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Liu SX, Calixto Mancipe N, Gisslen T, Georgieff MK, Tran PV. Identification of Genes Responding to Iron or Choline Treatment for Early-Life Iron Deficiency in the Male Rat Hippocampal Transcriptomes. J Nutr 2024; 154:1141-1152. [PMID: 38408730 PMCID: PMC11007743 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental iron deficiency (ID) is associated with long-term cognitive and affective behavioral impairments in humans. Preclinical studies have shown that developmental ID has short- and long-term effects on gene regulation. Prenatal choline supplementation partially rescues early-life ID-induced cognitive deficits in adult male rats. OBJECTIVES To identify acute and long-term changes in biological processes regulated by developmental ID and modifiable by choline. METHODS This study compares the hippocampal transcriptomes of postnatal day (P) 15 iron-deficient (acute) and P65 formerly ID (persistent) rats with or without prenatal choline treatment. Pregnant rats were fed an ID (4 mg/kg Fe) or iron-sufficient (IS) (200 mg/kg Fe) diet from gestational day (G) 2 to P7 with or without choline supplementation (5 g/kg choline) from G11 to G18. Hippocampi were collected from P15 or P65 offspring and analyzed for gene expression by RNA sequencing. RESULTS Developmental ID-induced changes suggested modified activity of oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism. Prenatal choline supplementation induced robust changes in gene expression, particularly in iron-deficient animals, where it partially mitigated the early-life ID-dysregulated genes. Choline supplementation also altered the hippocampal transcriptome in the IS rats, with indications for both beneficial and adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS This study provided global assessments of gene expression regulated by iron and choline. Our new findings highlight genes responding to iron or choline treatments, including a potentially novel choline-regulated transporter (IPO7), with shared effects on neuroinflammation in the male rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirelle X Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Natalia Calixto Mancipe
- Research Informatic Solutions, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Tate Gisslen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Phu V Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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Liu SX, Ramakrishnan A, Shen L, Gewirtz JC, Georgieff MK, Tran PV. Chromatin accessibility and H3K9me3 landscapes reveal long-term epigenetic effects of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency in rat hippocampus. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:301. [PMID: 38515015 PMCID: PMC10956188 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency (ID) during the fetal-neonatal period results in long-term neurodevelopmental impairments associated with pervasive hippocampal gene dysregulation. Prenatal choline supplementation partially normalizes these effects, suggesting an interaction between iron and choline in hippocampal transcriptome regulation. To understand the regulatory mechanisms, we investigated epigenetic marks of genes with altered chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq) or poised to be repressed (H3K9me3 ChIP-seq) in iron-repleted adult rats having experienced fetal-neonatal ID exposure with or without prenatal choline supplementation. RESULTS Fetal-neonatal ID was induced by limiting maternal iron intake from gestational day (G) 2 through postnatal day (P) 7. Half of the pregnant dams were given supplemental choline (5.0 g/kg) from G11-18. This resulted in 4 groups at P65 (Iron-sufficient [IS], Formerly Iron-deficient [FID], IS with choline [ISch], and FID with choline [FIDch]). Hippocampi were collected from P65 iron-repleted male offspring and analyzed for chromatin accessibility and H3K9me3 enrichment. 22% and 24% of differentially transcribed genes in FID- and FIDch-groups, respectively, exhibited significant differences in chromatin accessibility, whereas 1.7% and 13% exhibited significant differences in H3K9me3 enrichment. These changes mapped onto gene networks regulating synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, and reward circuits. Motif analysis of differentially modified genomic sites revealed significantly stronger choline effects than early-life ID and identified multiple epigenetically modified transcription factor binding sites. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals genome-wide, stable epigenetic changes and epigenetically modifiable gene networks associated with specific chromatin marks in the hippocampus, and lays a foundation to further elucidate iron-dependent epigenetic mechanisms that underlie the long-term effects of fetal-neonatal ID, choline, and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirelle X Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Li Shen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jonathan C Gewirtz
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Phu V Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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3
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Quan Z, Li H, Quan Z, Qing H. Appropriate Macronutrients or Mineral Elements Are Beneficial to Improve Depression and Reduce the Risk of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7098. [PMID: 37108261 PMCID: PMC10138658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder that seriously affects the quality of life and leads to an increasing global suicide rate. Macro, micro, and trace elements are the main components that maintain normal physiological functions of the brain. Depression is manifested in abnormal brain functions, which are considered to be tightly related to the imbalance of elements. Elements associated with depression include glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and mineral elements such as lithium, zinc, magnesium, copper, iron, and selenium. To explore the relationship between these elements and depression, the main literature in the last decade was mainly searched and summarized on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and other electronic databases with the keywords "depression, sugar, fat, protein, lithium, zinc, magnesium, copper, iron, and selenium". These elements aggravate or alleviate depression by regulating a series of physiological processes, including the transmission of neural signals, inflammation, oxidative stress, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity, which thus affect the expression or activity of physiological components such as neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, receptors, cytokines, and ion-binding proteins in the body. For example, excessive fat intake can lead to depression, with possible mechanisms including inflammation, increased oxidative stress, reduced synaptic plasticity, and decreased expression of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD-95), etc. Supplementing mineral elements, such as selenium, zinc, magnesium, or lithium as a psychotropic medication is mostly used as an auxiliary method to improve depression with other antidepressants. In general, appropriate nutritional elements are essential to treat depression and prevent the risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Fiani D, Engler S, Fields S, Calarge CA. Iron Deficiency in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders, and Movement Disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:451-467. [PMID: 37147046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the role of iron in brain development and function, with a focus on the association between iron deficiency (ID) and neuropsychiatric conditions. First, we describe how ID is defined and diagnosed. Second, the role of iron in brain development and function is summarized. Third, we review current findings implicating ID in a number of neuropsychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other disruptive behavior disorders, depressive and anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder, movement disorders, and other situations relevant to mental health providers. Last, we discuss the impact of psychotropic medication on iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Fiani
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 8080 N Stadium Dr. Ste 180.35, Houston, TX 77054, USA. https://twitter.com/dimitrifiani
| | - Solangia Engler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sherecce Fields
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chadi Albert Calarge
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 8080 N Stadium Dr. Ste 180.35, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Ste 790, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Parsons E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Bozack AK, Baccarelli AA, DeMeo DL, Hivert MF, Godderis L, Duca RC, Oken E, Cardenas A. Prenatal trimester-specific intake of micronutrients: global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation at birth and persistence in childhood. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:311-318. [PMID: 36515010 PMCID: PMC9998337 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal environment may program health and disease susceptibility via epigenetic mechanisms. We evaluated associations of maternal trimester-specific intake of micronutrients with global DNA methylation (%5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylation (%5hmC) at birth in cord blood and tested for persistence into childhood. We quantified global %5mC and %5hmC in cord blood cells (n = 434) and in leukocytes collected in early (n = 108) and mid-childhood (n = 390) from children in Project Viva, a pre-birth cohort from Boston, MA. Validated food frequency questionnaires estimated maternal first- and second-trimester intakes of vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, betaine, choline, methionine, iron, and zinc. Mean (SD) cord blood %5mC and %5hmC was 5.62% (2.04) and 0.25% (0.15), respectively. Each μg increase in first-trimester B12 intake was associated with 0.002 lower %5hmC in cord blood (95% CI: -0.005, -0.0003), and this association persisted in early childhood (β = -0.007; 95% CI: -0.01, -0.001) but not mid-childhood. Second-trimester iron (mg) was associated with 0.01 lower %5mC (95% CI: -0.02, -0.002) and 0.001 lower %5hmC (95% CI: -0.01, -0.00001) in cord blood only. Increased second-trimester zinc (mg) intake was associated with 0.003 greater %5hmC in early childhood (β = 0.003; 95% CI: 0.0004, 0.006). Second-trimester folate was positively associated with %5hmC in early childhood only (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.16). Associations did not survive multiple testing adjustment; future replication is needed. Trimester-specific nutrients may impact various sensitive windows of epigenetic programming some with lasting effects in childhood. Further research is needed to understand the role of gene-specific epigenetic changes and how global DNA methylation measures relate to child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Parsons
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne K. Bozack
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dawn L. DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lode Godderis
- Centre for Environment & Health, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
- IDEWE, External service for prevention and protection at work, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Radu-Corneliu Duca
- Centre for Environment & Health, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
- Environmantal Hygiene and Biological Surveillance at the National Health Laboratory (LNS), Luxembourg
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Abbas M, Gandy K, Salas R, Devaraj S, Calarge CA. Iron deficiency and internalizing symptom severity in unmedicated adolescents: a pilot study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2274-2284. [PMID: 34911595 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron plays a key role in a broad set of metabolic processes. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, but its neuropsychiatric implications in adolescents have not been examined. METHODS Twelve- to 17-year-old unmedicated females with major depressive or anxiety disorders or with no psychopathology underwent a comprehensive psychiatric assessment for this pilot study. A T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scan was obtained, segmented using Freesurfer. Serum ferritin concentration (sF) was measured. Correlational analyses examined the association between body iron stores, psychiatric symptom severity, and basal ganglia volumes, accounting for confounding variables. RESULTS Forty females were enrolled, 73% having a major depressive and/or anxiety disorder, 35% with sF < 15 ng/mL, and 50% with sF < 20 ng/mL. Serum ferritin was inversely correlated with both anxiety and depressive symptom severity (r = -0.34, p < 0.04 and r = -0.30, p < 0.06, respectively). Participants with sF < 15 ng/mL exhibited more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms as did those with sF < 20 ng/mL. Moreover, after adjusting for age and total intracranial volume, sF was inversely associated with left caudate (Spearman's r = -0.46, p < 0.04), left putamen (r = -0.58, p < 0.005), and right putamen (r = -0.53, p < 0.01) volume. CONCLUSIONS Brain iron may become depleted at a sF concentration higher than the established threshold to diagnose iron deficiency (i.e. 15 ng/mL), potentially disrupting brain maturation and contributing to the emergence of internalizing disorders in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Abbas
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kellen Gandy
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Houston, Texas 77027, USA
| | - Ramiro Salas
- Baylor College of Medicine - Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Chadi A Calarge
- Baylor College of Medicine - The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1102 Bates Ave, Suite 790, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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7
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Liu SX, Fredrickson TK, Calixto Mancipe N, Georgieff MK, Tran PV. Sex-Specific Effects of Early-Life Iron Deficiency and Prenatal Choline Treatment on Adult Rat Hippocampal Transcriptome. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061316. [PMID: 36986048 PMCID: PMC10055746 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fetal-neonatal iron deficiency (ID) causes long-term neurocognitive and affective dysfunctions. Clinical and preclinical studies have shown that early-life ID produces sex-specific effects. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying these early-life ID-induced sex-specific effects on neural gene regulation. Objective: To illustrate sex-specific transcriptome alterations in adult rat hippocampus induced by fetal-neonatal ID and prenatal choline treatment. Methods: Pregnant rats were fed an iron-deficient (4 mg/kg Fe) or iron-sufficient (200 mg/kg Fe) diet from gestational day (G) 2 to postnatal day (P) 7 with or without choline supplementation (5 g/kg choline) from G11–18. Hippocampi were collected from P65 offspring of both sexes and analyzed for changes in gene expression. Results: Both early-life ID and choline treatment induced transcriptional changes in adult female and male rat hippocampi. Both sexes showed ID-induced alterations in gene networks leading to enhanced neuroinflammation. In females, ID-induced changes indicated enhanced activity of oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism, which were contrary to the ID effects in males. Prenatal choline supplementation induced the most robust changes in gene expression, particularly in iron-deficient animals where it partially rescued ID-induced dysregulation. Choline supplementation also altered hippocampal transcriptome in iron-sufficient rats with indications for both beneficial and adverse effects. Conclusions: This study provided unbiased global assessments of gene expression regulated by iron and choline in a sex-specific manner, with greater effects in female than male rats. Our new findings highlight potential sex-specific gene networks regulated by iron and choline for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirelle X. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Natalia Calixto Mancipe
- Research Informatic Solutions, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Phu V. Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-612-626-7964
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Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that a suboptimal intrauterine environment confers risk for schizophrenia. The developmental model of schizophrenia posits that aberrant brain growth during early brain development and adolescence may interact to contribute to this psychiatric disease in adulthood. Although a variety of factors may perturb the environment of the developing fetus and predispose for schizophrenia later, a common mechanism has yet to be elucidated. Micronutrient deficiencies during the perinatal period are known to induce potent effects on brain development by altering neurodevelopmental processes. Iron is an important candidate nutrient to consider because of its role in energy metabolism, monoamine synthesis, synaptogenesis, myelination, and the high prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) in the mother-infant dyad. Understanding the current state of science regarding perinatal ID as an early risk factor for schizophrenia is imperative to inform empirical work investigating the etiology of schizophrenia and develop prevention and intervention programs. In this narrative review, we focus on perinatal ID as a common mechanism underlying the fetal programming of schizophrenia. First, we review the neural aberrations associated with perinatal ID that indicate risk for schizophrenia in adulthood, including disruptions in dopaminergic neurotransmission, hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, and sensorimotor gating. Second, we review the pathophysiology of perinatal ID as a function of maternal ID during pregnancy and use epidemiological and cohort studies to link perinatal ID with risk of schizophrenia. Finally, we review potential confounding phenotypes, including nonanemic causes of perinatal brain ID and future risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Maxwell
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
| | - Raghavendra B. Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
- Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
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9
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Tang CY, Wen F. Serum ferritin levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:7749-7759. [PMID: 36158507 PMCID: PMC9372851 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i22.7749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron plays an important role in neurodevelopmental functions in the brain. Serum ferritin levels are different in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder than in healthy children.
AIM To explore the current status of iron deficiency in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and its sex and age effects.
METHODS A total of 1565 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 1694 children with tic disorder (TD), 93 children with ASD and 1997 healthy control children were included between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021 at Beijing Children's Hospital. We describe the differences in age levels and ferritin levels between different disease groups and their sex differences. The differences between the sexes in each disease were analyzed using the t test. The incidence rate of low serum ferritin was used to describe the differences between different diseases and different age groups. A chi-square test was used to analyze the difference in the incidence of low serum ferritin between the disease group and the control group. Analysis of variance was used for comparisons between subgroups, and regression analysis was used for confounding factor control.
RESULTS A total of 1565 ADHD patients aged 5-12 years were included in this study, and the average serum ferritin levels of male and female children were 36.82 ± 20.64 μg/L and 35.64 ± 18.56 μg/L, respectively. A total of 1694 TD patients aged 5-12 years were included in this study, and the average serum ferritin levels of male and female children were 35.72 ± 20.15 μg/L and 34.54 ± 22.12 μg/L, respectively. As age increased, the incidence of low serum ferritin in ADHD and TD first decreased and then increased, and 10 years old was the turning point of rising levels. The incidence of ADHD with low serum ferritin was 8.37%, the incidence of TD with low serum ferritin was 11.04%, and the incidence of the healthy control group with low serum ferritin was 8.61%, among which male children with TD accounted for 9.25% and female children with TD accounted for 11.62%. There was a significant difference among the three groups (P < 0.05). In addition, there were 93 children with ASD with an average serum ferritin level of 30.99 ± 18.11 μg/L and a serum ferritin incidence of 15.05%.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, low serum ferritin is not a risk factor for ADHD or TD. The incidence of low serum ferritin levels in children with ADHD and TD between 5 and 12 years old decreases first and then increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Fang Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
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Erber L, Liu S, Gong Y, Tran P, Chen Y. Quantitative Proteome and Transcriptome Dynamics Analysis Reveals Iron Deficiency Response Networks and Signature in Neuronal Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:484. [PMID: 35056799 PMCID: PMC8779535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron and oxygen deficiencies are common features in pathophysiological conditions, such as ischemia, neurological diseases, and cancer. Cellular adaptive responses to such deficiencies include repression of mitochondrial respiration, promotion of angiogenesis, and cell cycle control. We applied a systematic proteomics analysis to determine the global proteomic changes caused by acute hypoxia and chronic and acute iron deficiency (ID) in hippocampal neuronal cells. Our analysis identified over 8600 proteins, revealing similar and differential effects of each treatment on activation and inhibition of pathways regulating neuronal development. In addition, comparative analysis of ID-induced proteomics changes in cultured cells and transcriptomic changes in the rat hippocampus identified common altered pathways, indicating specific neuronal effects. Transcription factor enrichment and correlation analysis identified key transcription factors that were activated in both cultured cells and tissue by iron deficiency, including those implicated in iron regulation, such as HIF1, NFY, and NRF1. We further identified MEF2 as a novel transcription factor whose activity was induced by ID in both HT22 proteome and rat hippocampal transcriptome, thus linking iron deficiency to MEF2-dependent cellular signaling pathways in neuronal development. Taken together, our study results identified diverse signaling networks that were differentially regulated by hypoxia and ID in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Erber
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (Y.G.)
| | - Shirelle Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Yao Gong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (Y.G.)
| | - Phu Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (Y.G.)
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11
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Mercer JS, Erickson-Owens DA, Deoni SC, Dean DC, Tucker R, Parker AB, Joelson S, Mercer EN, Collins J, Padbury JF. The Effects of Delayed Cord Clamping on 12-Month Brain Myelin Content and Neurodevelopment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Perinatol 2022; 39:37-44. [PMID: 32702760 PMCID: PMC9800052 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if delayed cord clamping (DCC) affected brain myelin water volume fraction (VFm) and neurodevelopment in term infants. STUDY DESIGN This was a single-blinded randomized controlled trial of healthy pregnant women with term singleton fetuses randomized at birth to either immediate cord clamping (ICC) (≤ 20 seconds) or DCC (≥ 5 minutes). Follow-up at 12 months of age consisted of blood work for serum iron indices and lead levels, a nonsedated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), followed within the week by neurodevelopmental testing. RESULTS At birth, 73 women were randomized into one of two groups: ICC (the usual practice) or DCC (the intervention). At 12 months, among 58 active participants, 41 (80%) had usable MRIs. There were no differences between the two groups on maternal or infant demographic variables. At 12 months, infants who had DCC had increased white matter brain growth in regions localized within the right and left internal capsules, the right parietal, occipital, and prefrontal cortex. Gender exerted no difference on any variables. Developmental testing (Mullen Scales of Early Learning, nonverbal, and verbal composite scores) was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION At 12 months of age, infants who received DCC had greater myelin content in important brain regions involved in motor function, visual/spatial, and sensory processing. A placental transfusion at birth appeared to increase myelin content in the early developing brain. KEY POINTS · DCC resulted in higher hematocrits in newborn period.. · DCC appears to increase myelin at 12 months.. · Gender did not influence study outcomes..
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S. Mercer
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island,Pediatrics, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Debra A. Erickson-Owens
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sean C.L. Deoni
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island,Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health, Discovery and Tools, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Munirka, New Delhi, India
| | - Douglas C. Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Richard Tucker
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ashley B. Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sarah Joelson
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island
| | - Emily N. Mercer
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island
| | - Jennifer Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James F. Padbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island,Pediatrics, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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12
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Bastian TW, von Hohenberg WC, Kaus OR, Lanier LM, Georgieff MK. Choline Supplementation Partially Restores Dendrite Structural Complexity in Developing Iron-Deficient Mouse Hippocampal Neurons. J Nutr 2021; 152:747-757. [PMID: 34958369 PMCID: PMC8891184 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal-neonatal iron deficiency causes learning/memory deficits that persist after iron repletion. Simplified hippocampal neuron dendrite structure is a key mechanism underlying these long-term impairments. Early life choline supplementation, with postnatal iron repletion, improves learning/memory performance in formerly iron-deficient (ID) rats. OBJECTIVES To understand how choline improves iron deficiency-induced hippocampal dysfunction, we hypothesized that direct choline supplementation of ID hippocampal neurons may restore cellular energy production and dendrite structure. METHODS Embryonic mouse hippocampal neuron cultures were made ID with 9 μM deferoxamine beginning at 3 d in vitro (DIV). At 11 DIV, iron repletion (i.e., deferoxamine removal) was performed on a subset of ID cultures. These neuron cultures and iron-sufficient (IS) control cultures were treated with 30 μM choline (or vehicle) between 11 and 18 DIV. At 18 DIV, the independent and combined effects of iron and choline treatments (2-factor ANOVA) on neuronal dendrite numbers, lengths, and overall complexity and mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis were analyzed. RESULTS Choline treatment of ID neurons (ID + Cho) significantly increased overall dendrite complexity (150, 160, 180, and 210 μm from the soma) compared with untreated ID neurons to a level of complexity that was no longer significantly different from IS neurons. The average and total length of primary dendrites in ID + Cho neurons were significantly increased by ∼15% compared with ID neurons, indicating choline stimulation of dendrite growth. Measures of mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis, and ATP production rates were not significantly altered in ID + Cho neurons compared with ID neurons, remaining significantly reduced compared with IS neurons. Iron repletion significantly improved mitochondrial respiration, ATP production rates, overall dendrite complexity (100-180 μm from the soma), and dendrite and branch lengths compared with untreated ID neurons. CONCLUSIONS Because choline partially restores dendrite structure in ID neurons without iron repletion, it may have therapeutic potential when iron treatment is not possible or advisable. Choline's mechanism in ID neurons requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivia R Kaus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lorene M Lanier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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13
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Prenatal Iron Deficiency and Choline Supplementation Interact to Epigenetically Regulate Jarid1b and Bdnf in the Rat Hippocampus into Adulthood. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124527. [PMID: 34960080 PMCID: PMC8706459 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life iron deficiency (ID) causes long-term neurocognitive impairments and gene dysregulation that can be partially mitigated by prenatal choline supplementation. The long-term gene dysregulation is hypothesized to underlie cognitive dysfunction. However, mechanisms by which iron and choline mediate long-term gene dysregulation remain unknown. In the present study, using a well-established rat model of fetal-neonatal ID, we demonstrated that ID downregulated hippocampal expression of the gene encoding JmjC-ARID domain-containing protein 1B (JARID1B), an iron-dependent histone H3K4 demethylase, associated with a higher histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) enrichment and a lower enrichment of acetylated histone H3K9 (H3K9ac) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB). Likewise, ID reduced transcriptional capacity of the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a target of JARID1B, associated with repressive histone modifications such as lower H3K9ac and pCREB enrichments at the Bdnf promoters in the adult rat hippocampus. Prenatal choline supplementation did not prevent the ID-induced chromatin modifications at these loci but induced long-lasting repressive chromatin modifications in the iron-sufficient adult rats. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that the iron-dependent epigenetic mechanism mediated by JARID1B accounted for long-term Bdnf dysregulation by early-life ID. Choline supplementation utilized a separate mechanism to rescue the effect of ID on neural gene regulation. The negative epigenetic effects of choline supplementation in the iron-sufficient rat hippocampus necessitate additional investigations prior to its use as an adjunctive therapeutic agent.
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14
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Prado EL, Arnold CD, Wessells KR, Stewart CP, Abbeddou S, Adu-Afarwuah S, Arnold BF, Ashorn U, Ashorn P, Becquey E, Brown KH, Chandna J, Christian P, Dentz HN, Dulience SJL, Fernald LC, Galasso E, Hallamaa L, Hess SY, Huybregts L, Iannotti LL, Jimenez EY, Kohl P, Lartey A, Le Port A, Luby SP, Maleta K, Matchado A, Matias SL, Mridha MK, Ntozini R, Null C, Ocansey ME, Parvez SM, Phuka J, Pickering AJ, Prendergast AJ, Shamim AA, Siddiqui Z, Tofail F, Weber AM, Wu L, Dewey KG. Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements for children age 6-24 months: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of effects on developmental outcomes and effect modifiers. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:43S-67S. [PMID: 34590116 PMCID: PMC8560311 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-quantity (SQ) lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNSs) provide many nutrients needed for brain development. OBJECTIVES We aimed to generate pooled estimates of the effect of SQ-LNSs on developmental outcomes (language, social-emotional, motor, and executive function), and to identify study-level and individual-level modifiers of these effects. METHODS We conducted a 2-stage meta-analysis of individual participant data from 14 intervention against control group comparisons in 13 randomized trials of SQ-LNSs provided to children age 6-24 mo (total n = 30,024). RESULTS In 11-13 intervention against control group comparisons (n = 23,588-24,561), SQ-LNSs increased mean language (mean difference: 0.07 SD; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.10 SD), social-emotional (0.08; 0.05, 0.11 SD), and motor scores (0.08; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.11 SD) and reduced the prevalence of children in the lowest decile of these scores by 16% (prevalence ratio: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.92), 19% (0.81; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.89), and 16% (0.84; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.92), respectively. SQ-LNSs also increased the prevalence of children walking without support at 12 mo by 9% (1.09; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.14). Effects of SQ-LNSs on language, social-emotional, and motor outcomes were larger among study populations with a higher stunting burden (≥35%) (mean difference: 0.11-0.13 SD; 8-9 comparisons). At the individual level, greater effects of SQ-LNSs were found on language among children who were acutely malnourished (mean difference: 0.31) at baseline; on language (0.12), motor (0.11), and executive function (0.06) among children in households with lower socioeconomic status; and on motor development among later-born children (0.11), children of older mothers (0.10), and children of mothers with lower education (0.11). CONCLUSIONS Child SQ-LNSs can be expected to result in modest developmental gains, which would be analogous to 1-1.5 IQ points on an IQ test, particularly in populations with a high child stunting burden. Certain groups of children who experience higher-risk environments have greater potential to benefit from SQ-LNSs in developmental outcomes.This trial was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42020159971.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Prado
- Institute for Global Nutrition & Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Institute for Global Nutrition & Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Ryan Wessells
- Institute for Global Nutrition & Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christine P Stewart
- Institute for Global Nutrition & Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Souheila Abbeddou
- Public Health Nutrition, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Seth Adu-Afarwuah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin F Arnold
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ulla Ashorn
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Per Ashorn
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Elodie Becquey
- Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- Institute for Global Nutrition & Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Helen Keller International, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaya Chandna
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Parul Christian
- Program in Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Holly N Dentz
- Institute for Global Nutrition & Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Lia C H Fernald
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Lotta Hallamaa
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sonja Y Hess
- Institute for Global Nutrition & Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lieven Huybregts
- Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lora L Iannotti
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Y Jimenez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine and College of Population Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Patricia Kohl
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anna Lartey
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Stephen P Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Maleta
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Andrew Matchado
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Karonga, Malawi
| | - Susana L Matias
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Malay K Mridha
- Center for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Robert Ntozini
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Sarker M Parvez
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - John Phuka
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Abu A Shamim
- Center for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zakia Siddiqui
- Healthy Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Tofail
- Nutrition and Clinical Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ann M Weber
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Lee S F Wu
- Program in Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Institute for Global Nutrition & Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Early-Life Iron Deficiency Anemia Programs the Hippocampal Epigenomic Landscape. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113857. [PMID: 34836113 PMCID: PMC8623089 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) anemia is the foremost micronutrient deficiency worldwide, affecting around 40% of pregnant women and young children. ID during the prenatal and early postnatal periods has a pronounced effect on neurodevelopment, resulting in long-term effects such as cognitive impairment and increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. Treatment of ID has been complicated as it does not always resolve the long-lasting neurodevelopmental deficits. In animal models, developmental ID results in abnormal hippocampal structure and function associated with dysregulation of genes involved in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of these genes is a likely proximate cause of the life-long deficits that follow developmental ID. However, a direct functional link between iron and gene dysregulation has yet to be elucidated. Iron-dependent epigenetic modifications are one mechanism by which ID could alter gene expression across the lifespan. The jumonji and AT-rich interaction domain-containing (JARID) protein and the Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins are two families of iron-dependent epigenetic modifiers that play critical roles during neural development by establishing proper gene regulation during critical periods of brain development. Therefore, JARIDs and TETs can contribute to the iron-mediated epigenetic mechanisms by which early-life ID directly causes stable changes in gene regulation across the life span.
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16
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Dewey KG, Stewart CP, Wessells KR, Prado EL, Arnold CD. Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements for the prevention of child malnutrition and promotion of healthy development: overview of individual participant data meta-analysis and programmatic implications. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:3S-14S. [PMID: 34590696 PMCID: PMC8560310 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNSs) were designed to provide multiple micronutrients within a food base that also provides energy, protein, and essential fatty acids, targeted towards preventing malnutrition in vulnerable populations. Previous meta-analyses demonstrated beneficial effects of SQ-LNSs on child growth, anemia, and mortality. To further examine the efficacy and effectiveness of SQ-LNSs, and explore study-level and individual-level effect modifiers, we conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials of SQ-LNSs provided to children 6-24 mo of age (n > 37,000). We examined growth, development, anemia, and micronutrient status outcomes. Children who received SQ-LNSs had a 12-14% lower prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight; were 16-19% less likely to score in the lowest decile for language, social-emotional, and motor development; had a 16% lower prevalence of anemia; and had a 64% lower prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia compared with control group children. For most outcomes, beneficial effects of SQ-LNSs were evident regardless of study-level characteristics, including region, stunting burden, malaria prevalence, sanitation, water quality, duration of supplementation, frequency of contact, or average reported compliance with SQ-LNSs. For development, the benefits of SQ-LNSs were greater in populations with higher stunting burden, in households with lower socioeconomic status, and among acutely malnourished children. For hemoglobin and iron status, benefits were greater in populations with higher anemia prevalence and among acutely malnourished children, respectively. Thus, targeting based on potential to benefit may be worthwhile for those outcomes. Overall, co-packaging SQ-LNSs with interventions that reduce constraints on response, such as the prevention and control of prenatal and child infections, improving health care access, and promotion of early child development, may lead to greater impact. Policymakers and program planners should consider including SQ-LNSs in strategies to reduce child mortality, stunting, wasting, anemia, iron deficiency, and delayed development. This study was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42019146592, CRD42020159971, and CRD42020156663.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine P Stewart
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Ryan Wessells
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Prado
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Song X, García-Saldivar P, Kindred N, Wang Y, Merchant H, Meguerditchian A, Yang Y, Stein EA, Bradberry CW, Ben Hamed S, Jedema HP, Poirier C. Strengths and challenges of longitudinal non-human primate neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118009. [PMID: 33794361 PMCID: PMC8270888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal non-human primate neuroimaging has the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of primate brain structure and function. Here we describe its specific strengths, compared to both cross-sectional non-human primate neuroimaging and longitudinal human neuroimaging, but also its associated challenges. We elaborate on factors guiding the use of different analytical tools, subject-specific versus age-specific templates for analyses, and issues related to statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Pamela García-Saldivar
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001 Querétaro, Qro. 76230, México
| | - Nathan Kindred
- Biosciences Institute & Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Yujiang Wang
- CNNP Lab (www.cnnp-lab.com), Interdisciplinary Complex Systems Group, School of Computing, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Merchant
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001 Querétaro, Qro. 76230, México
| | - Adrien Meguerditchian
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, UMR7290, Université Aix-Marseille/CNRS, Institut Language, Communication and the Brain 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Charles W Bradberry
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Suliann Ben Hamed
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, Université de Lyon - CNRS, France
| | - Hank P Jedema
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Colline Poirier
- Biosciences Institute & Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
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18
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East P, Doom JR, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Iron deficiency in infancy and neurocognitive and educational outcomes in young adulthood. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:962-975. [PMID: 34424013 PMCID: PMC8386013 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the extent to which iron deficiency in infancy contributes to adverse neurocognitive and educational outcomes in young adulthood directly and indirectly, through its influence on verbal cognition and attention problems in childhood. Young adults (N = 1,000, M age = 21.3 years, 52% female; of Spanish or indigenous descent) from working-class families in Santiago, Chile, completed instruments assessing memory, processing speed, mental flexibility, and educational attainment. Iron status was assessed at ages 6, 12, and 18 months, and verbal intelligence, inattention, and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms were assessed at age 10. Results indicated that young adults who had iron-deficiency in infancy had poor executive control at age 21. Severity of iron deficiency during infancy was associated with lower verbal IQ and more frequent inattention and SCT symptoms in childhood, and with lower educational attainment in young adulthood through its effect on inattention. No additional indirect effects were found. Interventions directed toward improving cognitive and attention deficits linked to early-life iron deficiency appear warranted and could alter the course to adult functioning. Further research on the impact of such interventions would be helpful. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia East
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Estela Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
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19
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Iron Deficiency Reprograms Phosphorylation Signaling and Reduces O-GlcNAc Pathways in Neuronal Cells. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010179. [PMID: 33430126 PMCID: PMC7826960 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient sensing is critical for cellular growth and differentiation. Deficiencies in essential nutrients such as iron strongly affect neuronal cell development and may lead to defects in neuronal function that cannot be remedied by subsequent iron supplementation. To understand the adaptive intracellular responses to iron deficiency in neuronal cells, we developed and utilized a Stable Isotopic Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative phosphoproteomics workflow. Our integrated approach was designed to comprehensively elucidate the changes in phosphorylation signaling under both acute and chronic iron-deficient cell models. In addition, we analyzed the differential cellular responses between iron deficiency and hypoxia (oxygen-deprived) in neuronal cells. Our analysis identified nearly 16,000 phosphorylation sites in HT-22 cells, a hippocampal-derived neuronal cell line, more than ten percent of which showed at least ≥2-fold changes in response to either hypoxia or acute/chronic iron deficiency. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that iron deficiency altered key metabolic and epigenetic pathways including the phosphorylation of proteins involved in iron sequestration, glutamate metabolism, and histone methylation. In particular, iron deficiency increased glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GFPT1) phosphorylation, which is a key enzyme in the glucosamine biosynthesis pathway and a target of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to reduced GFPT1 enzymatic activity and consequently lower global O-GlcNAc modification in neuronal cells. Taken together, our analysis of the phosphoproteome dynamics in response to iron and oxygen deprivation demonstrated an adaptive cellular response by mounting post-translational modifications that are critical for intracellular signaling and epigenetic programming in neuronal cells.
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20
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Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223:516-524. [PMID: 32184147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron is essential for the function of all cells through its roles in oxygen delivery, electron transport, and enzymatic activity. Cells with high metabolic rates require more iron and are at greater risk for dysfunction during iron deficiency. Iron requirements during pregnancy increase dramatically, as the mother's blood volume expands and the fetus grows and develops. Thus, pregnancy is a condition of impending or existing iron deficiency, which may be difficult to diagnose because of limitations to commonly used biomarkers such as hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations. Iron deficiency is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including increased maternal illness, low birthweight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth restriction. The rapidly developing fetal brain is at particular risk of iron deficiency, which can occur because of maternal iron deficiency, hypertension, smoking, or glucose intolerance. Low maternal gestational iron intake is associated with autism, schizophrenia, and abnormal brain structure in the offspring. Newborns with iron deficiency have compromised recognition memory, slower speed of processing, and poorer bonding that persist despite postnatal iron repletion. Preclinical models of fetal iron deficiency confirm that expected iron-dependent processes such as monoamine neurotransmission, neuronal growth and differentiation, myelination, and gene expression are all compromised acutely and long term into adulthood. This review outlines strategies to diagnose and prevent iron deficiency in pregnancy. It describes the neurocognitive and mental health consequences of fetal iron deficiency. It emphasizes that fetal iron is a key nutrient that influences brain development and function across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN.
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21
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Bastian TW, Rao R, Tran PV, Georgieff MK. The Effects of Early-Life Iron Deficiency on Brain Energy Metabolism. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520935104. [PMID: 32637938 PMCID: PMC7324901 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520935104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies in the world. Iron deficiency in the late fetal and newborn period causes abnormal cognitive performance and emotional regulation, which can persist into adulthood despite iron repletion. Potential mechanisms contributing to these impairments include deficits in brain energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and myelination. Here, we comprehensively review the existing data that demonstrate diminished brain energetic capacity as a mechanistic driver of impaired neurobehavioral development due to early-life (fetal-neonatal) ID. We further discuss a novel hypothesis that permanent metabolic reprogramming, which occurs during the period of ID, leads to chronically impaired neuronal energetics and mitochondrial capacity in adulthood, thus limiting adult neuroplasticity and neurobehavioral function. We conclude that early-life ID impairs energy metabolism in a brain region- and age-dependent manner, with particularly strong evidence for hippocampal neurons. Additional studies, focusing on other brain regions and cell types, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Bastian
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Phu V Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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