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Liu Q, Liu Z, Xie W, Li Y, Wang H, Zhang S, Wang W, Hao J, Geng D, Yang J, Wang L. Single-cell sequencing of the substantia nigra reveals microglial activation in a model of MPTP. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1390310. [PMID: 38952478 PMCID: PMC11215054 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1390310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neurotoxin widely used to induce PD models, but the effect of MPTP on the cells and genes of PD has not been fully elucidated. Methods Single-nucleus RNA sequencing was performed in the Substantia Nigra (SN) of MPTP mice. UMAP analysis was used for the dimensionality reduction visualization of the SN in the MPTP mice. Known marker genes highly expressed genes in each cluster were used to annotate most clusters. Specific Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) and PD risk genes analysis were used to find MPTP-associated cells. GO, KEGG, PPI network, GSEA and CellChat analysis were used to reveal cell type-specific functional alterations and disruption of cell-cell communication networks. Subset reconstruction and pseudotime analysis were used to reveal the activation status of the cells, and to find the transcription factors with trajectory characterized. Results Initially, we observed specific DEGs and PD risk genes enrichment in microglia. Next, We obtained the functional phenotype changes in microglia and found that IGF, AGRN and PTN pathways were reduced in MPTP mice. Finally, we analyzed the activation state of microglia and revealed a pro-inflammatory trajectory characterized by transcription factors Nfe2l2 and Runx1. Conclusion Our work revealed alterations in microglia function, signaling pathways and key genes in the SN of MPTP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenmeng Xie
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sanbing Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiaxin Hao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dandan Geng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Socała K, Jakubiec M, Abram M, Mlost J, Starowicz K, Kamiński RM, Ciepiela K, Andres-Mach M, Zagaja M, Metcalf CS, Zawadzki P, Wlaź P, Kamiński K. TRPV1 channel in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and its potential as a molecular target for the development of new antiseizure drug candidates. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 240:102634. [PMID: 38834133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Identification of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as capsaicin receptor, in 1997 was a milestone achievement in the research on temperature sensation and pain signalling. Very soon after it became evident that TRPV1 is implicated in a wide array of physiological processes in different peripheral tissues, as well as in the central nervous system, and thereby could be involved in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that modulation of TRPV1 may also affect seizure susceptibility and epilepsy. This channel is localized in brain regions associated with seizures and epilepsy, and its overexpression was found both in animal models of seizures and in brain samples from epileptic patients. Moreover, modulation of TRPV1 on non-neuronal cells (microglia, astrocytes, and/or peripheral immune cells) may have an impact on the neuroinflammatory processes that play a role in epilepsy and epileptogenesis. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview of currently available data on TRPV1 as a possible molecular target for epilepsy management, trying to identify research gaps and future directions. Overall, several converging lines of evidence implicate TRPV1 channel as a potentially attractive target in epilepsy research but more studies are needed to exploit the possible role of TRPV1 in seizures/epilepsy and to evaluate the value of TRPV1 ligands as candidates for new antiseizure drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin PL 20-033, Poland.
| | - Marcin Jakubiec
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Michał Abram
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Jakub Mlost
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Cracow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Cracow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - Rafał M Kamiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciepiela
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland; Selvita S.A., Bobrzyńskiego 14, Cracow PL 30-348, Poland
| | - Marta Andres-Mach
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin PL 20-090, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zagaja
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin PL 20-090, Poland
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Przemysław Zawadzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin PL 20-033, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kamiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Cracow PL 30-688, Poland
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3
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Aliyu M, Zohora FT, Ceylan A, Hossain F, Yazdani R, Azizi G. Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: molecular and cellular mechanisms and new immunotherapeutic approaches. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:355-377. [PMID: 38634438 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2330642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating autoimmune disease with increasing global prevalence. It predominantly affects females, especially those of European descent. The interplay between environmental factors and genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in MS etiopathogenesis. METHODS We searched recent relevant literature on reputable databases, which include, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: multiple sclerosis, pathogenesis, autoimmunity, demyelination, therapy, and immunotherapy. RESULTS Various animal models have been employed to investigate the MS etiopathogenesis and therapeutics. Autoreactive T cells within the CNS recruit myeloid cells through chemokine expression, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines driving the MS pathogenesis, resulting in demyelination, gliosis, and axonal loss. Key players include T cell lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), B cells, and neutrophils. Signaling dysregulation in inflammatory pathways and the immunogenetic basis of MS are essential considerations for any successful therapy to MS. Data indicates that B cells and neutrophils also have significant roles in MS, despite the common belief that T cells are essential. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios correlate with MS severity, indicating their contribution to disease progression. Dysregulated signaling pathways further exacerbate MS progression. CONCLUSION MS remains incurable, but disease-modifying therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulatory drugs offer hope for patients. Research on the immunogenetics and immunoregulatory functions of gut microbiota is continuing to provide light on possible treatment avenues. Understanding the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune dysregulation is critical for developing effective treatments for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansur Aliyu
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Clinical Science, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Fatema Tuz Zohora
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ayca Ceylan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fariha Hossain
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Ren W, Sun Y, Zhao L, Shi X. NLRP3 inflammasome and its role in autoimmune diseases: A promising therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116679. [PMID: 38701567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a protein complex that regulates innate immune responses by activating caspase-1 and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Numerous studies have highlighted its crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroid diseases, and other autoimmune diseases. Therefore, investigating the underlying mechanisms of NLRP3 in disease and targeted drug therapies holds clinical significance. This review summarizes the structure, assembly, and activation mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome, focusing on its role and involvement in various autoimmune diseases. This review also identifies studies where the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the disease mechanism within the same disease appears contradictory, as well as differences in NLRP3-related gene polymorphisms among different ethnic groups. Additionally, the latest therapeutic advances in targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome for autoimmune diseases are outlined, and novel clinical perspectives are discussed. Conclusively, this review provides a consolidated source of information on the NLRP3 inflammasome and may guide future research efforts that have the potential to positively impact patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
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5
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Maximiano TKE, Carneiro JA, Fattori V, Verri WA. TRPV1: Receptor structure, activation, modulation and role in neuro-immune interactions and pain. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102870. [PMID: 38531262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In the 1990s, the identification of a non-selective ion channel, especially responsive to capsaicin, revolutionized the studies of somatosensation and pain that were to follow. The TRPV1 channel is expressed mainly in neuronal cells, more specifically, in sensory neurons responsible for the perception of noxious stimuli. However, its presence has also been detected in other non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, β- pancreatic cells, muscle cells and adipocytes. Activation of the channel occurs in response to a wide range of stimuli, such as noxious heat, low pH, gasses, toxins, endocannabinoids, lipid-derived endovanilloid, and chemical agents, such as capsaicin and resiniferatoxin. This activation results in an influx of cations through the channel pore, especially calcium. Intracellular calcium triggers different responses in sensory neurons. Dephosphorylation of the TRPV1 channel leads to its desensitization, which disrupts its function, while its phosphorylation increases the channel's sensitization and contributes to the channel's rehabilitation after desensitization. Kinases, phosphoinositides, and calmodulin are the main signaling pathways responsible for the channel's regulation. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of TRPV1 discovery, its tissue expression as well as on the mechanisms by which TRPV1 activation (directly or indirectly) induces pain in different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Kawane Euflazio Maximiano
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jessica Aparecida Carneiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, 300 Longwood Ave, 02115, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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6
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Zhang Y, Lu Q, Hu H, Yang C, Zhao Q. Esketamine alleviates hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cardiomyocytes by regulating TRPV1 expression and inhibiting intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2024; 79:100363. [PMID: 38692008 PMCID: PMC11070684 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of Esketamine (ESK) on the Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) injury of cardiomyocytes by regulating TRPV1 and inhibiting the concentration of intracellular Ca2+. METHODS The H/R injury model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes was established after 4h hypoxia and 6h reoxygenation. H9c2 cells were treated with different concentrations of ESK or TRPV1 agonist capsaicin (10 μM) or TRPV1 inhibitor capsazepine (1 μM). Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 method, and apoptosis by flow cytometry. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration was evaluated by Fluo-4 AM. LDH, MDA, SOD, and GSH-Px were detected with corresponding commercial kits. TRPV1 and p-TRPV1 proteins were detected by Western blot. RESULTS After H/R, H9c2 cell viability decreased, apoptosis increased, intracellular Ca2+ concentration increased, LDH and MDA levels increased, SOD and GSH-Px levels decreased, and p-TRPV1 expression increased. ESK treatment rescued these changes induced by H/R. After up-regulating TRPV1, the protective effect of ESK on H/R injury of H9c2 cells was weakened, while down-regulating TRPV1 could further protect against H/R injury. CONCLUSION ESK alleviates H/R injury of cardiomyocytes by regulating TRPV1 expression and inhibiting intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - QuanMei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - HanChun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - ChunChen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - QiHong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China.
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7
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Yang B, Ma D, Zhu X, Wu Z, An Q, Zhao J, Gao X, Zhang L. Roles of TRP and PIEZO receptors in autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e10. [PMID: 38659380 PMCID: PMC11140548 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are pathological autoimmune reactions in the body caused by various factors, which can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. They can be divided into organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases. These diseases usually involve various body systems, including the blood, muscles, bones, joints and soft tissues. The transient receptor potential (TRP) and PIEZO receptors, which resulted in David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2021, attracted people's attention. Most current studies on TRP and PIEZO receptors in autoimmune diseases have been carried out on animal model, only few clinical studies have been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to review existing studies on TRP and PIEZO to understand the roles of these receptors in autoimmune diseases, which may help elucidate novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Yang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Xueqing Zhu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Zewen Wu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Qi An
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Xinnan Gao
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
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Rezzani R, Favero G, Gianò M, Pinto D, Labanca M, van Noorden CJ, Rinaldi F. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in the Healthy and Diseased Blood-Brain Barrier. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:199-231. [PMID: 38590114 PMCID: PMC11020746 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241246032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The large family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are integral membrane proteins that function as environmental sensors and act as ion channels after activation by mechanical (touch), physical (heat, pain), and chemical stimuli (pungent compounds such as capsaicin). Most TRP channels are localized in the plasma membrane of cells but some of them are localized in membranes of organelles and function as intracellular Ca2+-ion channels. TRP channels are involved in neurological disorders but their precise role(s) and relevance in these disorders are not clear. Endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) express TRP channels such as TRP vanilloid 1-4 and are involved in thermal detection by regulating BBB permeability. In neurological disorders, TRP channels in the BBB are responsible for edema formation in the brain. Therefore, drug design to modulate locally activity of TRP channels in the BBB is a hot topic. Today, the application of TRP channel antagonists against neurological disorders is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marzia Gianò
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pinto
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Labanca
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Cornelis J.F. van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Fabio Rinaldi
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
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9
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Li Q, Qu Z, Jia L, Wang W. Expression and correlation of the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome and the silent information regulator 1 in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2024; 201:107338. [PMID: 38447234 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory pathway is implicated in the development of epilepsy and can be suppressed by the activation of the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1). However, the expression and correlation of the NLRP3 pathway and SIRT1 in drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) remain unknown. METHODS This study evaluated the histopathology of the cerebral cortex from nine patients with DRE and eight patients with cavernous haemangioma undergoing surgical treatment. It analysed the expression of the NLRP3, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), caspase-1 and SIRT1 using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the contents of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and SIRT1 in the serum samples of the included study participants were determined using ELISA method. The correlation between the NLRP3 pathway and the SIRT1 was assessed using Spearman's correlation analysis. RESULTS The expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β in the cerebral cortex of patients with DRE was elevated, with the NLRP3 expression being negatively correlated with the SIRT1 expression. Furthermore, IL-1β in serum was upregulated in patients with DRE. The correlation between the content of serum SIRT1 and NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β in patients with DRE was not significant. Notably, serum caspase-1 levels were obviously higher in patients with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis than in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicate that the expression of the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β pathway is significantly upregulated in patients with DRE and that it is partially correlated with the SIRT1 expression. This study is important for understanding the pathophysiology of DRE and developing new treatment strategies for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Qu
- Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijing Jia
- Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, People's Republic of China.
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Hou B, Yin J, Liu S, Guo J, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Yang L, Tan X, Long Y, Feng S, Zhou J, Wu Y, Wang X, Han S, Wang Z, He X. Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome with MCC950 Alleviates Neurological Impairment in the Brain of EAE Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1318-1330. [PMID: 37702910 PMCID: PMC10896958 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that is characterized by demyelination and neuronal damage. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice are used to model the disease progression of MS and mirror MS-like pathology. Previous researches have confirmed that inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome significantly alleviated the severity of EAE mice and the demyelination of spinal cord, but its effect on neuronal damage and oligodendrocyte loss in the brain remains unclear. In this study, female C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG35-55 and PTX to establish experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. MCC950, a selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, was used to investigate the effect of NLRP3 inflammasome on the pathological changes and glial cell activation in the brain of EAE mice by immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that MCC950 ameliorated the neuronal damage, demyelination, and oligodendrocyte loss in the brain of EAE mice. This protective effect of MCC950 may be attributed to its ability to suppress the activation of glial cells and prevents microglia polarization to M1 phenotype. Our work indicates that inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome has the therapeutic effects of neuroprotection through immunomodulation and is a promising therapeutic strategy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Hou
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Polytechnic University (Jiaozuo Second People's Hospital), Jiaozuo, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Polytechnic University (Jiaozuo Second People's Hospital), Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Jincheng Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Polytechnic University (Jiaozuo Second People's Hospital), Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Baobao Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Lanping Yang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Xiying Tan
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Yijiao Long
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Sijie Feng
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Jingchun Zhou
- Beijing Bencaoyuan Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xueyang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China.
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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11
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Yan Q, Gao C, Li M, Lan R, Wei S, Fan R, Cheng W. TRP Ion Channels in Immune Cells and Their Implications for Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2719. [PMID: 38473965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels act as cellular sensors and mediate a plethora of physiological processes, including somatosensation, proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. Under specific conditions, certain TRP channels are involved in inflammation and immune responses. Thus, focusing on the role of TRPs in immune system cells may contribute to resolving inflammation. In this review, we discuss the distribution of five subfamilies of mammalian TRP ion channels in immune system cells and how these ion channels function in inflammatory mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of TRP ion channels in mediating inflammation and may offer potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Yan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chuanzhou Gao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Rui Lan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shaohan Wei
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Runsong Fan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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12
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Ravichandran KA, Heneka MT. Inflammasomes in neurological disorders - mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:67-83. [PMID: 38195712 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are molecular scaffolds that are activated by damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns and form a key element of innate immune responses. Consequently, the involvement of inflammasomes in several diseases that are characterized by inflammatory processes, such as multiple sclerosis, is widely appreciated. However, many other neurological conditions, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy and neurological sequelae of COVID-19, all involve persistent inflammation in the brain, and increasing evidence suggests that inflammasome activation contributes to disease progression in these conditions. Understanding the biology and mechanisms of inflammasome activation is, therefore, crucial for the development of inflammasome-targeted therapies for neurological conditions. In this Review, we present the current evidence for and understanding of inflammasome activation in neurological diseases and discuss current and potential interventional strategies that target inflammasome activation to mitigate its pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Aravind Ravichandran
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of innate immunity, University of Bonn Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, North Worcester, MA, USA.
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13
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Zhang K, Qin Z, Chen J, Guo G, Jiang X, Wang F, Zhuang J, Zhang Z. TRPV1 modulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation via calcium in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1096-1110. [PMID: 38180747 PMCID: PMC10866436 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a key role in early brain injury (EBI) of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in the development of neuroinflammation after SAH, but the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation after SAH is still unclear. TRPV1 is a non-selective calcium channel that is involved in the pathology of neuroinflammation, but its role in SAH has not been revealed. Our study showed that TRPV1 was significantly upregulated after SAH and was predominantly expressed in microglia/macrophages. Antagonism of TRPV1 was effective in ameliorating neurological impairment, brain edema, neuronal damage, and reducing the inflammatory response (evidenced by reducing the number of CD16/32 positive microglia/macrophages, inhibiting the expression of CD16, CD32, CD86, IL-1b, TNF-a and blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation). However, this effect can be abolished by NLRP3 inflammasome antagonist MCC950. In vitro experiment confirmed that TRPV1 activated NLRP3 inflammasome by increasing intracellular calcium levels. In conclusion, TRPV1 mediates EBI after SAH via calcium/NLRP3, and TRPV1 is a potential therapeutic target after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Gengyin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xiaokun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
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14
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Wang W, Sun T. Impact of TRPV1 on Pathogenesis and Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2023; 29:181. [PMID: 38202764 PMCID: PMC10779880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a transmembrane and non-selective cation channel protein, which can be activated by various physical and chemical stimuli. Recent studies have shown the strong pathogenetic associations of TRPV1 with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) via regulating neuroinflammation. Therapeutic effects of TRPV1 agonists and antagonists on the treatment of AD and PD in animal models also are emerging. We here summarize the current understanding of TRPV1's effects and its agonists and antagonists as a therapeutic means in neurodegenerative diseases, and highlight future treatment strategies using natural TRPV1 agonists. Developing new targets and applying natural products are becoming a promising direction in the treatment of chronic disorders, especially neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
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15
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Xu P, Shao RR, He Y. Bibliometric analysis of recent research on the association between TRPV1 and inflammation. Channels (Austin) 2023; 17:2189038. [PMID: 36919561 PMCID: PMC10026872 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2023.2189038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPV1 channel is a sensitive ion channel activated by some noxious stimuli and has been reported to change many physiological functions after its activation. In this paper, we present a scientometric approach to explore the trends of the association between TRPV1 channel and inflammation and our goal is to provide creative directions for future research. The related literature was retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection and then analyzed by CiteSpace and VOSviewer. A total of 1533 documents were screened. The most productive country, institution, journal, author, cited journal, cited author, and references were the United States, University of California, San Francisco, Pain, Lu-yuan Lee, Nature, Michael J. Caterina, and Caterina MJ (Science, 2000), respectively. The most influential country and institution were Switzerland and University of California, San Francisco, respectively. The cooperation among countries or institutions was extensive. Amounts of documents were distributed in molecular, biology, genetics. TRPV1-associated neurons, neuropeptides, neuropathic pain, neuroinflammation, and neurogenic inflammation were mainly hotspots in this field. The research has presented valuable data about previous studies in the link of TRPV1 channel and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-Ru Shao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Oral Medicine, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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16
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Zong P, Li CX, Feng J, Cicchetti M, Yue L. TRP Channels in Stroke. Neurosci Bull 2023:10.1007/s12264-023-01151-5. [PMID: 37995056 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease that affects millions of patients worldwide. Unfortunately, there are no effective medications for mitigating brain injury after ischemic stroke. TRP channels are evolutionally ancient biosensors that detect external stimuli as well as tissue or cellular injury. To date, many members of the TRP superfamily have been reported to contribute to ischemic brain injury, including the TRPC subfamily (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), TRPV subfamily (1, 2, 3, 4) and TRPM subfamily (2, 4, 7). These TRP channels share structural similarities but have distinct channel functions and properties. Their activation during ischemic stroke can be beneficial, detrimental, or even both. In this review, we focus on discussing the interesting features of stroke-related TRP channels and summarizing the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for their involvement in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zong
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, 337 Mansfield Road, Unit 1272, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Cindy X Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jianlin Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Mara Cicchetti
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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17
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Zhu H, Guan A, Liu J, Peng L, Zhang Z, Wang S. Noteworthy perspectives on microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:223. [PMID: 37794488 PMCID: PMC10548593 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are so versatile that they not only provide immune surveillance for central nervous system, but participate in neural circuitry development, brain blood vessels formation, blood-brain barrier architecture, and intriguingly, the regulation of emotions and behaviors. Microglia have a profound impact on neuronal survival, brain wiring and synaptic plasticity. As professional phagocytic cells in the brain, they remove dead cell debris and neurotoxic agents via an elaborate mechanism. The functional profile of microglia varies considerately depending on age, gender, disease context and other internal or external environmental factors. Numerous studies have demonstrated a pivotal involvement of microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders, including negative affection, social deficit, compulsive behavior, fear memory, pain and other symptoms associated with major depression disorder, anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. In this review, we summarized the latest discoveries regarding microglial ontogeny, cell subtypes or state spectrum, biological functions and mechanistic underpinnings of emotional and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of microglia-targeted therapies of neuropsychiatric disorders, and propose outstanding questions to be addressed in future research of human microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Ao Guan
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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18
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Vallese A, Cordone V, Pecorelli A, Valacchi G. Ox-inflammasome involvement in neuroinflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:161-177. [PMID: 37442280 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and the progression of several neuropathologies, from neurodegenerative disorders to migraine, from Rett syndrome to post-COVID 19 neurological manifestations. Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes of the innate immune system that fuel inflammation. They have been under study for the last twenty years and more recently their involvement in neuro-related conditions has been of great interest as possible therapeutic target. The role of oxidative stress in inflammasome activation has been described, however the exact way of action of specific endogenous and exogenous oxidants needs to be better clarified. In this review, we provide the current knowledge on the involvement of inflammasome in the main neuropathologies, emphasizing the importance to further clarify the role of oxidative stress in its activation including the role of mitochondria in inflammasome-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vallese
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valeria Cordone
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 28081, Kannapolis, USA; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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19
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Sun W, Wang Q, Zhang R, Zhang N. Ketogenic diet attenuates neuroinflammation and induces conversion of M1 microglia to M2 in an EAE model of multiple sclerosis by regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and inhibiting HDAC3 and P2X7R activation. Food Funct 2023; 14:7247-7269. [PMID: 37466915 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS); severe symptoms lead MS patients to use complementary treatments. Ketogenic diet (KD) shows wide neuroprotective effects, but the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of KD in MS are unclear. The present study established a continuous 24 days experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model with or without KD. The changes in motor function, pathological hallmarks of EAE, the status of microglia, neuroinflammatory response and intracellular signaling pathways in mice were detected by the rotarod test, histological analysis, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Our results showed that KD could prevent motor deficiency, reduce clinical scores, inhibit demyelination, improve pathological lesions and suppress microglial activation in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Meanwhile, KD shifted microglial polarization toward the protective M2 phenotype and modified the inflammatory milieu by downregulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as upregulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β. Furthermore, KD decreased the expression levels of CCL2, CCR2, CCL3, CCR1, CCR5, CXCL10 and CXCR3 in the spinal cord and spleen with reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the CNS. In addition, KD inhibits NLRP3 activation in the microglia, as revealed by the significantly decreased co-expression of NLRP3+ and Iba-1+ in the KD + EAE group. Further studies demonstrated that KD suppresses inflammatory response and M1 microglial polarization by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, the JAK1/STAT1 pathway, HDAC3 and P2X7R activation, as well as up-regulation of JAK3/STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
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20
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Yi Y, Zhong C, Wei-wei H. The long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of febrile seizures and underlying mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1186050. [PMID: 37305674 PMCID: PMC10248510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1186050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FSs) are convulsions caused by a sudden increase in body temperature during a fever. FSs are one of the commonest presentations in young children, occurring in up to 4% of children between the ages of about 6 months and 5 years old. FSs not only endanger children's health, cause panic and anxiety to families, but also have many adverse consequences. Both clinical and animal studies show that FSs have detrimental effects on neurodevelopment, that cause attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), increased susceptibility to epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and cognitive decline during adulthood. However, the mechanisms of FSs in developmental abnormalities and disease occurrence during adulthood have not been determined. This article provides an overview of the association of FSs with neurodevelopmental outcomes, outlining both the underlying mechanisms and the possible appropriate clinical biomarkers, from histological changes to cellular molecular mechanisms. The hippocampus is the brain region most significantly altered after FSs, but the motor cortex and subcortical white matter may also be involved in the development disorders induced by FSs. The occurrence of multiple diseases after FSs may share common mechanisms, and the long-term role of inflammation and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system are currently well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yi
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Wei-wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Standoli S, Rapino C, Di Meo C, Rudowski A, Kämpfer-Kolb N, Volk LM, Thomas D, Trautmann S, Schreiber Y, Meyer Zu Heringdorf D, Maccarrone M. Sphingosine Kinases at the Intersection of Pro-Inflammatory LPS and Anti-Inflammatory Endocannabinoid Signaling in BV2 Mouse Microglia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108508. [PMID: 37239854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play important roles in brain homeostasis as well as in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, neurovascular diseases, and traumatic brain injury. In this context, components of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system have been shown to shift microglia towards an anti-inflammatory activation state. Instead, much less is known about the functional role of the sphingosine kinase (SphK)/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) system in microglia biology. In the present study, we addressed potential crosstalk of the eCB and the S1P systems in BV2 mouse microglia cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show that URB597, the selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-the main degradative enzyme of the eCB anandamide-prevented LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and caused the accumulation of anandamide itself and eCB-like molecules such as oleic acid and cis-vaccenic acid ethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide, and docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide. Furthermore, treatment with JWH133, a selective agonist of the eCB-binding cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor, mimicked the anti-inflammatory effects of URB597. Interestingly, LPS induced transcription of both SphK1 and SphK2, and the selective inhibitors of SphK1 (SLP7111228) and SphK2 (SLM6031434) strongly reduced LPS-induced TNFα and IL-1β production. Thus, the two SphKs were pro-inflammatory in BV2 cells in a non-redundant manner. Most importantly, the inhibition of FAAH by URB597, as well as the activation of CB2 by JWH133, prevented LPS-stimulated transcription of SphK1 and SphK2. These results present SphK1 and SphK2 at the intersection of pro-inflammatory LPS and anti-inflammatory eCB signaling, and suggest the further development of inhibitors of FAAH or SphKs for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Standoli
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Rapino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Camilla Di Meo
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Agnes Rudowski
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole Kämpfer-Kolb
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Luisa Michelle Volk
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dagmar Meyer Zu Heringdorf
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare, 00143 Rome, Italy
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22
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Zhang YY, Li XS, Ren KD, Peng J, Luo XJ. Restoration of metal homeostasis: a potential strategy against neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101931. [PMID: 37031723 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal homeostasis is critical to normal neurophysiological activity. Metal ions are involved in the development, metabolism, redox and neurotransmitter transmission of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, disturbance of homeostasis (such as metal deficiency or excess) can result in serious consequences, including neurooxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and nerve cell death. The uptake, transport and metabolism of metal ions are highly regulated by ion channels. There is growing evidence that metal ion disorders and/or the dysfunction of ion channels contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, metal homeostasis-related signaling pathways are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for diverse neurological diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in the studies regarding the physiological and pathophysiological functions of metal ions and their channels, as well as their role in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, currently available metal ion modulators and in vivo quantitative metal ion imaging methods are also discussed. Current work provides certain recommendations based on literatures and in-depth reflections to improve neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies should turn to crosstalk and interactions between different metal ions and their channels. Concomitant pharmacological interventions for two or more metal signaling pathways may offer clinical advantages in treating the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China.
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23
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Sun JX, Zhu KY, Wang YM, Wang DJ, Zhang MZ, Sarlus H, Benito-Cuesta I, Zhao XQ, Zou ZF, Zhong QY, Feng Y, Wu S, Wang YQ, Harris RA, Wang J. Activation of TRPV1 receptor facilitates myelin repair following demyelination via the regulation of microglial function. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:766-779. [PMID: 36229601 PMCID: PMC10043010 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel that is activated by capsaicin (CAP), the main component of chili pepper. Despite studies in several neurological diseases, the role of TRPV1 in demyelinating diseases remains unknown. Herein, we reported that TRPV1 expression was increased within the corpus callosum during demyelination in a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination mouse model. TRPV1 deficiency exacerbated motor coordinative dysfunction and demyelination in CPZ-treated mice, whereas the TRPV1 agonist CAP improved the behavioral performance and facilitated remyelination. TRPV1 was predominantly expressed in Iba1+ microglia/macrophages in human brain sections of multiple sclerosis patients and mouse corpus callosum under demyelinating conditions. TRPV1 deficiency decreased microglial recruitment to the corpus callosum, with an associated increase in the accumulation of myelin debris. Conversely, the activation of TRPV1 by CAP enhanced the recruitment of microglia to the corpus callosum and potentiated myelin debris clearance. Using real-time live imaging we confirmed an increased phagocytic function of microglia following CAP treatment. In addition, the expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 was increased, and that of the glycolysis regulators Hif1a and Hk2 was decreased. We conclude that TRPV1 is an important regulator of microglial function in the context of demyelination and may serve as a promising therapeutic target for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xian Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke-Ying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu-Meng Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dan-Jie Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mi-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Heela Sarlus
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Benito-Cuesta
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zao-Feng Zou
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiading Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Qing-Yang Zhong
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Xu Z, Zhang G, Zhang X, Lei Y, Sun Y, He Y, Yang F, Nan W, Xing X, Li Y, Lin J. Menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells inhibit neuroinflammation by regulating microglia through the TLR4/MyD88/NLRP3/Casp1 pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 157:106386. [PMID: 36754162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common response in various neurological disorders. Mesenchymal stem cell-based treatment has become a promising therapy for neuroinflammation-associated diseases. However, the effects of mesenchymal stem cells are controversial, and the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. In the present study, menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells were intravenously transplanted into a mouse model of neuroinflammation established by peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide. Microglial cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide were cultured with conditioned medium from endometrial stem cells. The levels of cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell proliferation and death were detected by Cell Counting Kit 8 and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and caspase 1 (Casp1) were evaluated by western blotting. The results showed that intravenous transplantation of endometrial stem cells downregulated proinflammatory factors and upregulated anti-inflammatory factors in the brain of mice with neuroinflammation. Conditioned medium suppressed the inflammatory reaction and hyperactivation of microglial cells and protected microglial cells from cell death induced by lipopolysaccharide in vitro. The expression of TLR4, MyD88, NLRP3 and Casp1 in the brain of mice with neuroinflammation and in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells was downregulated by endometrial stem cells and conditioned medium, respectively. These data suggested that menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells may suppress neuroinflammatory reactions partially by regulating microglia through the TLR4/MyD88/NLRP3/Casp1 signalling pathway. Our findings may be very useful for the development of an alternative stem cell-based therapy for neuroinflammation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Yuliang Sun
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Ya'nan He
- Zhongyuan Stem Cell Research Institute, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Fen Yang
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Wenbin Nan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xuekun Xing
- College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yonghai Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Juntang Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
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25
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NLRP3 upregulation related to sleep deprivation-induced memory and emotional behavior changes in TRPV1 -/- mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 440:114255. [PMID: 36563905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation, which is a common problem in modern society, impairs memory function and emotional behavior. TRPV1, a subfamily of transient receptor potential cation channels, is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and is associated with animal behavior. In this article, we report that TRPV1 deficiency in mice alleviates sleep deprivation-induced abnormal behaviors. We found that in the sleep-deprived mice, TRPV1 knockout increased the duration and visits in the central area in the open field task and increased visits to the open arms in the elevated plus maze. The TRPV1-/- mice performed better during the test stage in the Morris water maze phase after sleep deprivation. In the mPFC and hippocampus regions, western blotting results showed that TRPV1-/- attenuated sleep deprivation-induced increases in GFAP, NLRP3, and ASC and increased the expression of the mitochondrial marker Tom20. Immunofluorescence results showed that the action of TRPV1 knockout on NLRP3 was negatively correlated with Tom20 after sleep deprivation. Our results confirm that TRPV1 knockout attenuates sleep deprivation-induced behavioral disorders. The effect of TRPV1 on the behavior of sleep-deprived mice may be related to the neuroinflammation associated with mitochondria in the mPFC and hippocampus.
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26
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Murray CJ, Vecchiarelli HA, Tremblay MÈ. Enhancing axonal myelination in seniors: A review exploring the potential impact cannabis has on myelination in the aged brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1119552. [PMID: 37032821 PMCID: PMC10073480 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1119552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cannabis is on the rise as public opinion trends toward acceptance and its consequent legalization. Specifically, the senior population is one of the demographics increasing their use of cannabis the fastest, but research aimed at understanding cannabis' impact on the aged brain is still scarce. Aging is characterized by many brain changes that slowly alter cognitive ability. One process that is greatly impacted during aging is axonal myelination. The slow degradation and loss of myelin (i.e., demyelination) in the brain with age has been shown to associate with cognitive decline and, furthermore, is a common characteristic of numerous neurological diseases experienced in aging. It is currently not known what causes this age-dependent degradation, but it is likely due to numerous confounding factors (i.e., heightened inflammation, reduced blood flow, cellular senescence) that impact the many cells responsible for maintaining overall homeostasis and myelin integrity. Importantly, animal studies using non-human primates and rodents have also revealed demyelination with age, providing a reliable model for researchers to try and understand the cellular mechanisms at play. In rodents, cannabis was recently shown to modulate the myelination process. Furthermore, studies looking at the direct modulatory impact cannabis has on microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte lineage cells hint at potential mechanisms to prevent some of the more damaging activities performed by these cells that contribute to demyelination in aging. However, research focusing on how cannabis impacts myelination in the aged brain is lacking. Therefore, this review will explore the evidence thus far accumulated to show how cannabis impacts myelination and will extrapolate what this knowledge may mean for the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Murray
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Colin J. Murray,
| | | | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Départment de Médicine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Center de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Institute for Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Marie-Ève Tremblay,
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27
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Blockade of Kv1.3 Potassium Channel Inhibits Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314693. [PMID: 36499018 PMCID: PMC9740890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder whose pathophysiology relates to inflammation. The potassium channel Kv1.3 in microglia has been reported as a promising therapeutic target in neurological diseases in which neuroinflammation is involved, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Currently, little is known about the relationship between Kv1.3 and epilepsy. In this study, we found that Kv1.3 was upregulated in microglia in the KA-induced mouse epilepsy model. Importantly, blocking Kv1.3 with its specific small-molecule blocker 5-(4-phenoxybutoxy)psoralen (PAP-1) reduced seizure severity, prolonged seizure latency, and decreased neuronal loss. Mechanistically, we further confirmed that blockade of Kv1.3 suppressed proinflammatory microglial activation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting the Ca2+/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results shed light on the critical function of microglial Kv1.3 in epilepsy and provided a potential therapeutic target.
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28
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SS-31 Improves Cognitive Function in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy by Inhibiting the Drp1-NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Neuromolecular Med 2022:10.1007/s12017-022-08730-1. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Maguire E, Connor-Robson N, Shaw B, O’Donoghue R, Stöberl N, Hall-Roberts H. Assaying Microglia Functions In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:3414. [PMID: 36359810 PMCID: PMC9654693 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the main immune modulators of the central nervous system, have key roles in both the developing and adult brain. These functions include shaping healthy neuronal networks, carrying out immune surveillance, mediating inflammatory responses, and disposing of unwanted material. A wide variety of pathological conditions present with microglia dysregulation, highlighting the importance of these cells in both normal brain function and disease. Studies into microglial function in the context of both health and disease thus have the potential to provide tremendous insight across a broad range of research areas. In vitro culture of microglia, using primary cells, cell lines, or induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia, allows researchers to generate reproducible, robust, and quantifiable data regarding microglia function. A broad range of assays have been successfully developed and optimised for characterizing microglial morphology, mediation of inflammation, endocytosis, phagocytosis, chemotaxis and random motility, and mediation of immunometabolism. This review describes the main functions of microglia, compares existing protocols for measuring these functions in vitro, and highlights common pitfalls and future areas for development. We aim to provide a comprehensive methodological guide for researchers planning to characterise microglial functions within a range of contexts and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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30
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Pan Y, Huang J, Liu K, Xie C, Chen H, Guo Z, Guo S, Chen Y. Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry promotes cervical cancer progression through IL-6 signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1041674. [PMID: 36310590 PMCID: PMC9597359 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1041674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer-associated mortality among women in developing countries. Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is the primary mechanism underlying most of the non-excitable calcium influx into cells. There is at present limited evidence showing that Orai1 can function as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor depending on the cancer type. Furthermore, the exact biological functions of Orai1 in cervical cancer and the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, we found that Orai1 was upregulated in cervical cancer tissues, and promoted the growth of human cervical cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Gene silencing of Orai1 in cervical cancer cells significantly decreased interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. Interestingly, exogenous IL-6 abrogated the effects of Orai1 silencing and restored the clonogenicity of cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, we also observed a positive correlation between Orai1 and IL-6 expression in human cervical cancer samples. Taken together, our findings indicate that Orai1 functions as an oncogene in cervical cancer and is a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Pan
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kang Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chuanhua Xie
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhong Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shoujun Guo
- Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yijian Chen, ; Shoujun Guo,
| | - Yijian Chen
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yijian Chen, ; Shoujun Guo,
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31
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Marinelli S, Marrone MC, Di Domenico M, Marinelli S. Endocannabinoid signaling in microglia. Glia 2022; 71:71-90. [PMID: 36222019 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), execute their sentinel, housekeeping and defense functions through a panoply of genes, receptors and released cytokines, chemokines and neurotrophic factors. Moreover, microglia functions are closely linked to the constant communication with other cell types, among them neurons. Depending on the signaling pathway and type of stimuli involved, the outcome of microglia operation can be neuroprotective or neurodegenerative. Accordingly, microglia are increasingly becoming considered cellular targets for therapeutic intervention. Among signals controlling microglia activity, the endocannabinoid (EC) system has been shown to exert a neuroprotective role in many neurological diseases. Like neurons, microglia express functional EC receptors and can produce and degrade ECs. Interestingly, boosting EC signaling leads to an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective microglia phenotype. Nonetheless, little evidence is available on the microglia-mediated therapeutic effects of EC compounds. This review focuses on the EC signals acting on the CNS microglia in physiological and pathological conditions, namely on the CB1R, CB2R and TRPV1-mediated regulation of microglia properties. It also provides new evidence, which strengthens the understanding of mechanisms underlying the control of microglia functions by ECs. Given the broad expression of the EC system in glial and neuronal cells, the resulting picture is the need for in vivo studies in transgenic mouse models to dissect the contribution of EC microglia signaling in the neuroprotective effects of EC-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marinelli
- CNR-National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Marrone
- EBRI-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Rome, Italy.,Ministry of University and Research, Mission Unity for Recovery and Resilience Plan, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- EBRI-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Rome, Italy.,Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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32
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Pan J, Zhou L, Zhang C, Xu Q, Sun Y. Targeting protein phosphatases for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases: From signaling to therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:177. [PMID: 35665742 PMCID: PMC9166240 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the common pathological basis of autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, malignant tumors, and other major chronic diseases. Inflammation plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. On one hand, inflammation can sense changes in the tissue environment, induce imbalance of tissue homeostasis, and cause tissue damage. On the other hand, inflammation can also initiate tissue damage repair and maintain normal tissue function by resolving injury and restoring homeostasis. These opposing functions emphasize the significance of accurate regulation of inflammatory homeostasis to ameliorate inflammation-related diseases. Potential mechanisms involve protein phosphorylation modifications by kinases and phosphatases, which have a crucial role in inflammatory homeostasis. The mechanisms by which many kinases resolve inflammation have been well reviewed, whereas a systematic summary of the functions of protein phosphatases in regulating inflammatory homeostasis is lacking. The molecular knowledge of protein phosphatases, and especially the unique biochemical traits of each family member, will be of critical importance for developing drugs that target phosphatases. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the structure, the "double-edged sword" function, and the extensive signaling pathways of all protein phosphatases in inflammation-related diseases, as well as their potential inhibitors or activators that can be used in therapeutic interventions in preclinical or clinical trials. We provide an integrated perspective on the current understanding of all the protein phosphatases associated with inflammation-related diseases, with the aim of facilitating the development of drugs that target protein phosphatases for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lisha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Cui Y, Yu H, Bu Z, Wen L, Yan L, Feng J. Focus on the Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:894298. [PMID: 35694441 PMCID: PMC9175009 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.894298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is initiated with an aberrant innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in many neurological diseases. Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that can be used as platforms to induce the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis, thus playing a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Among the inflammasomes, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is well-characterized and contributes to many neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and ischemic stroke. MS is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS, and its hallmarks include chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Studies have demonstrated a relationship between MS and the NLRP3 inflammasome. To date, the pathogenesis of MS is not fully understood, and clinical studies on novel therapies are still underway. Here, we review the activation mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome, its role in MS, and therapies targeting related molecules, which may be beneficial in MS.
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Scipioni L, Ciaramellano F, Carnicelli V, Leuti A, Lizzi AR, De Dominicis N, Oddi S, Maccarrone M. Microglial Endocannabinoid Signalling in AD. Cells 2022; 11:1237. [PMID: 35406803 PMCID: PMC8997504 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been recently identified as a major contributor to disease pathogenesis. Once activated, microglial cells, which are brain-resident immune cells, exert several key actions, including phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and the release of pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators, which could have opposite effects on brain homeostasis, depending on the stage of disease and the particular phenotype of microglial cells. The endocannabinoids (eCBs) are pleiotropic bioactive lipids increasingly recognized for their essential roles in regulating microglial activity both under normal and AD-driven pathological conditions. Here, we review the current literature regarding the involvement of this signalling system in modulating microglial phenotypes and activity in the context of homeostasis and AD-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Scipioni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio Snc, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.S.); (V.C.); (A.R.L.); (N.D.D.)
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Francesca Ciaramellano
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Veronica Carnicelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio Snc, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.S.); (V.C.); (A.R.L.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Lizzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio Snc, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.S.); (V.C.); (A.R.L.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Noemi De Dominicis
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio Snc, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.S.); (V.C.); (A.R.L.); (N.D.D.)
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Oddi
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio Snc, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.S.); (V.C.); (A.R.L.); (N.D.D.)
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.L.)
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