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Zhai Z, Yang Y, Chen S, Wu Z. Long-Term Exposure to Polystyrene Microspheres and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice: Evaluating a Role for Microbiota Dysbiosis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:97002. [PMID: 39226184 PMCID: PMC11370995 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microplastics (MPs) have become a global environmental problem, emerging as contaminants with potentially alarming consequences. However, long-term exposure to polystyrene microspheres (PS-MS) and its effects on diet-induced obesity are not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effect of PS-MS exposure on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and underlying mechanisms. METHODS In the present study, C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or a HFD in the absence or presence of PS-MS via oral administration for 8 wk. Antibiotic depletion of the microbiota and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were performed to assess the influence of PS-MS on intestinal microbial ecology. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing to dissect microbial discrepancies and investigated the dysbiosis-associated intestinal integrity and inflammation in serum. RESULTS Compared with HFD mice, mice fed the HFD with PS-MS exhibited higher body weight, liver weight, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) activity scores, and mass of white adipose tissue, as well as higher blood glucose and serum lipid concentrations. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal microbiota revealed that mice fed the HFD with PS-MS had greater α -diversity and greater relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae, Akkermansiaceae, Marinifilaceae, Deferribacteres, and Desulfovibrio, but lower relative abundances of Atopobiaceae, Bifidobacterium, and Parabacteroides. Mice fed the HFD with PS-MS exhibited lower expression of MUC2 mucin and higher levels of lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β , and IL-17A] in serum. Correlation analyses revealed that differences in the microbial flora of mice exposed to PS-MS were associated with obesity. Interestingly, microbiota-depleted mice did not show the same PS-MS-associated differences in Muc2 and Tjp1 expression in the distal colon, expression of inflammatory cytokines in serum, or obesity outcomes between HFD and HFD + PS-MS. Importantly, transplantation of feces from HFD + PS-MS mice to microbiota-depleted HFD-fed mice resulted in a lower expression of mucus proteins, higher expression of inflammatory cytokines, and obesity outcomes, similar to the findings in HFD + PS-MS mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a new gut microbiota-driven mechanism for PS-MS-induced obesity in HFD-fed mice, suggesting the need to reevaluate the adverse health effects of MPs commonly found in daily life, particularly in susceptible populations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13913.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Zhai
- Department of Companion Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Companion Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- Department of Companion Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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2
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Zhang Q, Zhao L, Li Y, Wang S, Lu G, Wang H. Advances in the mechanism of action of short-chain fatty acids in psoriasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112928. [PMID: 39159566 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory and immunological disorder. Its lesions are present as scaly erythema or plaques. Disruptions in the body's immune system play a significant role in developing psoriasis. Recent evidence suggests a potential role of the gut microbiome in autoimmune diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the primary metabolites created by gut microbes and play a crucial fuction in autoimmunity. SCFAs act on various cells by mediating signaling to participate in host physiological and pathological processes. These processes encompass body metabolism, maintenance of intestinal barrier function, and immune system modulation. SCFAs can regulate immune cells to enhance the body's immune function, potentially influencing the prevention and treatment of psoriasis. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of SCFAs in psoriasis remain incompletely understood. This paper examines the relationship between SCFAs and psoriasis, elucidating how SCFAs influence the immune system, inflammatory response, and gut barrier in psoriasis. According to the study, in psoriasis, SCFAs have been shown to regulate neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the adaptive immune system, as well as T and B cells in the innate immune system. Additionally, we explore the role of SCFAs in psoriasis by maintaining intestinal barrier function, restoring intestinal ecological homeostasis, and investigating the potential therapeutic benefits of SCFAs for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guiling Lu
- Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Zou X, Zou X, Gao L, Zhao H. Gut microbiota and psoriasis: pathogenesis, targeted therapy, and future directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1430586. [PMID: 39170985 PMCID: PMC11335719 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1430586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is one of the most common autoimmune skin diseases. Increasing evidence shows that alterations in the diversity and function of microbiota can participate in the pathogenesis of psoriasis through various pathways and mechanisms. Objective To review the connection between microbial changes and psoriasis, how microbial-targeted therapy can be used to treat psoriasis, as well as the potential of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, diet, and Traditional Chinese Medicine as supplementary and adjunctive therapies. Methods Literature related to the relationship between psoriasis and gut microbiota was searched in PubMed and CNKI. Results Adjunct therapies such as dietary interventions, traditional Chinese medicine, and probiotics can enhance gut microbiota abundance and diversity in patients with psoriasis. These therapies stimulate immune mediators including IL-23, IL-17, IL-22, and modulate gamma interferon (IFN-γ) along with the NF-kB pathway, thereby suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ameliorating systemic inflammatory conditions. Conclusion This article discusses the direction of future research and clinical treatment of psoriasis from the perspective of intestinal microbiota and the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine, so as to provide clinicians with more comprehensive diagnosis and treatment options and bring greater hope to patients with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xinfu Zou
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Longxia Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Chen Y, Peng C, Zhu L, Wang J, Cao Q, Chen X, Li J. Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: Similarities and Differences in Metabolism and Microbiome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024:10.1007/s12016-024-08995-3. [PMID: 38954264 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are common chronic inflammatory diseases of high incidence that share some clinical features, including symptoms of pruritus and pain, scaly lesions, and histologically, acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. Meanwhile, they are both commonly comorbid with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, indicating that both diseases may exist with significant metabolic disturbances. Metabolomics reveals that both atopic dermatitis and psoriasis have abnormalities in a variety of metabolites, including lipids, amino acids, and glucose. Meanwhile, recent studies have highlighted the importance of the microbiome and its metabolites in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Metabolic alterations and microbiome dysbiosis can also affect the immune, inflammatory, and epidermal barrier, thereby influencing the development of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Focusing on the metabolic and microbiome levels, this review is devoted to elaborating the similarities and differences between atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, thus providing insights into the intricate relationship between both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qiaozhi Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Cui N, Xu X, Zhou F. Single-cell technologies in psoriasis. Clin Immunol 2024; 264:110242. [PMID: 38750947 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disorder. The primary manifestation of psoriasis arises from disturbances in the cutaneous immune microenvironment, but the specific functions of the cellular components within this microenvironment remain unknown. Recent advancements in single-cell technologies have enabled the detection of multi-omics at the level of individual cells, including single-cell transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, which have been successfully applied in studying autoimmune diseases, and other pathologies. These techniques allow the identification of heterogeneous cell clusters and their varying contributions to disease development. Considering the immunological traits of psoriasis, an in-depth exploration of immune cells and their interactions with cutaneous parenchymal cells can markedly advance our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the onset and recurrence of psoriasis. In this comprehensive review, we present an overview of recent applications of single-cell technologies in psoriasis, aiming to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Cui
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; The Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; The Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China.
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Korneev A, Peshkova M, Koteneva P, Gundogdu A, Timashev P. Modulation of the skin and gut microbiome by psoriasis treatment: a comprehensive systematic review. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:374. [PMID: 38850443 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome is intricately linked to the development of psoriasis, serving as both a potential cause and consequence of the psoriatic process. In recent years, there has been growing interest among psoriasis researchers in exploring how psoriasis treatments affect the skin and gut microbiome. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of modern treatment approaches on the microbiome has yet to be conducted. In this systematic review, we analyze studies investigating alterations in the skin and gut microbiome resulting from psoriasis treatment, aiming to understand how current therapies influence the role of the microbiome in psoriasis development. The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for eligible studies from the inception dates until July 5, 2023. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were carried out by three overlapping pairs of reviewers, resolving any disagreements through consensus. Our analysis of various treatments, including biologics, conventional medications, phototherapy, and probiotics, reveals significant shifts in microbial diversity and abundance. Importantly, favorable treatment outcomes are associated with microbiota alterations that approach those observed in healthy individuals. While the studies reviewed exhibit varying degrees of bias, underscoring the need for further research, this review supports the potential of microbiome modulation as both a preventive and therapeutic strategy for psoriasis patients. The findings underscore the importance of personalized therapeutic approaches, recognizing the profound impact of treatment on the microbiome. They also highlight the promise of probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions in psoriasis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Korneev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Laboratory of the Polymers Synthesis for Medical Applications, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Maria Peshkova
- Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Polina Koteneva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Design Center "Biofactory", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Aycan Gundogdu
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Metagenomics Laboratory, Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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Chen L, Huang D, Huang Z, Liu X, He M, Luo M, Tang Z, Tan G, Guo Q, Xiong H. Decreased HMGCS1 inhibits proliferation and inflammatory response of keratinocytes and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis via the STAT3/IL-23 axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112033. [PMID: 38608446 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immuno-inflammatory disease characterized by excessive keratinocyte proliferation, requiring extensive lipids. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase 1 (HMGCS1) is an essential enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, involved in cholesterol synthesis and the inflammatory response. However, the role of HMGCS1 in psoriasis has remained elusive. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism by which HMGCS1 controls psoriasiform inflammation. We discovered an increased abundance of HMGCS1 in psoriatic lesions when analyzing two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and confirmed this in psoriatic animal models and psoriatic patients by immunohistochemistry. In a TNF-α stimulated psoriatic HaCaT cell line, HMGCS1 was found to be overexpressed. Knockdown of HMGCS1 using siRNA suppressed the migration and proliferation of HaCaT cells. Mechanistically, HMGCS1 downregulation also reduced the expression of IL-23 and the STAT3 phosphorylation level. In imiquimod-induced psoriatic mice, intradermal injection of HMGCS1 siRNA significantly decreased the expression of HMGCS1 in the epidermis, which in turn led to an improvement in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score, epidermal thickening, and pathological Baker score. Additionally, expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-23, IL1-β, chemokine CXCL1, and innate immune mediator S100A7-9 were downregulated in the epidermis. In conclusion, HMGCS1 downregulation improved psoriasis in vitro and in vivo through the STAT3/IL-23 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danqi Huang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongzhou Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjie He
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minqing Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengqi Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozhen Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, Shenshan Medical Center, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Liu W, Jiang J, Li Z, Xiao Y, Zhou S, Wang D, Zou Y, Liu T, Li K, Liang H, Wang N, Xiang X, Xie Q, Zhan R, Zhang J, Zhou X, Yang L, Chuong CM, Lei M. Energy competition remodels the metabolic glucose landscape of psoriatic epidermal cells. Theranostics 2024; 14:3339-3357. [PMID: 38855186 PMCID: PMC11155411 DOI: 10.7150/thno.93764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Skin cells actively metabolize nutrients to ensure cell proliferation and differentiation. Psoriasis is an immune-disorder-related skin disease with hyperproliferation in epidermal keratinocytes and is increasingly recognized to be associated with metabolic disturbance. However, the metabolic adaptations and underlying mechanisms of epidermal hyperproliferation in psoriatic skin remain largely unknown. Here, we explored the role of metabolic competition in epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation in psoriatic skin. Methods: Bulk- and single-cell RNA-sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and glucose uptake experiments were used to analyze the metabolic differences in epidermal cells in psoriasis. Functional validation in vivo and in vitro was done using imiquimod-like mouse models and inflammatory organoid models. Results: We observed the highly proliferative basal cells in psoriasis act as the winners of the metabolic competition to uptake glucose from suprabasal cells. Using single-cell metabolic analysis, we found that the "winner cells" promote OXPHOS pathway upregulation by COX7B and lead to increased ROS through glucose metabolism, thereby promoting the hyperproliferation of basal cells in psoriasis. Also, to prevent toxic damage from ROS, basal cells activate the glutathione metabolic pathway to increase their antioxidant capacity to assist in psoriasis progression. We further found that COX7B promotes psoriasis development by modulating the activity of the PPAR signaling pathway by bulk RNA-seq analysis. We also observed glucose starvation and high expression of SLC7A11 that causes suprabasal cell disulfide stress and affects the actin cytoskeleton, leading to immature differentiation of suprabasal cells in psoriatic skin. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the essential role of cellular metabolic competition for skin tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zeming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Siyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Dehuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yi Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ke Li
- Shenzhen Accompany Technology Cooperation, ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Huan Liang
- Shenzhen Accompany Technology Cooperation, ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Nian'ou Wang
- Shenzhen Accompany Technology Cooperation, ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Rixing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Cosmetology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Kim HJ, Jang J, Na K, Lee EH, Gu HJ, Lim YH, Joo SA, Baek SE, Roh JY, Maeng HJ, Kim YH, Lee YJ, Oh BC, Jung Y. TLR7-dependent eosinophil degranulation links psoriatic skin inflammation to small intestinal inflammatory changes in mice. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1164-1177. [PMID: 38689088 PMCID: PMC11148187 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the context of psoriasis and the increased cooccurrence of inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis suggest a close relationship between skin and gut immune responses. Using a mouse model of psoriasis induced by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 ligand imiquimod, we found that psoriatic dermatitis was accompanied by inflammatory changes in the small intestine associated with eosinophil degranulation, which impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Inflammatory responses in the skin and small intestine were increased in mice prone to eosinophil degranulation. Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells were treated with media containing eosinophil granule proteins and exhibited signs of inflammation and damage. Imiquimod-induced skin and intestinal changes were attenuated in eosinophil-deficient mice, and this attenuation was counteracted by the transfer of eosinophils. Imiquimod levels and the distribution of eosinophils were positively correlated in the intestine. TLR7-deficient mice did not exhibit intestinal eosinophil degranulation but did exhibit attenuated inflammation in the skin and small intestine following imiquimod administration. These results suggest that TLR7-dependent bidirectional skin-to-gut communication occurs in psoriatic inflammation and that inflammatory changes in the intestine can accelerate psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Joo Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Jinsun Jang
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Kunhee Na
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Eun-Hui Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jung Gu
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Lim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Seul-A Joo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Baek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Korea
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
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10
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Li Y, Yang P, Ye J, Xu Q, Wu J, Wang Y. Updated mechanisms of MASLD pathogenesis. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:117. [PMID: 38649999 PMCID: PMC11034170 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has garnered considerable attention globally. Changing lifestyles, over-nutrition, and physical inactivity have promoted its development. MASLD is typically accompanied by obesity and is strongly linked to metabolic syndromes. Given that MASLD prevalence is on the rise, there is an urgent need to elucidate its pathogenesis. Hepatic lipid accumulation generally triggers lipotoxicity and induces MASLD or progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) by mediating endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, organelle dysfunction, and ferroptosis. Recently, significant attention has been directed towards exploring the role of gut microbial dysbiosis in the development of MASLD, offering a novel therapeutic target for MASLD. Considering that there are no recognized pharmacological therapies due to the diversity of mechanisms involved in MASLD and the difficulty associated with undertaking clinical trials, potential targets in MASLD remain elusive. Thus, this article aimed to summarize and evaluate the prominent roles of lipotoxicity, ferroptosis, and gut microbes in the development of MASLD and the mechanisms underlying their effects. Furthermore, existing advances and challenges in the treatment of MASLD were outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jialu Ye
- Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiyuan Xu
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yidong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Zhou Q, Jin X, Li H, Wang Q, Tao M, Wang J, Cao Y. Cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein as a cause of psoriasis: Results from bidirectional Mendelian randomization. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:710-718. [PMID: 38031463 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease that affects many people. However, the causal effect of lipid metabolism on psoriasis has not yet been verified. This study aimed to identify the genetic relationship between serum lipid levels and psoriasis. METHODS Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to analyse the causal relationship between cholesterol and psoriasis. The outcome of the forward causality test was psoriasis. In the analysis of reverse causality, psoriasis was exposed, and 79 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the genome-wide association study (GWASs) database from the IEU GWASs Project. MR-Egger regression, inverse variance-weighted, weighted median, weighted mode and simple mode were used for the MR analyses. RESULTS The level of triglyceride, lipase member N, chylomicrons, extremely large very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, cholesterol esters in large HDL, cholesterol esters in medium HDL and cholesterol esters in medium VLDL have not affected the development of psoriasis. However, total cholesterol, total free cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, cholesterol esters in large VLDL and cholesterol esters in medium LDL were unidirectional causal effects on psoriasis. CONCLUSION Bidirectional two-sample MR analysis indicated that high levels of total cholesterol, total free cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, cholesterol esters in large VLDL and cholesterol esters in medium LDL are genetic risk factors for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- First Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoliang Jin
- First Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- First Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qionglin Wang
- First Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maocan Tao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Wang Y, Yao T, Lin Y, Ge H, Huang B, Gao Y, Wu J. Association between gut microbiota and pan-dermatological diseases: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization research. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1327083. [PMID: 38562964 PMCID: PMC10982508 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1327083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota has been associated with dermatological problems in earlier observational studies. However, it is unclear whether gut microbiota has a causal function in dermatological diseases. Methods Thirteen dermatological diseases were the subject of bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) research aimed at identifying potential causal links between gut microbiota and these diseases. Summary statistics for the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of gut microbiota and dermatological diseases were obtained from public datasets. With the goal of evaluating the causal estimates, five acknowledged MR approaches were utilized along with multiple testing corrections, with inverse variance weighted (IVW) regression serving as the main methodology. Regarding the taxa that were causally linked with dermatological diseases in the forward MR analysis, reverse MR was performed. A series of sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the robustness of the causal estimates. Results The combined results of the five MR methods and sensitivity analysis showed 94 suggestive and five significant causal relationships. In particular, the genus Eubacterium_fissicatena_group increased the risk of developing psoriasis vulgaris (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, pFDR = 4.36 × 10-3), family Bacteroidaceae (OR = 2.25, pFDR = 4.39 × 10-3), genus Allisonella (OR = 1.42, pFDR = 1.29 × 10-2), and genus Bacteroides (OR = 2.25, pFDR = 1.29 × 10-2) increased the risk of developing acne; and the genus Intestinibacter increased the risk of urticaria (OR = 1.30, pFDR = 9.13 × 10-3). A reverse MR study revealed insufficient evidence for a significant causal relationship. In addition, there was no discernible horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity. Conclusion This study provides novel insights into the causality of gut microbiota in dermatological diseases and therapeutic or preventive paradigms for cutaneous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tao Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunlu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongping Ge
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bixin Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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13
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Zhang C, Cao X, Zhao L, Ni Z, Du H, Qu J, Zhu J, Sun H, Sun Y, Ouyang Z. Traditional Chinese Medicine Shi-Bi-Man ameliorates psoriasis via inhibiting IL-23/Th17 axis and CXCL16-mediated endothelial activation. Chin Med 2024; 19:38. [PMID: 38429819 PMCID: PMC10905932 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory genetic disease, mainly manifesting in the skin. Conventional therapies, such as glucocorticosteroids and corticosteroids, have adverse effects that limit drug use. Hence, it is imperative to identify a new therapeutic strategy that exhibits a favorable safety profile. Shi-Bi-Man (SBM) is a safe herbal supplement sourced from various natural plants, including ginseng, angelica sinensis, polygonum multiflorum, and aloe vera. PURPOSE We aimed to find a potential treatment for psoriasis and investigate the underlying mechanism through which SBM alleviates psoriatic-like skin inflammation in mice. METHODS We investigated the effects of supplementing with SBM through intragastric administration or smear administration in a murine model of imiquimod-induced psoriasis. The changes in body weight and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score were recorded throughout the entire process. Additionally, we used hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe the skin structure and performed single-cell RNA sequencing to explore the underlying mechanism of SBM in influencing the psoriasis-like phenotype. Immunofluorescence was conducted to verify our findings. Furthermore, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to investigate the impact of Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside (TSG) on the expression levels of IL23 in HaCaT cells. RESULTS SBM remarkably alleviated the psoriasis-like phenotype by inhibiting IL-23/Th17 cell axis. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed a decrease in the expression of Il17 and Il23 in keratinocytes and T cells, concomitant with a reduction in the proportion of Th17 cells. Meanwhile, the activation of endothelial cells was inhibited, accompanied by a decrease in the expression of Cxcl16. In vitro, the addition of TSG to HaCaT cells resulted in significant suppression of IL23 expression stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinran Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zitong Ni
- Jinling High School, 169 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Haojie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianxia Zhu
- Shenzhen Sipimo Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- School of Food and Drug, Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, 7098 Liuxian Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Zijun Ouyang
- School of Food and Drug, Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, 7098 Liuxian Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Zhong Y, Wang F, Meng X, Zhou L. The associations between gut microbiota and inflammatory skin diseases: a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1297240. [PMID: 38370414 PMCID: PMC10869565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1297240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence shows that dysregulation of intestinal flora is associated with inflammatory skin diseases, specifically atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis (PSO), and rosacea (ROS). However, the causality is still unclear. Objectives To study the underlying causality between gut microbiota (GM) and AD, PSO, and ROS, a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) analysis was conducted. Methods Summary statistics of gut microbiota, AD, PSO, and ROS were extracted from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs). In 2SMR analysis, in addition to the inverse variance weighted as the principal method for evaluating causal association, four different methods were also used. Sensitivity analysis and reverse 2SMR study were implemented to evaluate the robustness of 2SMR results or reverse causal relationship, respectively. Results A total of 24 specific gut microbiota species related to AD, PSO, and ROS were identified by 2SMR analysis. After using the Bonferroni method for multiple testing correction, family FamilyXIII (ID: 1957) [OR = 1.28 (1.13, 1.45), p = 9.26e-05] and genus Eubacteriumfissicatenagroup (ID: 14373) [OR = 1.20 (1.09, 1.33), p = 1.65e-04] were associated with an increased risk for AD and PSO, respectively. The genus Dialister showed a negative association, suggesting a protective role against both atopic dermatitis and rosacea. Our reverse 2SMR analysis indicated no reverse causality between these inflammatory skin diseases and the identified gut microbiota. Conclusions In summary, this study provided evidence for the causality between GM and inflammatory skin diseases. These findings suggested that supplementing specific bacterial taxa may be an effective therapy for AD, PSO, and ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Lu YW, Dong RJ, Yang LH, Liu J, Yang T, Xiao YH, Chen YJ, Wang RR, Li YY. Identification of gene signatures and molecular mechanisms underlying the mutual exclusion between psoriasis and leprosy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2199. [PMID: 38273053 PMCID: PMC10810956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Leprosy and psoriasis rarely coexist, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying their mutual exclusion have not been extensively investigated. This study aimed to reveal the underlying mechanism responsible for the mutual exclusion between psoriasis and leprosy. We obtained leprosy and psoriasis data from ArrayExpress and GEO database. Differential expression analysis was conducted separately on the leprosy and psoriasis using DEseq2. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with opposite expression patterns in psoriasis and leprosy were identified, which could potentially involve in their mutual exclusion. Enrichment analysis was performed on these candidate mutually exclusive genes, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify hub genes. The expression of these hub genes was further validated in an external dataset to obtain the critical mutually exclusive genes. Additionally, immune cell infiltration in psoriasis and leprosy was analyzed using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), and the correlation between critical mutually exclusive genes and immune cells was also examined. Finally, the expression pattern of critical mutually exclusive genes was evaluated in a single-cell transcriptome dataset. We identified 1098 DEGs in the leprosy dataset and 3839 DEGs in the psoriasis dataset. 48 candidate mutually exclusive genes were identified by taking the intersection. Enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were involved in cholesterol metabolism pathways. Through PPI network analysis, we identified APOE, CYP27A1, FADS1, and SOAT1 as hub genes. APOE, CYP27A1, and SOAT1 were subsequently validated as critical mutually exclusive genes on both internal and external datasets. Analysis of immune cell infiltration indicated higher abundance of 16 immune cell types in psoriasis and leprosy compared to normal controls. The abundance of 6 immune cell types in psoriasis and leprosy positively correlated with the expression levels of APOE and CYP27A1. Single-cell data analysis demonstrated that critical mutually exclusive genes were predominantly expressed in Schwann cells and fibroblasts. This study identified APOE, CYP27A1, and SOAT1 as critical mutually exclusive genes. Cholesterol metabolism pathway illustrated the possible mechanism of the inverse association of psoriasis and leprosy. The findings of this study provide a basis for identifying mechanisms and therapeutic targets for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Wang Lu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Kidney Diseases, Medical College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Rong-Jing Dong
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Kidney Diseases, Medical College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Lu-Hui Yang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, China
| | - Yong-Hong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, China.
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
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16
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Zhu Q, Wu K, Yang Q, Meng B, Niu Y, Zhao F. Advances in psoriasis and gut microorganisms with co-metabolites. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1192543. [PMID: 38033573 PMCID: PMC10687559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1192543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the potential role of gut microbes and their metabolites as novel mediators of psoriasis, including their composition and function in disease pathogenesis, progression, and management. Gut microbiota network analysis, colony construction, and in vivo large-scale interaction experiments showed that different degrees of damage and repair in psoriasis, both in animals and humans, involve cross-border homeostasis of the microbial community. Which gut microbiota interactions are present in psoriasis and how they collaborate with immune cells and influence psoriasis development via the gut-skin axis remain incompletely elucidated. In this article, we review the latest information on the unique patterns of gut microbiota and co-metabolites involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and attempt to explore microbial-based therapeutic targets derived from mono-and polymicrobial probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, pharmacomicrobiomics, and dietary interventions as diagnostic or therapeutic approaches promising to provide new options and long-term management for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushuang Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The 962nd Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuhong Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine and Dermatology, People's Hospital of Nan Gang District, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Dermatology, The 962nd Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Harbin, China
| | - Yucun Niu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fenglian Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The 962nd Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Harbin, China
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17
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Zhang X, Zhao Q, Li B. Current and promising therapies based on the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1217253. [PMID: 38035032 PMCID: PMC10687425 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1217253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a hyperthyroidism-related and immune-mediated disease that poses a significant threat to human health. The pathogenesis of GO primarily involves T cells, B cells, and fibroblasts, suggesting a pivotal role for the thyrotropin-antibody-immunocyte-fibroblast axis. Traditional treatment approaches for Graves' disease (GD) or GO encompass antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine, and beta-blockers. However, despite decades of treatment, there has been limited improvement in the global incidence of GO. In recent years, promising therapies, including immunotherapy, have emerged as leading contenders, demonstrating substantial benefits in clinical trials by inhibiting the activation of immune cells like Th1 and B cells. Furthermore, the impact of diet, gut microbiota, and metabolites on GO regulation has been recognized, suggesting the potential of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Moreover, as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) components have been extensively explored and have shown effective results in treating autoimmune diseases, remarkable progress has been achieved in managing GO with TCM. In this review, we elucidate the pathogenesis of GO, summarize current and prospective therapies for GO, and delve into the mechanisms and prospects of TCM in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital/Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qixiang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital/Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
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18
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Tan J, Taitz J, Nanan R, Grau G, Macia L. Dysbiotic Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites and Their Role in Non-Communicable Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15256. [PMID: 37894934 PMCID: PMC10607102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis, generally defined as the disruption to gut microbiota composition or function, is observed in most diseases, including allergies, cancer, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders and diseases associated with autoimmunity. Dysbiosis is commonly associated with reduced levels of beneficial gut microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and indoles. Supplementation with these beneficial metabolites, or interventions to increase their microbial production, has been shown to ameliorate a variety of inflammatory diseases. Conversely, the production of gut 'dysbiotic' metabolites or by-products by the gut microbiota may contribute to disease development. This review summarizes the various 'dysbiotic' gut-derived products observed in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic diseases including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. The increased production of dysbiotic gut microbial products, including trimethylamine, hydrogen sulphide, products of amino acid metabolism such as p-Cresyl sulphate and phenylacetic acid, and secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid, is commonly observed across multiple diseases. The simultaneous increased production of dysbiotic metabolites with the impaired production of beneficial metabolites, commonly associated with a modern lifestyle, may partially explain the high prevalence of inflammatory diseases in western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.T.); (J.T.); (R.N.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Jemma Taitz
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.T.); (J.T.); (R.N.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.T.); (J.T.); (R.N.)
- Sydney Medical School and Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Georges Grau
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.T.); (J.T.); (R.N.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Cytometry, The Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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19
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Iancu MA, Profir M, Roşu OA, Ionescu RF, Cretoiu SM, Gaspar BS. Revisiting the Intestinal Microbiome and Its Role in Diarrhea and Constipation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2177. [PMID: 37764021 PMCID: PMC10538221 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota represents a community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa) that colonize the gut and are responsible for gut mucosal structural integrity and immune and metabolic homeostasis. The relationship between the gut microbiome and human health has been intensively researched in the past years. It is now widely recognized that gut microbial composition is highly responsible for the general health of the host. Among the diseases that have been linked to an altered gut microbial population are diarrheal illnesses and functional constipation. The capacity of probiotics to modulate the gut microbiome population, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and modulate the immune system together with their antioxidant properties have encouraged the research of probiotic therapy in many gastrointestinal afflictions. Dietary and lifestyle changes and the use of probiotics seem to play an important role in easing constipation and effectively alleviating diarrhea by suppressing the germs involved. This review aims to describe how probiotic bacteria and the use of specific strains could interfere and bring benefits as an associated treatment for diarrhea and constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Adela Iancu
- Department of Family Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Monica Profir
- Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (M.P.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Oana Alexandra Roşu
- Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (M.P.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Ruxandra Florentina Ionescu
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology I, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Severus Gaspar
- Surgery Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Du W, Wang Z, Dong Y, Hu H, Zhou H, He X, Hu J, Li Y. Electroacupuncture promotes skin wound repair by improving lipid metabolism and inhibiting ferroptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2308-2320. [PMID: 37307402 PMCID: PMC10424292 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays an important role in the repair of skin wounds. Studies have shown that acupuncture is very effective in skin wound repair. However, there is little knowledge about the mechanism of electroacupuncture. Thirty-six SD rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated group, model group and electroacupuncture group, with 12 rats in each group. After the intervention, local skin tissues were collected for lipid metabolomics analysis, wound perfusion and ferroptosis-related indexes were detected and finally the effect of electroacupuncture on skin wound repair was comprehensively evaluated by combining wound healing rate and histology. Lipid metabolomics analysis revealed 37 differential metabolites shared by the three groups, mainly phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycerides, acylcarnitine, sphingolipids and fatty acids, and they could be back-regulated after electroacupuncture. The recovery of blood perfusion and wound healing was faster in the electroacupuncture group than in the model group (p < 0.05). The levels of GPX4, FTH1, SOD and GSH-PX, which are related to ferroptosis, were higher in the electroacupuncture group than in the model group (p < 0.05). The levels of ACSL4 and MDA were lower in the electroacupuncture group than in the model group (p < 0.05). Electroacupuncture may promote skin wound repair by improving lipid metabolism and inhibiting ferroptosis in local tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Du
- Research Institute of Orthopaedicsthe Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityZhejiangChina
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Zhenwei Wang
- Research Institute of Orthopaedicsthe Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityZhejiangChina
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Yi Dong
- Shaoxing TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Huahui Hu
- Research Institute of Orthopaedicsthe Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityZhejiangChina
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Huateng Zhou
- Research Institute of Orthopaedicsthe Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityZhejiangChina
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaofen He
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture ResearchThe Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Jintao Hu
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology DepartmentHangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Yong Li
- Research Institute of Orthopaedicsthe Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityZhejiangChina
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhejiangChina
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21
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Li Y, Guo D, Wang Q, Li A, Yin S, Li S, Li Y, Wang B, Guo T, Feng S. Benzoylaconitine Alleviates Progression of Psoriasis via Suppressing STAT3 Phosphorylation in Keratinocytes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114473. [PMID: 37298949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic and multifactorial skin disease which is caused by inflammatory infiltrates, keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and accumulation of immune cells. As part of the Aconitum species, Benzoylaconitine (BAC) shows potential antiviral, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of BAC on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)/LPS-induced HaCaT keratinocytes in a imiquimod(IMQ)-induced mice model. The results showed that BAC could relieve the symptoms of psoriasis by inhibiting cell proliferation, the release of inflammatory factors, and the accumulation of Th17 cells, while no obvious effect on cell viability and safety was observed both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, BAC can markedly inhibit the protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in TNF-α/LPS-induced HaCaT keratinocytes by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3. In brief, our data indicated that BAC could alleviate the progression of psoriasis and may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating psoriasis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Aifang Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Sugai Yin
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Baiyan Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuying Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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