a pivotal role in schizophrenia, potentially leading to notable longitudinal changes in brain morphology.

How is the P2X7 receptor signaling pathway involved in epileptogenesis?

Epilepsy, a condition characterized by spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures, is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. This disorder is estimated to affect approximately 70 million people worldwide. Although antiseizure medications are considered the first-line treatments for epilepsy, most of the available antiepileptic drugs are not effective in nearly one-third of patients. This calls for the development of more effective drugs. Evidence from animal models and epilepsy patients suggests that strategies that interfere with the P2X7 receptor by binding to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are potential treatments for this patient population. This review describes the role of the P2X7 receptor signaling pathways in epileptogenesis. We highlight the genes, purinergic signaling, Pannexin1, glutamatergic signaling, adenosine kinase, calcium signaling, and inflammatory response factors involved in the process, and conclude with a synopsis of these key connections. By unraveling the intricate interplay between P2X7 receptors and epileptogenesis, this review provides ideas for designing potent clinical therapies that will revolutionize both prevention and treatment for epileptic patients.

Receptors Involved in Mental Disorders and the Use of Clozapine, Chlorpromazine, Olanzapine, and Aripiprazole to Treat Mental Disorders

Mental illnesses are a global health challenge, and effective medicines are needed to treat these conditions. Psychotropic drugs are commonly prescribed to manage mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, but unfortunately, they can cause significant and undesirable side effects, such as myocarditis, erectile dysfunction, and obesity. Furthermore, some schizophrenic patients may not respond to psychotropic drugs, a condition called schizophrenia-treatment resistance. Fortunately, clozapine is a promising option for patients who exhibit treatment resistance. Unlike chlorpromazine, scientists have found that clozapine has fewer neurological side effects. Additionally, olanzapine and aripiprazole are well-known for their moderating effects on psychosis and are widely used in clinical practice. To further maximize drug efficacy, it is critical to deeply understand the receptors or signaling pathways central to the nervous system, such as serotonin, histamine, trace amines, dopamine, and G-protein coupled receptors. This article provides an overview of the receptors mentioned above, as well as the antipsychotics that interact with them, such as olanzapine, aripiprazole, clozapine, and chlorpromazine. Additionally, this article discusses the general pharmacology of these medications.

SARS-CoV-2 Psychiatric Sequelae: A Review of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

From the earliest days of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been reports of significant neurological and psychological symptoms following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This narrative review is designed to examine the potential psychoneuroendocrine pathogenic mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 elicits psychiatric sequelae as well as to posit potential pharmacologic strategies to address and reverse these pathologies. Following a brief overview of neurological and psychological sequelae from previous viral pandemics, we address mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 could enter or otherwise elicit changes in the CNS. We then examine the hypothesis that COVID-19-induced psychiatric disorders result from challenges to the neuroendocrine system, in particular the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis and monoamine synthesis, physiological mechanisms that are only further enhanced by the pandemic-induced social environment of fear, isolation, and socioeconomic pressure. Finally, we evaluate several FDA-approved therapeutics in the context of COVID-19-induced psychoneuroendocrine disorders.