1
|
Kang DW, Kim JH, Choi GW, Cho SJ, Cho HY. PBPK model-based gender-specific risk assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using human biomonitoring data. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:3269-3288. [PMID: 39096368 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite several screening levels for NDMA reported in water, soil, air, and drugs, the human risk assessment using biomonitoring concentrations has not been performed. In this study, gender-specific exposure guidance values were determined in humans, then biomonitoring measurements in healthy Korean subjects (32 men and 40 women) were compared to the exposure guidance values to evaluate the current exposure level to NDMA. For the human risk assessment of NDMA, the gender-specific physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed in humans using proper physiological parameters, partition coefficients, and biochemical parameters. Using the PBPK model, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed to describe the magnitudes of inter-individual variability and uncertainty on the single model predictions. The PBPK modeling and Monte Carlo simulation allowed the estimation of the relationship between external dose and blood concentration for the risk assessment. The procedure for the human risk assessment was summarized as follows: (1) estimating a steady-state blood concentration (Cavg) corresponding to the daily no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) administration in rats; (2) applying uncertainty factors (UFs) for deriving the human Cavg; (3) determining the exposure guidance values as screening criteria; (4) interpreting the human biomonitoring measurements by forward and reverse dosimetry approaches. Using the biomonitoring concentrations, current daily exposures to NDMA were estimated to be 3.95 μg/day/kg for men and 10.60 μg/day/kg for women, respectively. The result of the study could be used as a basis for implementing further risk management and regulatory decision-making for NDMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Go-Wun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Young Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dejan F, Daneshi A, Aslani JR, Ahmadi N, Roozbahani NE, Rahmanian E, Behmanesh R, Gheisari HR. Hepatoprotective effect of Holothuria leucospilota methanolic extract on dimethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:544-552. [PMID: 38949064 PMCID: PMC11369027 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementary medicine is an interesting field for extracting bioactive compounds from various plant and animal sources. The hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic extract of a species of sea cucumber called Holothuria leucospilota in an animal model of liver cancer caused by dimethyl nitrosamine (DMN) was studied. METHODS Wistar female rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12): control (intact), positive control (received 1% DMN [10 mg/kg/week, intraperitoneally] for 12 weeks), and three treatment groups (received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day H. leucospilota extract orally for 12 weeks along with intraperitoneal administration of 1% DMN [10 mg/kg/week]). In all groups, ultrasound was performed on the liver every week to check its density. Blood sampling and liver isolation were performed on three occasions, at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, to check liver enzymes and the histopathological condition of the liver tissue (every week, four animals from each group were randomly selected). RESULTS Liver density changes were evident from the eighth week onward in the positive control group. Histopathological results indicated pathologic changes in the positive control group after 4 weeks. The increase in liver enzymes in the positive control group was significantly different from that in the treatment and control groups. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of H. leucospilota on DMN-induced liver damage in rats using biochemical and histological parameters and ultrasonography. More additional research (in silico or in vitro) is needed to find the exact mechanism and the main biological compound in H. leucospilota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dejan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Amineh Daneshi
- Department of EducationFarzanegan High SchoolTehranKohgiluyeh and Boyer AhmadIran
| | - Javad Rajabi Aslani
- Food Hygiene Department, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Nasrollah Ahmadi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Narges Eskandari Roozbahani
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza HospitalKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Elaham Rahmanian
- Molecular Dermatology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Reza Behmanesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Garmsar Branch, Department of RadiologyIslamic Azad UniversityGarmsarIran
| | - Hamid Reza Gheisari
- Food Hygiene Department, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saito T, Tsuchishima M, Tsutsumi M, George J. Molecular pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18491. [PMID: 38894579 PMCID: PMC11187936 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is characterized by intense deposition of fat globules in the hepatic parenchyma that could potentially progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we evaluated a rat model to study the molecular pathogenesis of the spectrum of MASLD and to screen therapeutic agents. SHRSP5/Dmcr rats were fed a high-fat and cholesterol (HFC) diet for a period of 12 weeks and evaluated for the development of steatosis (MASLD), steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. A group of animals were sacrificed at the end of the 4th, 6th, 8th and 12th weeks from the beginning of the experiment, along with the control rats that received normal diet. Blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for α-SMA and Collagen Type I. Histopathological examinations demonstrated steatosis at the 4th week, steatohepatitis with progressive fibrosis at the 6th week, advanced fibrosis with bridging at the 8th week and cirrhosis at the 12th week. Biochemical markers and staining for α-SMA and Collagen Type I demonstrated the progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis in a stepwise manner. Control animals fed a normal diet did not show any biochemical or histopathological alterations. The results of the present study clearly demonstrated that the HFC diet-induced model of steatosis, steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis is a feasible, quick and appropriate animal model to study the molecular pathogenesis of the spectrum of MASLD and to screen potent therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Saito
- Department of HepatologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| | | | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of HepatologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
- Center for Regenerative MedicineKanazawa Medical University HospitalUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| | - Joseph George
- Department of HepatologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
- Center for Regenerative MedicineKanazawa Medical University HospitalUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seo JE, Le Y, Revollo J, Miranda-Colon J, Xu H, McKinzie P, Mei N, Chen T, Heflich RH, Zhou T, Robison T, Bonzo JA, Guo X. Evaluating the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine in 2D and 3D HepaRG cell cultures using error-corrected next generation sequencing. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1919-1935. [PMID: 38584193 PMCID: PMC11106104 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Human liver-derived metabolically competent HepaRG cells have been successfully employed in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D spheroid formats for performing the comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. In the present study, we have investigated expanding the genotoxicity endpoints evaluated in HepaRG cells by detecting mutagenesis using two error-corrected next generation sequencing (ecNGS) technologies, Duplex Sequencing (DS) and High-Fidelity (HiFi) Sequencing. Both HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroids were exposed for 72 h to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), followed by an additional incubation for the fixation of induced mutations. NDMA-induced DNA damage, chromosomal damage, and mutagenesis were determined using the comet assay, MN assay, and ecNGS, respectively. The 72-h treatment with NDMA resulted in concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity, DNA damage, MN formation, and mutation frequency in both 2D and 3D cultures, with greater responses observed in the 3D spheroids compared to 2D cells. The mutational spectrum analysis showed that NDMA induced predominantly A:T → G:C transitions, along with a lower frequency of G:C → A:T transitions, and exhibited a different trinucleotide signature relative to the negative control. These results demonstrate that the HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroid models can be used for mutagenesis assessment using both DS and HiFi Sequencing, with the caveat that severe cytotoxic concentrations should be avoided when conducting DS. With further validation, the HepaRG 2D/3D system may become a powerful human-based metabolically competent platform for genotoxicity testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Javier Revollo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Jaime Miranda-Colon
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Hannah Xu
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Page McKinzie
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Timothy Robison
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jessica A Bonzo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song J, Liu L, Wang Z, Xie D, Azami NLB, Lu L, Huang Y, Ye W, Zhang Q, Sun M. CCL20 and CD8A as potential diagnostic biomarkers for HBV-induced liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28329. [PMID: 38596115 PMCID: PMC11002547 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The main cause of the liver fibrosis (LF) remains hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, especially in China. Histologically, liver fibrosis still occurs progressively in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, even if HBV-DNA is negative or undetectable. The diagnosis of LF is beneficial to control the development of it, also it may promote the reversal of LF. Although liver biopsy is the gold standard of diagnosis in LF at present, it isa traumatic diagnosis. There are no diagnostic biomarkers as yet for the condition. It is badly in need of biomarkers clinically, which is simple to test, minimally invasive, highly specific, and sensitive. Early detection of HBV-LF development is crucial in the prevention, treatment, and prognosis prediction of HBV-LF. Cytokines are closely associated with both immune regulation and inflammation in the progression of hepatitis B virus associated-liver fibrosis (HBV-LF). In this bioinformatic study, we not only analyzed the relationship between HBV-LF and immune infiltration, but also identified key genes to uncover new therapeutic targets. Objectives To find potential biomarkers for liver fibrosis in the development of chronic hepatic B patients. Materials and methods We obtained two sets of data including CHB/healthy control and CHB/HBV-LF from the Integrated Gene Expression (GEO) database to select for differential expression analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was also generated, while key genes and important gene modules involved in the occurrence and development of HBV-LF were identified. These key genes were analyzed by functional enrichment analysis, module analysis, and survival analysis. Furthermore, the relationship between these two diseases and immune infiltration was explored. Results Among the identified genes, 150 were individually associated with CHB and healthy control in the differential gene expression (DGE) analysis. While 14 with CHB and HBV-LF. It was also analyzed in the Robust rank aggregation (RRA) analysis, 34 differential genes were further identified by Cytohubba. Among 34 differential genes, two core genes were determined: CCL20 and CD8A. CCL20 was able to predict CHB positivity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC-ROC] = 0.883, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.786-0.963), while HBV-LF positivity ([AUC-ROC] = 0.687, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.592-0.779). And CD8A was able to predict CHB positivity ([AUC-ROC] = 0.960, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.915-0.992), while HBV-LF positivity ([AUC-ROC] = 0.773, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.680-0.856). Relationship between CCL20 gene expression and LF grades was P < 0.05, as well as CD8A. Conclusion CCL20 and CD8A were found to be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HBV-LF. It is instructive for research on the progression of LF in HBV patients, suppression of chronic inflammation, and development of molecularly targeted-therapy for HBV-LF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Song
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Nisma Lena Bahaji Azami
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McGreevy O, Bosakhar M, Gilbert T, Quinn M, Fenwick S, Malik H, Goldring C, Randle L. The importance of preclinical models in cholangiocarcinoma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2024:108304. [PMID: 38653585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system with a grim prognosis. Incidence is rising globally and surgery is currently the only curative treatment, but is only available for patients who are fit and diagnosed in an early-stage of disease progression. Great importance has been placed on developing preclinical models to help further our understanding of CCA and potential treatments to improve therapeutic outcomes. Preclinical models of varying complexity and cost have been established, ranging from more simplistic in vitro 2D CCA cell lines in culture, to more complex in vivo genetically engineered mouse models. Currently there is no single model that faithfully recaptures the complexities of human CCA and the in vivo tumour microenvironment. Instead a multi-model approach should be used when designing preclinical trials to study CCA and potential therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen McGreevy
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mohammed Bosakhar
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Timothy Gilbert
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK; Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc Quinn
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK; Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen Fenwick
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hassan Malik
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, L7 8XP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Goldring
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Laura Randle
- The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lynch AM, Howe J, Hildebrand D, Harvey JS, Burman M, Harte DSG, Chen L, Kmett C, Shi W, McHugh CF, Patel KK, Junnotula V, Kenny J, Haworth R, Wills JW. N-Nitrosodimethylamine investigations in Muta™Mouse define point-of-departure values and demonstrate less-than-additive somatic mutant frequency accumulations. Mutagenesis 2024; 39:96-118. [PMID: 38183622 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The N-nitrosamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), is an environmental mutagen and rodent carcinogen. Small levels of NDMA have been identified as an impurity in some commonly used drugs, resulting in several product recalls. In this study, NDMA was evaluated in an OECD TG-488 compliant Muta™Mouse gene mutation assay (28-day oral dosing across seven daily doses of 0.02-4 mg/kg/day) using an integrated design that assessed mutation at the transgenic lacZ locus in various tissues and at the endogenous Pig-a gene-locus, along with micronucleus frequencies in peripheral blood. Liver pathology was determined together with NDMA exposure in blood and liver. The additivity of mutation induction was assessed by including two acute single-dose treatment groups (i.e. 5 and 10 mg/kg dose on Day 1), which represented the same total dose as two of the repeat dose treatment groups. NDMA did not induce statistically significant increases in mean lacZ mutant frequency (MF) in bone marrow, spleen, bladder, or stomach, nor in peripheral blood (Pig-a mutation or micronucleus induction) when tested up to 4 mg/kg/day. There were dose-dependent increases in mean lacZ MF in the liver, lung, and kidney following 28-day repeat dosing or in the liver and kidney after a single dose (10 mg/kg). No observed genotoxic effect levels (NOGEL) were determined for the positive repeat dose-response relationships. Mutagenicity did not exhibit simple additivity in the liver since there was a reduction in MF following NDMA repeat dosing compared with acute dosing for the same total dose. Benchmark dose modelling was used to estimate point of departure doses for NDMA mutagenicity in Muta™Mouse and rank order target organ tissue sensitivity (liver > kidney or lung). The BMD50 value for liver was 0.32 mg/kg/day following repeat dosing (confidence interval 0.21-0.46 mg/kg/day). In addition, liver toxicity was observed at doses of ≥ 1.1 mg/kg/day NDMA and correlated with systemic and target organ exposure. The integration of these results and their implications for risk assessment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Lynch
- Genetic Toxicology & Photosafety, GSK R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Howe
- Genetic Toxicology & Photosafety, GSK R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | | - James S Harvey
- Genetic Toxicology & Photosafety, GSK R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Burman
- Genetic Toxicology & Photosafety, GSK R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle S G Harte
- Genetic Toxicology & Photosafety, GSK R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Liangfu Chen
- DMPK, GSK R&D, Upper Providence, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Casey Kmett
- DMPK, GSK R&D, Upper Providence, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- DMPK, GSK R&D, Upper Providence, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Charles F McHugh
- DMPK, GSK R&D, Upper Providence, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Kinnari K Patel
- BIB, GSK R&D, Upper Providence, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | | | - Julia Kenny
- TPPS, GSK R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | | - John W Wills
- Genetic Toxicology & Photosafety, GSK R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamagata M, Tsuchishima M, Saito T, Tsutsumi M, George J. Therapeutic implication of human placental extract to prevent liver cirrhosis in rats with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:327-349. [PMID: 38381799 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is always accompanied with hepatic fibrosis that could potentially progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Employing a rat model, we evaluated the role of human placental extract (HPE) to arrest the progression of hepatic fibrosis to cirrhosis in patients with MASH. SHRSP5/Dmcr rats were fed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks and evaluated for the development of steatosis. The animals were divided into control and treated groups and received either saline or HPE (3.6 ml/kg body weight) subcutaneously thrice a week. A set of animals were killed at the end of 6th, 8th, and 12th weeks from the beginning of the experiment. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione content were measured. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), collagen type I, and type III. Control rats depicted progression of liver fibrosis at 6 weeks, advanced fibrosis and bridging at 8 weeks, and cirrhosis at 12 weeks, which were significantly decreased in HPE-treated animals. Treatment with HPE maintained normal levels of MDA and glutathione in the liver. There was marked decrease in the staining intensity of α-SMA, 4-HNE, and collagen type I and type III in HPE treated rats compared with control animals. The results of the present study indicated that HPE treatment mediates immunotropic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant responses and attenuates hepatic fibrosis and early cirrhosis. HPE depicts therapeutic potential to arrest the progression of MASH towards cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Yamagata
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Joseph George
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kang DW, Kim JH, Choi GW, Cho SJ, Cho HY. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for evaluating gender-specific exposures of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:821-835. [PMID: 38127128 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is classified as a human carcinogen and could be produced by both natural and industrial processes. Although its toxicity and histopathology have been well-studied in animal species, there is insufficient data on the blood and tissue exposures that can be correlated with the toxicity of NDMA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender-specific pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics (PKs/TKs), tissue distribution, and excretion after the oral administration of three different doses of NDMA in rats using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. The major target tissues for developing the PBPK model and evaluating dose metrics of NDMA included blood, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, kidney, lung, heart, and brain. The predictive performance of the model was validated using sensitivity analysis, (average) fold error, and visual inspection of observations versus predictions. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed to describe the magnitudes of inter-individual variability and uncertainty of the single model predictions. The developed PBPK model was applied for the exposure simulation of daily oral NDMA to estimate blood concentration ranges affecting health effects following acute-duration (≤ 14 days), intermediate-duration (15-364 days), and chronic-duration (≥ 365 days) intakes. The results of the study could be used as a scientific basis for interpreting the correlation between in vivo exposures and toxicological effects of NDMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Go-Wun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Young Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paustenbach DJ, Brown SE, Heywood JJ, Donnell MT, Eaton DL. Risk characterization of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pharmaceuticals. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114498. [PMID: 38341171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Since 2018, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has been a reported contaminant in numerous pharmaceutical products. To guide the pharmaceutical industry, FDA identified an acceptable intake (AI) of 96 ng/day NDMA. The approach assumed a linear extrapolation from the Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB) harmonic-mean TD50 identified in chronic studies in rats. Although NDMA has been thought to act as a mutagenic carcinogen in experimental animals, it has not been classified as a known human carcinogen by any regulatory agency. Humans are exposed to high daily exogenous and endogenous doses of NDMA. Due to the likelihood of a threshold dose for NDMA-related tumors in animals, we believe that there is ample scientific basis to utilize the threshold-based benchmark dose or point-of-departure (POD) approach when estimating a Permissible Daily Exposure limit (PDE) for NDMA. We estimated that 29,000 ng/kg/day was an appropriate POD for calculating a PDE. Assuming an average bodyweight of 50 kg, we expect that human exposures to NDMA at doses below 5800 ng/day in pharmaceuticals would not result in an increased risk of liver cancer, and that there is little, if any, risk for any other type of cancer, when accounting for the mode-of-action in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Paustenbach
- Paustenbach and Associates, 970 West Broadway, Suite E, Jackson, WY, USA
| | - S E Brown
- Paustenbach and Associates, 207 Canyon Blvd, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - J J Heywood
- Paustenbach and Associates, 207 Canyon Blvd, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M T Donnell
- Valeo Sciences LLC, 333 Corporate Drive, Suite 130, Ladera Ranch, CA, USA
| | - D L Eaton
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mao J, Tan L, Tian C, Wang W, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Li Y. Research progress on rodent models and its mechanisms of liver injury. Life Sci 2024; 337:122343. [PMID: 38104860 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the most important organ for biological transformation in the body and is crucial for maintaining the body's vital activities. Liver injury is a serious pathological condition that is commonly found in many liver diseases. It has a high incidence rate, is difficult to cure, and is prone to recurrence. Liver injury can cause serious harm to the body, ranging from mild to severe fatty liver disease. If the condition continues to worsen, it can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, ultimately resulting in liver failure or liver cancer, which can seriously endanger human life and health. Therefore, establishing an rodent model that mimics the pathogenesis and severity of clinical liver injury is of great significance for better understanding the pathogenesis of liver injury patients and developing more effective clinical treatment methods. The author of this article summarizes common chemical liver injury models, immune liver injury models, alcoholic liver injury models, drug-induced liver injury models, and systematically elaborates on the modeling methods, mechanisms of action, pathways of action, and advantages or disadvantages of each type of model. The aim of this study is to establish reliable rodent models for researchers to use in exploring anti-liver injury and hepatoprotective drugs. By creating more accurate theoretical frameworks, we hope to provide new insights into the treatment of clinical liver injury diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Mao
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lihong Tan
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Cheng Tian
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhaojing Zhu
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yan Li
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eisa MA, Mansour AM, Salama SA, Elsadek BEM, Ashour AA, Abdelghany TM. Estrogen/estrogen receptor activation protects against DEN-induced liver fibrosis in female rats via modulating TLR-4/NF-kβ signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176165. [PMID: 38059444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Men are more susceptible to liver fibrosis (LF) than women. However, the underlying molecular mechanism, especially the role of estrogen/estrogen receptor (ER) activation in this sexual dimorphism is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the impact and the underlying molecular mechanisms of estrogen/ER activation on diethyl nitrosamine (DEN)-induced LF. MAIN METHODS Thirty ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 6), and received no treatment, diethyl nitrosamine (DEN), DEN/fulvestrant, DEN/silymarin or DEN/estradiol benzoate (EB). In addition, three sham groups received no treatment, DEN or DEN/fulvestrant, and one control group that neither ovariectomized nor treated. Directly after treatment, liver injury biomarkers were measured. In addition, hepatic tissue hydroxyproline, TNF- α, TGF- β, and IL-10 were evaluated. Expression of NF-kβ, CD68 (a marker for macrophage infiltration), ER-β and TLR-4 were measured. Finally, liver tissue histopathology was assessed. KEY FINDINGS Ovariectomy aggravates DEN-induced LF, as it significantly elevated all liver tissue injury biomarkers. This effect has become even worse after blocking ER by fulvestrant, indicating a protective role of estrogen/ER activation against DEN-induced LF. Inhibition of TLR-4/NF-kβ signaling pathway contributed to this protective effect, as estrogen deprivation or blocking of ER significantly activates this pathway during the onset of LF. While administration of EB or silymarin (selective ER-β activator) improved LF indices and deactivated this pathway. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide new insight into the pivotal role of estrogen/ER activation via modulation of TLR-4/NF-kβ, in the alleviation of LF pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Eisa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt.
| | - Salama A Salama
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt.
| | - Bakheet E M Elsadek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantara Branch, Ismailia, 41636, Egypt.
| | - Tamer M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Heliopolis University, Cairo, 11785, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dou J, Cui H, Cui Z, Xuan M, Gao C, Li Z, Lian L, Nan J, Wu Y. Pterostilbene exerts cytotoxicity on activated hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting excessive proliferation through the crosstalk of Sirt1 and STAT3 pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114042. [PMID: 37722617 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Pterostilbene (PTE), a natural analogue of resveratrol, abundantly exists in blueberries and grapes and has several beneficial potentials against oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer. In current study, we investigated the effects of PTE on hepatic fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is an initiating event in the initiation of hepatic fibrosis. MTT assay revealed that PTE (3.125-12.5 μM) displayed cytotoxicity on activated HSCs, no cytotoxicity on AML-12 and quiescent HSCs. PTE significantly inhibited the expressions of α-SMA, collagen Ⅰ and TIMP-1/MMP13 ratio; suppressed inflammatory cascade activation to reduce inflammatory cytokines release, such as Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-6. PTE activated Sirt1 and decreased STAT3 phosphorylation, functioning as SRT1720 and Niclosamide. Sirt1 deficiency significantly elevated p-STAT3 expression, while STAT3 deficiency resulted in Sirt1 increasing and inhibited fibrosis and inflammatory cytokines expressions. In mice with hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA), PTE significantly decreased ALT and AST activities, reduced fibrosis markers, STAT3 phosphorylation and activated Sirt1 expression. PTE showed cytotoxicity on activated HSCs to ameliorate hepatic fibrosis via regulating fibrogenesis, energy metabolism and inflammation and targeting the crosstalk of Sirt1 and STAT3. In conclusion, PTE could be potentially beneficial as a natural plant metabolite in preventing and treating hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Dou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Haozhen Cui
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Zhenyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Meiyan Xuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Zhaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Lihua Lian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Jixing Nan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China.
| | - Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Z, Zhu JF, Ouyang H. Progress on traditional Chinese medicine in improving hepatic fibrosis through inhibiting oxidative stress. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:1091-1108. [PMID: 37970620 PMCID: PMC10642434 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i10.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathological process that occurs in the development of various chronic liver diseases into cirrhosis and liver cancer, characterized by excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix. In the past, hepatic fibrosis was thought to be a static and irreversible pathological process. In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular biology and the continuous in-depth study of the liver at the microscopic level, more and more evidence has shown that hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic and reversible process. Therefore, it is particularly important to find an effective, simple, and inexpensive method for its prevention and treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) occupies an important position in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis due to its advantages of low adverse reactions, low cost, and multi-target effectiveness. A large number of research results have shown that TCM monomers, single herbal extracts, and TCM formulas play important roles in the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis. Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the key factors in the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, this article reviews the progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of TCM monomers, single herbal extracts, and TCM formulas in preventing and treating hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting OS in recent years, in order to provide a reference and basis for drug therapy of hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Liver, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun-Feng Zhu
- Department of Liver, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Liver, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hao Ouyang
- Department of Liver, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A novel mechanistic approach for the anti-fibrotic potential of rupatadine in rat liver via amendment of PAF/NF-ĸB p65/TGF-β1 and hedgehog/HIF-1α/VEGF trajectories. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:845-858. [PMID: 36811777 PMCID: PMC10140091 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is one of the major worldwide health concerns which requires tremendous research due to the limited outcomes of the current therapies. The present study was designed to assess, for the first time, the potential therapeutic effect of rupatadine (RUP) in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver fibrosis and to explore its possible mechanistic actions. For the induction of hepatic fibrosis, rats were treated with DEN (100 mg/kg, i.p.) once weekly for 6 consecutive weeks, and on the 6th week, RUP (4 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered for 4 weeks. Treatment with RUP ameliorated changes in body weights, liver indices, liver function enzymes, and histopathological alterations induced by DEN. Besides, RUP amended oxidative stress, which led to the inhibition of PAF/NF-κB p65-induced inflammation, and, subsequently, prevention of TGF-β1 elevation and HSCs activation as indicated by reduced α-SMA expression and collagen deposition. Moreover, RUP exerted significant anti-fibrotic and anti-angiogenic effects by suppressing Hh and HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathways. Our results highlight, for the first time, a promising anti-fibrotic potential of RUP in rat liver. The molecular mechanisms underlying this effect involve the attenuation of PAF/NF-κB p65/TGF-β1 and Hh pathways and, subsequently, the pathological angiogenesis (HIF-1α/VEGF).
Collapse
|
16
|
Dai S, Wang C, Zhao X, Ma C, Fu K, Liu Y, Peng C, Li Y. Cucurbitacin B: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106587. [PMID: 36460279 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbitacin B (CuB, C32H46O8), the most abundant and active member of cucurbitacins, which are highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids. Cucurbitacins are widely distributed in a variety of plants and mainly isolated from plants in the Cucurbitaceae family. CuB is mostly obtained from the pedicel of Cucumis melo L. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that CuB has a broad range of pharmacological activities, with significant therapeutic effects on a variety of diseases including inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, and cancers. In this study the PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were searched from 1986 to 2022. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 98 out of 2484 articles were selected for a systematic review to comprehensively summarize the pharmacological activity, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic properties of CuB. The results showed that CuB exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer activities mainly via regulating various signaling pathways, such as the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (JAK/STAT3), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2/antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2/ARE), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase-2A/protein phosphatase-2A (CIP2A/PP2A), Wnt, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Notch, and Hippo-Yes-associated protein (YAP) pathways. Studies of its toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties showed that CuB has non-specific toxicity and low bioavailability. In addition, derivatives and clinical applications of CuB are discussed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - XingTao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu S, Wang X, Xing W, Li F, Liang M, Li K, He Y, Wang J. An update on animal models of liver fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1160053. [PMID: 37035335 PMCID: PMC10076546 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of liver fibrosis primarily determines quality of life as well as prognosis. Animal models are often used to model and understand the underlying mechanisms of human disease. Although organoids can be used to simulate organ development and disease, the technology still faces significant challenges. Therefore animal models are still irreplaceable at this stage. Currently, in vivo models of liver fibrosis can be classified into five categories based on etiology: chemical, dietary, surgical, transgenic, and immune. There is a wide variety of animal models of liver fibrosis with varying efficacy, which have different implications for proper understanding of the disease and effective screening of therapeutic agents. There is no high-quality literature recommending the most appropriate animal models. In this paper, we will describe the progress of commonly used animal models of liver fibrosis in terms of their development mechanisms, applications, advantages and disadvantages, and recommend appropriate animal models for different research purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ShuTing Wu
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - XinXin Wang
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - WenBo Xing
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - FenYao Li
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Liang
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - KeShen Li
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yan He,
| | - JianMing Wang
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- JianMing Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yu W, Wang S, Wang Y, Chen H, Nie H, Liu L, Zou X, Gong Q, Zheng B. MicroRNA: role in macrophage polarization and the pathogenesis of the liver fibrosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147710. [PMID: 37138859 PMCID: PMC10149999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, as central components of innate immunity, feature significant heterogeneity. Numerus studies have revealed the pivotal roles of macrophages in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis induced by various factors. Hepatic macrophages function to trigger inflammation in response to injury. They induce liver fibrosis by activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and then inflammation and fibrosis are alleviated by the degradation of the extracellular matrix and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding endogenous RNA molecules that regulate gene expression through translation repression or mRNA degradation, have distinct roles in modulating macrophage activation, polarization, tissue infiltration, and inflammation regression. Considering the complex etiology and pathogenesis of liver diseases, the role and mechanism of miRNAs and macrophages in liver fibrosis need to be further clarified. We first summarized the origin, phenotypes and functions of hepatic macrophages, then clarified the role of miRNAs in the polarization of macrophages. Finally, we comprehensively discussed the role of miRNAs and macrophages in the pathogenesis of liver fibrotic disease. Understanding the mechanism of hepatic macrophage heterogeneity in various types of liver fibrosis and the role of miRNAs on macrophage polarization provides a useful reference for further research on miRNA-mediated macrophage polarization in liver fibrosis, and also contributes to the development of new therapies targeting miRNA and macrophage subsets for liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hao Nie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Zou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoting Zou, ; Quan Gong, ; Bing Zheng,
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoting Zou, ; Quan Gong, ; Bing Zheng,
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoting Zou, ; Quan Gong, ; Bing Zheng,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mansouri I, Botton J, Semenzato L, Haddy N, Zureik M. N-nitrosodimethylamine-Contaminated Valsartan and Risk of Cancer: A Nationwide Study of 1.4 Million Valsartan Users. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e8067. [PMID: 36533625 PMCID: PMC9798794 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Since July 2018, numerous lots of valsartan have been found to be contaminated with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). We aimed to assess the association between exposure to valsartan products contaminated with NDMA and the risk of cancer. Methods and Results This study was based on data from the Système National des Données de Santé, which is a national database that includes all French residents' health-related expenses. The target population was consumers of valsartan between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2017, aged between 40 and 80 years old. The association of exposure to contaminated valsartan with the occurrence of any malignancy and cancer by location was evaluated by fitting Cox proportional hazards models weighted by the inverse probability of treatment. A total of 1.4 million subjects without any history of cancer were included. A total of 986 126 and 670 388 patients were exposed to NDMA-contaminated and uncontaminated valsartan, respectively. The use of the NDMA-contaminated valsartan did not increase the overall risk of cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.99 [95% CI, 0.98-1.0]). However, exposed patients had a higher risk of liver cancer (aHR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04-1.22]) and melanoma (aHR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.03-1.18]). We estimated a mean of 3.7 and 5.8 extra cases per year per 100 000 person-years of liver cancer and melanoma, respectively. Conclusions Our study was the largest to date to examine cancer risks associated with exposure to NDMA-contaminated valsartan. Our findings suggest a slight increased risk of liver cancer and melanoma in patients exposed to NDMA in regularly taken medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imène Mansouri
- EPI‐PHARE (French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety [ANSM] and French National Health Insurance [CNAM])Saint‐DenisFrance,Center for Research Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Radiation Epidemiology TeamUniversité Paris‐Saclay, Université Paris‐Sud, UVSQVillejuifFrance
| | - Jeremie Botton
- EPI‐PHARE (French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety [ANSM] and French National Health Insurance [CNAM])Saint‐DenisFrance,Faculté de PharmacieUniversité Paris‐SaclayChâtenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Laura Semenzato
- EPI‐PHARE (French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety [ANSM] and French National Health Insurance [CNAM])Saint‐DenisFrance
| | - Nadia Haddy
- Center for Research Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Radiation Epidemiology TeamUniversité Paris‐Saclay, Université Paris‐Sud, UVSQVillejuifFrance
| | - Mahmoud Zureik
- EPI‐PHARE (French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety [ANSM] and French National Health Insurance [CNAM])Saint‐DenisFrance,Anti Infective Evasion and PharmacoepidemiologyCenter for Research Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP)Montigny‐le‐BretonneuFrance
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nomura M, George J, Hashizume C, Saito T, Ueda Y, Ishigaki Y, Tsuchishima M, Tsutsumi M. Surgical implantation of human adipose derived stem cells attenuates experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Mol Med 2022; 28:143. [PMID: 36447136 PMCID: PMC9706981 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells and could exert hepatoprotective effects against acute liver injury, steatohepatitis, and fibrogenesis. Here, we evaluated the effects of human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) to attenuate experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis and early cirrhosis in rats. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injections of CCl4 (0.1 ml/100 g body weight) twice a week for 8 weeks. hADSCs were isolated and cultured on polyethylene discs coated with hydroxyapatite and 2 cm diameter disc was surgically implanted on the right lateral lobe of the liver. Discs implanted without hADSCs served as control. The animals were injected again with CCl4 once a week for another 8 weeks. All the animals were sacrificed at the end of 16th week. RESULTS Serial administrations of CCl4 resulted in well developed fibrosis and early cirrhosis at 8th week which maintained until the 16th week. Animals treated with hADSC discs depicted over 50% decrease of collagen with significant increase in serum albumin and total protein levels. Immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β1, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen type I and type III demonstrated marked decrease compared to the animals without hADSC treatment. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with hADSCs improved liver functions, markedly reduced hepatic fibrosis and early cirrhosis. Various pleiotropic and paracrine factors secreted from the hADSCs seem to serve as reparative functions in the attenuation of liver cirrhosis. The data demonstrated that treatment with hADSCs can be successfully used as a potent therapeutic method to prevent progression of hepatic fibrosis and related adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Nomura
- grid.411998.c0000 0001 0265 5359Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
| | - Joseph George
- grid.411998.c0000 0001 0265 5359Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan ,grid.510345.60000 0004 6004 9914Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
| | - Chieko Hashizume
- grid.411998.c0000 0001 0265 5359Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- grid.411998.c0000 0001 0265 5359Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Ueda
- grid.411998.c0000 0001 0265 5359Department of Pathology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
| | - Yasuhito Ishigaki
- grid.510345.60000 0004 6004 9914Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan ,grid.411998.c0000 0001 0265 5359Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
| | - Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- grid.411998.c0000 0001 0265 5359Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- grid.411998.c0000 0001 0265 5359Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan ,grid.510345.60000 0004 6004 9914Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Andrade A, Poth T, Brobeil A, Merle U, Chamulitrat W. iPLA2β-Null Mice Show HCC Protection by an Induction of Cell-Cycle Arrest after Diethylnitrosamine Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213760. [PMID: 36430237 PMCID: PMC9697657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) play diverse biological functions in epithelial cells and macrophages. Global deletion in iPLA2β-null (KO) mice leads to protection against hepatic steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in part, due to the replenishment of the loss of hepatocellular phospholipids. As the loss of phospholipids also occurs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we hypothesized that global deletion in KO mice may lead to protection against HCC. Here, HCC induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was chosen because DEN causes direct injury to the hepatocytes. Male wild-type (WT) and KO mice at 3-5 weeks of age (12-13 mice/group) were subjected to a single intraperitoneal treatment with 10 mg/kg DEN, and mice were killed 12 months later. Analyses of histology, plasma cytokines, and gene expression were performed. Due to the low-dose DEN used, we observed a liver nodule in 3 of 13 WT and 2 of 12 KO mice. Only one DEN-treated WT mouse was confirmed to have HCC. DEN-treated KO mice did not show any HCC but showed suppressed hepatic expression of cell-cycle cyclinD2 and BCL2 as well as inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-10, and VCAM-1. Notably, DEN-treated KO mice showed increased hepatic necrosis and elevated levels of plasma lactate dehydrogenase suggesting an exacerbation of liver injury. Thus, global iPLA2β deficiency in DEN-treated mice rendered HCC protection by an induction of cell-cycle arrest. Our results suggest the role of iPLA2β inhibition in HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Andrade
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology and Infectious Disease), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Poth
- Center for Model System and Comparative Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Brobeil
- Tissuebank of the NCT, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology and Infectious Disease), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology and Infectious Disease), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Anwar C, Tsai ML, Chen BN, Hsu LY, Lai CS. Molecular mechanisms of Agardhiella subulata attenuates hepatic fibrosis by modulating hepatic stellate cell activation via the reduction of autophagy. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
23
|
Zhang JB, Jin HL, Feng XY, Feng SL, Zhu WT, Nan HM, Yuan ZW. The combination of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Forsythiae Fructus herb-pair alleviated inflammation in liver fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:984611. [PMID: 36059967 PMCID: PMC9437263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.984611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the active components and epigenetic regulation mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Forsythiae Fructus herb-pair (LFP) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced rat liver fibrosis. Methods: The main active ingredients and disease-related gene targets of LFP were determined using TCMSP and UniProt, and liver fibrosis disease targets were screened in the GeneCards database. A network was constructed with Cytoscape 3.8.0 and the STRING database, and potential protein functions were analyzed using bioinformatics analysis. Based on these analyses, we determined the main active ingredients of LFP and evaluated their effects in a CCl4-induced rat liver fibrosis model. Serum biochemical indices were measured using commercial kits, hepatocyte tissue damage and collagen deposition were evaluated by histopathological studies, and myofibroblast activation and inflammation were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine the levels of homocysteine, reduced glutathione, and oxidized glutathione, which are involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. Results: The main active components of LFP were quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin, and its main targets were α-smooth muscle actin, cyclooxygenase-2, formyl-peptide receptor-2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1, nuclear receptor coactivator-2, interleukinβ, tumor necrosis factor α, CXC motif chemokine ligand 14, and transforming growth factor β1. A combination of quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin alleviated the symptoms of liver fibrosis. Conclusion: The results of this study support the role of LFP in the treatment of liver fibrosis, and reveal that LFP reduces collagen formation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This study suggests a potential mechanism of action of LFP in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bei Zhang
- Collage of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Liu Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen-ling Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Nan
- Collage of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
- Department of Encephalopathy, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Mei Nan, ; Zhong-Wen Yuan,
| | - Zhong-Wen Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Mei Nan, ; Zhong-Wen Yuan,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
George J, Tsuchishima M, Tsutsumi M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits osteopontin expression and prevents experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113111. [PMID: 35594711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular cytokine and a stress-induced profibrogenic molecule that promotes activation of stellate cells during the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. We studied the protective effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to suppress oxidative stress, inhibit OPN expression, and prevent experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis. Liver injury was induced with intraperitoneal injections of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in a dose of 1 mg/100 g body weight on 3 consecutive days of a week for 28 days. A group of rats received 0.2 mg EGCG/100 g body weight orally everyday during the study. The animals were sacrificed on day 28th from the beginning of exposure. Serum levels of AST, ALT, OPN, malondialdehyde, collagen type IV, and hyaluronic acid were measured. Immunohistochemistry and/or real-time PCR were performed for α-SMA, 4-HNE, OPN, collagen type I, and type III. Serial administrations of NDMA produced well developed fibrosis and early cirrhosis in rat liver. Treatment with EGCG significantly reduced serum/plasma levels of AST, ALT, OPN, malondialdehyde, collagen type IV, and hyaluronic acid and prevented deposition of collagen fibers in the hepatic tissue. Protein and/or mRNA levels demonstrated marked decrease in the expression of α-SMA, 4-HNE, OPN, collagen type I, and type III. Treatment with EGCG prevented excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, suppressed oxidative stress, significantly reduced serum and hepatic OPN levels, and markedly attenuated hepatic fibrosis. The results indicated that EGCG could be used as a potent therapeutic agent to prevent hepatic fibrogenesis and related adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph George
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pang H, Wang C, Ye J, Wang L, Zhou X, Ge X, Zhang J, Liu Q. Diallyl trisulfide plays an antifibrotic role by inhibiting the expression of Bcl‐2 in hepatic stellate cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23097. [PMID: 35532220 PMCID: PMC9539501 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is an important early stage in the evolution of liver cirrhosis, and specific medicine and therapeutic measures are unavailable to date. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main cells involved in the formation of hepatic fibrosis, and induction of the apoptosis of HSCs is an important strategy for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is a natural product and is the main active ingredient in garlic. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying HSC apoptosis induced by DATS are not well understood. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency and mechanism of DATS in hepatic fibrosis. Different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 μM) of DATS were used to treat HSCs. Changes in cell morphology and formation of apoptotic bodies were observed under an inverted microscope and an electric microscope. Bcl‐2 signaling involving Bax, Caspase‐3, Caspase‐6, Caspase‐8, Caspase‐9, p53, Apaf‐1, and Cyto‐c in fibrosis were examined, which is a critical step in the evaluation of antihepatic fibrosis agents. We also evaluated the effect of DATS on the cellular morphology of HSCs and apoptosis‐related factors under different Bcl‐2 expression states. Our results suggest that DATS regulates hepatic fibrosis by blocking the Bcl‐2 signaling pathway and upregulating the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huai Pang
- Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases Shihezi University School of Medicine Shihezi China
| | - Cuizhe Wang
- Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases Shihezi University School of Medicine Shihezi China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Psychology People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Urumqi China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Center of Community Health Services, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College Shihezi University Shihezi China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Pathology Hainan University School of Medicine Haikou China
| | - Xiaomeng Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases Shihezi University School of Medicine Shihezi China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Oncology People's Hospital of Deyang City Deyang Sichuan Province China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zeng C, Ouyang J, Sun L, Zeng Z, Tan Y, Zeng F, Wu S. An activatable probe for detection and therapy of food-additive-related hepatic injury via NIR-II fluorescence/optoacoustic imaging and biomarker-triggered drug release. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
27
|
Xu XY, Geng Y, Xu HX, Ren Y, Liu DY, Mao Y. Antrodia camphorata-Derived Antrodin C Inhibits Liver Fibrosis by Blocking TGF-Beta and PDGF Signaling Pathways. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:835508. [PMID: 35242813 PMCID: PMC8886226 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.835508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play an essential role in the development of liver fibrosis. Antrodia camphorata (A. camphorata) is a medicinal fungus with hepatoprotective effect. This study investigated whether Antrodin C, an A. camphorata-fermented metabolite, could exert a protective role on liver fibrosis both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-fibrotic effect of Antrodin C was investigated in CFSC-8B cell (hepatic stellate cell) stimulated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) or platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in vitro and in CCl4 induced liver fibrosis in mice. Antrodin C (50 μM) inhibited TGF-β1 or PDGF-BB stimulated CFSC-8B cell activation, migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation (all p < 0.05). Antrodin C (3, 6 mg/kg/d) oral administration reduced the degree of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in mice. Antrodin C down-regulated the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I in fibrotic livers. Furthermore, Antrodin C ameliorated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation in serum (all p < 0.05). Mechanistically, Antrodin C executes its anti-fibrotic activity through negatively modulate TGF-β1 downstream SMAD Family Member 2 (Smad2), AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1 (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and P38 MAP Kinase (P38), as well as PDGF-BB downstream AKT and ERK signaling pathways. Antrodin C ameliorates the activation, migration, ECM production in HSCs and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice, suggesting that Antrodin C could serve as a protective molecule against liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Xu
- Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Geng
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Geng, ; Yong Mao,
| | - Hao-Xiang Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yilin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Deng-Yang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Mao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Geng, ; Yong Mao,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oyenihi OR, Oyenihi AB, Alabi TD, Tade OG, Adeyanju AA, Oguntibeju OO. Reactive oxygen species: Key players in the anticancer effects of apigenin? J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14060. [PMID: 34997605 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exhibit a double-edged sword in cancer-hence their modulation has been an attractive strategy in cancer prevention and therapy. The abundance of scientific information on the pro-oxidant effects of apigenin in cancer cells suggests the crucial role of ROS in its mechanisms of action. Although apigenin is known to enhance the cellular ROS levels to cytotoxic degrees in cancer cells in vitro, it remains to be determined if these pro-oxidant effects prevail or are relevant in experimental tumor models and clinical trials. Here, we critically examine the pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of apigenin in cancer to provide insightful perspectives on the association between its ROS-modulating action and anticancer potential. We also discussed these effects in a cell/tissue type-specific context to highlight the factors influencing the switch between antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects. Finally, we raised some questions that need addressing for the potential translation of these studies into clinical applications. Further research into this duality in oxidant actions of apigenin, especially in vivo, may enable better exploitation of its anticancer potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Apigenin is a naturally occurring compound found in chamomile flowers, parsley, celery, peppermint, and citrus fruits. Many human trials of dietary interventions with apigenin-containing herbs and flavonoid mixture on oxidative stress markers, for instance, point to their antioxidant effects and health benefits in many diseases. Preclinical studies suggest that apigenin alone or its combination with chemotherapeutics has a strong anti-neoplastic effect and can induce ROS-mediated cytotoxicity at concentrations in the micromolar (μM) range, which may not be feasible with dietary interventions. Enhancing the in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of apigenin may be indispensable for its potential cancer-specific pro-oxidant therapy and may provide relevant information for clinical studies of apigenin either as a single agent or an adjuvant to chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omolola R Oyenihi
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ayodeji B Oyenihi
- Functional Foods Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Toyin D Alabi
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Oluwatosin G Tade
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne A Adeyanju
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi O Oguntibeju
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
MOU WL, CHEN SR, WU ZT, HU LH, ZHANG JY, CHANG HJ, ZHOU H, LIU Y. LPS-TLR4/MD-2–TNF-α signaling mediates alcohol-induced liver fibrosis in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:193-203. [PMID: 35516842 PMCID: PMC9018403 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling MOU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Shi-ru CHEN
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Zhen-ting WU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Li-hua HU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Ji-ye ZHANG
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Hong-jie CHANG
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Hang ZHOU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Ying LIU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hwang JH, Kim HJ, Park H, Lee BS, Son HY, Kim YB, Jun SY, Park JH, Lee J, Cho JW. Implementation and Practice of Deep Learning-Based Instance Segmentation Algorithm for Quantification of Hepatic Fibrosis at Whole Slide Level in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 50:186-196. [PMID: 34866512 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211057128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exponential development in artificial intelligence or deep learning technology has resulted in more trials to systematically determine the pathological diagnoses using whole slide images (WSIs) in clinical and nonclinical studies. In this study, we applied Mask Regions with Convolution Neural Network (Mask R-CNN), a deep learning model that uses instance segmentation, to detect hepatic fibrosis induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Sprague-Dawley rats. From 51 WSIs, we collected 2011 cropped images with hepatic fibrosis annotations. Training and detection of hepatic fibrosis via artificial intelligence methods was performed using Tensorflow 2.1.0, powered by an NVIDIA 2080 Ti GPU. From the test process using tile images, 95% of model accuracy was verified. In addition, we validated the model to determine whether the predictions by the trained model can reflect the scoring system by the pathologists at the WSI level. The validation was conducted by comparing the model predictions in 18 WSIs at 20× and 10× magnifications with ground truth annotations and board-certified pathologists. Predictions at 20× showed a high correlation with ground truth (R 2 = 0.9660) and a good correlation with the average fibrosis rank by pathologists (R 2 = 0.8887). Therefore, the Mask R-CNN algorithm is a useful tool for detecting and quantifying pathological findings in nonclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Hwang
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Heejin Park
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | - Jaeku Lee
- Research & Development Team, LAC Inc, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Cho
- Toxicologic Pathology Research Group, Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kodama S, Yoshii N, Ota A, Takeshita JI, Yoshinari K, Ono A. Association between in vitro nuclear receptor-activating profiles of chemical compounds and their in vivo hepatotoxicity in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:569-587. [PMID: 34853243 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays critical roles to maintain homeostasis of living organisms and is also a major target organ of chemical toxicity. Meanwhile, nuclear receptors (NRs) are known to regulate major liver functions and also as a critical target for hepatotoxic compounds. In this study, we established mammalian one-hybrid assay systems for five rat-derived NRs, namely PXR, PPARα, LXRα, FXR and RXRα, and evaluated a total of 326 compounds for their NR-activating profiles. Then, we assessed the association between their NR-activating profile and hepatotoxic endpoints in repeated-dose toxicity data of male rats from Hazard Evaluation Support System. In the in vitro cell-based assays, 68, 38, 20, 17 and 17 compounds were identified as positives for PXR, PPARα, LXRα, FXR and RXRα, respectively. The association analyses demonstrated that the PXR-positive compounds showed high frequency of endpoints related to liver hypertrophy, such as centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy, suggesting that PXR activation is involved in chemical-induced liver hypertrophy in rats. It is intriguing to note that the PXR-positive compounds also showed statistically significant associations with both prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prolonged prothrombin time, suggesting a possible involvement of PXR in the regulation of blood clotting factors. Collectively, our approach may be useful for discovering new functions of NRs as well as understanding the complex mechanism for hepatotoxicity caused by chemical compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kodama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Nao Yoshii
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Akihiro Ota
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Jun-Ichi Takeshita
- Reserach Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu TH, Wang PW, Lin TY, Yang PM, Li WT, Yeh CT, Pan TL. Antioxidant properties of red raspberry extract alleviate hepatic fibrosis via inducing apoptosis and transdifferentiation of activated hepatic stellate cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112284. [PMID: 34626932 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a wound-healing process caused by prolonged liver damage and often occurs due to hepatic stellate cell activation in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Red raspberry has been found to attenuate oxidative stress, mainly because it is rich in bioactive components. In the current study, we investigated the inhibitory effects and associated molecular mechanisms of red raspberry extract (RBE) upon activated hepatic stellate cell (aHSC) in cellular and rat models. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were increased in the dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-applied samples, whereas treatment of RBE significantly suppressed the activities of these enzymes. In addition, a histopathological analysis demonstrated that RBE could substantially diminish the hepatic collagen content and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression induced by DMN. Administration of 250 μg/mL RBE could also arrest the growth and enhance the apoptosis of activated HSC-T6 cells, which was accompanied with elevated levels of activated caspases and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Particularly, RBE application remarkably abolished oxidative damage within the cells and reduced the carbonylation of proteins, which was attributed to the upregulation of catalase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Moreover, the knockdown of Nrf2 together with the RBE treatment synergistically abrogated the expression of α-SMA and promoted the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), suggesting that RBE could mitigate the transdifferentiation of HSC in a Nrf2-independent manner. These findings implied that the application of RBE could effectively remove oxidative stress and relieve the activation of HSC via modulating the caspase/PARP, Nrf2/HO-1 and PPAR-γ pathways, which may allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies against chemical-caused liver fibrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Ho Wu
- Surgical Critical Care division of Critical care department, Cardiovascular division of Surgical department, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Yang
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tai Li
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Long Pan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shalaby MA, Elbanna HA, Mohamed SM, Nabil GA, Elbanna AH. In-depth hepatoprotective mechanistic study of Echinacea purpurea flowers: In vitro and in vivo studies. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2022.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Echinacea purpurea is a flowering plant commonly used as an herbal medicine despite insufficient scientific bases to validate its usage. The present study aimed to examine in vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of E. purpurea flowers. Methods: In vitro protection against hepato-cytotoxicity was carried out on human HepG-2 cells using colorimetric tetrazolium (MTT) assay, while the in vivo hepatoprotective activity was studied against carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: The results revealed that the extracts of E. purpurea induced discernable in vitro protection on HepG-2 cells and in vivo against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Both extracts were significantly able to restore the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, total protein, and albumin to normal levels compared to the CCl4 intoxicated group. In addition, the extracts markedly mitigated the oxidative stress by decreasing Malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) markers compared to the CCl4 intoxicated group. It was also associated with the down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in liver tissues. Histopathological examination revealed a decrease in hepatocytes’ degenerative changes and noticeable improvement of the liver damage by extracts of E. purpurea. Conclusion: These findings have proven that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of E. purpurea flowers have a significant hepatoprotective effect, probably owing to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and regulating apoptotic-related genes. This confirms the ethnomedicinal uses of E. purpurea in patients suffering from liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossny Awad Elbanna
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Ghazal A Nabil
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hossny Elbanna
- Pharmacology Department, Michael Sayegh Faculty of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of Technology, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim M, Hur S, Kim KH, Cho Y, Kim K, Kim HR, Nam KT, Lim KM. A New Murine Liver Fibrosis Model Induced by Polyhexamethylene Guanidine-Phosphate. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 30:126-136. [PMID: 34580237 PMCID: PMC8902451 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is part of the wound healing process to help the liver recover from the injuries caused by various liver-damaging insults. However, liver fibrosis often progresses to life-threatening cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To overcome the limitations of current in vivo liver fibrosis models for studying the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis and establishing effective treatment strategies, we developed a new mouse model of liver fibrosis using polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p), a humidifier sterilizer known to induce lung fibrosis in humans. Male C57/BL6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with PHMG-p (0.03% and 0.1%) twice a week for 5 weeks. Subsequently, liver tissues were examined histologically and RNA-sequencing was performed to evaluate the expression of key genes and pathways affected by PHMG-p. PHMG-p injection resulted in body weight loss of ~15% and worsening of physical condition. Necropsy revealed diffuse fibrotic lesions in the liver with no effect on the lungs. Histology, collagen staining, immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin and collagen, and polymerase chain reaction analysis of fibrotic genes revealed that PHMG-p induced liver fibrosis in the peri-central, peri-portal, and capsule regions. RNA-sequencing revealed that PHMG-p affected several pathways associated with human liver fibrosis, especially with upregulation of lumican and IRAK3, and downregulation of GSTp1 and GSTp2, which are closely involved in liver fibrosis pathogenesis. Collectively we demonstrated that the PHMG-p-induced liver fibrosis model can be employed to study human liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Hur
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang H Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Cho
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Meng F, Khoso MH, Kang K, He Q, Cao Y, Jiang X, Xiao W, Li D. FGF21 ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by multiple mechanisms. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7153-7163. [PMID: 34536190 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous study reports that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) could ameliorate hepatic fibrosis, but its mechanisms have not been fully investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, three models were used to investigate the mechanism by which FGF21 alleviates liver fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis animal models were respectively induced by CCL4 and dimethylnitrosamine. Our results demonstrated that liver index and liver function were deteriorated in both models. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's staining showed that the damaged tissue architectonics were observed in the mice of both models. Treatment with FGF21 significantly ameliorated these changes. ELISA analysis showed that the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly elevated in both models. However, administration of FGF21 significantly reduced these inflammatory cytokines. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that treatment with FGF21 significantly decreased mRNA and protein expressions of collagenI, α-SMA and TGF-β. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) stimulant was used to establish the experimental cell model in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of collagenI and α-SMA were significantly upregulated by this stimulant in model group. Interestingly, our results showed that mRNA and protein expressions of leptin were also significantly induced in PDGF-BB treated HSCs. Administration of FGF21 significantly reduced leptin expression in a dose dependent manner and these effects were reversed in siRNA (against β-klotho) transfected HSCs. Furthermore, the leptin signaling pathways related protein p-ERK/t-ERK, p-STAT3/STAT3 and TGF-β were significantly downregulated by FGF21 treatment in a dose dependent manner. The expressions of SOCS3 and Nrf-2 were enhanced by treatment with FGF21. The underlying mechanism may be that FGF21 regulates leptin-STAT3 axis via Nrf-2 and SOCS3 pathway in activated HSCs. CONCLUSIONS FGF21 ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by multiple mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanrui Meng
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mir Hassan Khoso
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana, Pakistan
| | - Kai Kang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi He
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yukai Cao
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical CO. LTD, Jiangsu, Lianyungang, State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu, 220000, China.
| | - Deshan Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jeong JH, Yi J, Hwang MK, Hong SJ, Sohn WM, Kim TS, Pak JH. The Overactivation of NADPH Oxidase during Clonorchis sinensis Infection and the Exposure to N-Nitroso Compounds Promote Periductal Fibrosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060869. [PMID: 34071467 PMCID: PMC8227395 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, a high-risk pathogenic human liver fluke, provokes various hepatobiliary complications, including epithelial hyperplasia, inflammation, periductal fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinogenesis via direct contact with worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESPs). These pathological changes are strongly associated with persistent increases in free radical accumulation, leading to oxidative stress-mediated lesions. The present study investigated C. sinensis infection- and/or carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)-associated fibrosis in cell culture and animal models. The treatment of human cholangiocytes (H69 cells) with ESPs or/and NDMA increased reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation via the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), resulting in augmented expression of fibrosis-related proteins. These increased expressions were markedly attenuated by preincubation with a NOX inhibitor (diphenyleneiodonium chloride) or an antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine), indicating the involvement of excessive NOX-dependent ROS formation in periductal fibrosis. The immunoreactive NOX subunits, p47phox and p67phox, were observed in the livers of mice infected with C. sinensis and both infection plus NDMA, concomitant with collagen deposition and immunoreactive fibronectin elevation. Staining intensities are proportional to lesion severity and infection duration or/and NDMA administration. Thus, excessive ROS formation via NOX overactivation is a detrimental factor for fibrogenesis during liver fluke infection and exposure to N-nitroso compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.H.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junyeong Yi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.H.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Myung Ki Hwang
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (M.K.H.); (T.-S.K.)
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heuksuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (M.K.H.); (T.-S.K.)
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.H.J.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Luan S, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Zeng X, Xiao X, Liu B, Yuan Y. The emerging role of long noncoding RNAs in esophageal carcinoma: from underlying mechanisms to clinical implications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3403-3422. [PMID: 33464385 PMCID: PMC11071794 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a type of transcriptional product more than 200 nucleotides in length, have emerged as crucial regulators in human cancers. Accumulating data have recently indicated relationships between lncRNAs and esophageal carcinoma (EC). Of note, lncRNAs act as decoys/sponges, scaffolds, guides, and signals to regulate the expression of oncogenes or tumor suppressors at epigenetic, post-transcriptional, and protein levels, through which they exert their unique EC-driving or EC-suppressive functions. Moreover, the features of EC-related lncRNAs have been gradually exploited for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in clinical scenarios. LncRNAs have the potential to be used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators individually or in combination with other clinical variables. Beyond these, although the time is not yet ripe, therapeutically targeting EC-related lncRNAs via gene editing, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, and small molecules is likely one of the most promising therapeutic strategies for the next generation of cancer treatment. Herein, we focus on summarizing EC-driving/suppressive lncRNAs, as well as discussing their different features regarding expression profiles, modes of action, and oncological effects. Moreover, we further discuss current challenges and future developing possibilities of capitalizing on lncRNAs for EC early diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Luan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yushang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zeng
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dorris ER, Russell J, Murphy M. Post-intubation subglottic stenosis: aetiology at the cellular and molecular level. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/159/200218. [PMID: 33472959 PMCID: PMC9489001 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0218-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a narrowing of the airway just below the vocal cords. This narrowing typically consists of fibrotic scar tissue, which may be due to a variety of diseases. This review focuses on post-intubation (PI) SGS. SGS can result in partial or complete narrowing of the airway. This narrowing is caused by fibrosis and can cause serious breathing difficulties. It can occur in both adults and children. The pathogenesis of post-intubation SGS is not well understood; however, it is considered to be the product of an abnormal healing process. This review discusses how intubation can change the local micro-environment, leading to dysregulated tissue repair. We discuss how mucosal inflammation, local hypoxia and biomechanical stress associated with intubation can promote excess tissue deposition that occurs during the pathological process of SGS. COVID-19 may cause an increased incidence of subglottic stenosis (SGS). In this review, the cellular and molecular aetiology of post-intubation SGS is outlined and we discuss how better knowledge of the underlying biology can inform SGS management.https://bit.ly/2RSliRK
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Dorris
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland .,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Russell
- Children's Hospital Ireland Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Madeline Murphy
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kay JE, Corrigan JJ, Armijo AL, Nazari IS, Kohale IN, Torous DK, Avlasevich SL, Croy RG, Wadduwage DN, Carrasco SE, Dertinger SD, White FM, Essigmann JM, Samson LD, Engelward BP. Excision of mutagenic replication-blocking lesions suppresses cancer but promotes cytotoxicity and lethality in nitrosamine-exposed mice. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108864. [PMID: 33730582 PMCID: PMC8527524 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a DNA-methylating agent that has been discovered to contaminate water, food, and drugs. The alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) removes methylated bases to initiate the base excision repair (BER) pathway. To understand how gene-environment interactions impact disease susceptibility, we study Aag-knockout (Aag-/-) and Aag-overexpressing mice that harbor increased levels of either replication-blocking lesions (3-methyladenine [3MeA]) or strand breaks (BER intermediates), respectively. Remarkably, the disease outcome switches from cancer to lethality simply by changing AAG levels. To understand the underlying basis for this observation, we integrate a suite of molecular, cellular, and physiological analyses. We find that unrepaired 3MeA is somewhat toxic, but highly mutagenic (promoting cancer), whereas excess strand breaks are poorly mutagenic and highly toxic (suppressing cancer and promoting lethality). We demonstrate that the levels of a single DNA repair protein tip the balance between blocks and breaks and thus dictate the disease consequences of DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Joshua J Corrigan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Amanda L Armijo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Ilana S Nazari
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Ishwar N Kohale
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | | | | | - Robert G Croy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Dushan N Wadduwage
- The John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Advanced Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sebastian E Carrasco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | | | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - John M Essigmann
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Protective Effect of Oligonol on Dimethylnitrosamine-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats via the JNK/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030366. [PMID: 33671028 PMCID: PMC7997446 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonol is a low molecular weight polyphenol product derived from lychee fruit by a manufacturing process. We investigated oligonol’s anti-fibrotic effect and the underlying mechanism in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced chronic liver damage in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Oral administration of oligonol (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) ameliorated the DMN-induced abnormalities in liver histology and serum parameters in rats. Oligonol prevented the DMN-induced elevations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions at the mRNA level. NF-κB activation and JNK phosphorylation in DMN-treated rats were ablated by oligonol. Oligonol reduced the enhanced production of hepatic malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species and recovered protein SH, non-protein SH levels, and catalase activity in the DMN treated liver. Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus was enhanced, and PI3K and phosphorylated Akt levels were increased by administering oligonol. The level of hepatic fibrosis-related factors such as α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor-β1, and type I collagen was reduced in rats treated with oligonol. Histology and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the accumulation of collagen and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in liver tissue were restored by oligonol treatment. Taken together, oligonol showed antioxidative, hepatoprotective, and anti-fibrotic effects via JNK/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathways in DMN-intoxicated rats. These results suggest that antioxidant oligonol is a potentially useful agent for the protection against chronic liver injury.
Collapse
|
41
|
Fishbein A, Hammock BD, Serhan CN, Panigrahy D. Carcinogenesis: Failure of resolution of inflammation? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 218:107670. [PMID: 32891711 PMCID: PMC7470770 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment is a hallmark of cancer and is recognized as a key characteristic of carcinogens. However, the failure of resolution of inflammation in cancer is only recently being understood. Products of arachidonic acid and related fatty acid metabolism called eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and epoxyeicosanoids, critically regulate inflammation, as well as its resolution. The resolution of inflammation is now appreciated to be an active biochemical process regulated by endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid autacoid mediators which combat infections and stimulate tissue repair/regeneration. Environmental and chemical human carcinogens, including aflatoxins, asbestos, nitrosamines, alcohol, and tobacco, induce tumor-promoting inflammation and can disrupt the resolution of inflammation contributing to a devastating global cancer burden. While mechanisms of carcinogenesis have focused on genotoxic activity to induce mutations, nongenotoxic mechanisms such as inflammation and oxidative stress promote genotoxicity, proliferation, and mutations. Moreover, carcinogens initiate oxidative stress to synergize with inflammation and DNA damage to fuel a vicious feedback loop of cell death, tissue damage, and carcinogenesis. In contrast, stimulation of resolution of inflammation may prevent carcinogenesis by clearance of cellular debris via macrophage phagocytosis and inhibition of an eicosanoid/cytokine storm of pro-inflammatory mediators. Controlling the host inflammatory response and its resolution in carcinogen-induced cancers will be critical to reducing carcinogen-induced morbidity and mortality. Here we review the recent evidence that stimulation of resolution of inflammation, including pro-resolution lipid mediators and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors, may be a new chemopreventive approach to prevent carcinogen-induced cancer that should be evaluated in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fishbein
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhao Q, Wei M, Zhang S, Huang Z, Lu B, Ji L. The water extract of Sophorae tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its mechanism. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 77:153270. [PMID: 32702591 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sophorae tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma is traditionally used for clearing away heat and toxic materials in China. PURPOSE This study aims to observe the amelioration of Sophorae tonkinensis water extract (STR) against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the engaged mechanism. METHODS NAFLD was induced in mice fed by methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet. Liver histological observation, Oil Red O, Masson's trichrome and F4/80 immunohistochemical staining were performed. Serum and liver biochemical parameters, hepatic gene and protein expression were detected. Cellular lipids accumulation in human normal liver l-02 and hepatoma HepRG cells were induced by 0.5 mM nonestesterified fatty acid (NEFA). The contents of matrine (MT) and oxymatrine (OMT) in STR were detected by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) expression and enzymatic activity were detected both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST) activity, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content and liver histological observation showed that STR alleviated hepatocellular damage in mice fed with MCD diet. Hepatic triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and NEFA amounts, and Oil Red O staining showed that STR reduced hepatic lipids accumulation in mice fed with MCD diet. STR and its main compounds including MT and OMT decreased NEFA-induced cellular lipids accumulation in hepatocytes. STR enhanced CPT1A activity both in vivo and in vitro. MT and OMT also enhanced cellular CPT1A activity in l-02 hepatocytes treated with NEFA. Moreover, the CTP1A inhibitor etomoxir (ETO) reduced the lipid-lowering activity provided by STR, MT or OMT in vitro. Liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and hydroxyproline content, Masson's trichrome and F4/80 immunohistochemical staining, and hepatic mRNA expression of some molecules involved in regulating inflammation or fibrosis demonstrated that STR alleviated hepatic inflammation and liver fibrosis in mice fed with MCD diet. CONCLUSION STR alleviated NAFLD by inhibiting hepatic inflammation and liver fibrosis, and reducing hepatic lipids accumulation through promoting fatty acids β-oxidation by enhancing liver CPT1A activity. MT and OMT may be the main active compounds contributing to the lipid-lowering activity provided by STR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mengjuan Wei
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bin Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine, methylation of macromolecules, and development of hepatic fibrosis in rodent models. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1203-1213. [PMID: 32666246 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis are chronic diseases affecting liver and a major health problem throughout the world. The hallmark of fibrosis and cirrhosis is inordinate synthesis and deposition of fibril forming collagens in the extracellular matrix of the liver leading to nodule formation and loss of normal architecture. Hepatic stellate cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of liver fibrosis through secretion of several potent fibrogenic factors that trigger hepatocytes, portal fibrocytes, and bone marrow-derived fibroblasts to synthesize and deposit several connective tissue proteins, especially collagens between hepatocytes and space of Disse. Regulation of various events involved in the activation and transformation of hepatic stellate cells seems to be an appropriate strategy for the arrest of hepatic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. In order to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of hepatic fibrosis, to determine proper and potent targets to arrest fibrosis, and to discover powerful therapeutic agents, a quick and reproducible animal model of hepatic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis that display all decompensating features of human condition is required. This review thoroughly evaluates the biochemical, histological, and pathological features of N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced model of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and early cirrhosis in rodents.
Collapse
|
44
|
Chhimwal J, Sharma S, Kulurkar P, Patial V. Crocin attenuates CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis via PPAR-γ mediated modulation of inflammation and fibrogenesis in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:1639-1649. [PMID: 32633567 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120937048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is a chronic pathological condition with a leading cause of liver-related mortality worldwide. In the present study, we have evaluated the antifibrotic effect of crocin, a carotenoid present in the stigma of Crocus sativus, and also explored its putative mechanism of action. METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 30% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The crocin was administered orally at 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight along with CCl4 up to 8 weeks. RESULTS Chronic exposure to CCl4 resulted in elevated levels of liver enzymes and reduced cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity in the liver. The liver tissue showed cellular swelling, vacuolization, necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrotic changes. The crocin treatment significantly lowered the levels of liver enzymes in serum and improved the liver CYP2E1 mRNA levels. The pathological changes in the liver were also lowered by crocin treatment. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α and fibrogenic factor, transforming growth factor β, and α-smooth muscle actin were elevated by the CCl4 in the liver tissue. However, crocin treatment at different doses significantly reduced the expression of these factors. The increased caspase 3/7 activity was also lowered by crocin. CCl4 administration decreased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) in liver tissue. The improved PPAR-γ expression in the liver by crocin treatment indicates its role in the therapeutic effect of crocin. CONCLUSIONS Crocin attenuated the various events in the progression of liver fibrosis via PPAR-γ mediated modulation of inflammatory and fibrogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chhimwal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, 29065CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 29065CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - S Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, 29065CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 29065CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - P Kulurkar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, 29065CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - V Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, 29065CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 29065CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ipsen DH, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Animal Models of Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Do They Reflect Human Disease? Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1696-1711. [PMID: 33191435 PMCID: PMC7666900 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world, yet no pharmacotherapies are available. The lack of translational animal models is a major barrier impeding elucidation of disease mechanisms and drug development. Multiple preclinical models of NASH have been proposed and can broadly be characterized as diet-induced, deficiency-induced, toxin-induced, genetically induced, or a combination of these. However, very few models develop advanced fibrosis while still reflecting human disease etiology or pathology, which is problematic since fibrosis stage is considered the best prognostic marker in patients and an important endpoint in clinical trials of NASH. While mice and rats predominate the NASH research, several other species have emerged as promising models. This review critically evaluates animal models of NASH, focusing on their ability to develop advanced fibrosis while maintaining their relevance to the human condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H Ipsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Elucidating Potential Profibrotic Mechanisms of Emerging Biomarkers for Early Prognosis of Hepatic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134737. [PMID: 32635162 PMCID: PMC7369895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis has been associated with a series of pathophysiological processes causing excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Several cellular processes and molecular mechanisms have been implicated in the diseased liver that augments fibrogenesis, fibrogenic cytokines and associated liver complications. Liver biopsy remains an essential diagnostic tool for histological evaluation of hepatic fibrosis to establish a prognosis. In addition to being invasive, this methodology presents with several limitations including poor cost-effectiveness, prolonged hospitalizations, and risks of peritoneal bleeding, while the clinical use of this method does not reveal underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Several alternate noninvasive diagnostic strategies have been developed, to determine the extent of hepatic fibrosis, including the use of direct and indirect biomarkers. Immediate diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis by noninvasive means would be more palatable than a biopsy and could assist clinicians in taking early interventions timely, avoiding fatal complications, and improving prognosis. Therefore, we sought to review some common biomarkers of liver fibrosis along with some emerging candidates, including the oxidative stress-mediated biomarkers, epigenetic and genetic markers, exosomes, and miRNAs that needs further evaluation and would have better sensitivity and specificity. We also aim to elucidate the potential role of cardiotonic steroids (CTS) and evaluate the pro-inflammatory and profibrotic effects of CTS in exacerbating hepatic fibrosis. By understanding the underlying pathogenic processes, the efficacy of these biomarkers could allow for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, once validated.
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang B, Lai L, Tan Y, Liang Q, Bai F, Mai W, Huang Q, Ye Y. Hepatoprotective effect of total flavonoids of Mallotus apelta (Lour.) Muell.Arg. leaf against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats via modulation of TGF-β1/Smad and NF-κB signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112714. [PMID: 32105750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Mallotus apelta (Lour.) Muell.Arg. is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for anti-inflammatory, hemostasis and chronic hepatitis. AIM The purpose of this study was to explore the antifibrotic effect of total flavonoids of Mallotus apelta leaf (TFM) and its potential mechanism. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. The CCl4-induced rats received intragastric administration of colchicine (0.2 mg/kg per day), TFM (25, 50, 100 mg/kg per day) and the equal vehicle was given to normal rats. Pathological evaluation in hepatic tissue were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. And the levels of serum biochemical parameters were detected by automatic biochemical analysis. Meanwhile, the collagen deposition in liver was observed by staining with Masson's trichrome. Collagenic parameters and inflammatory factors were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Additionally, corresponding assay kit was used to estimate the antioxidant enzyme and lipid peroxidation. In order to explore the potential mechanism of anti-fibrotic effects in TFM, the expressions of liver fibrosis related gene and protein were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS The CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis were inhibited dose-dependently in rats by TFM. The results showed that the key hallmarks of liver injury including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) in the serum were reversed in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis rats which were treated by TFM. Furthermore, TFM significantly alleviates collagen accumulation and reduces the contents of hydroxyproline (Hyp), Type III precollagen (PC-III), collagen I (Col I), hyaluronic acid (HA) and laminin (LN). RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that TFM markedly inhibits liver fibrosis hallmark factor α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expressions in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis rats. Moreover, TFM alleviated the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rats induced by CCl4. TFM also attenuated the pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) via inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Meanwhile, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad signaling pathway was inhibited by TFM treatment. CONCLUSIONS TFM can alleviate CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, which potential mechanism may be due to its ability of reducing ECM accumulation, improving antioxidant and regulating TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathways and NF-κB-dependent inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ling Lai
- Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yanjun Tan
- Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| | | | | | | | - Qiujie Huang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yong Ye
- Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Doktorova TY, Oki NO, Mohorič T, Exner TE, Hardy B. A semi-automated workflow for adverse outcome pathway hypothesis generation: The use case of non-genotoxic induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 114:104652. [PMID: 32251711 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The utility of the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept has been largely recognized by scientists, however, the AOP generation is still mainly done manually by screening through evidence and extracting probable associations. To accelerate this process and increase the reliability, we have developed an semi-automated workflow for AOP hypothesis generation. In brief, association mining methods were applied to high-throughput screening, gene expression, in vivo and disease data present in ToxCast and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. This was supplemented by pathway mapping using Reactome to fill in gaps and identify events occurring at the cellular/tissue levels. Furthermore, in vivo data from TG-Gates was integrated to finally derive a gene, pathway, biochemical, histopathological and disease network from which specific disease sub-networks can be queried. To test the workflow, non-genotoxic-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was selected as a case study. The implementation resulted in the identification of several non-genotoxic-specific HCC-connected genes belonging to cell proliferation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and early apoptosis. Biochemical findings revealed non-genotoxic-specific alkaline phosphatase increase. The explored non-genotoxic-specific histopathology was associated with early stages of hepatic steatosis, transforming into cirrhosis. This work illustrates the utility of computationally predicted constructs in supporting development by using pre-existing knowledge in a fast and unbiased manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Y Doktorova
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, Technology Park Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Noffisat O Oki
- American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science & Technology Policy Fellow, USA; National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tomaž Mohorič
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, Technology Park Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas E Exner
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, Technology Park Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barry Hardy
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, Technology Park Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Karri K, Waxman DJ. Widespread Dysregulation of Long Noncoding Genes Associated With Fatty Acid Metabolism, Cell Division, and Immune Response Gene Networks in Xenobiotic-exposed Rat Liver. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:291-310. [PMID: 31926019 PMCID: PMC7098378 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic exposure dysregulates hundreds of protein-coding genes in mammalian liver, impacting many physiological processes and inducing diverse toxicological responses. Little is known about xenobiotic effects on long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), many of which have important regulatory functions. Here, we present a computational framework to discover liver-expressed, xenobiotic-responsive lncRNAs (xeno-lncs) with strong functional, gene regulatory potential and elucidate the impact of xenobiotic exposure on their gene regulatory networks. We assembled the long noncoding transcriptome of xenobiotic-exposed rat liver using RNA-seq datasets from male rats treated with 27 individual chemicals, representing 7 mechanisms of action (MOAs). Ortholog analysis was combined with coexpression data and causal inference methods to infer lncRNA function and deduce gene regulatory networks, including causal effects of lncRNAs on protein-coding gene expression and biological pathways. We discovered > 1400 liver-expressed xeno-lncs, many with human and/or mouse orthologs. Xenobiotics representing different MOAs often regulated common xeno-lnc targets: 123 xeno-lncs were dysregulated by ≥ 10 chemicals, and 5 xeno-lncs responded to ≥ 20 of the 27 chemicals investigated; 81 other xeno-lncs served as MOA-selective markers of xenobiotic exposure. Xeno-lnc-protein-coding gene coexpression regulatory network analysis identified xeno-lncs closely associated with exposure-induced perturbations of hepatic fatty acid metabolism, cell division, or immune response pathways, and with apoptosis or cirrhosis. We also identified hub and bottleneck lncRNAs, which are expected to be key regulators of gene expression. This work elucidates extensive networks of xeno-lnc-protein-coding gene interactions and provides a framework for understanding the widespread transcriptome-altering actions of foreign chemicals in a key-responsive mammalian tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Karri
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang Q, Xu D, Guo Q, Shan W, Yang J, Lin T, Ye S, Zhou X, Ge Y, Bi S, Ren L. Theranostic Quercetin Nanoparticle for Treatment of Hepatic Fibrosis. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2939-2946. [PMID: 31644261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The progression of hepatic fibrosis can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic failure, but the development of antifibrotic drugs have faced the challenges of poor effectiveness and targeted specificity. Herein, a theranostic strategy was carried to encapsulate a natural medicine (Quercetin, QR) into hepatitis B core (HBc) protein nanocages (NCs) for imaging and targeted treatment of hepatic fibrosis. It was noted that nanoparticles (RGD-HBc/QR) with surface-displayed RGD targeting ligand exhibit a rather high selectivity toward activated HSCs via the binding affinity with integrin αvβ3, and an efficient inhibition of proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Once encapsulated in quercetin-gadolinium complex and/or labeled with the NIR fluorescent probes (Cy5.5), the resulting nanoparticles (RGD-HBc/QGd) show great potential as NIR fluorescent and magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for hepatic fibrosis in vivo. Therefore, the multifunctional integrin-targeted nanoparticles could selectively deliver QR to the activated HSCs, and may provide an effective antifibrotic theranostic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Qiuyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy , Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) , Chongqing 400038 , P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Shefang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China
| | - Shengli Bi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 102206 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|