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Zhong W, Jia H, Zhu H, Tian Y, Huang W, Yang Q. Sarcopenia is attenuated by mairin in SAMP8 mice via the inhibition of FAPs fibrosis through the AMPK-TGF-β-SMAD axis. Gene 2024:148873. [PMID: 39159793 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenia has become a prominent health problem among the elderly because of its adverse consequence, including physical disabilities and death. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) exhibit adipogenic and fibrogenic potencies and regulate skeletal muscle development, which plays important role in sarcopenia. Mairin, as an ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus, has the effect of anti-fibrosis. Therefore, we predicted that mairin targeted the fibrosis of FAPs and then affected sarcopenia. To verify our ideas, mairin (30 mg/kg/day or 60 mg/kg/day) was given to senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice by oral administration. Aging led to loss of weight, skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, and an increase in muscle atrophy and fibrosis, while mairin administration inhibited physiological decline caused by aging. Similarly, mairin (20 μM or 40 μM) treatment enhanced FAP proliferation but blocked the differentiation into fibroblasts. Mechanically, mairin played an anti-fibrotic role via AMP-activated protein kinase-transforming growth factor beta-drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein (AMPK-TGF-β-SMAD) axis, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of AMPKα and decreased TGF-β and phosphorylated-SMAD2/3. In addition, the potential target genes of mairin were explored by mRNA sequencing in our study. In conclusion, mairin may interfere with the AMPK/TGF-β/SMAD pathway to repress the fibrosis of FAPs and eventually ameliorate sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhong
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanan Jia
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- College of Geriatric Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanyuan County Chinese Medicine Hospital, Ya'an, China.
| | - Qiyue Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Xiao J, Guo X, Wang Z. Crosstalk between hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and short-chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease: key clues toward unraveling the mystery. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385907. [PMID: 38605960 PMCID: PMC11007100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal tract constitutes a complex ecosystem, made up of countless gut microbiota, metabolites, and immune cells, with hypoxia being a fundamental environmental characteristic of this ecology. Under normal physiological conditions, a delicate balance exists among these complex "residents", with disruptions potentially leading to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The core pathology of IBD features a disrupted intestinal epithelial barrier, alongside evident immune and microecological disturbances. Central to these interconnected networks is hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is a key regulator in gut cells for adapting to hypoxic conditions and maintaining gut homeostasis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as pivotal gut metabolites, serve as vital mediators between the host and microbiota, and significantly influence intestinal ecosystem. Recent years have seen a surge in research on the roles and therapeutic potential of HIF-1α and SCFAs in IBD independently, yet reviews on HIF-1α-mediated SCFAs regulation of IBD under hypoxic conditions are scarce. This article summarizes evidence of the interplay and regulatory relationship between SCFAs and HIF-1α in IBD, pivotal for elucidating the disease's pathogenesis and offering promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyin Xiao
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Department of Anorectal, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiajun Guo
- Department of Geriatric, the First People’s Hospital of Xiangtan City, Xiangtan, China
| | - Zhenquan Wang
- Department of Anorectal, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Zhang Z, Zuo L, Song X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Huang J, Zhao T, Yang Z, Zhang H, Li J, Zhang X, Geng Z, Wang Y, Ge S, Hu J. Arjunolic acid protects the intestinal epithelial barrier, ameliorating Crohn's disease-like colitis by restoring gut microbiota composition and inactivating TLR4 signalling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155223. [PMID: 38134862 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by an overabundance of epithelial cell death and an imbalance in microflora, both of which contribute to the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. Arjunolic acid (AA) has anti-apoptotic effects and regulates microbiota efficacy. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the treatment on colitis resembling Crohn's disease, along with exploring the potential underlying mechanism. METHODS CD animal models were created using Il-10-/- mice, and the impact of AA on colitis in mice was evaluated through disease activity index, weight fluctuations, pathological examination, and assessment of intestinal barrier function. To clarify the direct role of AA on intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, organoids were induced by LPS, and TUNEL staining was performed. To investigate the potential mechanisms of AA in protecting the intestinal barrier, various methods including bioinformatics analysis and FMT experiments were employed. RESULTS The treatment for AA enhanced the condition of colitis and the function of the intestinal barrier in Il-10-/- mice. This was demonstrated by the amelioration of weight loss, reduction in tissue inflammation score, and improvement in intestinal permeability. Moreover, AA suppressed the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in Il-10-/- mice and LPS-induced colon organoids, while also reducing the levels of Bax and C-caspase-3. In terms of mechanism, AA suppressed the activation of TLR4 signaling in Il-10-/- mice and colon organoids induced by LPS. In addition, AA increased the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the stool of Il-10-/- mice, and transplantation of feces from AA-treated mice improved CD-like colitis. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrate that AA has a protective effect on the intestinal barrier in Crohn's disease-like colitis by preventing apoptosis. Additionally, this groundbreaking study reveals the capacity of AA to hinder TLR4 signaling and alter the makeup of the intestinal microbiome. The findings present fresh possibilities for treating individuals diagnosed with Crohn's disease. AA offers a hopeful novel strategy for managing Crohn's disease by obstructing crucial pathways implicated in intestinal inflammation and enhancing the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Zhang
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Song
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ju Huang
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tianhao Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Sitang Ge
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu, Medical College, Bengbu, China.
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Yang T, Li L, Pang J, Heng C, Wei C, Wang X, Xia Z, Huang X, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Modulating intestinal barrier function by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 specific agonist SEW2871 attenuated ANIT-induced cholestatic hepatitis via the gut-liver axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111150. [PMID: 37924700 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) homeostasis throughout the enterohepatic circulation system is a guarantee of liver physiological functions. BA circulation disorders is one of the characteristic clinical manifestations of cholestasis, and have a closely relationship with intestinal barrier function, especially ileum. Here, our in vivo and in vitro studies showed that intestinal tight junctions (TJs) were disrupted by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT), which also down-regulated the protein expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) in the top of villus of mice ileum. Activating S1PR1 by specific agonist SEW2871 could improve TJs via inhibiting ERK1/2/LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway in the ileum of ANIT-treated mice and ANIT-cultured Caco-2 cells. SEW2871 not only regained ileum TJs by activating S1PR1 in the epithelial cells of ileum mucosa, but also recovered ileum barrier function, which was further verified by the recovered BA homeostasis in mice ileum (content and tissue) by using of high-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the improved intestinal injury and inflammation further strengthened that SEW2871 modulated intestinal barrier function in ANIT-treated mice. Finally, our data revealed that along with the down-regulated levels of serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), SEW2871 improved liver function and relieved hepatitis via blocking TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling pathway in ANIT-treated mice. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that activating intestinal S1PR1 by SEW2871 could modulate intestinal barrier function, leading to the improvement of cholestatic hepatitis in ANIT-treated mice via the "gut-liver" axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jiale Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Cai Heng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Chujing Wei
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ziyin Xia
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Huang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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5
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Li X, Yu M, Zhao Q, Yu Y. Prospective therapeutics for intestinal and hepatic fibrosis. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10579. [PMID: 38023697 PMCID: PMC10658571 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no effective therapies for intestinal and hepatic fibrosis representing a considerable unmet need. Breakthroughs in pathogenesis have accelerated the development of anti-fibrotic therapeutics in recent years. Particularly, with the development of nanotechnology, the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and inaccessible microenvironment of fibrotic lesions seem to be no longer considered a great barrier to the use of anti-fibrotic drugs. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent preclinical and clinical studies on intestinal and hepatic fibrosis. It is found that the targets for preclinical studies on intestinal fibrosis is varied, which could be divided into molecular, cellular, and tissues level, although little clinical trials are ongoing. Liver fibrosis clinical trials have focused on improving metabolic disorders, preventing the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, promoting the degradation of collagen, and reducing inflammation and cell death. At the preclinical stage, the therapeutic strategies have focused on drug targets and delivery systems. At last, promising remedies to the current challenges are based on multi-modal synergistic and targeted delivery therapies through mesenchymal stem cells, nanotechnology, and gut-liver axis providing useful insights into anti-fibrotic strategies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Mengli Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
| | - Qingwei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Alfonso Perez G, Castillo R. Gene Identification in Inflammatory Bowel Disease via a Machine Learning Approach. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1218. [PMID: 37512030 PMCID: PMC10383667 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an illness with increasing prevalence, particularly in emerging countries, which can have a substantial impact on the quality of life of the patient. The illness is rather heterogeneous with different evolution among patients. A machine learning approach is followed in this paper to identify potential genes that are related to IBD. This is done by following a Monte Carlo simulation approach. In total, 23 different machine learning techniques were tested (in addition to a base level obtained using artificial neural networks). The best model identified 74 genes selected by the algorithm as being potentially involved in IBD. IBD seems to be a polygenic illness, in which environmental factors might play an important role. Following a machine learning approach, it was possible to obtain a classification accuracy of 84.2% differentiating between patients with IBD and control cases in a large cohort of 2490 total cases. The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 82.6% and 84.4%, respectively. It was also possible to distinguish between the two main types of IBD: (1) Crohn's disease and (2) ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Alfonso Perez
- Biocomp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castello, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo
- Biocomp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castello, Spain
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7
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Rogati F, Maioli C, Lauro G, Caprioglio D, Imperio D, Del Grosso E, Botta B, Mannina L, Bifulco G, Ingallina C, Minassi A. A Classic Photochemical Approach Inducing an Unexpected Rearrangement: Exploring the Photoreactivity of Pentacyclic Triterpenic Acids. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1025-1032. [PMID: 37036806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new bioactivities is closely related to the generation of novel scaffolds, and in the past few years different strategies have been proposed to obtain unknown architectures from the manipulation of known compounds. In the present study, we exploited a vintage photochemical approach for the discovery of an unexpected pathway of reactivity related to Δ1-3-oxo-pentacyclic triterpenic acids gaining access to a new class of natural-unnatural 5(10→1)abeo-pentacyclic triterpenic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rogati
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Maioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Imperio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Erika Del Grosso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università la Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università la Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università la Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem srls, Via Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Prados ME, Navarrete C, García-Martín A, Lastres-Cubillo I, Ponce-Díaz F, Martínez-Orgado J, Muñoz E. VCE-005.1, an hypoxia mimetic betulinic acid derivative, induces angiogenesis and shows efficacy in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114715. [PMID: 37075665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main global causes of mortality and morbidity is traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neuroinflammation and brain-blood barrier (BBB) disruption play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic TBI onset. The activation of the hypoxia pathway is a promising approach for CNS neurodegenerative diseases, including TBI. Herein, we have studied the efficacy of VCE-005.1, a betulinic acid hydroxamate, against acute neuroinflammation in vitro and on a TBI mouse model. The effect of VCE-005.1 on the HIF pathway in endothelial vascular cells was assessed by western blot, gene expression, in vitro angiogenesis, confocal analysis and MTT assays. In vivo angiogenesis was evaluated through a Matrigel plug model and a mouse model of TBI induced by a controlled cortical impact (CCI) was used to assess VCE-005.1 efficacy. VCE-005.1 stabilized HIF-1α through a mechanism that involved AMPK and stimulated the expression of HIF-dependent genes. VCE-005.1 protected vascular endothelial cells under prooxidant and pro-inflammatory conditions by enhancing TJ protein expression and induced angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in CCI model, VCE-005.1 greatly improved locomotor coordination, increased neovascularization and preserved BBB integrity that paralleled with a large reduction of peripheral immune cells infiltration, recovering AMPK expression and reducing apoptosis in neuronal cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that VCE-005.1 is a multitarget compound that shows anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects mainly by preventing BBB disruption and has the potential to be further developed pharmacologically in TBI and maybe other neurological conditions that concur with neuroinflammation and BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Navarrete
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Adela García-Martín
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Ponce-Díaz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain.
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9
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Gielecińska A, Kciuk M, Mujwar S, Celik I, Kołat D, Kałuzińska-Kołat Ż, Kontek R. Substances of Natural Origin in Medicine: Plants vs. Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:986. [PMID: 37048059 PMCID: PMC10092955 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of the population's health is the main method of learning about disease prevalence. National and international data draw attention to the persistently high rates of cancer incidence. This necessitates the intensification of efforts aimed at developing new, more effective chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive drugs. Plants represent an invaluable source of natural substances with versatile medicinal properties. Multidirectional activities exhibited by natural substances and their ability to modulate key signaling pathways, mainly related to cancer cell death, make these substances an important research direction. This review summarizes the information regarding plant-derived chemotherapeutic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, with a special focus on selected anti-cancer drugs (paclitaxel, irinotecan) approved in clinical practice. It also presents promising plant-based drug candidates currently being tested in clinical and preclinical trials (betulinic acid, resveratrol, and roburic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Gielecińska
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kciuk
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Damian Kołat
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-136 Lodz, Poland
| | - Żaneta Kałuzińska-Kołat
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-136 Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Lun J, Zhang H, Guo J, Yu M, Fang J. Hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1045997. [PMID: 37201028 PMCID: PMC10187758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1045997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease that is characterized by intestinal inflammation. Epithelial damage and loss of intestinal barrier function are believed to be the hallmark pathologies of the disease. In IBD, the resident and infiltrating immune cells consume much oxygen, rendering the inflamed intestinal mucosa hypoxic. In hypoxia, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is induced to cope with the lack of oxygen and protect intestinal barrier. Protein stability of HIF is tightly controlled by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Stabilization of HIF through inhibition of PHDs is appearing as a new strategy of IBD treatment. Studies have shown that PHD-targeting is beneficial to the treatment of IBD. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of HIF and PHDs in IBD and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting PHD-HIF pathway for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lun
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengchao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Fang,
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11
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Yao H, Tang G. Macrophages in intestinal fibrosis and regression. Cell Immunol 2022; 381:104614. [PMID: 36182587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages are heterogenous cell populations with different developmental ontogeny and tissue anatomy. The concerted actions of intestinal macrophage subsets are critical to maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, the dysregulation of macrophages following tissue injury or chronic inflammation could also lead to intestinal fibrosis, with few treatment options in the clinic. In this review, we will characterize the features of intestinal macrophages in light of the latest advances in lineage tracing and single-cell sequencing technology. The roles of macrophages in distinct stages of intestinal fibrosis would be also elaborated. Finally, based on the reciprocal interaction between macrophages and intestinal fibrosis, we will propose the potential macrophage targeting anti-intestinal fibrosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Guoyao Tang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
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12
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Lin X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Lin S, Tan J, He J, Hu F, Wu X, Ghosh S, Chen M, Liu F, Mao R. Intestinal strictures in Crohn's disease: a 2021 update. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2022; 15:17562848221104951. [PMID: 35757383 PMCID: PMC9218441 DOI: 10.1177/17562848221104951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal strictures remain one of the most intractable and common complications of Crohn's disease (CD). Approximately 70% of CD patients will develop fibrotic strictures after 10 years of CD diagnosis. Since specific antifibrotic therapies are unavailable, endoscopic balloon dilation and surgery remain the mainstay treatments despite a high recurrence rate. Besides, there are no reliable methods for accurately evaluating intestinal fibrosis. This is largely due to the fact that the mechanisms of initiation and propagation of intestinal fibrosis are poorly understood. There is growing evidence implying that the pathogenesis of stricturing CD involves the intricate interplay of factors including aberrant immune and nonimmune responses, host-microbiome dysbiosis, and genetic susceptibility. Currently, the progress on intestinal strictures has been fueled by the advent of novel techniques, such as single-cell sequencing, multi-omics, and artificial intelligence. Here, we perform a timely and comprehensive review of the substantial advances in intestinal strictures in 2021, aiming to provide prompt information regarding fibrosis and set the stage for the improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of intestinal strictures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zishan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sinan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinshen He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2nd, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Oliveira-Costa JF, Meira CS, Neves MVGD, Dos Reis BPZC, Soares MBP. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Betulinic Acid: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:883857. [PMID: 35677426 PMCID: PMC9168372 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.883857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have a high prevalence and has become of great interest due to the increase in life expectancy and the costs to the health care system worldwide. Chronic diseases require long-term treatment frequently using corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are associated with diverse side effects and risk of toxicity. Betulinic acid, a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene, is a potential lead compound for the development of new anti-inflammatory treatments, and a large number of derivatives have been produced and tested. The potential of betulinic acid and its derivatives has been shown in a number of pre-clinical studies using different experimental models. Moreover, several molecular mechanisms of action have also been described. Here we reviewed the potential use of betulinic acid as a promissory lead compound with anti-inflammatory activity and the perspectives for its use in the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cássio Santana Meira
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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14
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Liu C, Yan X, Zhang Y, Yang M, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Tu K, Zhang M. Oral administration of turmeric-derived exosome-like nanovesicles with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving bioactions for murine colitis therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:206. [PMID: 35488343 PMCID: PMC9052603 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by diffuse inflammation of the colonic mucosa and a relapsing and remitting course. The current therapeutics are only modestly effective and carry risks for unacceptable adverse events, and thus more effective approaches to treat UC is clinically needed. RESULTS For this purpose, turmeric-derived nanoparticles with a specific population (TDNPs 2) were characterized, and their targeting ability and therapeutic effects against colitis were investigated systematically. The hydrodynamic size of TDNPs 2 was around 178 nm, and the zeta potential was negative (- 21.7 mV). Mass spectrometry identified TDNPs 2 containing high levels of lipids and proteins. Notably, curcumin, the bioactive constituent of turmeric, was evidenced in TDNPs 2. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation, TDNPs 2 showed excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In mice colitis models, we demonstrated that orally administrated of TDNPs 2 could ameliorate mice colitis and accelerate colitis resolution via regulating the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and antioxidant gene, HO-1. Results obtained from transgenic mice with NF-κB-RE-Luc indicated that TDNPs 2-mediated inactivation of the NF-κB pathway might partially contribute to the protective effect of these particles against colitis. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TDNPs 2 from edible turmeric represent a novel, natural colon-targeting therapeutics that may prevent colitis and promote wound repair in colitis while outperforming artificial nanoparticles in terms of low toxicity and ease of large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangji Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yana Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Digestive Disease Research Group, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
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15
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Neuroprotective Efficacy of Betulinic Acid Hydroxamate, a B55α/PP2A Activator, in Acute Hypoxia-Ischemia-Induced Brain Damage in Newborn Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 14:397-408. [PMID: 35419730 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing evidence of the neuroprotective effects of hypoxia inducing factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHDi) after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain damage (HIBD). We studied the neuroprotective effects of betulinic hydroxamate (BAH), a novel B55α/PP2A activator that dephosphorylates and inhibits PHD2 activity, in a rat model of neonatal HIBD. Seven-day-old (P7) Wistar rats were exposed to hypoxia after left carotid artery electrocoagulation and then received vehicle (HI + VEH) or BAH 3 mg/kg i.p. 30 min post-insult. Brain damage was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurobehavioral studies testing motor and cognitive performance at P14 and P37, as well as immunohistochemical studies (TUNEL and myelin basic protein (MBP) signal) at P37. Mechanisms of damage were assessed at P14 determining excitotoxicity (glutamate/N-acetylaspartate ratio by H+-magnetic resonance spectroscopy), oxidative stress (protein nitrosylation by Oxyblot), and inflammation (cytokine and chemokine concentration). BAH reduced brain damage volume and cell death, preventing the development of motor and working memory deficits. BAH showed a robust protective effect on myelination, restoring MBP expression at P37. BAH modulated excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Most neuroprotective effects were still present despite BAH administration was delayed for 12 h, whereas beneficial effects on motor strength at P14 and on cell death and myelination at P37 were preserved even when BAH administration was delayed for 24 h. In conclusion, BAH appears as an effective neuroprotective treatment for neonatal HIBD in a manner associated with the modulation of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, showing a broad therapeutic window.
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16
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Yan X, Yang C, Yang M, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Xu Q, Tu K, Zhang M. All-in-one theranostic nano-platform based on polymer nanoparticles for BRET/FRET-initiated bioluminescence imaging and synergistically anti-inflammatory therapy for ulcerative colitis. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:99. [PMID: 35236359 PMCID: PMC8889649 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC), a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has evolved into a global burden given its high incidence. There is a clinical need to create better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to UC. Results We fabricated P-selectin binding peptide-decorated poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PBP-PLGA-NP) doped with two lipophilic dyes, DiL and DiD. Meanwhile, two low-toxic anti-inflammatory natural products (betulinic acid [BA] and resveratrol [Res]) were co-loaded in the PBP-PLGA-NP system. The BA/Res-loaded NPs had an average size of around 164.18 nm with a negative zeta potential (− 25.46 mV). Entrapment efficiencies of BA and Res were 74.54% and 52.33%, respectively, and presented a sustained drug release profile. Further, the resulting PBP-PLGA-NP could be internalized by RAW 264.7 cells and Colon-26 cells efficiently in vitro and preferentially localized to the inflamed colon. When intravenously injected with luminol, MPO-dependent bioluminescence imaging to visualize tissue inflammation was activated by the bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET-FRET) effect. Importantly, injected NPs could remarkably alleviate UC symptoms yet maintain intestinal microbiota homeostasis without inducing organ injuries in the mice models of colitis. Conclusions This theranostic nano-platform not only serves as a therapeutic system for UC but also as a non-invasive and highly-sensitive approach for accurately visualizing inflammation. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01299-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangji Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Digestive Disease Research Group, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, GA, USA
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yana Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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D'Alessio S, Ungaro F, Noviello D, Lovisa S, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S. Revisiting fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease: the gut thickens. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:169-184. [PMID: 34876680 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis, which is usually the consequence of chronic inflammation, is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In the past few years, substantial advances have been made in the areas of pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of intestinal fibrosis. Of particular interest have been inflammation-independent mechanisms behind the gut fibrotic process, genetic and environmental risk factors (such as the role of the microbiota), and the generation of new in vitro and in vivo systems to study fibrogenesis in the gut. A huge amount of work has also been done in the area of biomarkers to predict or detect intestinal fibrosis, including novel cross-sectional imaging techniques. In parallel, researchers are embarking on developing and validating clinical trial end points and protocols to test novel antifibrotic agents, although no antifibrotic therapies are currently available. This Review presents the state of the art on the most recently identified pathogenic mechanisms of this serious IBD-related complication, focusing on possible targets of antifibrotic therapies, management strategies, and factors that might predict fibrosis progression or response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Ungaro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Noviello
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Lovisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,IBD Centre, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- INSERM NGERE, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, Nancy, France.,Nancy University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. .,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Ou Z, Zhu L, Huang C, Ma C, Kong L, Lin X, Gao X, Huang L, Wen L, Liang Z, Yuan Z, Wu J, Yi J. Betulinic acid attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal mucosa injury by inhibiting the NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathways and activating the Nrf2 signalling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112746. [PMID: 34482064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, has been associated with several biological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that BA has the ability to alleviate intestinal mucosal damage, however, the potential mechanism associated with the effect has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective mechanism of BA against cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced intestinal mucosal damage. Here, we found that BA pretreatment prevented intestinal mucosal barrier dysfuction from CYP-challenged mice by repairing the intestinal physical, chemical, and immune barriers. Moreover, BA treatment suppressed the CYP-induced oxidative stress by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2 [NF-E2]-related factor (Nrf2) pathway blocked reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In addition, BA inhibited CYP-triggered intestinal inflammation through down-regulating the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB)/mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Furthermore, BA pretreatment reduced intestinal apoptosis by blocking ROS-activated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Overall, the current study demonstrated the protective effect of BA against CYP-caused intestinal mucosal damage by regulating the Nrf2 and NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathways, which may provide new therapeutic targets to attenuate intestinal impairment and maintain intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Ou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chenglong Huang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chaoyang Ma
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Li Kong
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xing Lin
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lixin Wen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zengenni Liang
- Department of Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Jine Yi
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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19
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Li C, Qi Y, Zhou Q, Huang X, Deng X, Yu Y, Shi LE. Betulinic acid promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells by upregulating EGR1. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1266-1276. [PMID: 34519779 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most common chronic inflammations of the oral cavity, which eventually leads to tooth loss. Betulinic acid (BetA) is an organic acid that has anti-inflammatory effects and is derived from fruits and plants, but its effect on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the effect of BetA on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs and its mechanism. Our results revealed that BetA not only promoted the viability of hPDLSCs but also induced their osteogenic differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, RNA sequencing was used to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after hPDLSCs were treated with BetA, and 127 upregulated and 138 downregulated genes were identified. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly involved in the response to lithium ions and the positive regulation of macrophage-derived foam cell differentiation. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis results revealed that DEGs were enriched in the nuclear factor-κB and interleukin-17 signaling pathways. More importantly, we confirmed that early growth response gene 1 (EGR1), one of the three DEGs involved in bone formation, significantly promoted the expression of osteogenic markers and the mineralization of hPDLSCs. Knockdown of EGR1 obviously limited the effect of BetA on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. In conclusion, BetA promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs through upregulating EGR1, and BetA might be a promising candidate in the clinical application of periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Stomatology, Jing’an District Institute of Dantal Diseases, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuesun Qi
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Stomatology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200540, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Jing’an District Institute of Dantal Diseases, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Jing’an District Institute of Dantal Diseases, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaolin Deng
- Department of Stomatology, Jing’an District Institute of Dantal Diseases, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Youcheng Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - L e Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Jing’an District Institute of Dantal Diseases, Shanghai 200040, China
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20
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Hong MH, Na SW, Jang YJ, Yoon JJ, Lee YJ, Lee HS, Kim HY, Kang DG. Betulinic Acid Improves Cardiac-Renal Dysfunction Caused by Hypertrophy through Calcineurin-NFATc3 Signaling. Nutrients 2021; 13:3484. [PMID: 34684485 PMCID: PMC8540639 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy can lead to congestive heart failure and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, it has been essential to find the treatment and prevention of cardiac hypertrophy. Betulinic acid (BA), the main active ingredient in many natural products, is known to have various physiological effects. However, as the potential effect of BA on cardiac hypertrophy and consequent renal dysfunction is unknown, we investigated the effect of BA on isoprenaline (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and related signaling. ISO was known to induce left ventricular hypertrophy by stimulating the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR). ISO was injected into Sprague Dawley rats (SD rats) by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 28 days to induce cardiac hypertrophy. From the 14th day onwards, the BA (10 or 30 mg/kg/day) and propranolol (10 mg/kg/day) were administered orally. The study was conducted in a total of 5 groups, as follows: C, control; Is, ISO (10 mg/kg/day); Pr, positive-control, ISO + propranolol (10 mg/kg/day); Bl, ISO + BA (10 mg/kg/day); Bh, ISO + BA (30 mg/kg/day). As a result, the total cardiac tissue and left ventricular tissue weights of the ISO group increased compared to the control group and were significantly reduced by BA treatment. In addition, as a result of echocardiography, the effect of BA on improving cardiac function, deteriorated by ISO, was confirmed. Cardiac hypertrophy biomarkers such as β-MHC, ANP, BNP, LDH, and CK-MB, which were increased by ISO, were significantly decreased by BA treatment. Also, the cardiac function improvement effect of BA was confirmed to improve cardiac function by inhibiting calcineurin/NFATc3 signaling. Renal dysfunction is a typical complication caused by cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, the study of renal function indicators, creatinine clearance (Ccr) and osmolality (BUN) was aggravated by ISO treatment but was significantly restored by BA treatment. Therefore, it is thought that BA in cardiac hypertrophy can be used as valuable data to develop as a functional material effective in improving cardiac-renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon Hong
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (M.-H.H.); (S.-W.N.); (Y.-J.J.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-S.L.)
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Se-Won Na
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (M.-H.H.); (S.-W.N.); (Y.-J.J.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-S.L.)
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Youn-Jae Jang
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (M.-H.H.); (S.-W.N.); (Y.-J.J.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-S.L.)
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Jung-Joo Yoon
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (M.-H.H.); (S.-W.N.); (Y.-J.J.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Yun-Jung Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (M.-H.H.); (S.-W.N.); (Y.-J.J.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Ho-Sub Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (M.-H.H.); (S.-W.N.); (Y.-J.J.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-S.L.)
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Hye-Yoom Kim
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (M.-H.H.); (S.-W.N.); (Y.-J.J.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Dae-Gill Kang
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (M.-H.H.); (S.-W.N.); (Y.-J.J.); (J.-J.Y.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-S.L.)
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
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21
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Prados ME, Correa-Sáez A, Unciti-Broceta JD, Garrido-Rodríguez M, Jimenez-Jimenez C, Mazzone M, Minassi A, Appendino G, Calzado MA, Muñoz E. Betulinic Acid Hydroxamate is Neuroprotective and Induces Protein Phosphatase 2A-Dependent HIF-1α Stabilization and Post-transcriptional Dephosphorylation of Prolyl Hydrolase 2. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1849-1861. [PMID: 34339019 PMCID: PMC8608974 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by unwanted choreatic movements, behavioral and psychiatric disturbances, and dementia. The activation of the hypoxic response pathway through the pharmacological inhibition of hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF) prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs) is a promising approach for neurodegenerative diseases, including HD. Herein, we have studied the mechanism of action of the compound Betulinic acid hydroxamate (BAH), a hypoximimetic derivative of betulinic acid, and its efficacy against striatal neurodegeneration using complementary approaches. Firstly, we showed the molecular mechanisms through which BAH modifies the activity of the PHD2 prolyl hydroxylase, thus directly affecting HIF-1α stability. BAH treatment reduces PHD2 phosphorylation on Ser-125 residue, responsible for the control of its hydrolase activity. HIF activation by BAH is inhibited by okadaic acid and LB-100 indicating that a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is implicated in the mechanism of action of BAH. Furthermore, in striatal cells bearing a mutated form of the huntingtin protein, BAH stabilized HIF-1α protein, induced Vegf and Bnip3 gene expression and protected against mitochondrial toxin-induced cytotoxicity. Pharmacokinetic analyses showed that BAH has a good brain penetrability and experiments performed in a mouse model of striatal neurodegeneration induced by 3-nitropropionic acid showed that BAH improved the clinical symptoms. In addition, BAH also prevented neuronal loss, decreased reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation, inhibited the upregulation of proinflammatory markers, and improved antioxidant defenses in the brain. Taken together, our results show BAH's ability to activate the PP2A/PHD2/HIF pathway, which may have important implications in the treatment of HD and perhaps other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Correa-Sáez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Martín Garrido-Rodríguez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carla Jimenez-Jimenez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KULeuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain.
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22
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Betulinic Acid Ameliorates the Severity of Acute Pancreatitis via Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136871. [PMID: 34206763 PMCID: PMC8268208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder, involving acinar cell death and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Currently, there are limited effective therapeutic agents for AP. Betulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid extracted from Betula platyphylla that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of BA on AP and elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms. AP was induced in mice through six intraperitoneal injections of cerulein. After the last cerulein injection, the mice were sacrificed. Our results revealed that pre- and post-treatment with BA significantly reduced the severity of pancreatitis, as evidenced by a decrease in histological damage in the pancreas and lung, serum amylase and lipase activity and pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity. Furthermore, BA pretreatment reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, augmentation of chemokines, and infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in the pancreas of AP mice. In addition, mice that were pretreated with BA showed a reduction in Iκ-Bα degradation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) binding activity in the pancreas. Moreover, BA reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and NF-κB activation in pancreatic acinar cells (PACs). These findings suggest that BA may have prophylactic and therapeutic effects on AP via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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