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Imarisio A, Yahyavi I, Gasparri C, Hassan A, Avenali M, Di Maio A, Buongarzone G, Galandra C, Picascia M, Filosa A, Monti MC, Pacchetti C, Errico F, Rondanelli M, Usiello A, Valente EM. Serum dysregulation of serine and glycine metabolism as predictive biomarker for cognitive decline in frail elderly subjects. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:281. [PMID: 38982054 PMCID: PMC11233661 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a common age-related clinical syndrome characterized by a decline in the function of multiple organ systems, increased vulnerability to stressors, and a huge socio-economic burden. Despite recent research efforts, the physiopathological mechanisms underlying frailty remain elusive and biomarkers able to predate its occurrence in the early stages are still lacking. Beyond its physical component, cognitive decline represents a critical domain of frailty associated with higher risk of adverse health outcomes. We measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) a pool of serum amino acids including L-glutamate, L-aspartate, glycine, and D-serine, as well as their precursors L-glutamine, L-asparagine, and L-serine in a cohort of elderly subjects encompassing the entire continuum from fitness to frailty. These amino acids are known to orchestrate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, and in turn, to play a key role as intermediates of energy homeostasis and in liver, kidney, muscle, and immune system metabolism. To comprehensively assess frailty, we employed both the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS), as a practical tool to capture the multidimensionality of frailty, and the frailty phenotype, as a measure of physical function. We found that D-serine and D-/Total serine ratio were independent predictors of EFS but not of physical frailty. Furthermore, higher levels of glycine, glycine/L-serine and D-/Total serine were associated with worse cognition and depressive symptoms in the frail group. These findings suggest that changes in peripheral glycine and serine enantiomers homeostasis may represent a novel biochemical correlate of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Imarisio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Isar Yahyavi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Gasparri
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amber Hassan
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Micol Avenali
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Di Maio
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buongarzone
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Galandra
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Picascia
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Asia Filosa
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Pacchetti
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy.
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Pollegioni L, Campanini B, Good JM, Motta Z, Murtas G, Buoli Comani V, Pavlidou DC, Mercier N, Mittaz-Crettol L, Sacchi S, Marchesani F. L-serine deficiency: on the properties of the Asn133Ser variant of human phosphoserine phosphatase. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12463. [PMID: 38816452 PMCID: PMC11139964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The non-essential amino acid L-serine is involved in a number of metabolic pathways and in the brain its level is largely due to the biosynthesis from the glycolytic intermediate D-3-phosphoglycerate by the phosphorylated pathway (PP). This cytosolic pathway is made by three enzymes proposed to generate a reversible metabolon named the "serinosome". Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP) catalyses the last and irreversible step, representing the driving force pushing L-serine synthesis. Genetic defects of the PP enzymes result in strong neurological phenotypes. Recently, we identified the homozygous missense variant [NM_004577.4: c.398A > G p.(Asn133Ser)] in the PSPH, the PSP encoding gene, in two siblings with a neurodevelopmental syndrome and a myelopathy. The recombinant Asn133Ser enzyme does not show significant alterations in protein conformation and dimeric oligomerization state, as well as in enzymatic activity and functionality of the reconstructed PP. However, the Asn133Ser variant is less stable than wild-type PSP, a feature also apparent at cellular level. Studies on patients' fibroblasts also highlight a strong decrease in the level of the enzymes of the PP, a partial nuclear and perinuclear localization of variant PSP and a stronger perinuclear aggregates formation. We propose that these alterations contribute to the formation of a dysfunctional serinosome and thus to the observed reduction of L-serine, glycine and D-serine levels (the latter playing a crucial role in modulating NMDA receptors). The characterization of patients harbouring the Asn133Ser PSP substitution allows to go deep into the molecular mechanisms related to L-serine deficit and to suggest treatments to cope with the observed amino acids alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Good
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoraide Motta
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Despina-Christina Pavlidou
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noëlle Mercier
- Department of Epileptology, Institution of Lavigny, Lavigny, Switzerland
| | - Laureane Mittaz-Crettol
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
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Lu LP, Chang WH, Mao YW, Cheng MC, Zhuang XY, Kuo CS, Lai YA, Shih TM, Chou TY, Tsai GE. The Development of a Regulator of Human Serine Racemase for N-Methyl-D-aspartate Function. Biomedicines 2024; 12:853. [PMID: 38672207 PMCID: PMC11048566 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to regulate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) function bivalently depending on the central nervous system (CNS) conditions. CNS disorders with NMDA hyperfunction are involved in the pathogenesis of neurotoxic and/or neurodegenerative disorders with elevated D-serine, one of the NMDA receptor co-agonists. On the contrary, NMDA-enhancing agents have been demonstrated to improve psychotic symptoms and cognition in CNS disorders with NMDA hypofunction. Serine racemase (SR), the enzyme regulating both D- and L-serine levels through both racemization (catalysis from L-serine to D-serine) and β-elimination (degradation of both D- and L-serine), emerges as a promising target for bidirectional regulation of NMDA function. In this study, we explored using dimethyl malonate (DMM), a pro-drug of the SR inhibitor malonate, to modulate NMDA activity in C57BL/6J male mice via intravenous administration. Unexpectedly, 400 mg/kg DMM significantly elevated, rather than decreased (as a racemization inhibitor), D-serine levels in the cerebral cortex and plasma. This outcome prompted us to investigate the regulatory effects of dodecagalloyl-α-D-xylose (α12G), a synthesized tannic acid analog, on SR activity. Our findings showed that α12G enhanced the racemization activity of human SR by about 8-fold. The simulated and fluorescent assay of binding affinity suggested a noncooperative binding close to the catalytic residues, Lys56 and Ser84. Moreover, α12G treatment can improve behaviors associated with major CNS disorders with NMDA hypofunction including hyperactivity, prepulse inhibition deficit, and memory impairment in animal models of positive symptoms and cognitive impairment of psychosis. In sum, our findings suggested α12G is a potential therapeutic for treating CNS disorders with NMDA hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ping Lu
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei 221416, Taiwan; (L.-P.L.); (W.-H.C.); (Y.-W.M.); (M.-C.C.); (X.-Y.Z.); (C.-S.K.); (Y.-A.L.); (T.-M.S.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hua Chang
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei 221416, Taiwan; (L.-P.L.); (W.-H.C.); (Y.-W.M.); (M.-C.C.); (X.-Y.Z.); (C.-S.K.); (Y.-A.L.); (T.-M.S.)
| | - Yi-Wen Mao
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei 221416, Taiwan; (L.-P.L.); (W.-H.C.); (Y.-W.M.); (M.-C.C.); (X.-Y.Z.); (C.-S.K.); (Y.-A.L.); (T.-M.S.)
| | - Min-Chi Cheng
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei 221416, Taiwan; (L.-P.L.); (W.-H.C.); (Y.-W.M.); (M.-C.C.); (X.-Y.Z.); (C.-S.K.); (Y.-A.L.); (T.-M.S.)
| | - Xiao-Yi Zhuang
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei 221416, Taiwan; (L.-P.L.); (W.-H.C.); (Y.-W.M.); (M.-C.C.); (X.-Y.Z.); (C.-S.K.); (Y.-A.L.); (T.-M.S.)
| | - Chi-Sheng Kuo
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei 221416, Taiwan; (L.-P.L.); (W.-H.C.); (Y.-W.M.); (M.-C.C.); (X.-Y.Z.); (C.-S.K.); (Y.-A.L.); (T.-M.S.)
| | - Yi-An Lai
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei 221416, Taiwan; (L.-P.L.); (W.-H.C.); (Y.-W.M.); (M.-C.C.); (X.-Y.Z.); (C.-S.K.); (Y.-A.L.); (T.-M.S.)
| | - Tsai-Miao Shih
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei 221416, Taiwan; (L.-P.L.); (W.-H.C.); (Y.-W.M.); (M.-C.C.); (X.-Y.Z.); (C.-S.K.); (Y.-A.L.); (T.-M.S.)
| | - Teh-Ying Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Precision Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Guochuan Emil Tsai
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei 221416, Taiwan; (L.-P.L.); (W.-H.C.); (Y.-W.M.); (M.-C.C.); (X.-Y.Z.); (C.-S.K.); (Y.-A.L.); (T.-M.S.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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Liang J, Wang Y, Liu B, Dong X, Cai W, Zhang N, Zhang H. Deciphering the intricate linkage between the gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease: Elucidating mechanistic pathways promising therapeutic strategies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14704. [PMID: 38584341 PMCID: PMC10999574 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome is composed of various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and constitutes an important part of the human gut. Its composition is closely related to human health and disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease whose underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Recent research has shown that there are significant differences in the gut microbiota between AD patients and healthy individuals. Changes in the composition of gut microbiota may lead to the development of harmful factors associated with AD. In addition, the gut microbiota may play a role in the development and progression of AD through the gut-brain axis. However, the exact nature of this relationship has not been fully understood. AIMS This review will elucidate the types and functions of gut microbiota and their relationship with AD and explore in depth the potential mechanisms of gut microbiota in the occurrence of AD and the prospects for treatment strategies. METHODS Reviewed literature from PubMed and Web of Science using key terminologies related to AD and the gut microbiome. RESULTS Research indicates that the gut microbiota can directly or indirectly influence the occurrence and progression of AD through metabolites, endotoxins, and the vagus nerve. DISCUSSION This review discusses the future challenges and research directions regarding the gut microbiota in AD. CONCLUSION While many unresolved issues remain regarding the gut microbiota and AD, the feasibility and immense potential of treating AD by modulating the gut microbiota are evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang ProvinceChina
| | - Yueyang Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang ProvinceChina
| | - Bin Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaohong Dong
- Jiamusi CollegeHeilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJiamusiHeilongjiang ProvinceChina
| | - Wenhui Cai
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang ProvinceChina
| | - Ning Zhang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHarbinHeilongjiang ProvinceChina
| | - Hong Zhang
- Heilongjiang Jiamusi Central HospitalJiamusiHeilongjiang ProvinceChina
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Wu D, Zhang K, Khan FA, Pandupuspitasari NS, Guan K, Sun F, Huang C. A comprehensive review on signaling attributes of serine and serine metabolism in health and disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129607. [PMID: 38253153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Serine is a metabolite with ever-expanding metabolic and non-metabolic signaling attributes. By providing one‑carbon units for macromolecule biosynthesis and functional modifications, serine and serine metabolism largely impinge on cellular survival and function. Cancer cells frequently have a preference for serine metabolic reprogramming to create a conducive metabolic state for survival and aggressiveness, making intervention of cancer-associated rewiring of serine metabolism a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Beyond providing methyl donors for methylation in modulation of innate immunity, serine metabolism generates formyl donors for mitochondrial tRNA formylation which is required for mitochondrial function. Interestingly, fully developed neurons lack the machinery for serine biosynthesis and rely heavily on astrocytic l-serine for production of d-serine to shape synaptic plasticity. Here, we recapitulate recent discoveries that address the medical significance of serine and serine metabolism in malignancies, mitochondrial-associated disorders, and neurodegenerative pathologies. Metabolic control and epigenetic- and posttranslational regulation of serine metabolism are also discussed. Given the metabolic similarities between cancer cells, neurons and germ cells, we further propose the relevance of serine metabolism in testicular homeostasis. Our work provides valuable hints for future investigations that will lead to a deeper understanding of serine and serine metabolism in cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia
| | | | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Chunjie Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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Imarisio A, Yahyavi I, Avenali M, Di Maio A, Buongarzone G, Galandra C, Picascia M, Filosa A, Gasparri C, Monti MC, Rondanelli M, Pacchetti C, Errico F, Valente EM, Usiello A. Blood D-serine levels correlate with aging and dopaminergic treatment in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106413. [PMID: 38253208 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently described increased D- and L-serine concentrations in the striatum of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys, the post-mortem caudate-putamen of human Parkinson's disease (PD) brains and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of de novo living PD patients. However, data regarding blood D- and L-serine levels in PD are scarce. Here, we investigated whether the serum profile of D- and L-serine, as well as the other glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic receptor (NMDAR)-related amino acids, (i) differs between PD patients and healthy controls (HC) and (ii) correlates with clinical-demographic features and levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) in PD. Eighty-three consecutive PD patients and forty-one HC were enrolled. PD cohort underwent an extensive clinical characterization. Serum levels of D- and L-serine, L-glutamate, L-glutamine, L-aspartate, L-asparagine and glycine were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, no differences emerged in the serum levels of D-serine, L-serine and other NMDAR-related amino acids between PD and HC. However, we found that D-serine and D-/Total serine ratio positively correlated with age in PD but not in HC, and also with PD age at onset. Moreover, we found that higher LEDD correlated with lower levels of D-serine and the other excitatory amino acids. Following these results, the addition of LEDD as covariate in the analyses disclosed a selective significant increase of D-serine in PD compared to HC (Δ ≈ 38%). Overall, these findings suggest that serum D-serine and D-/Total serine may represent a valuable biochemical signature of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Imarisio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Isar Yahyavi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Micol Avenali
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Di Maio
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buongarzone
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Galandra
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Picascia
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Asia Filosa
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Clara Gasparri
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Pacchetti
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
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Ikushiro H, Honda T, Murai Y, Murakami T, Takahashi A, Sawai T, Goto H, Ikushiro SI, Miyahara I, Hirabayashi Y, Kamiya N, Monde K, Yano T. Racemization of the substrate and product by serine palmitoyltransferase from Sphingobacterium multivorum yields two enantiomers of the product from d-serine. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105728. [PMID: 38325740 PMCID: PMC10912632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) catalyzes the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylative condensation of l-serine and palmitoyl-CoA to form 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS). Although SPT was shown to synthesize corresponding products from amino acids other than l-serine, it is still arguable whether SPT catalyzes the reaction with d-serine, which is a question of biological importance. Using high substrate and enzyme concentrations, KDS was detected after the incubation of SPT from Sphingobacterium multivorum with d-serine and palmitoyl-CoA. Furthermore, the KDS comprised equal amounts of 2S and 2R isomers. 1H-NMR study showed a slow hydrogen-deuterium exchange at Cα of serine mediated by SPT. We further confirmed that SPT catalyzed the racemization of serine. The rate of the KDS formation from d-serine was comparable to those for the α-hydrogen exchange and the racemization reaction. The structure of the d-serine-soaked crystal (1.65 Å resolution) showed a distinct electron density of the PLP-l-serine aldimine, interpreted as the racemized product trapped in the active site. The structure of the α-methyl-d-serine-soaked crystal (1.70 Å resolution) showed the PLP-α-methyl-d-serine aldimine, mimicking the d-serine-SPT complex prior to racemization. Based on these enzymological and structural analyses, the synthesis of KDS from d-serine was explained as the result of the slow racemization to l-serine, followed by the reaction with palmitoyl-CoA, and SPT would not catalyze the direct condensation between d-serine and palmitoyl-CoA. It was also shown that the S. multivorum SPT catalyzed the racemization of the product KDS, which would explain the presence of (2R)-KDS in the reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikushiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takumi Honda
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuta Murai
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Taiki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Sawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruna Goto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kamiya
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takato Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan.
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Bai YZ, Li JM, Zhang SQ. Potential novel mechanism of selenium on cognition. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:249-251. [PMID: 37698770 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhi Bai
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jia-Meng Li
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuang-Qing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
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9
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Miyamoto T, Fushinobu S, Saitoh Y, Sekine M, Katane M, Sakai-Kato K, Homma H. Novel tetrahydrofolate-dependent d-serine dehydratase activity of serine hydroxymethyltransferases. FEBS J 2024; 291:308-322. [PMID: 37700610 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
d-Serine plays vital physiological roles in the functional regulation of the mammalian brain, where it is produced from l-serine by serine racemase and degraded by d-amino acid oxidase. In the present study, we identified a new d-serine metabolizing activity of serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) in bacteria as well as mammals. SHMT is known to catalyze the conversion of l-serine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to glycine and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, respectively. In addition, we found that human and Escherichia coli SHMTs have d-serine dehydratase activity, which degrades d-serine to pyruvate and ammonia. We characterized this enzymatic activity along with canonical SHMT activity. Intriguingly, SHMT required THF to catalyze d-serine dehydration and did not exhibit dehydratase activity toward l-serine. Furthermore, SHMT did not use d-serine as a substrate in the canonical hydroxymethyltransferase reaction. The d-serine dehydratase activities of two isozymes of human SHMT were inhibited in the presence of a high concentration of THF, whereas that of E. coli SHMT was increased. The pH and temperature profiles of d-serine dehydratase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase activities of these three SHMTs were partially distinct. The catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) of dehydratase activity was lower than that of hydroxymethyltransferase activity. Nevertheless, the d-serine dehydratase activity of SHMT was physiologically important because d-serine inhibited the growth of an SHMT deletion mutant of E. coli, ∆glyA, more than that of the wild-type strain. Collectively, these results suggest that SHMT is involved not only in l- but also in d-serine metabolism through the degradation of d-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Saitoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masae Sekine
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Katane
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakai-Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Souza INDO, Roychaudhuri R, de Belleroche J, Mothet JP. d-Amino acids: new clinical pathways for brain diseases. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:1014-1028. [PMID: 37770379 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Free d-amino acids (d-AAs) are emerging as a novel and important class of signaling molecules in many organs, including the brain and endocrine systems. There has been considerable progress in our understanding of the fundamental roles of these atypical messengers, with increasingly recognized implications in a wide range of neuropathologies, including schizophrenia (SCZ), epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), substance abuse, and chronic pain, among others. Research has enabled the discovery that d-serine, d-aspartate and more recently d-cysteine are essential for the healthy development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). We discuss recent progress that has profoundly transformed our vision of numerous physiological processes but has also shown how d-AAs are now offering therapeutic promise in clinical settings for several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Nem de Oliveira Souza
- Biophotonics and Synapse Physiopathology Team, Laboratoire LuMIn UMR9024 Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupelec, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robin Roychaudhuri
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Birth Defects, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jacqueline de Belleroche
- Neurogenetics Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Biophotonics and Synapse Physiopathology Team, Laboratoire LuMIn UMR9024 Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupelec, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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11
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Yang L, Tan Q, Wan W, Bu Z, Xuan C, Yu C, Wu J, Yan J. A blood-based, metabolite and demographic characteristic markers panel for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:1247-1258. [PMID: 37669269 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: This work was designed to provide early diagnosis strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on the identification of blood metabolic biomarkers. Patients & methods: A total of 90 subjects aged 60 years or older were included in this study; 45 patients were assigned to the case group and control group, respectively. A total of 31 target metabolites were quantitatively analyzed by parallel reaction monitoring between the two groups. Results & conclusion: Three metabolites were screened out, including cystine, serine and alanine/sarcosine. Logistic regression and random forest analysis were used to establish AD diagnosis models, and the model combining metabolic biomarkers and demographic variables had higher detection efficiency (area under the curve = 0.869). A combination diagnostic model to provide a scientific reference for early screening and diagnosis of AD was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Zhejiang Hospital, lingyin Road, Hangzhou Zhejiang Province, 310013, China
| | - Qilong Tan
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou Zhejiang Province, 310012, China
| | - Wenjing Wan
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou Zhejiang Province, 310000, China
| | - Zhibin Bu
- Zhejiang Hospital, lingyin Road, Hangzhou Zhejiang Province, 310013, China
| | - Cheng Xuan
- Zhuji Second People's Hospital, Fengqiao Town, Zhuji Zhejiang Province, 311800, China
| | - Caiyan Yu
- Zhuji Second People's Hospital, Fengqiao Town, Zhuji Zhejiang Province, 311800, China
| | - Jiong Wu
- Zhejiang Hospital, lingyin Road, Hangzhou Zhejiang Province, 310013, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Zhejiang Hospital, lingyin Road, Hangzhou Zhejiang Province, 310013, China
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12
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Tripodi F, Motta Z, Murtas G, Rabattoni V, Nonnis S, Grassi Scalvini F, Rinaldi AM, Rizzi R, Bearzi C, Badone B, Sacchi S, Tedeschi G, Maffioli E, Coccetti P, Pollegioni L. Serine metabolism during differentiation of human iPSC-derived astrocytes. FEBS J 2023; 290:4440-4464. [PMID: 37166453 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential players in development and functions, being particularly relevant as regulators of brain energy metabolism, ionic homeostasis and synaptic transmission. They are also the major source of l-serine in the brain, which is synthesized from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate through the phosphorylated pathway. l-Serine is the precursor of the two main co-agonists of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, glycine and d-serine. Strikingly, dysfunctions in both l- and d-serine metabolism are associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we exploited a differentiation protocol, based on the generation of human mature astrocytes from neural stem cells, and investigated the modification of the proteomic and metabolomic profile during the differentiation process. We show that differentiated astrocytes are more similar to mature rather than to reactive ones, and that axogenesis and pyrimidine metabolism increase up to 30 days along with the folate cycle and sphingolipid metabolism. Consistent with the proliferation and cellular maturation processes that are taking place, also the intracellular levels of l-serine, glycine, threonine, l- and d-aspartate (which level is unexpectedly higher than that of d-serine) show the same biosynthetic time course. A significant utilization of l-serine from the medium is apparent while glycine is first consumed and then released with a peak at 30 days, parallel to its intracellular level. These results underline how metabolism changes during astrocyte differentiation, highlight that d-serine synthesis is restricted in differentiated astrocytes and provide a valuable model for developing potential novel therapeutic approaches to address brain diseases, especially the ones related to serine metabolism alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Tripodi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Zoraide Motta
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Rabattoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Nonnis
- DIVAS, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Rizzi
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Science and Biotechnologies, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
| | - Claudia Bearzi
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Badone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- DIVAS, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milano, Italy
- CIMAINA, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- DIVAS, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Coccetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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13
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Ni X, Inoue R, Wu Y, Yoshida T, Yaku K, Nakagawa T, Saito T, Saido TC, Takao K, Mori H. Regional contributions of D-serine to Alzheimer's disease pathology in male AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1211067. [PMID: 37455930 PMCID: PMC10339350 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1211067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with excitotoxicity mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). D-Serine is an endogenous co-agonist necessary for NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity. In the mammalian brain, it is produced by serine racemase (SRR) from L-serine, suggesting that dysregulation of L-serine, D-serine, or SRR may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Objective and methods We examined the contributions of D-serine to AD pathology in the AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F gene knock-in (APPKI) mouse model of AD. We first examined brain SRR expression levels and neuropathology in APPKI mice and then assessed the effects of long-term D-serine supplementation in drinking water on neurodegeneration. To further confirm the involvement of endogenous D-serine in AD progression, we generated Srr gene-deleted APPKI (APPKI-SRRKO) mice. Finally, to examine the levels of brain amino acids, we conducted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Expression of SRR was markedly reduced in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) of APPKI mice at 12 months of age compared with age-matched wild-type mice. Neuronal density was decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region but not altered significantly in the RSC. D-Serine supplementation exacerbated neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 of APPKI mice, while APPKI-SRRKO mice exhibited attenuated astrogliosis and reduced neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 compared with APPKI mice. Furthermore, APPKI mice demonstrated marked abnormalities in the cortical amino acid levels that were partially reversed in APPKI-SRRKO mice. Conclusion These findings suggest that D-serine participates in the regional neurodegenerative process in the hippocampal CA1 during the amyloid pathology of AD and that reducing brain D-serine can partially attenuate neuronal loss and reactive astrogliosis. Therefore, regulating SRR could be an effective strategy to mitigate NMDAR-dependent neurodegeneration during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiance Ni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ran Inoue
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yaku
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Pre-Disease Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Pre-Disease Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Pre-Disease Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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14
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HORIE M, OHMIYA Y, OHMORI T. Analysis of D-amino acid in Japanese post-fermented tea, Ishizuchi-kurocha. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2023; 42:254-263. [PMID: 37791341 PMCID: PMC10542427 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The D-amino acid content of Ishizuchi-kurocha, a post-fermented tea produced in Ehime, Japan, was measured. Ishizuchi-kurocha mainly contains D-glutamic acid and D-alanine, but it also contains a small amount of D-aspartic acid. Two types of lactic acid bacteria, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Levilactobacillus brevis, are the main species involved in lactic acid fermentation during the tea fermentation process. Therefore, the D-amino acid-producing abilities of strains of these two species isolated from Ishizuchi-kurocha were examined. Specifically, the production of D-aspartic acid, D-alanine, and D-glutamic acid by L. brevis and L. plantarum strains was observed. The amount of D-aspartic acid produced by L. plantarum was low. D-glutamine was detected in culture supernatant but not in bacterial cells. D-arginine was detected in bacterial cells of the L. plantarum strains but not in the culture supernatant. Both the L. brevis and L. plantarum strains possessed at least three kinds of putative racemase genes: alanine racemase, glutamate racemase, and aspartate racemase. However, their expression and enzyme activity remain unknown. L. plantarum and L. brevis could play an important role in the production of D-amino acids in Ishizuchi-kurocha. In fact, Ishizuchi-kurocha is expected to possess the effective physiological activities of D-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori HORIE
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa
761-0301, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro OHMIYA
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577,
Japan
| | - Taketo OHMORI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of
Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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15
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Krishnan KS, Billups B. ASC Transporters Mediate D-Serine Transport into Astrocytes Adjacent to Synapses in the Mouse Brain. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050819. [PMID: 37238689 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
D-serine is an important signalling molecule, which activates N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in conjunction with its fellow co-agonist, the neurotransmitter glutamate. Despite its involvement in plasticity and memory related to excitatory synapses, its cellular source and sink remain a question. We hypothesise that astrocytes, a type of glial cell that surrounds synapses, are likely candidates to control the extracellular concentration of D-Serine by removing it from the synaptic space. Using in situ patch clamp recordings and pharmacological manipulation of astrocytes in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampal brain slices, we investigated the transport of D-serine across the plasma membrane. We observed the D-serine-induced transport-associated currents upon puff-application of 10 mM D-serine on astrocytes. Further, O-benzyl-L-serine and trans-4-hydroxy-proline, known substrate inhibitors of the alanine serine cysteine transporters (ASCT), reduced D-serine uptake. These results indicate that ASCT is a central mediator of astrocytic D-serine transport and plays a role in regulating its synaptic concentration by sequestration into astrocytes. Similar results were observed in astrocytes of the somatosensory cortex and Bergmann glia in the cerebellum, indicative of a general mechanism expressed across a range of brain areas. This removal of synaptic D-serine and its subsequent metabolic degradation are expected to reduce its extracellular availability, influencing NMDAR activation and NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Subramanian Krishnan
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Brian Billups
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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16
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Liu Y, Wu Z, Armstrong DW, Wolosker H, Zheng Y. Detection and analysis of chiral molecules as disease biomarkers. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:355-373. [PMID: 37117811 PMCID: PMC10175202 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The chirality of small metabolic molecules is important in controlling physiological processes and indicating the health status of humans. Abnormal enantiomeric ratios of chiral molecules in biofluids and tissues occur in many diseases, including cancers and kidney and brain diseases. Thus, chiral small molecules are promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, adverse drug-effect monitoring, pharmacodynamic studies and personalized medicine. However, it remains difficult to achieve cost-effective and reliable analysis of small chiral molecules in clinical procedures, in part owing to their large variety and low concentration. In this Review, we describe current and emerging techniques that detect and quantify small-molecule enantiomers and their biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoran Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zilong Wu
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Herman Wolosker
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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17
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Advanced Overview of Biomarkers and Techniques for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01330-y. [PMID: 36847930 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of early non-invasive diagnosis methods and identification of novel biomarkers are necessary for managing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and facilitating effective prognosis and treatment. AD has multi-factorial nature and involves complex molecular mechanism, which causes neuronal degeneration. The primary challenges in early AD detection include patient heterogeneity and lack of precise diagnosis at the preclinical stage. Several cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood biomarkers have been proposed to show excellent diagnosis ability by identifying tau pathology and cerebral amyloid beta (Aβ) for AD. Intense research endeavors are being made to develop ultrasensitive detection techniques and find potent biomarkers for early AD diagnosis. To mitigate AD worldwide, understanding various CSF biomarkers, blood biomarkers, and techniques that can be used for early diagnosis is imperative. This review attempts to provide information regarding AD pathophysiology, genetic and non-genetic factors associated with AD, several potential blood and CSF biomarkers, like neurofilament light, neurogranin, Aβ, and tau, along with biomarkers under development for AD detection. Besides, numerous techniques, such as neuroimaging, spectroscopic techniques, biosensors, and neuroproteomics, which are being explored to aid early AD detection, have been discussed. The insights thus gained would help in finding potential biomarkers and suitable techniques for the accurate diagnosis of early AD before cognitive dysfunction.
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18
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Sharma VK, Singh TG, Mehta V, Mannan A. Biomarkers: Role and Scope in Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2029-2058. [PMID: 36795184 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders pose a great threat to social health and are a major cause for mortality and morbidity. Effective drug development complemented with the improved drug therapy has made considerable progress towards easing symptoms associated with neurological illnesses, yet poor diagnosis and imprecise understanding of these disorders has led to imperfect treatment options. The scenario is complicated by the inability to extrapolate results of cell culture studies and transgenic models to clinical applications which has stagnated the process of improving drug therapy. In this context, the development of biomarkers has been viewed as beneficial to easing various pathological complications. A biomarker is measured and evaluated in order to gauge the physiological process or a pathological progression of a disease and such a marker can also indicate the clinical or pharmacological response to a therapeutic intervention. The development and identification of biomarkers for neurological disorders involves several issues including the complexity of the brain, unresolved discrepant data from experimental and clinical studies, poor clinical diagnostics, lack of functional endpoints, and high cost and complexity of techniques yet research in the area of biomarkers is highly desired. The present work describes existing biomarkers for various neurological disorders, provides support for the idea that biomarker development may ease our understanding underlying pathophysiology of these disorders and help to design and explore therapeutic targets for effective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, 140401, India.,Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, 140401, India.
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, 140401, India
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19
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D-Amino Acids and Cancer: Friends or Foes? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043274. [PMID: 36834677 PMCID: PMC9962368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
α-amino acids exist in two configurations, named D-(dextro) and L-(levo) enantiomers. L-amino acids are used in protein synthesis and play a central role in cell metabolism. The effects of the L-amino acid composition of foods and the dietary modifications of this composition on the efficacy of cancer therapies have been widely investigated in relation to the growth and reproduction of cancerous cells. However, less is known about the involvement of D-amino acids. In recent decades, D-amino acids have been identified as natural biomolecules that play interesting and specific roles as common components of the human diet. Here, we focus on recent investigations showing altered D-amino acid levels in specific cancer types and on the various roles proposed for these biomolecules related to cancer cell proliferation, cell protection during therapy, and as putative, innovative biomarkers. Notwithstanding recent progress, the relationship between the presence of D-amino acids, their nutritional value, and cancer cell proliferation and survival represents an underrated scientific issue. Few studies on human samples have been reported to date, suggesting a need for routine analysis of D-amino acid content and an evaluation of the enzymes involved in regulating their levels in clinical samples in the near future.
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20
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Liu M, Li M, He J, He Y, Yang J, Sun Z. Chiral Amino Acid Profiling in Serum Reveals Potential Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:291-301. [PMID: 37248903 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, and increasing evidence has linked dysregulation of amino acids to AD pathogenesis. However, the existing studies often ignore the chirality of amino acids, and some results are inconsistent and controversial. The changes of amino acid profiles in AD from the perspective of enantiomers remain elusive. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the levels of amino acids, especially D-amino acids, are deregulated in the peripheral serum of AD patients, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel biomarkers for AD. METHODS The chiral amino acid profiles were determined by HPLC-MS/MS with a pre-column derivatization method. Experimental data obtained from 37 AD patients and 34 healthy controls (HC) were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Among the 35 amino acids detected, D-proline, D/total-proline ratio, D-aspartate, and D/total-aspartate ratio were decreased, while D-phenylalanine was elevated in AD compared to HC. Significant age-dependent increases in D-proline, D/total-proline ratio, and D-phenylalanine were observed in HC, but not in AD. Receiver operator characteristic analyses of the combination of D-proline, D-aspartate, D-phenylalanine, and age for discriminating AD from HC provided satisfactory area under the curve (0.87), specificity (97.0%), and sensitivity (83.8%). Furthermore, the D-aspartate level was significantly decreased with the progression of AD, as assessed by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale and Mini-Mental State Examination. CONCLUSION The panels of D-proline, D-phenylalanine, and D-aspartate in peripheral serum may serve as novel biomarker candidates for AD. The latter parameter is further associated with the severity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Li
- Center for Cognitive Disorders, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Maffioli E, Murtas G, Rabattoni V, Badone B, Tripodi F, Iannuzzi F, Licastro D, Nonnis S, Rinaldi AM, Motta Z, Sacchi S, Canu N, Tedeschi G, Coccetti P, Pollegioni L. Insulin and serine metabolism as sex-specific hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in the human hippocampus. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111271. [PMID: 36070700 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is an ambitious aspiration for humans, but neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), strongly affect quality of life. Using an integrated omics approach, we investigate alterations in the molecular composition of postmortem hippocampus samples of healthy persons and individuals with AD. Profound differences are apparent between control and AD male and female cohorts in terms of up- and downregulated metabolic pathways. A decrease in the insulin response is evident in AD when comparing the female with the male group. The serine metabolism (linked to the glycolytic pathway and generating the N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA] receptor coagonist D-serine) is also significantly modulated: the D-Ser/total serine ratio represents a way to counteract age-related cognitive decline in healthy men and during AD onset in women. These results show how AD changes and, in certain respects, almost reverses sex-specific proteomic and metabolomic profiles, highlighting how different pathophysiological mechanisms are active in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maffioli
- DIVAS, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milano, 20121 Milano, Italy; CIMAINA, University of Milano, 20121 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Rabattoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Beatrice Badone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Farida Tripodi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Filomena Iannuzzi
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Nonnis
- DIVAS, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milano, 20121 Milano, Italy; CIMAINA, University of Milano, 20121 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Rinaldi
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Zoraide Motta
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Nadia Canu
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy; Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare (IBBC) CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- DIVAS, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milano, 20121 Milano, Italy; CIMAINA, University of Milano, 20121 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Coccetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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22
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Zhang H, Lu J, Shang H, Chen J, Lin Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Song L, Jiang X, Jiang H, Shi J, Yan D, Wu S. Alterations of serine racemase expression determine proliferation and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22473. [PMID: 35976172 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200394rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of serine racemase (SR) in neuropsychiatric disorders has been extensively studied, its role in cell proliferation and differentiation remains unclear. Deletion of Srr, the encoding gene for SR, has been shown to reduce dendritic arborization and dendritic spine density in the brains of adult mice, whereas increased SR levels have been associated with differentiation in cell cultures. Previously, we demonstrated that valproic acid induces differentiation in the N2A neuroblastoma cell line, and that this differentiation is associated with increased SR expression. These observations suggest that SR may have a role in cell proliferation and differentiation. We herein found that both valproic acid and all-trans retinoic acid induced N2A differentiation. In contrast, knockdown of SR reduced levels of differentiation, increased N2A proliferation, promoted cell cycle entry, and modulated expression of cell cycle-related proteins. To further evaluate the effects of SR expression on cell proliferation and differentiation, we used an in vivo model of neuroblastoma in nude mice. N2A cells stably expressing scramble shRNA (Srrwt -N2A) or specific Srr shRNA (Srrkd -N2A) were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. The weights and volumes of Srrwt -N2A-derived tumors were lower than Srrkd -N2A-derived tumors. Furthermore, Srrwt -N2A-derived tumors were significantly mitigated by intraperitoneal injection of valproic acid, whereas Srrkd -N2A-derived tumors were unaffected. Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that alterations in SR expression determine the transition between proliferation and differentiation in neural progenitor cells. Thus, in addition to its well-established roles in neuropsychiatric disorders, our study has highlighted a novel role for SR in cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinfang Lu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Shang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxiu Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yimei Liu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liping Song
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xue Jiang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiandong Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Yan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
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23
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Andersen JV, Schousboe A, Verkhratsky A. Astrocyte energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: integration of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102331. [PMID: 35872221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the complex cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurons and astrocytes function in close collaboration through neurotransmitter recycling, collectively known as the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, which is essential to sustain neurotransmission. Neurotransmitter recycling is intimately linked to astrocyte energy metabolism. In the course of AD, astrocytes undergo extensive metabolic remodeling, which may profoundly affect the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle. The consequences of altered astrocyte function and metabolism in relation to neurotransmitter recycling are yet to be comprehended. Metabolic alterations of astrocytes in AD deprive neurons of metabolic support, thereby contributing to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In addition, several astrocyte-specific components of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, including glutamine synthesis and synaptic neurotransmitter uptake, are perturbed in AD. Integration of the complex astrocyte biology within the context of AD is essential for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of the disease, while restoring astrocyte metabolism may serve as an approach to arrest or even revert clinical progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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24
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Murtas G, Pollegioni L, Molla G, Sacchi S. Biochemical Properties and Physiological Functions of pLG72: Twenty Years of Investigations. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060858. [PMID: 35740983 PMCID: PMC9220908 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2002, the novel human gene G72 was associated with schizophrenia susceptibility. This gene encodes a small protein of 153 amino acids, named pLG72, which represents a rare case of primate-specific protein. In particular, the rs2391191 single nucleotide polymorphism (resulting in in the R30K substitution) was robustly associated to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In this review, we aim to summarize the results of 20 years of biochemical investigations on pLG72. The main known role of pLG72 is related to its ability to bind and inactivate the flavoenzyme d-amino acid oxidase, i.e., the enzyme that controls the catabolism of d-serine, the main NMDA receptor coagonist in the brain. pLG72 was proposed to target the cytosolic form of d-amino acid oxidase for degradation, preserving d-serine and protecting the cell from oxidative stress generated by hydrogen peroxide produced by the flavoenzyme reaction. Anyway, pLG72 seems to play additional roles, such as affecting mitochondrial functions. The level of pLG72 in the human body is still a controversial issue because of its low expression and challenging detection. Anyway, the intriguing hypothesis that pLG72 level in blood could represent a suitable marker of Alzheimer’s disease progression (a suggestion not sufficiently established yet) merits further investigations.
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25
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Wu S, Zhou J, Zhang H, Barger SW. Serine Racemase Expression Differentiates Aging from Alzheimer's Brain. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:494-502. [PMID: 35929621 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220805105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable process characterized by progressive loss of physiological integrity and increased susceptibility to cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases; aging is the primary risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. AD is characterized by brain pathology, including extracellular deposition of amyloid aggregation and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In addition, losses of synapses and a wide range of neurons are pivotal pathologies in the AD brain. Accumulating evidence demonstrates hypoactivation of hippocampal neural networks in the aging brain, whereas AD-related mild cognitive impairment (AD-MCI) begins with hyperactivation, followed by a diminution of hippocampal activity as AD develops. The biphasic trends of the activity of the hippocampal neural network are consistent with the alteration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) activity from aging to prodromal (AD-MCI) to mid-/late stage AD. D-serine, a product of racemization catalyzed by serine racemase (SR), is an important co-agonist of the NMDA-R which is involved in synaptic events including neurotransmission, synaptogenesis, long-term potentiation (LTP), development, and excitotoxicity. SR and D-serine are decreased in the hippocampus of the aging brain, correlating with impairment of cognitive function. By contrast, SR is increased in AD brain, which is associated with a greater degree of cognitive dysfunction. Emerging studies suggest that D-serine levels in the brain or in cerebral spinal fluid from AD patients are higher than in age-matched controls, but the results are inconsistent. Very recently, serum D-serine levels in AD were reported to correlate with sex and clinical dementia rating (CDR) stage. This review will discuss alterations of NMDA-R and SR in aging and AD brain, and the mechanisms underlying the differential regulation of SR will be probed. Collectively, we propose that SR may be a molecular switch that distinguishes the effects of aging from those of AD on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, P.R. China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock AR, USA
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26
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Ni X, Mori H. Complex Processes Underlying the Dynamic Changes of D-serine Levels in AD Brains. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:485-493. [PMID: 35346007 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220328123048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and cognitive impairments. D-Serine, produced by the enzyme serine racemase (SR) in the brain, functions as an endogenous co-agonist at the glycine-binding site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), has been implicated in the pathophysiological progression of AD. OBJECTIVES Evidence regarding the understanding of the role and dynamic modulation of D-serine during AD progression remains controversial. This literature review aims to offer novel research directions for studying the functions and metabolisms of D-serine in AD brains. METHODS We searched PubMed, using D-serine/SR and AD as keywords. Studies related to NMDAR dysfunction, neuronal excitotoxicity, D-serine dynamic changes and inflammatory response were included. RESULTS This review primarily discusses: (i) Aβ oligomers' role in NMDAR dysregulation, and the subsequent synaptic dysfunction and neuronal damage in AD, (ii) D-serine's role in NMDAR-elicited excitotoxicity, and (iii) the involvement of D-serine and SR in AD-related inflammatory pathological progression. CONCLUSION We also presented supposed metabolism and dynamic changes of D-serine during AD progression and hypothesized that: (i) the possible modulation of D-serine levels or SR expression as an effective method of alleviating neurotoxicity during AD pathophysiological progression, and (ii) the dynamic changes of D-serine levels in AD brains possibly resulting from complex processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiance Ni
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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27
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Boreggio M, Rosini E, Gambarotti C, Pollegioni L, Fasoli E. Unveiling the Bio-corona Fingerprinting of Potential Anticancer Carbon Nanotubes Coupled with D-Amino Acid Oxidase. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1164-1176. [PMID: 35467257 PMCID: PMC9411096 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation therapy, based on the controlled production of Reactive Oxygen Species directly into the tumor site, was introduced as alternative antitumor approach. For this purpose, d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) from the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis, an enzyme able to efficiently catalyze the production of hydrogen peroxide from d-amino acids, was adsorbed onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), previously functionalized with polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) at different degrees to reduce their toxicity, to be targeted directly into the tumor. In vitro activity and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that DAAO-functionalized nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) produced H2O2 and induced toxic effects to selected tumor cell lines. After incubation in human plasma, the protein corona was investigated by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry analysis. The enzyme nanocarriers generally seemed to favor their biocompatibility, promoting the interaction with dysopsonins. Despite this, PLGA or high degree of PEGylation promoted the adsorption of immunoglobulins with a possible activation of immune response and this effect was probably due to PLGA hydrophobicity and dimensions and to the production of specific antibodies against PEG. In conclusion, the PEGylated MWCNTs at low degree seemed the most biocompatible nanocarrier for adsorbed DAAO, preserving its anticancer activity and forming a bio-corona able to reduce both defensive responses and blood clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Boreggio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varèse, Italy
| | - Cristian Gambarotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varèse, Italy
| | - Elisa Fasoli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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28
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Blood-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis and Progression: An Overview. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081367. [PMID: 35456047 PMCID: PMC9044750 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangle accumulation in the brain. Although several studies have been conducted to unravel the complex and interconnected pathophysiology of AD, clinical trial failure rates have been high, and no disease-modifying therapies are presently available. Fluid biomarker discovery for AD is a rapidly expanding field of research aimed at anticipating disease diagnosis and following disease progression over time. Currently, Aβ1–42, phosphorylated tau, and total tau levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are the best-studied fluid biomarkers for AD, but the need for novel, cheap, less-invasive, easily detectable, and more-accessible markers has recently led to the search for new blood-based molecules. However, despite considerable research activity, a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the main blood-based biomarker candidates is still lacking. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of proteins, lipids, metabolites, oxidative-stress-related molecules, and cytokines as possible disease biomarkers. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of the emerging miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as diagnostic tools, and we briefly present the role of vitamins and gut-microbiome-related molecules as novel candidates for AD detection and monitoring, thus offering new insights into the diagnosis and progression of this devastating disease.
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29
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Rosini E, Pollegioni L. Reactive oxygen species as a double-edged sword: The role of oxidative enzymes in antitumor therapy. Biofactors 2022; 48:384-399. [PMID: 34608689 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of approaches have been developed over the years to manage cancer, such as chemotherapy using low-molecular-mass molecules and radiotherapy. Here, enzymes can also find useful applications. Among them, oxidases have attracted attention because of their ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS, especially hydrogen peroxide) in tumors and potentially modulate the production of this cytotoxic compound when enzymes active on substrates present in low amounts are used, such as the d-amino acid oxidase and d-amino acid couple system. These treatments have been also developed for additional cancer treatment approaches, such as phototherapy, nutrient starvation, and metal-induced hydroxyl radical production. In addition, to improve tumor specificity and decrease undesired side effects, oxidases have been targeted by means of nanotechnologies and protein engineering (i.e., by designing chimeric proteins able to accumulate in the tumor). The most recent advances obtained by using six different oxidases (i.e., the FAD-containing enzymes glucose oxidase, d- and l-amino acid oxidases, cholesterol oxidase and xanthine oxidase, and the copper-containing amine oxidase) have been reported. Anticancer therapy based on oxidase-based ROS production has now reached maturity and can be applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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30
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Li XL, Han Y, Huang Y, Sun X, Xiao S, Min JZ. Highly sensitive novel fluorescent chiral probe possessing (S)-2-methylproline structures for the determination of chiral amino compounds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence: An application in the saliva of healthy volunteer. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462672. [PMID: 34896695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel fluorescent chiral probe, DBD-trans-2-methyl-L-proline (DBD-M-Pro), which can be used to target recognition of amino functional groups using chiral resolution. To investigate the chiral resolution efficiency, 20 chiral amino enantiomers (19 DL-amino acids and phenylethylamine) were labeled using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a fluorescence (FL) system. Diastereomers were formed by the reactions of DBD-M-Pro with enantiomers of amino functional groups at 60 °C for 60 min and detected on a BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm). Gradient elution of 10 mM ammonium acetate with 0.05% formic acid (FA) aqueous solution and 0.1% FA acetonitrile or 0.1% FA methanol solution was performed at an excitation wavelength (Ex) 460 nm and emission wavelength (Em) 550 nm. Each resulting derivative of D- and L- type was effectively separated. The results showed that the resolution (Rs) of 17 amino acids and phenylethylamine (PEA) in the range of 1.59-24.11, except for histidine (His) (Rs = 1.32) and serine (Ser) (Rs = 1.47), achieved completely separation. The DBD-M-Pro chiral probe has a robust chiral selectivity for D-amino acids. Furthermore, a new method for the simultaneous determination of six DL-amino acids (Pro, Val, Trp, Phe, Leu, Lys) in human saliva was developed. The proposed method showed resolution values of 1.78-16.38, and an excellent linear relationship was obtained in the range of 2.5-500 pmol (R2 ≥ 0.9990). The limit of detection (S/N = 3) ranged from 0.5 to 3.75 pmol. The intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation (CV) were within the range of 1.75-11.73%. The average addition recoveries in saliva ranged from 95.99 to 106.97%. The methodology was used to determine the content of DL-amino acids and the D/L-amino acid ratio in the saliva of 40 healthy volunteers (15 males and 25 females), as well as evaluating the differences between men and women. Our study suggests that the DBD-M-Pro chiral probe could be an effective tool for screening potential D-amino acid biomarkers in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Shuyun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
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31
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d-Amino Acids and pLG72 in Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010917. [PMID: 34681579 PMCID: PMC8535920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies over the last several years have shown that d-amino acids, especially d-serine, have been related to brain and neurological disorders. Acknowledged neurological functions of d-amino acids include neurotransmission and learning and memory functions through modulating N-methyl-d-aspartate type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Aberrant d-amino acids level and polymorphisms of genes related to d-amino acids metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative brain conditions. This review summarizes the roles of d-amino acids and pLG72, also known as d-amino acid oxidase activator, on two neurodegenerative disorders, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The scope includes the changes in d-amino acids levels, gene polymorphisms of G72 genomics, and the role of pLG72 on NMDARs and mitochondria in schizophrenia and AD. The clinical diagnostic value of d-amino acids and pLG72 and the therapeutic importance are also reviewed.
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Piubelli L, Murtas G, Rabattoni V, Pollegioni L. The Role of D-Amino Acids in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:475-492. [PMID: 33554911 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main cause of dementia worldwide, is characterized by a complex and multifactorial etiology. In large part, excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system is mediated by glutamate and its receptors are involved in synaptic plasticity. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which require the agonist glutamate and a coagonist such as glycine or the D-enantiomer of serine for activation, play a main role here. A second D-amino acid, D-aspartate, acts as agonist of NMDA receptors. D-amino acids, present in low amounts in nature and long considered to be of bacterial origin, have distinctive functions in mammals. In recent years, alterations in physiological levels of various D-amino acids have been linked to various pathological states, ranging from chronic kidney disease to neurological disorders. Actually, the level of NMDA receptor signaling must be balanced to promote neuronal survival and prevent neurodegeneration: this signaling in AD is affected mainly by glutamate availability and modulation of the receptor's functions. Here, we report the experimental findings linking D-serine and D-aspartate, through NMDA receptor modulation, to AD and cognitive functions. Interestingly, AD progression has been also associated with the enzymes related to D-amino acid metabolism as well as with glucose and serine metabolism. Furthermore, the D-serine and D-/total serine ratio in serum have been recently proposed as biomarkers of AD progression. A greater understanding of the role of D-amino acids in excitotoxicity related to the pathogenesis of AD will facilitate novel therapeutic treatments to cure the disease and improve life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Piubelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Rabattoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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33
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Nanclares C, Baraibar AM, Araque A, Kofuji P. Dysregulation of Astrocyte-Neuronal Communication in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7887. [PMID: 34360652 PMCID: PMC8346080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies implicate astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, their role in pathogenesis is poorly understood. Astrocytes have well-established functions in supportive functions such as extracellular ionic homeostasis, structural support, and neurovascular coupling. However, emerging research on astrocytic function in the healthy brain also indicates their role in regulating synaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability via the release of neuroactive substances named gliotransmitters. Here, we review how this "active" role of astrocytes at synapses could contribute to synaptic and neuronal network dysfunction and cognitive impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.N.); (A.M.B.); (A.A.)
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34
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Moussa S, Murtas G, Pollegioni L, Mauzeroll J. Enhancing Electrochemical Biosensor Selectivity with Engineered d-Amino Acid Oxidase Enzymes for d-Serine and d-Alanine Quantification. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5598-5604. [PMID: 35006748 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) enzymes bind a range of d-amino acids with variable affinity. As such, the design of selective DAAO-based enzymatic biosensors remains a challenge for real-world biosensor application. Herein, a methodology for developing biosensors with varying substrate selectivity is presented. First, we address DAAO-based biosensor selectivity toward d-serine by introducing point mutations into DAAO using rational design. Next, the wild-type yeast DAAO (RgDAAO WT) and variants human DAAO W209R and yeast M213G are characterized for their selectivity and activity toward d-serine and d-alanine, the preferred DAAO substrates. The DAAO enzymes have been immobilized for final biosensor design, where they demonstrate selectivity comparable to free DAAO. The cross-linking procedure impacts on DAAO structure and function and the use of a regeneration strategy allows the biosensor response to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siba Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi deII'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ltaly
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi deII'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, ltaly
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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35
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Pollegioni L, Molla G, Sacchi S, Murtas G. Human D-aspartate Oxidase: A Key Player in D-aspartate Metabolism. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:689719. [PMID: 34250021 PMCID: PMC8260693 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.689719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the D-enantiomers of amino acids have been recognized as natural molecules present in all kingdoms, playing a variety of biological roles. In humans, d-serine and d-aspartate attracted attention for their presence in the central nervous system. Here, we focus on d-aspartate, which is involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission and the synthesis of various hormones. The biosynthesis of d-aspartate is still obscure, while its degradation is due to the peroxisomal flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing enzyme d-aspartate oxidase. d-Aspartate emergence is strictly controlled: levels decrease in brain within the first days of life while increasing in endocrine glands postnatally and through adulthood. The human d-aspartate oxidase (hDASPO) belongs to the d-amino acid oxidase-like family: its tertiary structure closely resembles that of human d-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO), the enzyme that degrades neutral and basic d-amino acids. The structure-function relationships of the physiological isoform of hDASPO (named hDASPO_341) and the regulation of gene expression and distribution and properties of the longer isoform hDASPO_369 have all been recently elucidated. Beyond the substrate preference, hDASPO and hDAAO also differ in kinetic efficiency, FAD-binding affinity, pH profile, and oligomeric state. Such differences suggest that evolution diverged to create two different ways to modulate d-aspartate and d-serine levels in the human brain. Current knowledge about hDASPO is shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of d-aspartate levels in human tissues and is pushing novel, targeted therapeutic strategies. Now, it has been proposed that dysfunction in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission is caused by disrupted d-aspartate metabolism in the nervous system during the onset of various disorders (such as schizophrenia): the design of suitable hDASPO inhibitors aimed at increasing d-aspartate levels thus represents a novel and useful form of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Molla
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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36
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Murtas G, Sacchi S, Tedeschi G, Maffioli E, Notomista E, Cafaro V, Abbondi M, Mothet JP, Pollegioni L. Antimicrobial D-amino acid oxidase-derived peptides specify gut microbiota. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3607-3620. [PMID: 33484270 PMCID: PMC8038955 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03755-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The flavoenzyme d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is deputed to the degradation of d-enantiomers of amino acids. DAAO plays various relevant physiological roles in different organisms and tissues. Thus, it has been recently suggested that the goblet cells of the mucosal epithelia secrete into the lumen of intestine, a processed and active form of DAAO that uses the intestinal d-amino acids to generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an immune messenger that helps fighting gut pathogens, and by doing so controls the homeostasis of gut microbiota. Here, we show that the DAAO form lacking the 1–16 amino acid residues (the putative secretion signal) is unstable and inactive, and that DAAO is present in the epithelial layer and the mucosa of mouse gut, where it is largely proteolyzed. In silico predicted DAAO-derived antimicrobial peptides show activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but not on Lactobacilli species, which represent the commensal microbiota. Peptidomic analysis reveals the presence of such peptides in the mucosal fraction. Collectively, we identify a novel mechanism for gut microbiota selection implying DAAO-derived antimicrobial peptides which are generated by intestinal proteases and that are secreted in the gut lumen. In conclusion, we herein report an additional, ancillary role for mammalian DAAO, unrelated to its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.,DAAIR, D-Amino Acid International Research Center, Gerenzano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Cimaina, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Cimaina, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Notomista
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Cafaro
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Abbondi
- DAAIR, D-Amino Acid International Research Center, Gerenzano, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto Insubrico Ricerca Per La Vita (FIIRV), Gerenzano, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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37
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Orzylowski M, Fujiwara E, Mousseau DD, Baker GB. An Overview of the Involvement of D-Serine in Cognitive Impairment in Normal Aging and Dementia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:754032. [PMID: 34707525 PMCID: PMC8542907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.754032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia, of which Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form, is characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration, including profound memory loss, which affects functioning in many aspects of life. Although cognitive deterioration is relatively common in aging and aging is a risk factor for AD, the condition is not necessarily a part of the aging process. The N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) and its co-agonist D-serine are currently of great interest as potential important contributors to cognitive function in normal aging and dementia. D-Serine is necessary for activation of the NMDAR and in maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) and is involved in brain development, neuronal connectivity, synaptic plasticity and regulation of learning and memory. In this paper, we review evidence, from both preclinical and human studies, on the involvement of D-serine (and the enzymes involved in its metabolism) in regulation of cognition. Potential mechanisms of action of D-serine are discussed in the context of normal aging and in dementia, as is the potential for using D-serine as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic agent in dementia. Although there is some controversy in the literature, it has been proposed that in normal aging there is decreased expression of serine racemase and decreased levels of D-serine and down-regulation of NMDARs, resulting in impaired synaptic plasticity and deficits in learning and memory. In contrast, in AD there appears to be activation of serine racemase, increased levels of D-serine and overstimulation of NMDARs, resulting in cytotoxicity, synaptic deficits, and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Orzylowski
- Villa Caritas Geriatric Psychiatry Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Esther Fujiwara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Glen B Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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38
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Carenzi G, Sacchi S, Abbondi M, Pollegioni L. Direct chromatographic methods for enantioresolution of amino acids: recent developments. Amino Acids 2020; 52:849-862. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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