1
|
Wang Z, Santa-Maria CA, Popel AS, Sulam J. Bi-level Graph Learning Unveils Prognosis-Relevant Tumor Microenvironment Patterns from Breast Multiplexed Digital Pathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590118. [PMID: 38712207 PMCID: PMC11071347 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is widely recognized for its central role in driving cancer progression and influencing prognostic outcomes. Despite extensive research efforts dedicated to characterizing this complex and heterogeneous environment, considerable challenges persist. In this study, we introduce a data-driven approach for identifying patterns of cell organizations in the tumor microenvironment that are associated with patient prognoses. Our methodology relies on the construction of a bi-level graph model: (i) a cellular graph, which models the intricate tumor microenvironment, and (ii) a population graph that captures inter-patient similarities, given their respective cellular graphs, by means of a soft Weisfeiler-Lehman subtree kernel. This systematic integration of information across different scales enables us to identify patient subgroups exhibiting unique prognoses while unveiling tumor microenvironment patterns that characterize them. We demonstrate our approach in a cohort of breast cancer patients, where the identified tumor microenvironment patterns result in a risk stratification system that provides complementary, new information with respect to alternative standards. Our results, which are validated in a completely independent cohort, allow for new insights into the prognostic implications of the breast tumor microenvironment, and this methodology could be applied to other cancer types more generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Mathematical Institute for Data Science, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Cesar A Santa-Maria
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Jeremias Sulam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Mathematical Institute for Data Science, Johns Hopkins University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang T, Song Y, Yang L, Liu W, He Z, Shi Y, Song B, Yu Z. Photobiomodulation Facilitates Rat Cutaneous Wound Healing by Promoting Epidermal Stem Cells and Hair Follicle Stem Cells Proliferation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:65-79. [PMID: 37882982 PMCID: PMC10764690 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous wound healing represents a common fundamental phenomenon requiring the participation of cells of distinct types and a major concern for the public. Evidence has confirmed that photobiomodulation (PBM) using near-infrared (NIR) can promote wound healing, but the cells involved and the precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS Full-thickness skin defects with a diameter of 1.0 cm were made on the back of rats and randomly divided into the control group, 10 J, 15 J, and 30 J groups. The wound healing rate at days 4, 8, and 12 postoperatively was measured. HE and Masson staining was conducted to reveal the histological characteristics. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to label the epidermal stem cells (ESCs) and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). Western blot was performed to detect the expressions of proteins associated with ESCs and HFSCs. Cutaneous wound tissues were collected for RNA sequencing. Gene ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis was performed, and the hub genes were identified using CytoHubba and validated by qRT-PCR. RESULTS PBM can promote reepithelialization, extracellular matrix deposition, and wound healing, increase the number of KRT14+/PCNA+ ESCs and KRT15+/PCNA+ HFSCs, and upregulate the protein expression of P63, Krt14, and PCNA. Three hundred and sixty-six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 7 hub genes including Sox9, Krt5, Epcam, Cdh1, Cdh3, Dsp, and Pkp3 were identified. These DEGs are enriched in skin development, cell junction, and cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion etc., while these hub genes are related to skin derived stem cells and cell adhesion. CONCLUSION PBM accelerates wound healing by enhancing reepithelialization through promoting ESCs and HFSCs proliferation and elevating the expression of genes associated with stem cells and cell adhesion. This may provide a valuable alternative strategy to promote wound healing and reepithelialization by modulating the proliferation of skin derived stem cells and regulating genes related to cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yajuan Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen'an He
- Shaanxi Institute of Medical Device Quality Inspection, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Baoqiang Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anderle N, Schäfer-Ruoff F, Staebler A, Kersten N, Koch A, Önder C, Keller AL, Liebscher S, Hartkopf A, Hahn M, Templin M, Brucker SY, Schenke-Layland K, Schmees C. Breast cancer patient-derived microtumors resemble tumor heterogeneity and enable protein-based stratification and functional validation of individualized drug treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:210. [PMID: 37596623 PMCID: PMC10436441 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in deciphering breast cancer at the genomic level, the pronounced intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity remains a major obstacle to the advancement of novel and more effective treatment approaches. Frequent treatment failure and the development of treatment resistance highlight the need for patient-derived tumor models that reflect the individual tumors of breast cancer patients and allow a comprehensive analyses and parallel functional validation of individualized and therapeutically targetable vulnerabilities in protein signal transduction pathways. Here, we introduce the generation and application of breast cancer patient-derived 3D microtumors (BC-PDMs). Residual fresh tumor tissue specimens were collected from n = 102 patients diagnosed with breast cancer and subjected to BC-PDM isolation. BC-PDMs retained histopathological characteristics, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components together with key protein signaling pathway signatures of the corresponding primary tumor tissue. Accordingly, BC-PDMs reflect the inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity of breast cancer and its key signal transduction properties. DigiWest®-based protein expression profiling of identified treatment responder and non-responder BC-PDMs enabled the identification of potential resistance and sensitivity markers of individual drug treatments, including markers previously associated with treatment response and yet undescribed proteins. The combination of individualized drug testing with comprehensive protein profiling analyses of BC-PDMs may provide a valuable complement for personalized treatment stratification and response prediction for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Anderle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany.
| | - Felix Schäfer-Ruoff
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Annette Staebler
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kersten
- Interfaculty Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics (IBMI), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
- FZI Research Center for Information Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - André Koch
- Department of Women's Health, University Women's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Cansu Önder
- Department of Women's Health, University Women's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Keller
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Simone Liebscher
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hartkopf
- Department of Women's Health, University Women's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Hahn
- Department of Women's Health, University Women's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Templin
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Sara Y Brucker
- Department of Women's Health, University Women's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schmees
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh P, Rathi A, Minocha R, Sinha A, Haque MM, Hassan MI, Dohare R. Breast Cancer Prognostic Hub Genes Identified by Integrated Transcriptomic and Weighted Network Analysis: A Road Toward Personalized Medicine. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2023; 27:227-236. [PMID: 37155625 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second-most common type and among the leading causes of worldwide cancer-related deaths. There is marked person-to-person variability in susceptibility to, and phenotypic expression and prognosis of BC, a predicament that calls for personalized medicine and individually tailored therapeutics. In this study, we report new observations on prognostic hub genes and key pathways involved in BC. We used the data set GSE109169, comprising 25 pairs of BC and adjacent normal tissues. Using a high-throughput transcriptomic approach, we selected data on 293 differentially expressed genes to establish a weighted gene coexpression network. We identified three age-linked modules where the light-gray module strongly correlated with BC. Based on the gene significance and module membership features, peptidase inhibitor 15 (PI15) and KRT5 were identified as our hub genes from the light-gray module. These genes were further verified at transcriptional and translational levels across 25 pairs of BC and adjacent normal tissues. Their promoter methylation profiles were assessed based on various clinical parameters. In addition, these hub genes were used for Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and their correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells was investigated. We found that PI15 and KRT5 may be potential biomarkers and potential drug targets. These findings call for future research in a larger sample size, which could inform diagnosis and clinical management of BC, thus paving the way toward personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Singh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Aanchal Rathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Minocha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anuradha Sinha
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Mohammad Mahfuzul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sialyl Lewis X/A and Cytokeratin Crosstalk in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030731. [PMID: 36765690 PMCID: PMC9913872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) encompasses multiple entities and is generally highly aggressive and metastatic. We aimed to determine the clinical and biological relevance of Sialyl-Lewis X and A (sLeX/A)-a fucosylated glycan involved in metastasis-in TNBC. Here, we studied tissues from 50 TNBC patients, transcripts from a TNBC dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and a primary breast cancer cell line. All 50 TNBC tissue samples analysed expressed sLeX/A. Patients with high expression of sLeX/A had 3 years less disease-free survival than patients with lower expression. In tissue, sLeX/A negatively correlated with cytokeratins 5/6 (CK5/6, which was corroborated by the inverse correlation between fucosyltransferases and CK5/6 genes. Our observations were confirmed in vitro when inhibition of sLeX/A remarkably increased expression of CK5/6, followed by a decreased proliferation and invasion capacity. Among the reported glycoproteins bearing sLeX/A and based on the STRING tool, α6 integrin showed the highest interaction score with CK5/6. This is the first report on the sLeX/A expression in TNBC, highlighting its association with lower disease-free survival and its inverse crosstalk with CK5/6 with α6 integrin as a mediator. All in all, sLeX/A is critical for TNBC malignancy and a potential prognosis biomarker and therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteomics-Based Identification of Dysregulated Proteins in Breast Cancer. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10040035. [PMID: 36278695 PMCID: PMC9590004 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is still widely used as a morphology-based assay for in situ analysis of target proteins as specific tumor antigens. However, as a very heterogeneous collection of neoplastic diseases, breast cancer (BC) requires an accurate identification and characterization of larger panels of candidate biomarkers, beyond ER, PR, and HER2 proteins, for diagnosis and personalized treatment, without the limited availability of antibodies that are required to identify specific proteins. Top-down, middle-down, and bottom-up mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches complement traditional histopathological tissue analysis to examine expression, modification, and interaction of hundreds to thousands of proteins simultaneously. In this review, we discuss the proteomics-based identification of dysregulated proteins in BC that are essential for the following issues: discovery and validation of new biomarkers by analysis of solid and liquid/non-invasive biopsies, cell lines, organoids and xenograft models; identification of panels of biomarkers for early detection and accurate discrimination between cancer, benign and normal tissues; identification of subtype-specific and stage-specific protein expression profiles in BC grading and measurement of disease progression; characterization of new subtypes of BC; characterization and quantitation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and aberrant protein-protein interactions (PPI) involved in tumor development; characterization of the global remodeling of BC tissue homeostasis, diagnosis and prognostic information; and deciphering of molecular functions, biological processes and mechanisms through which the dysregulated proteins cause tumor initiation, invasion, and treatment resistance.
Collapse
|
7
|
McGinn O, Riley D, Finlay-Schultz J, Paul KV, Kabos P, Sartorius CA. Cytokeratins 5 and 17 Maintain an Aggressive Epithelial State in Basal-Like Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1443-1455. [PMID: 35639459 PMCID: PMC9444965 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancers (BLBC) are the most common triple-negative subtype (hormone receptor and HER2 negative) with poor short-term disease outcome and are commonly identified by expression of basal cytokeratins (CK) 5 and 17. The goal of this study was to investigate whether CK5 and CK17 play a role in adverse behavior of BLBC cells. BLBC cell lines contain heterogeneous populations of cells expressing CK5, CK17, and the mesenchymal filament protein vimentin. Stable shRNA knockdown of either CK5 or CK17 compared with non-targeting control in BLBC cells was sufficient to promote an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene signature with loss of E-cadherin and an increase in vimentin expression. Relative to control cells, CK5 and CK17 knockdown cells acquired a more spindle-like morphology with increased cell scattering and were more invasive in vitro. However, CK5 or CK17 knockdown compared with control cells generated decreased lymph node and lung metastases in vivo. Loss of CK5 or CK17 moderately reduced the IC50 dose of doxorubicin in vitro and led to increased doxorubicin efficacy in vivo. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of BLBC patient-derived xenografts identified heterogeneous populations of CK5/CK17, vimentin, and dual basal CK/vimentin-positive cells that fell on an EMT spectrum of epithelial, mesenchymal, and intermediate, respectively, whereas knockdown of CK5 transitioned cells toward a more mesenchymal score. IMPLICATIONS This study supports that basal CKs 5 and 17 contribute to the adverse behavior of BLBC cells and could be an untapped source of therapeutic vulnerability for this aggressive disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia McGinn
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Duncan Riley
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jessica Finlay-Schultz
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kiran V. Paul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter Kabos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carol A. Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Essential role of aerobic glycolysis in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during carcinogenesis. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1844-1855. [PMID: 35751743 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers the most lethal characteristics to cancer cells i.e., metastasis and resistance to chemo-and-radio-therapy, and therefore exhibit an appealing target in the field of oncology. Research in the past decade has demonstrated the crucial role of aerobic glycolysis in EMT, which is generally credited as the glucose metabolism for the creation of biomass such as fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides thereby providing building blocks for limitless proliferation. In the present review, apart from discussing EMT's evident role in the metastatic process and cancer stemness, we also talked about the vital role of glycolytic enzymes viz. GLUTs, HKs, PGI, PFK-1, aldolase, enolase, PK, LDHA, etc. in the induction of the EMT process in cancerous cells.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fomitcheva-Khartchenko A, Rapsomaniki MA, Sobottka B, Schraml P, Kaigala GV. Spatial protein heterogeneity analysis in frozen tissues to evaluate tumor heterogeneity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259332. [PMID: 34797831 PMCID: PMC8604290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new workflow for protein-based tumor heterogeneity probing in tissues is here presented. Tumor heterogeneity is believed to be key for therapy failure and differences in prognosis in cancer patients. Comprehending tumor heterogeneity, especially at the protein level, is critical for tracking tumor evolution, and showing the presence of different phenotypical variants and their location with respect to tissue architecture. Although a variety of techniques is available for quantifying protein expression, the heterogeneity observed in the tissue is rarely addressed. The proposed method is validated in breast cancer fresh-frozen tissues derived from five patients. Protein expression is quantified on the tissue regions of interest (ROI) with a resolution of up to 100 μm in diameter. High heterogeneity values across the analyzed patients in proteins such as cytokeratin 7, β-actin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using a Shannon entropy analysis are observed. Additionally, ROIs are clustered according to their expression levels, showing their location in the tissue section, and highlighting that similar phenotypical variants are not always located in neighboring regions. Interestingly, a patient with a phenotype related to increased aggressiveness of the tumor presents a unique protein expression pattern. In summary, a workflow for the localized extraction and protein analysis of regions of interest from frozen tissues, enabling the evaluation of tumor heterogeneity at the protein level is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bettina Sobottka
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schraml
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evtushenko NA, Beilin AK, Kosykh AV, Vorotelyak EA, Gurskaya NG. Keratins as an Inflammation Trigger Point in Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212446. [PMID: 34830328 PMCID: PMC8624175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a group of inherited keratinopathies that, in most cases, arise due to mutations in keratins and lead to intraepidermal ruptures. The cellular pathology of most EBS subtypes is associated with the fragility of the intermediate filament network, cytolysis of the basal layer of the epidermis, or attenuation of hemidesmosomal/desmosomal components. Mutations in keratins 5/14 or in other genes that encode associated proteins induce structural disarrangements of different strengths depending on their locations in the genes. Keratin aggregates display impaired dynamics of assembly and diminished solubility and appear to be the trigger for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upon being phosphorylated by MAPKs. Global changes in cellular signaling mainly occur in cases of severe dominant EBS mutations. The spectrum of changes initiated by phosphorylation includes the inhibition of proteasome degradation, TNF-α signaling activation, deregulated proliferation, abnormal cell migration, and impaired adherence of keratinocytes. ER stress also leads to the release of proinflammatory danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, which enhance avalanche-like inflammation. Many instances of positive feedback in the course of cellular stress and the development of sterile inflammation led to systemic chronic inflammation in EBS. This highlights the role of keratin in the maintenance of epidermal and immune homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda A. Evtushenko
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Arkadii K. Beilin
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nadya G. Gurskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.E.); (A.K.B.); (A.V.K.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu W, Xiong S, Zhang Y, Du J, Dong C, Yu Z, Ma X. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Important Transcription Factors and Biological Processes in Skin Regeneration Mediated by Mechanical Stretch. Front Genet 2021; 12:757350. [PMID: 34659370 PMCID: PMC8511326 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.757350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mechanical stretch is utilized to promote skin regeneration during tissue expansion for reconstructive surgery. Although mechanical stretch induces characteristic morphological changes in the skin, the biological processes and molecular mechanisms involved in mechanically induced skin regeneration are not well elucidated. Methods: A male rat scalp expansion model was established and the important biological processes related to mechanical stretch-induced skin regeneration were identified using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Analysis was also conducted by constructing a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, identifying key modules and hub genes, determining transcription factor (TF)-mRNA regulatory relationships, and confirming the expression pattern of the TFs and hub genes. Results: We identified nine robust hub genes (CXCL1, NEB, ACTN3, MYOZ1, ACTA1, TNNT3, PYGM, AMPD1, and CKM) that may serve as key molecules in skin growth. These genes were determined to be involved in several important biological processes, including keratinocyte differentiation, cytoskeleton reorganization, chemokine signaling pathway, glycogen metabolism, and voltage-gated ion channel activity. The potentially significant pathways, including the glucagon signaling pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, were distinguished. In addition, we identified six TFs (LEF1, TCF7, HMGA1, TFAP2C, FOSL1, and ELF5) and constructed regulatory TF–mRNA interaction networks. Conclusion: This study generated a comprehensive overview of the gene networks underlying mechanically induced skin regeneration. The functions of these key genes and the pathways in which they participate may reveal new aspects of skin regeneration under mechanical strain. Furthermore, the identified TF regulators can be used as potential candidates for clinical therapeutics for skin pretreatment before reconstructive surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaoheng Xiong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xianjie Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gül D, Habtemichael N, Dietrich D, Dietrich J, Gößwein D, Khamis A, Deuss E, Künzel J, Schneider G, Strieth S, Stauber RH. Identification of cytokeratin24 as a tumor suppressor for the management of head and neck cancer. Biol Chem 2021; 403:869-890. [PMID: 34450690 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To improve management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients, we need to increase our understanding of carcinogenesis, to identify biomarkers, and drug targets. This study aimed to identify novel biomarkers by providing transcriptomics profiles of matched primary tumors, lymph node metastasis, and non-malignant tissue of 20 HNSCC patients as well as by bioinformatic analyses of a TCGA HNSCC cohort, comprising 554 patients. We provide cancer cell signaling networks differentially expressed in tumors versus metastases, such as mesenchymal-epithelial transition, and structural integrity networks. As a proof of principle study, we exploited the data sets and performed functional analyses of a novel cytokeratin, cytokeratin24 (cKRT24), which had not been described as biomarker for tumors before. Survival analysis revealed that low cKRT24 expression correlated with poor overall survival in HNSCC. Experimentally, downregulation of cKRT24 in primary tumors, metastases, and HNSCC cell lines was verified on mRNA and protein level. Cloning and ectopic overexpression of cKRT24 not only affected viability and growth of HNSSC cell lines, but also inhibited tumor growth in murine xenograft studies. We conclude that cKRT24 functions as a tumor suppressor in HNSCC, and may serve as an additional prognostic biomarker and novel target to support current HNSCC treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Gül
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, D-55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Negusse Habtemichael
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, D-55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Dimo Dietrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology,University Medical Center Bonn, D-53127Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörn Dietrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology,University Medical Center Bonn, D-53127Bonn, Germany
| | - Dorothee Gößwein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, D-55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Aya Khamis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, D-55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Eric Deuss
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, D-55131Mainz, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, D-45147Essen, Germany
| | - Julian Künzel
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University Hospital, D-93053Regensburg, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University Hospital, D-93053Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Strieth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology,University Medical Center Bonn, D-53127Bonn, Germany
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, D-55131Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun G, Li Z, Rong D, Zhang H, Shi X, Yang W, Zheng W, Sun G, Wu F, Cao H, Tang W, Sun Y. Single-cell RNA sequencing in cancer: Applications, advances, and emerging challenges. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 21:183-206. [PMID: 34027052 PMCID: PMC8131398 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the greatest threats to human health, and new technologies are urgently needed to further clarify the mechanisms of cancer so that better detection and treatment strategies can be developed. At present, extensive genomic analysis and testing of clinical specimens shape the insights into carcinoma. Nevertheless, carcinoma of humans is a complex ecosystem of cells, including carcinoma cells and immunity-related and stroma-related subsets, with accurate characteristics obscured by extensive genome-related approaches. A growing body of research shows that sequencing of single-cell RNA (scRNA-seq) is emerging to be an effective way for dissecting human tumor tissue at single-cell resolution, presenting one prominent way for explaining carcinoma biology. This review summarizes the research progress of scRNA-seq in the field of tumors, focusing on the application of scRNA-seq in tumor circulating cells, tumor stem cells, tumor drug resistance, the tumor microenvironment, and so on, which provides a new perspective for tumor research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Sun
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhouxiao Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Aesthetic Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dawei Rong
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wubin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangbai Sun
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Progesterone receptors in normal breast development and breast cancer. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:951-969. [PMID: 34061163 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone receptors (PR) play a pivotal role in many female reproductive tissues such as the uterus, the ovary, and the mammary gland (MG). Moreover, PR play a key role in breast cancer growth and progression. This has led to the development and study of different progestins and antiprogestins, many of which are currently being tested in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Recent reviews have addressed the role of PR in MG development, carcinogenesis, and breast cancer growth. Thus, in this review, in addition to making an overview on PR action in normal and tumor breast, the focus has been put on highlighting the still unresolved topics on hormone treatment involving PR isoforms and breast cancer prognosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Wnt signaling is an important morphogenetic signaling pathway best known for its essential role in determining embryonic cell fates; it is often activated to re-specify fetal cells or to maintain the lineage flexibility of somatic stem cells. In this review, we consider the role of this pathway in the remarkable process of differentiation, growth and morphogenesis of the mammary gland during embryogenesis, ductal outgrowth and pregnancy. Specifically, mammary stem cells are compared with stem cells from other tissues, to identify commonalities and differences. Wnt signaling is known to be required to maintain the bipotent basal stem cell present in adult mammary ductal trees, however, the absence of this stem cell has little effect on growth or morphogenesis, and Wnt signaling is not induced during the ductal/alveolar expansion during pregnancy. The evidence for pre-determined hierarchies of mammary epithelial cells is reviewed, together with the role of signaling between mixtures of specified mammary epithelial cells in the maintenance of Wnt-dependent clonagenic stem cells. The dazzling variety of Wnt signaling components expressed by mammary epithelial cells is presented, along with some potential stromal sources of Wnt proteins that may be important starting points for the induction of plasticity in the epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang X, Powell K, Li L. Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Biomarkers, Identification and Isolation Methods, Regulating Mechanisms, Cellular Origin, and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3765. [PMID: 33327542 PMCID: PMC7765014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer (BC) is still a major cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small but significant subpopulation of heterogeneous breast cancer cells demonstrating strong self-renewal and proliferation properties. Accumulating evidence has proved that BCSCs are the driving force behind BC tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence. As a heterogeneous disease, BC contains a full spectrum of different BC subtypes, and different subtypes of BC further exhibit distinct subtypes and proportions of BCSCs, which correspond to different treatment responses and disease-specific outcomes. This review summarized the current knowledge of BCSC biomarkers and their clinical relevance, the methods for the identification and isolation of BCSCs, and the mechanisms regulating BCSCs. We also discussed the cellular origin of BCSCs and the current advances in single-cell lineage tracing and transcriptomics and their potential in identifying the origin and lineage development of BCSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320B Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | | | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320B Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen B, Ye P, Chen Y, Liu T, Cha JH, Yan X, Yang WH. Involvement of the Estrogen and Progesterone Axis in Cancer Stemness: Elucidating Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Significance. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1657. [PMID: 33014829 PMCID: PMC7498570 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone regulate the growth and development of human tissues, including the reproductive system and breasts, through estrogen and progesterone receptors, respectively. These receptors are also important indicators for the clinical prognosis of breast cancer and various reproductive cancers. Many studies have reported that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a key role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and recurrence. Although the role of estrogen and progesterone in human organs and various cancers has been studied, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of these hormones on CSCs remain unclear. Therefore, further elucidation of the effects of estrogen and progesterone on CSCs should provide a new direction for developing pertinent therapies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the estrogen and progesterone axis involved in cancer stemness and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to inhibit CSCs by targeting relevant pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bi Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeh Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.,The Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Xiuwen Yan
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Horwitz KB, Sartorius CA. 90 YEARS OF PROGESTERONE: Progesterone and progesterone receptors in breast cancer: past, present, future. J Mol Endocrinol 2020; 65:T49-T63. [PMID: 32485679 PMCID: PMC8525510 DOI: 10.1530/jme-20-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone and progesterone receptors (PR) have a storied albeit controversial history in breast cancers. As endocrine therapies for breast cancer progressed through the twentieth century from oophorectomy to antiestrogens, it was recognized in the 1970s that the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) alone could not efficiently predict treatment responses. PR, an estrogen regulated protein, became the first prognostic and predictive marker of response to endocrine therapies. It remains today as the gold standard for predicting the existence of functional, targetable ER in breast malignancies. PRs were subsequently identified as highly structured transcription factors that regulate diverse physiological processes in breast cancer cells. In the early 2000s, the somewhat surprising finding that prolonged use of synthetic progestin-containing menopausal hormone therapies was associated with increased breast cancer incidence raised new questions about the role of PR in 'tumorigenesis'. Most recently, PR have been linked to expansion of cancer stem cells that are postulated to be the principal cells reactivated in occult or dormant disease. Other studies establish PR as dominant modulators of ER activity. Together, these findings mark PR as bona fide targets for progestin or antiprogestin therapies, yet their diverse actions have confounded that use. Here we summarize the early history of PR in breast cancer; debunk the theory that progesterone causes cancer; discuss recent discoveries that PR regulate cell heterogeneity; attempt to unify theories describing PR as either good or bad actors in tumors; and discuss emerging areas of research that may help explain this enigmatic hormone and receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B. Horwitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Carol A. Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yousefnia S, Seyed Forootan F, Seyed Forootan S, Nasr Esfahani MH, Gure AO, Ghaedi K. Activated coagulation time in monitoring heparinized dogs. Am J Vet Res 1981; 10:452. [PMID: 32426267 PMCID: PMC7212408 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are the minor population of breast cancer (BC) cells that exhibit several phenotypes such as migration, invasion, self-renewal, and chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy resistance. Recently, BCSCs have been more considerable due to their capacity for recurrence of tumors after treatment. Recognition of signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in stemness phenotypes of BCSCs could be effective for discovering novel treatment strategies to target BCSCs. This review introduces BCSC markers, their roles in stemness phenotypes, and the dysregulated signaling pathways involved in BCSCs such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, PI3K/Akt/nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), TGF-β, hedgehog (Hh), Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hippo pathway. In addition, this review presents recently discovered molecular mechanisms implicated in chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance, migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis of BCSCs. Finally, we reviewed the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in BCSCs as well as several other therapeutic strategies such as herbal medicine, biological agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, nanoparticles, and microRNAs, which have been more considerable in the last decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Yousefnia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzad Seyed Forootan
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute of Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Farzad Seyed Forootan ;
| | - Shiva Seyed Forootan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute of Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Osmay Gure
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Osmay Gure
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute of Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
- Kamran Ghaedi ; ;
| |
Collapse
|