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White TL, Gonsalves MA, Harris AD, Walsh EG, Joyce HE. Brain Glutamate Dynamics Predict Positive Agency in Healthy Women: Insights from Combined Application of Pharmacological Challenge, Comprehensive Affective Assessment, and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:491-502. [PMID: 38237555 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Contributions of brain glutamate (Glu) to conscious emotion are not well understood. Here, we evaluate the relationship of experimentally induced change in neocortical Glu (ΔGlu) and subjective states in well individuals, using combined application of pharmacological challenge, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and comprehensive affective assessment. Drug challenge with d-amphetamine (AMP) (20 mg oral), methamphetamine (MA) (Desoxyn, 20 mg oral), and placebo (PBO) was conducted on three separate test days in a within-subjects double blind design. Proton MRS quantified neurometabolites in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex 140-150 min post-drug and PBO. Subjective states were assessed at half hour intervals over 5.5 h on each session, yielding 3792 responses per participant (91,008 responses overall, N = 24 participants), with self-reports reduced by principal components analysis (PCA). PCA produced a primary factor score of AMP- and MA-induced positive agency (ΔPA). MRS indicated drug-induced ΔGlu related positively to ΔPA (ΔGluMA r = +0.44, p < 0.05, N = 21), with large effects in females (ΔGluMA r = +0.52, p < 0.05; ΔGluAMP r = +0.61, p < 0.05, N = 11). Subjective states related to ΔGlu included rise in subjective stimulation, vigor, friendliness, elation, positive mood, positive affect (r's = +0.51 to +0.74, p < 0.05), and alleviation of anxiety in females (r = -0.61, p < 0.05, N = 11). These self-reports correlated with ΔGlu to the extent they loaded on ΔPA (r = 0.95 AMP, p = 5 × 10-10; r = 0.63 MA, p = 0.0015, N = 11), indicating the coherence of ΔGlu effects on emotional states. Timing data indicated Glu shaped positive emotion both concurrently and prospectively, with no relationship with pre-MRS emotion (ΔGluAMP r = +0.59 to +0.65, p's < 0.05; ΔGluMA r = +0.53, p < 0.05, N = 11). Together these findings indicate substantive, mechanistic contributions of neocortical Glu to positive agentic states in healthy individuals, which are most readily observed in women. The findings illustrate the promise of combined application of pharmacological challenge, comprehensive affective assessment, and MRS neuroimaging techniques in basic and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L White
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912. United States
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912. United States
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912. United States
- Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Studies, Watson Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912. United States
- University of Cambridge, Clare Hall, Cambridge CB3 9AL England. U.K
| | - Meghan A Gonsalves
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912. United States
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, CAIR Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Edward G Walsh
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912. United States
| | - Hannah E Joyce
- Undergraduate Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912. United States
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Tully J, Pereira AC, Sethi A, Griem J, Cross B, Williams SC, Blair RJ, Murphy D, Blackwood N. Impaired striatal glutamate/GABA regulation in violent offenders with antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02437-4. [PMID: 38326560 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Men with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with or without psychopathy (+/-P) are responsible for most violent crime in society. Development of effective treatments is hindered by poor understanding of the neurochemical underpinnings of the condition. Men with ASPD with and without psychopathy demonstrate impulsive decision-making, associated with striatal abnormalities in functional neuroimaging studies. However, to date, no study has directly examined the potential neurochemical underpinnings of such abnormalities. We therefore investigated striatal glutamate: GABA ratio using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in 30 violent offenders (16 ASPD-P, 14 ASPD + P) and 21 healthy non-offenders. Men with ASPD +/- P had a significant reduction in striatal glutamate : GABA ratio compared to non-offenders. We report, for the first time, striatal Glutamate/GABA dysregulation in ASPD +/- P, and discuss how this may be related to core behavioral abnormalities in the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tully
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, Wollaton Rd, Lenton, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, United Kingdom.
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Andreia C Pereira
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Arjun Sethi
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Griem
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Cross
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Cr Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE58AF, United Kingdom
| | - Robert James Blair
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Blackwood
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
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Gonsalves MA, White TL, Barredo J, DeMayo MM, DeLuca E, Harris AD, Carpenter LL. Cortical glutamate, Glx, and total N-acetylaspartate: potential biomarkers of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment response and outcomes in major depression. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:5. [PMID: 38184652 PMCID: PMC10771455 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) who have not improved with standard therapies. However, only 30-45% of patients respond to rTMS. Predicting response to rTMS will benefit both patients and providers in terms of prescribing and targeting treatment for maximum efficacy and directing resources, as individuals with lower likelihood of response could be redirected to more suitable treatment alternatives. In this exploratory study, our goal was to use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine how glutamate (Glu), Glx, and total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA) predict post-rTMS changes in overall MDD severity and symptoms, and treatment response. Metabolites were measured in a right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex voxel prior to a standard course of 10 Hz rTMS to the left DLPFC in 25 individuals with MDD. MDD severity and symptoms were evaluated via the Inventory of Depression Symptomatology Self-Report (IDS-SR). rTMS response was defined as ≥50% change in full-scale IDS-SR scores post treatment. Percent change in IDS-SR symptom domains were evaluated using principal component analysis and established subscales. Generalized linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between baseline Glu, Glx, and tNAA and outcomes while controlling for age and sex. Participants with baseline Glu and Glx levels in the lower range had greater percent change in full scale IDS-SR scores post-treatment (p < 0.001), as did tNAA (p = 0.007). Low glutamatergic metabolite levels also predicted greater percent change in mood/cognition symptoms (p ≤ 0.001). Low-range Glu, Glx, and tNAA were associated with greater improvement on the immuno-metabolic subscale (p ≤ 0.003). Baseline Glu predicted rTMS responder status (p = 0.025) and had an area under the receiving operating characteristic curve of 0.81 (p = 0.009), demonstrating excellent discriminative ability. Baseline Glu, Glx, and tNAA significantly predicted MDD improvement after rTMS; preliminary evidence also demonstrates metabolite association with symptom subdomain improvement post-rTMS. This work provides feasibility for a personalized medicine approach to rTMS treatment selection, with individuals with Glu levels in the lower range potentially being the best candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Gonsalves
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Butler Hospital Neuromodulation Research Facility, Providence, RI, USA.
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Tara L White
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Carney Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer Barredo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
- Clinical Neuroimaging Research Core, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marilena M DeMayo
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily DeLuca
- Clinical Neuroimaging Research Core, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Linda L Carpenter
- Butler Hospital Neuromodulation Research Facility, Providence, RI, USA
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) for Neuromodulation, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Qu S, Zhou X, Wang Z, Wei Y, Zhou H, Zhang X, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Yang Q, Jiang L, Ma Y, Gao Y, Kong L, Zhang L. The effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on Drosophila brain at single-cell resolution and potential drug repurposing for ADHD treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:165-185. [PMID: 37957291 PMCID: PMC11078728 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The stimulant methylphenidate (MPH) and the non-stimulant atomoxetine (ATX) are frequently used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, the function of these drugs in different types of brain cells and their effects on related genes remain largely unknown. To address these questions, we built a pipeline for the simultaneous examination of the activity behavior and transcriptional responses of Drosophila melanogaster at single-cell resolution following drug treatment. We selected the Drosophila with significantly increased locomotor activities (hyperactivity-like behavior) following the administration of each drug in comparison with the control (same food as the drug-treated groups with 5% sucrose, yeast, and blue food dye solution) using EasyFlyTracker. Subsequently, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNASEQ) was used to capture the transcriptome of 82,917 cells, unsupervised clustering analysis of which yielded 28 primary cell clusters representing the major cell types in adult Drosophila brain. Indeed, both neuronal and glial cells responded to MPH and ATX. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed distinct transcriptional changes associated with these two drugs, such as two well-studied dopamine receptor genes (Dop2R and DopEcR) were responsive to MPH but not to ATX at their optimal doses, in addition to genes involved in dopamine metabolism pathways such as Syt1, Sytalpha, Syt7, and Ih in different cell types. More importantly, MPH also suppressed the expression of genes encoding other neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic signaling molecules in many cell types, especially those for Glu and GABA, while the responsive effects of ATX were much weaker. In addition to monoaminergic neuronal transmitters, other neurotransmitters have also shown a similar pattern with respect to a stronger effect associated with MPH than with ATX. Moreover, we identified four distinct glial cell subtypes responsive to the two drugs and detected a greater number of differentially expressed genes associated with ensheathing and astrocyte-like glia. Furthermore, our study provides a rich resource of candidate target genes, supported by drug set enrichment analysis (P = 2.10E-4; hypergeometric test), for the further exploration of drug repurposing. The whole list of candidates can be found at ADHDrug ( http://adhdrug.cibr.ac.cn/ ). In conclusion, we propose a fast and cost-efficient pipeline to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of ADHD drug treatment in Drosophila brain at single-cell resolution, which may further facilitate drug repurposing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Qu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qingjie Zhu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Likun Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Kong
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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Yu XY, He JY, Tang F, Yu P, Wu L, Xiao ZL, Sun LX, Cao Z, Yu D. Highly sensitive determination of L-glutamic acid in pig serum with an enzyme-free molecularly imprinted polymer on a carbon-nanotube modified electrode. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5589-5597. [PMID: 37850367 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Through electrochemical polymerization using L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) as a template and 4,6-diaminoresorcinol as a functional monomer, an enzyme-free molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based L-Glu sensor with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), namely G-MIP/MWCNTs/GCE, was developed in this work. The reaction conditions were optimized as follows: electrochemical polymerization of 23 cycles, pH of 3.0, molar ratio of template/monomer of 1 : 4, volume ratio of elution reagents of acetonitrile/formic acid of 1 : 1, and elution time of 2 min. The prepared materials and molecularly imprinted polymer were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as electrochemical methods. The electrochemical properties of different electrodes were investigated via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), showing that the electrode of G-MIP/MWCNTs/GCE exhibited excellent catalytic oxidation activity towards L-Glu. A good linear relationship between peak-currents and L-Glu concentrations in a range from 1.00 × 10-8 to 1.00 × 10-5 mol L-1 was observed, with a detection limit of 5.13 × 10-9 mol L-1 (S/N = 3). The imprinted sensor possesses excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, and good stability, which have been successfully applied for the detection of L-Glu in pig serum samples with a recovery rate of 97.4-105.5%, being comparable to commercial high-performance liquid chromatography, demonstrating a simple, rapid, and accurate way for the determination of L-Glu in the fields of animal nutrition and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yao Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Jun-Yi He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Fei Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Ling Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Zhong-Liang Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Li-Xian Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhong Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Donghong Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, East, Denmark.
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Frank SM, Becker M, Malloni WM, Sasaki Y, Greenlee MW, Watanabe T. Protocol to conduct functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy in different age groups of human participants. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102493. [PMID: 37572324 PMCID: PMC10448431 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a protocol to conduct functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) in human participants before, during, and after training on a visual task. We describe steps for participant setup, volume-of-interest placement, fMRS measurement, and post-scan tests. We discuss the design, analysis, and interpretation of fMRS experiments. This protocol can be adapted to investigate the dynamics of chief excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA, respectively) while participants perform or learn perceptual, motor, or cognitive tasks. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Frank et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Frank
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Becker
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm M Malloni
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mark W Greenlee
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Gudmundson AT, Koo A, Virovka A, Amirault AL, Soo M, Cho JH, Oeltzschner G, Edden RAE, Stark CEL. Meta-analysis and open-source database for in vivo brain Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy in health and disease. Anal Biochem 2023; 676:115227. [PMID: 37423487 PMCID: PMC10561665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Proton (1H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo. Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we've identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Gudmundson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annie Koo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anna Virovka
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa L Amirault
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Madelene Soo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn H Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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8
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White TL, Gonsalves MA, Harris AD, Walsh EG, Joyce HE. Brain Glutamate Dynamics Predict Positive Agency in Healthy Women. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3021527. [PMID: 37398402 PMCID: PMC10312947 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3021527/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Contributions of brain glutamate to conscious emotion are not well understood. Here we evaluate the relationship of experimentally-induced change in neocortical glutamate (ΔGlu) and subjective states in well individuals. Drug challenge with d-amphetamine (AMP; 20 mg oral), methamphetamine (MA; Desoxyn®, 20 mg oral), and placebo (PBO) was conducted on three separate test days in a within-subjects double blind design. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) quantified neurometabolites in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) 140-150 m post-drug and PBO. Subjective states were assessed at half hour intervals over 5.5-hours on each session, yielding 3,792 responses per participant (91,008 responses overall, N=24 participants). Self-reports were reduced by principal components analysis to a single factor score of AMP- and MA-induced Positive Agency (ΔPA) in each participant. We found drug-induced ΔGlu related positively with ΔPA (ΔGluMA r=+.44, p<.05, N=21), with large effects in females (ΔGluMA r=+.52, p<.05; ΔGluAMP r=+.61, p<.05, N=11). States related to ΔGlu in females included rise in subjective stimulation, vigor, friendliness, elation, positive mood, positive affect (r's=+.51 to +.74, p<.05), and alleviation of anxiety (r=-.61, p<.05, N=11). Self-reports correlated with DGlu to the extent they loaded on ΔPA (r=.95 AMP, p=5×10-10; r=.63 MA, p=.0015, N=11), indicating coherence of ΔGlu effects. Timing data indicated Glu shaped emotion both concurrently and prospectively, with no relationship to pre-MRS emotion (ΔGluAMP r=+.59 to +.65, p's<.05; ΔGluMA r=+.53, p<.05, N=11). Together these findings indicate substantive, mechanistic contributions of neocortical Glu to positive agentic states in healthy individuals, most readily observed in women.
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Gudmundson AT, Koo A, Virovka A, Amirault AL, Soo M, Cho JH, Oeltzschner G, Edden RA, Stark C. Meta-analysis and Open-source Database for In Vivo Brain Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Health and Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.10.528046. [PMID: 37205343 PMCID: PMC10187197 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.528046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proton ( 1 H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo . Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we've identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T 2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T. Gudmundson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Annie Koo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Anna Virovka
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Alyssa L. Amirault
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Madelene Soo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Jocelyn H. Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard A.E. Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Craig Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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10
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Dornbierer DA, Zölch N, Baur DM, Hock A, Stucky B, Quednow BB, Kraemer T, Seifritz E, Bosch OG, Landolt HP. Nocturnal sodium oxybate increases the anterior cingulate cortex magnetic resonance glutamate signal upon awakening. J Sleep Res 2023:e13866. [PMID: 36869598 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical guidelines recommend sodium oxybate (SXB; the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyrate) for the treatment of disturbed sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy, yet the underlying mode of action is elusive. In a randomised controlled trial in 20 healthy volunteers, we aimed at establishing neurochemical changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) following SXB-enhanced sleep. The ACC is a core neural hub regulating vigilance in humans. At 2:30 a.m., we administered in a double-blind cross-over manner an oral dose of 50 mg/kg SXB or placebo, to enhance electroencephalography-defined sleep intensity in the second half of nocturnal sleep (11:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.). Upon scheduled awakening, we assessed subjective sleepiness, tiredness and mood and measured two-dimensional, J-resolved, point-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy (PRESS) localisation at 3-Tesla field strength. Following brain scanning, we used validated tools to quantify psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) performance and executive functioning. We analysed the data with independent t tests, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected for multiple comparisons. The morning glutamate signal (at 8:30 a.m.) in the ACC was specifically increased after SXB-enhanced sleep in all participants in whom good-quality spectroscopy data were available (n = 16; pFDR < 0.002). Further, global vigilance (10th-90th inter-percentile range on the PVT) was improved (pFDR < 0.04) and median PVT response time was shorter (pFDR < 0.04) compared to placebo. The data indicate that elevated glutamate in the ACC could provide a neurochemical mechanism underlying SXB's pro-vigilant efficacy in disorders of hypersomnolence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario A Dornbierer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zölch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diego M Baur
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hock
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Stucky
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver G Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Yahya DN, Guad RM, Wu YS, Gan SH, Gopinath SCB, Zakariah HA, Rashid RA, Sim MS. SLC1A2 Gene Polymorphism Influences Methamphetamine-Induced Psychosis. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020270. [PMID: 36836504 PMCID: PMC9964684 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC1A2 is a gene encoded for the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 which is responsible for glutamate reuptake from the synaptic cleft in the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested that polymorphisms on glutamate transporters can affect drug dependence, leading to the development of neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders. Our study investigated the association of rs4755404 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the SLC1A2 gene with methamphetamine (METH) dependence and METH-induced psychosis and mania in a Malaysian population. The rs4755404 gene polymorphism was genotyped in METH-dependent male subjects (n = 285) and male control subjects (n = 251). The subjects consisted of the four ethnic groups in Malaysia (Malay, Chinese, Kadazan-Dusun, and Bajau). Interestingly, there was a significant association between rs4755404 polymorphism and METH-induced psychosis in the pooled METH-dependent subjects in terms of genotype frequency (p = 0.041). However, there was no significant association between rs4755404 polymorphism and METH dependence. Also, the rs455404 polymorphism was not significantly associated with METH-induced mania for both genotype frequencies and allele frequencies in the METH-dependent subjects, regardless of stratification into the different ethnicities. Our study suggests that the SLC1A2 rs4755404 gene polymorphism confers some susceptibility to METH-induced psychosis, especially for those who carry the GG homozygous genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayang Nooreffazleen Yahya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Rhanye Mac Guad
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.M.G.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Yuan-Seng Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Malaysia
- Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Hasif Adli Zakariah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Rusdi Abdul Rashid
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Maw Shin Sim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.M.G.); (M.S.S.)
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12
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Relevance of interactions between dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3583-3591. [PMID: 35681081 PMCID: PMC9712151 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and glutamate neurotransmission are strongly implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology. While most studies focus on contributions of neurons that release only DA or glutamate, neither DA nor glutamate models alone recapitulate the full spectrum of schizophrenia pathophysiology. Similarly, therapeutic strategies limited to either system cannot effectively treat all three major symptom domains of schizophrenia: positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Increasing evidence suggests extensive interactions between the DA and glutamate systems and more effective treatments may therefore require the targeting of both DA and glutamate signaling. This offers the possibility that disrupting DA-glutamate circuitry between these two systems, particularly in the striatum and forebrain, culminate in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Yet, the mechanisms behind these interactions and their contributions to schizophrenia remain unclear. In addition to circuit- or system-level interactions between neurons that solely release either DA or glutamate, here we posit that functional alterations involving a subpopulation of neurons that co-release both DA and glutamate provide a novel point of integration between DA and glutamate systems, offering a key missing link in our understanding of schizophrenia pathophysiology. Better understanding of mechanisms underlying DA/glutamate co-release from these neurons may therefore shed new light on schizophrenia pathophysiology and lead to more effective therapeutics.
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13
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Associated Changes in Neocortical Metabolites in Major Depression: A Systematic Review. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103049. [PMID: 35738081 PMCID: PMC9233277 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed 12 studies that measured metabolites pre and post rTMS in MDD. Frontal lobe Glu, Gln, NAA, and GABA increased after rTMS. Increases in metabolites were often associated with MDD symptom improvement. We propose novel intracellular mechanisms by which metabolites are altered by rTMS.
Introduction Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an FDA approved treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, neural mechanisms contributing to rTMS effects on depressive symptoms, cognition, and behavior are unclear. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a noninvasive neuroimaging technique measuring concentrations of biochemical compounds within the brain in vivo, may provide mechanistic insights. Methods This systematic review summarized published MRS findings from rTMS treatment trials to address potential neurometabolic mechanisms of its antidepressant action. Using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and JSTOR, we identified twelve empirical studies that evaluated changes in MRS metabolites in a within-subjects, pre- vs. post-rTMS treatment design in patients with MDD. Results rTMS protocols ranged from four days to eight weeks duration, were applied at high frequency to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in most studies, and were conducted in patients aged 13-to-70. Most studies utilized MRS point resolved spectroscopy acquisitions at 3 Tesla in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex and DLPFC. Symptom improvements were correlated with rTMS-related increases in the concentration of glutamatergic compounds (glutamate, Glu, and glutamine, Gln), GABA, and N-acetylated compounds (NAA), with some results trend-level. Conclusions This is the first in-depth systematic review of metabolic effects of rTMS in individuals with MDD. The extant literature suggests rTMS stimulation does not produce changes in neurometabolites independent of clinical response; increases in frontal lobe glutamatergic compounds, N-acetylated compounds and GABA following high frequency left DLPFC rTMS therapy were generally associated with clinical improvement. Glu, Gln, GABA, and NAA may mediate rTMS treatment effects on MDD symptomatology through intracellular mechanisms.
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14
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Yates JR, Campbell HL, Hawley LL, Horchar MJ, Kappesser JL, Wright MR. Effects of the GluN2B-selective antagonist Ro 63-1908 on acquisition and expression of methamphetamine conditioned place preference in male and female rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108785. [PMID: 34052688 PMCID: PMC8282733 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine abuse has increased significantly in recent years. Currently, there are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder. The goal of the current study was to determine if the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) GluN2B-selective antagonist Ro 63-1908 can block the conditioned rewarding effects of methamphetamine as assessed in conditioned place preference (CPP). METHODS Two main experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, male (n = 24) and female (n = 24) rats received either vehicle or Ro 63-1908 (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) 30 min prior to the posttest to determine if blocking the GluN2B subunit attenuates expression of methamphetamine CPP. In the second experiment, male (n = 18) and female (n = 18) rats received either vehicle or Ro 63-1908 (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg) 30 min prior to each conditioning session to determine if blocking the GluN2B subunit attenuates acquisition of methamphetamine CPP. RESULTS Ro 63-1908 (3.0 mg/kg) blocked acquisition of methamphetamine CPP in male rats, but only attenuated CPP in female rats. Ro 63-1908 did not alter expression of CPP in either sex. Increasing the dose of Ro 63-1908 (10.0 mg/kg) failed to block acquisition of CPP in an additional group of female rats (n = 6). A control experiment showed that Ro 63-1908 (3.0 mg/kg) did not produce CPP or conditioned place aversion in male rats (n = 6) or in female rats (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that Ro 63-1908 is able to decrease the conditioned rewarding effects of methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Yates
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Hunter L. Campbell
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Lauren L. Hawley
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Matthew J. Horchar
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Joy L. Kappesser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Makayla R. Wright
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
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15
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Alger JR, O'Neill J, O'Connor MJ, Kalender G, Ly R, Ng A, Dillon A, Narr KL, Loo SK, Levitt JG. Neuroimaging of Supraventricular Frontal White Matter in Children with Familial Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Due to Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1054-1075. [PMID: 33751467 PMCID: PMC8442735 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in patients with (ADHD+PAE) and without (ADHD-PAE) prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Many patients diagnosed with idiopathic ADHD actually have covert PAE, a treatment-relevant distinction. To improve differential diagnosis, we sought to identify brain differences between ADHD+PAE and ADHD-PAE using neurobehavioral, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging metrics that had shown promise in past research. Children 8-13 were recruited in three groups: 23 ADHD+PAE, 19 familial ADHD-PAE, and 28 typically developing controls (TD). Neurobehavioral instruments included the Conners 3 Parent Behavior Rating Scale and the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). Two dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging was acquired from supraventricular white matter to measure N-acetylaspartate compounds, glutamate, creatine + phosphocreatine (creatine), and choline-compounds (choline). Whole brain diffusion tensor imaging was acquired and used to to calculate fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity from the same superventricular white matter regions that produced magnetic resonance spectroscopy data. The Conners 3 Parent Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Score, glutamate, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were all higher in ADHD+PAE than ADHD-PAE. Glutamate was lower in ADHD-PAE than TD. Within ADHD+PAE, inferior performance on the D-KEFS Tower Test correlated with higher neurometabolite levels. These findings suggest white matter differences between the PAE and familial etiologies of ADHD. Abnormalities detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging co-localize in supraventricular white matter and are relevant to executive function symptoms of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry R Alger
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, MC 708522, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.
- Neurospectroscopics, LLC, Sherman Oaks, CA, USA.
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Hura Imaging Inc, Calabas, CA, USA.
| | - Joseph O'Neill
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Instutute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary J O'Connor
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Instutute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guldamla Kalender
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Instutute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Ly
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Instutute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Ng
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Instutute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Dillon
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Instutute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, MC 708522, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Instutute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandra K Loo
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Instutute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer G Levitt
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Instutute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Bakhshinezhad H, Darharaj M, Feyzi YF, Babaei S, Ahadi R, Jamei B, Pourhamzeh M, Daneshi A, Arezoomandan R. The Relationship Between Brain Metabolites Alterations and Neuropsychological Deficits in Patients with Methamphetamine Use Disorder: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 37:160-172. [PMID: 33993207 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic use of methamphetamine induces neuropsychological deficits and neurochemical changes in frontostriatal regions. This study aimed to examine the relationship between brain metabolites alterations in frontostriatal regions and neuropsychological deficits in patients with methamphetamine use disorder. METHOD A total of 30 methamphetamine users and 20 control participants were selected and a battery of standardized executive function, attention, and memory tasks, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Test, and Wechsler Memory Scale, was administered to them. Proton-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) of N-Acetylaspartate/Creatine (NAA/Cr), Choline/Creatine (Cho/Cr), and glutamate + glutamine/creatine (Glx/Cr) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and basal ganglia (BG) were also undertaken. RESULTS Current findings indicated that there were significant differences between two groups in metabolite ratios including NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and Glx/Cr in three areas, except for Glx/Cr in BG. Moreover, compared to healthy controls, methamphetamine users showed poorer performance in all neuropsychological tests. Finally, a significant relationship was found between regional metabolites alterations, particularly in the ACC, and neuropsychological deficits in methamphetamine users. CONCLUSIONS In addition to neurochemical changes and neuropsychological deficits in patients with methamphetamine use disorder, current results highlighted the relationship between these changes in DLPFC, ACC, and BG with cognitive deficits in methamphetamine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Bakhshinezhad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darharaj
- Student Research Committee, Addiction Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasha Fayaz Feyzi
- Student Research Committee, Addiction Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirzad Babaei
- Student Research Committee, Psychology Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnammaddin Jamei
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Pourhamzeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhadi Daneshi
- Haft-e-Tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Arezoomandan
- Addiction Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ersche KD, Lim TV, Murley AG, Rua C, Vaghi MM, White TL, Williams GB, Robbins TW. Reduced Glutamate Turnover in the Putamen Is Linked With Automatic Habits in Human Cocaine Addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:970-979. [PMID: 33581835 PMCID: PMC8083107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The balance between goal-directed behavior and habits has been hypothesized to be biased toward the latter in individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD), suggesting possible neurochemical changes in the putamen, which may contribute to their compulsive behavior. METHODS We assessed habitual behavior in 48 patients with CUD and 42 healthy control participants using a contingency degradation paradigm and the Creature of Habit Scale. In a subgroup of this sample (CUD: n = 21; control participants: n = 22), we also measured glutamate and glutamine concentrations in the left putamen using ultra-high-field (7T) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We hypothesized that increased habitual tendencies in patients with CUD would be associated with abnormal glutamatergic metabolites in the putamen. RESULTS Compared with their non-drug-using peers, patients with CUD exhibited greater habitual tendencies during contingency degradation, which correlated with increased levels of self-reported daily habits. We further identified a significant reduction in glutamate concentration and glutamate turnover (glutamate-to-glutamine ratio) in the putamen in patients with CUD, which was significantly related to the level of self-reported daily habits. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CUD exhibit enhanced habitual behavior, as assessed both by questionnaire and by a laboratory paradigm of contingency degradation. This automatic habitual tendency is related to a reduced glutamate turnover in the putamen, suggesting a dysregulation of habits caused by chronic cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Ersche
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Tsen Vei Lim
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G Murley
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Rua
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matilde M Vaghi
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tara L White
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Guy B Williams
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Nie L, Ghahremani DG, Mandelkern MA, Dean AC, Luo W, Ren A, Li J, London ED. The relationship between duration of abstinence and gray-matter brain structure in chronic methamphetamine users. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2021; 47:65-73. [PMID: 33426968 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1778712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Brain structural findings in chronic methamphetamine users have been inconsistent. Identifying contributing influences (e.g., sex, abstinence duration) can help clarify the clinical course of recovery.Objectives: We studied the effects of long-term methamphetamine abstinence on gray-matter volume. Our hypothesis was that smaller volume early in abstinence would precede long-term recovery.Methods: Individuals who used methamphetamine (≥100 g lifetime use, mandated to residential treatment for methamphetamine-positive urine; 40 men, 21 women), undergoing supervised abstinence (men: 12-400 days; women: 130-594 days), were compared to healthy controls (49 men, 36 women) using T1-weighted MRI. Volumes of orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate and parietal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum were measured using Freesurfer software. Associations of volumes with abstinence duration were tested in males and females separately because their abstinence times differed (121.5 ± 124.5 vs. 348.0 ± 128.6 days, p < 0.001); only males were studied in early abstinence. The General Linear Model was used to test effects of abstinence duration and group (methamphetamine users vs. controls).Results: In males, duration of abstinence was multivariate significant for gray-matter volumes (p = 0.017). Abstinence duration was associated with increases in volumes of the orbitofrontal and parietal cortices (ps = 0.031, 0.016) and hippocampi (ps = 0.044). Irrespective of abstinence, male methamphetamine users had smaller hippocampi than male controls (p = 0.008). Females showed no significant effects of group or abstinence.Conclusions: In males, abstinence from methamphetamine appears to result in volumetric increases in regions important for cognitive function, which may affect recovery during the course of treatment. Data from the period of early abstinence are required to evaluate volumetric changes in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Nie
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dara G Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Andy C Dean
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Compulsory Drug Addiction Treatment Agency for Females, Deyang, China
| | - Anlian Ren
- Sichuan Provincial Compulsory Drug Addiction Treatment Agency for Males, Ziyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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White TL, Gonsalves MA, Cohen RA, Harris AD, Monnig MA, Walsh EG, Nitenson AZ, Porges EC, Lamb DG, Woods AJ, Borja CB. The neurobiology of wellness: 1H-MRS correlates of agency, flexibility and neuroaffective reserves in healthy young adults. Neuroimage 2020; 225:117509. [PMID: 33127477 PMCID: PMC7869459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that measures the concentration of metabolites in defined areas of the human brain in vivo. The underlying structure of natural metabolism-emotion relationships is unknown. Further, there is a wide range of between-person differences in metabolite concentration in healthy individuals, but the significance of this variation for understanding emotion in healthy humans is unclear. Here we investigated the relationship of two emotional constructs, agency and flexibility, with the metabolites glutamate and glutamine (Glx), N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), choline (Cho), creatine (tCr), and myo-inositol (Ins) in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in medically and psychiatrically healthy volunteers (N = 20, 9 female; mean age = 22.8 years, SD = 3.40). The dACC was selected because this region is an integrative hub involved in multiple brain networks of emotion, cognition and behavior. Emotional traits were assessed using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Brief Form (MPQ-BF), an empirically derived self-report instrument with an orthogonal factor structure. Phenotypes evaluated were positive and negative agency (MPQ-BF Social Potency, Aggression), emotional and behavioral flexibility (MPQ-BF Absorption, Control-reversed), and positive and negative affect (MPQ-BF Social Closeness; Stress Reaction, Alienation). The resting concentration of tNAA in the dACC was robustly positively correlated with Absorption (r = +0.56, unadjusted p = .005), moderately positively correlated with Social Potency (r = +0.42, unadjusted p = .03), and robustly negatively correlated with Aggression (r = −0.59, unadjusted p = .003). Absorption and Aggression accounted for substantial variance in tNAA (R2 = 0.31, 0.35; combined R2 = 0.50), and survived correction for multiple comparisons (Holm-Bonferroni adjusted p = .032, 0.021, respectively). dACC Glx and Cho had modest relationships with behavioral flexibility and social affiliation that did not survive this multiple correction, providing effect sizes for future work. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed a three-factor orthogonal solution indicating specific relationships between: 1) Glx and behavioral engagement; 2) Cho and affiliative bonding; and 3) tNAA and a novel dimension that we term neuroaffective reserves. Our results inform the neurobiology of agency and flexibility and lay the groundwork for understanding mechanisms of natural emotion using 1H-MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L White
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | | | - Ronald A Cohen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, and McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, CAIR Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mollie A Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Edward G Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adam Z Nitenson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eric C Porges
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, and McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Damon G Lamb
- Department of Psychiatry, and Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Neuropsychological Studies, Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, and McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cara B Borja
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Abstract
Proton magnetic spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that allows for the quantification of neurometabolic compounds at millimolar concentrations in the living human brain. This technique has been most often used to assess long-term changes in human brain metabolism in psychiatric disorders, pharmacological treatment, chronic drug use, and alcohol dependence. In contrast, the capacity of 1H-MRS to evaluate the biochemical changes in the minutes to hours following drug consumption, which contribute to fast-acting drug-induced changes in perception, mood, cognition, and behavior, is largely unexplored. This Viewpoint highlights the utility of 1H-MRS imaging for revealing neural mechanisms of rapid drug action in the human brain, with implications for phasic, in vivo changes in biosynthetic and catabolic pathways after drug exposure. Drawing from examples of psychostimulant drug effects, neuromodulatory input and drug-induced mood, we present strategies to optimize 1H-MRS for noninvasively imaging fast-acting drug effects and other rapid phenomena within the living human brain. These approaches could provide powerful tools for both basic research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. White
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Meghan A. Gonsalves
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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21
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Su H, Chen T, Zhong N, Jiang H, Du J, Xiao K, Xu D, Wang Z, Zhao M. γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine alterations of the left prefrontal cortex in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: a combined transcranial magnetic stimulation-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:347. [PMID: 32355791 PMCID: PMC7186735 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems are critical in the pathophysiology of addiction and represent potential targets for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). This study aims to investigate changes in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, the combined resonance of glutamate and glutamine (Glx) in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and cognitive function of patients with methamphetamine dependence following rTMS intervention, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). Methods Fifty methamphetamine-dependent patients were randomized to a 4-week course of active or sham rTMS, with 1H MRS measurement of DLPFC GABA and Glx levels relative to n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and craving and cognitive function measured at baseline and post-intervention. Results We observed significant reductions of GABA/NAA concentration in the active group and Glx/NAA concentration in the group receiving sham rTMS. There was a significant association between changes in GABA concentration and problem solving/error monitoring. Conclusions The effect of rTMS on cognitive function in individuals with methamphetamine dependence may be related to changes in GABA levels in the prefrontal cortex, and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tianzhen Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Na Zhong
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Shanghai Drug Rehabilitation Administration Bureau, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ding Xu
- Shanghai Drug Rehabilitation Administration Bureau, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 201108, China.,Institute of Psychological and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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22
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McCutcheon RA, Krystal JH, Howes OD. Dopamine and glutamate in schizophrenia: biology, symptoms and treatment. World Psychiatry 2020; 19:15-33. [PMID: 31922684 PMCID: PMC6953551 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and dopamine systems play distinct roles in terms of neuronal signalling, yet both have been proposed to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this paper we assess research that has implicated both systems in the aetiology of this disorder. We examine evidence from post-mortem, preclinical, pharmacological and in vivo neuroimaging studies. Pharmacological and preclinical studies implicate both systems, and in vivo imaging of the dopamine system has consistently identified elevated striatal dopamine synthesis and release capacity in schizophrenia. Imaging of the glutamate system and other aspects of research on the dopamine system have produced less consistent findings, potentially due to methodological limitations and the heterogeneity of the disorder. Converging evidence indicates that genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia underlie disruption of glutamatergic and dopaminergic function. However, while genetic influences may directly underlie glutamatergic dysfunction, few genetic risk variants directly implicate the dopamine system, indicating that aberrant dopamine signalling is likely to be predominantly due to other factors. We discuss the neural circuits through which the two systems interact, and how their disruption may cause psychotic symptoms. We also discuss mechanisms through which existing treatments operate, and how recent research has highlighted opportunities for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Finally, we consider outstanding questions for the field, including what remains unknown regarding the nature of glutamate and dopamine function in schizophrenia, and what needs to be achieved to make progress in developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A McCutcheon
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
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23
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Su H, Chen T, Zhong N, Jiang H, Du J, Xiao K, Xu D, Song W, Zhao M. Decreased GABA concentrations in left prefrontal cortex of methamphetamine dependent patients: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 71:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Li JN, Liu XL, Li L. Prefrontal GABA and glutamate levels correlate with impulsivity and cognitive function of prescription opioid addicts: A 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:77-83. [PMID: 31599080 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Prescription opioids are psychoactive substances that can elicit many neuropsychological effects. There are no studies that directly demonstrate the effects of prescription opioid addiction (POA) on the human brain. This study aimed to quantify γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of POA patients using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS), and to explore their association with impulsive behavior and cognitive impairment. METHODS Thirty-five patients with a definitive clinical diagnosis of codeine-containing cough syrup dependence and 35 matched healthy controls underwent neuropsychological assessments, namely the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). Point-resolved spectroscopy was performed to detect GABA and glutamate within the medial PFC, and the corresponding levels were estimated using jMRUI and corrected for fraction of cerebrospinal fluid in the 1 H-MRS voxel. The difference in metabolite levels between groups and the correlation between metabolite levels and psychometric scores in patients were analyzed statistically. RESULTS The peak level predominantly consisting of GABA with a relatively small influence of other chemicals (GABA+) was lower and that of glutamate was higher in the PFC of POA patients than in healthy controls. GABA+ levels correlated negatively with BIS-11 scores but correlated positively with MoCA scores. In contrast, glutamate levels showed a positive correlation with BIS-11 scores but no significant correlation with MoCA scores. CONCLUSION The quantitative in vivo measurement of GABA and glutamate levels in the PFC by 1 H-MRS could be a reliable way to evaluate impulsivity and cognitive function of POA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Neng Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Long Liu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Mayo LM, Paul E, DeArcangelis J, Van Hedger K, de Wit H. Gender differences in the behavioral and subjective effects of methamphetamine in healthy humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2413-2423. [PMID: 31165207 PMCID: PMC6695366 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methamphetamine (MA) use is steadily increasing and thus constitutes a major public health concern. Women seem to be particularly vulnerable to developing MA use disorder, as they initiate use at a younger age and transition more quickly to problematic use. Initial drug responses may predict subsequent use, but little information exists on potential gender differences in the acute effects of MA prior to dependence. OBJECTIVE We examined gender differences in the acute effects of MA on subjective mood and reward-related behavior in healthy, non-dependent humans. METHODS Men (n = 44) and women (n = 29) completed 4 sessions in which they received placebo or MA under double-blind conditions twice each. During peak drug effect, participants completed the monetary incentive delay task to assess reaction times to cues signaling potential monetary losses or gains, in an effort to determine if MA would potentiate reward-motivated behavior. Cardiovascular and subjective drug effects were assessed throughout sessions. RESULTS Overall, participants responded more quickly to cues predicting incentivized trials, particularly large-magnitude incentives, than to cues predicting no incentive. MA produced faster reaction times in women, but not in men. MA produced typical stimulant-like subjective and cardiovascular effects in all participants, but subjective ratings of vigor and (reduced) sedation were greater in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS Women appear to be more sensitive to the psychomotor-related behavioral and subjective effects of MA. These findings provide initial insight into gender differences in acute effects of MA that may contribute to gender differences in problematic MA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Mayo
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden ,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Elisabeth Paul
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jessica DeArcangelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
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26
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Lin M, Xu J, Liu X, Dai Z, Liu Z, Zhao X, Sun Y, Pu X. Metabolomics profiling of methamphetamine addicted human serum and three rat brain areas. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41107-41119. [PMID: 35540062 PMCID: PMC9076436 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) has already been a serious problem all over the world. The identification of related biomarkers and pathways is helpful to evaluate the degree of METH addiction, develop appropriate treatment during abstinence, and explore the mechanism. Here, it is the first time to perform metabolomics profiling of METH addicted human serum and three regions of METH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) rat brain by using UHPLC-MS/MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), respectively. Untargeted metabolomics analysis demonstrated clear differences between METH abusers and the healthy control by finding 35 distinct expressed metabolites in serum, including 5 TCA intermediates, 17 amino acids and 13 other biomolecules, 15 of which were newly identified following METH exposure. By using MALDI-MSI, the relative quantification and distribution of 14 metabolites were investigated in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) and ventral hippocampus (vHPC) of CPP rat brain. Taken together, METH addiction could influence energy metabolism, amino acids metabolism, and phospholipids metabolism. A multi-parameter model consisting of these related metabolites can be established as a METH addiction biomarker in the future. The mapping of phospholipids provided new insights into the mechanism of METH addiction. Notably, the trend of metabolite changes in NAc and dHPC was almost the same, while it was opposite between dHPC and vHPC. It seems that NAc and dHPC were the two regions more susceptible to METH administration in the brain. And dHPC and vHPC play different roles in METH addiction proved by metabolites mapping. To explore the mechanism of METH addiction, the metabolomics profiling of METH addicted human serum and rat brain were performed using UHPLC-MS/MS and MALDI-MSI, respectively. 35 differentially expressed metabolites were identified in the serum.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lin
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology
| | - Jiamin Xu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology
| | - Xi Liu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology
| | - Zhenfeng Dai
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology
| | - Zhimin Liu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology
| | - Yi Sun
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology
| | - Xiaoping Pu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology
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27
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Weyandt LL, White TL, Gudmundsdottir BG, Nitenson AZ, Rathkey ES, De Leon KA, Bjorn SA. Neurocognitive, Autonomic, and Mood Effects of Adderall: A Pilot Study of Healthy College Students. PHARMACY 2018; 6:pharmacy6030058. [PMID: 29954141 PMCID: PMC6165228 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy6030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prescription stimulant medications are considered a safe and long-term effective treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Studies support that stimulants enhance attention, memory, self-regulation and executive function in individuals with ADHD. Recent research, however, has found that many college students without ADHD report misusing prescription stimulants, primarily to enhance their cognitive abilities. This practice raises the question whether stimulants actually enhance cognitive functioning in college students without ADHD. We investigated the effects of mixed-salts amphetamine (i.e., Adderall, 30 mg) on cognitive, autonomic and emotional functioning in a pilot sample of healthy college students without ADHD (n = 13), using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects design. The present study was the first to explore cognitive effects in conjunction with mood, autonomic effects, and self-perceptions of cognitive enhancement. Results revealed that Adderall had minimal, but mixed, effects on cognitive processes relevant to neurocognitive enhancement (small effects), and substantial effects on autonomic responses, subjective drug experiences, and positive states of activated emotion (large effects). Overall, the present findings indicate dissociation between the effects of Adderall on activation and neurocognition, and more importantly, contrary to common belief, Adderall had little impact on neurocognitive performance in healthy college students. Given the pilot design of the study and small sample size these findings should be interpreted cautiously. The results have implications for future studies and the education of healthy college students and adults who commonly use Adderall to enhance neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Weyandt
- Department of Psychology, George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Tara L White
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | | | - Adam Z Nitenson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Emma S Rathkey
- School Psychology Graduate Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Kelvin A De Leon
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Bjorn
- Psychology Undergraduate Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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28
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Yang W, Yang R, Luo J, He L, Liu J, Zhang J. Increased Absolute Glutamate Concentrations and Glutamate-to-Creatine Ratios in Patients With Methamphetamine Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:368. [PMID: 30233420 PMCID: PMC6128240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies have indicated that changes in the concentration of glutamate and related metabolites may mediate the progression of addiction in patients with methamphetamine (MA) use disorders. In the present study, we utilized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate absolute glutamate concentrations and metabolite ratios in patients with MA addiction. We further analyzed the association between glutamate concentration and various clinical indicators. Methods: The present study included 31 unmedicated patients with clinically diagnosed MA dependence (mean age: 30.5 ± 8.0 years) and 32 age-matched healthy controls (mean age: 32.9 ± 8.2 years). Patients were evaluated using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). We also collected general information regarding the duration and dosage of drug use. Point-resolved spectroscopy was used to quantify the absolute concentrations of metabolites (glutamate, choline, N-acetylaspartate, glutamine, and creatine), as well as the ratio of metabolites to total creatine, using LCModel software. We then compared differences in glutamate levels and psychometric scores between the two groups. Results: Glutamate-to-creatine ratios in the brainstem were significantly higher in the MA group than in the control group (t = 2.764, p = 0.008). Glutamate concentrations in the brainstem were also significantly higher in the MA group than in the control group (t = 2.390, p = 0.020). However, no significant differences in the concentrations or ratios of other metabolites were observed between the two groups (all p > 0.05). Glutamate concentration was positively correlated with the duration of drug use (r = 0.401, p = 0.035) and the total dose of regular addiction (duration of addiction × regular addiction dose; r = 0.207, p = .040), but not with BIS-11 scores. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that glutamate levels in the brainstem are significantly elevated in patients with MA use disorders, and that these levels are significantly associated with the duration and dose of drug use.Such findings suggest that glutamate concentration can be used as an objective biological marker for evaluating/monitoring disease status and treatment efficacy in patients with MA dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ru Yang
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hunan Judicial Police Vocational College, Changsha, China
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