1
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Gafurova CR, Tsentsevitsky AN, Fedorov NS, Khaziev AN, Malomouzh AI, Petrov AM. β2-Adrenergic Regulation of the Neuromuscular Transmission and Its Lipid-Dependent Switch. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6805-6821. [PMID: 38353924 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
β2-Adrenoceptors (β2-ARs) are the most abundant subtype of adrenergic receptors in skeletal muscles. Their activation via a stabilization of postsynaptic architecture has beneficial effects in certain models of neuromuscular disorders. However, the ability of β2-ARs to regulate neuromuscular transmission at the presynaptic level is poorly understood. Using electrophysiological recordings and fluorescent FM dyes, we found that β2-AR activation with fenoterol enhanced an involvement of synaptic vesicles in exocytosis and neurotransmitter release during intense activity at the neuromuscular junctions of mouse diaphragm. This was accompanied by an improvement of contractile responses to phrenic nerve stimulation (but not direct stimulation of the muscle fibers) at moderate-to-high frequencies. β2-ARs mainly reside in lipid microdomains enriched with cholesterol and sphingomyelin. The latter is hydrolyzed by sphingomyelinases, whose upregulation occurs in many conditions characterized by muscle atrophy and sympathetic nerve hyperactivity. Sphingomyelinase treatment reversed the effects of β2-AR agonist on the neurotransmitter release and synaptic vesicle recruitment to the exocytosis during intense activity. Inhibition of Gi protein with pertussis toxin completely prevented the sphingomyelinase-mediated inversion in the β2-AR agonist action. Note that lipid raft disrupting enzyme cholesterol oxidase had the same effect on β2-AR agonist-mediated changes in neurotransmission as sphingomyelinase. Thus, β2-AR agonist fenoterol augmented recruitment and release of synaptic vesicles during intense activity in the diaphragm neuromuscular junctions. Sphingomyelin hydrolysis inversed the effects of β2-AR agonist on neurotransmission probably via switching to Gi protein-dependent signaling. This phenomenon may reflect a dependence of the β2-AR signaling on lipid raft integrity in the neuromuscular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulpan R Gafurova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
| | - Andrei N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
| | - Nikita S Fedorov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
| | - Arthur N Khaziev
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
| | - Artem I Malomouzh
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
- Kazan National Research Technical University, 10, K. Marx St., Kazan, Russia, 420111
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111.
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012.
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan, Russia, 420008.
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2
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Deng X, Cui H, Liang H, Wang X, Yu H, Wang J, Wang W, Liu D, Zhang Y, Dong E, Tang Y, Xiao H. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein acts as a β-adrenergic receptor agonist: A potential mechanism for cardiac sequelae of long COVID. J Intern Med 2024; 296:291-297. [PMID: 39073192 DOI: 10.1111/joim.20000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, pathophysiological mechanisms of post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease-19-cardiovascular syndrome (PASC-CVS) remain unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with PASC-CVS exhibited significantly higher circulating levels of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike protein S1 than the non-PASC-CVS patients and healthy controls. Moreover, individuals with high plasma spike protein S1 concentrations exhibited elevated heart rates and normalized low frequency, suggesting cardiac β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) hyperactivity. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay revealed that the spike protein bound to β1- and β2-AR, but not to D1-dopamine receptor. These interactions were blocked by β1- and β2-AR blockers. Molecular docking and MST assay of β-AR mutants revealed that the spike protein interacted with the extracellular loop 2 of both β-ARs. In cardiomyocytes, spike protein dose-dependently increased the cyclic adenosine monophosphate production with or without epinephrine, indicating its allosteric effects on β-ARs. CONCLUSION Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike proteins act as an allosteric β-AR agonist, leading to cardiac β-AR hyperactivity, thus contributing to PASC-CVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Deng
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtu Cui
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyi Yu
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjia Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyao Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Erdan Dong
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yida Tang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
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3
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Díaz-Holguín A, Saarinen M, Vo DD, Sturchio A, Branzell N, Cabeza de Vaca I, Hu H, Mitjavila-Domènech N, Lindqvist A, Baranczewski P, Millan MJ, Yang Y, Carlsson J, Svenningsson P. AlphaFold accelerated discovery of psychotropic agonists targeting the trace amine-associated receptor 1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn1524. [PMID: 39110804 PMCID: PMC11305387 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing protein structure prediction, providing unprecedented opportunities for drug design. To assess the potential impact on ligand discovery, we compared virtual screens using protein structures generated by the AlphaFold machine learning method and traditional homology modeling. More than 16 million compounds were docked to models of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor of unknown structure and target for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. Sets of 30 and 32 highly ranked compounds from the AlphaFold and homology model screens, respectively, were experimentally evaluated. Of these, 25 were TAAR1 agonists with potencies ranging from 12 to 0.03 μM. The AlphaFold screen yielded a more than twofold higher hit rate (60%) than the homology model and discovered the most potent agonists. A TAAR1 agonist with a promising selectivity profile and drug-like properties showed physiological and antipsychotic-like effects in wild-type but not in TAAR1 knockout mice. These results demonstrate that AlphaFold structures can accelerate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Díaz-Holguín
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Saarinen
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Duc Duy Vo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Sturchio
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Niclas Branzell
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Israel Cabeza de Vaca
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Huabin Hu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Núria Mitjavila-Domènech
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Lindqvist
- Department of Pharmacy, SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pawel Baranczewski
- Department of Pharmacy, SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Neuroinflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Paris, France and Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Vet and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yunting Yang
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Scarano N, Espinoza S, Brullo C, Cichero E. Computational Methods for the Discovery and Optimization of TAAR1 and TAAR5 Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8226. [PMID: 39125796 PMCID: PMC11312273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a family of druggable targets when treating several diseases and continue to be a leading part of the drug discovery process. Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are GPCRs involved in many physiological functions with TAAR1 having important roles within the central nervous system (CNS). By using homology modeling methods, the responsiveness of TAAR1 to endogenous and synthetic ligands has been explored. In addition, the discovery of different chemo-types as selective murine and/or human TAAR1 ligands has helped in the understanding of the species-specificity preferences. The availability of TAAR1-ligand complexes sheds light on how different ligands bind TAAR1. TAAR5 is considered an olfactory receptor but has specific involvement in some brain functions. In this case, the drug discovery effort has been limited. Here, we review the successful computational efforts developed in the search for novel TAAR1 and TAAR5 ligands. A specific focus on applying structure-based and/or ligand-based methods has been done. We also give a perspective of the experimental data available to guide the future drug design of new ligands, probing species-specificity preferences towards more selective ligands. Hints for applying repositioning approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Scarano
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (N.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- Department of Health Sciences and Research Center on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (N.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (N.S.); (C.B.)
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5
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Yang X, Zhou P, Shen S, Hu Q, Tian C, Xia A, Wang Y, Yang Z, Nan J, Zhou Y, Chen S, Tian X, Wu C, Lin G, Zhang L, Wang K, Zheng T, Zou J, Yan W, Shao Z, Yang S. Entropy drives the ligand recognition in G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401091121. [PMID: 39024109 PMCID: PMC11287286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving ligand subtype selectivity within highly homologous subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is critical yet challenging for GPCR drug discovery, primarily due to the unclear mechanism underlying ligand subtype selectivity, which hampers the rational design of subtype-selective ligands. Herein, we disclose an unusual molecular mechanism of entropy-driven ligand recognition in cannabinoid (CB) receptor subtypes, revealed through atomic-level molecular dynamics simulations, cryoelectron microscopy structure, and mutagenesis experiments. This mechanism is attributed to the distinct conformational dynamics of the receptor's orthosteric pocket, leading to variations in ligand binding entropy and consequently, differential binding affinities, which culminate in specific ligand recognition. We experimentally validated this mechanism and leveraged it to design ligands with enhanced or ablated subtype selectivity. One such ligand demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic properties and significant efficacy in rodent inflammatory analgesic models. More importantly, it is precisely due to the high subtype selectivity obtained based on this mechanism that this ligand does not show addictive properties in animal models. Our findings elucidate the unconventional role of entropy in CB receptor subtype selectivity and suggest a strategy for rational design of ligands to achieve entropy-driven subtype selectivity for many pharmaceutically important GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Siyuan Shen
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Chenyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Anjie Xia
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Zhiqian Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Jinshan Nan
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Yangli Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Shasha Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Guifeng Lin
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Information Technology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan610212, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
- Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan610212, China
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6
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Zhao Y, Li X, Yu W, Lin W, Wei W, Zhang L, Liu D, Ma H, Chen J. Differential expression of ADRB1 causes different responses to norepinephrine in adipocytes of Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire pigs and min pigs. J Therm Biol 2024; 123:103906. [PMID: 38970835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Research has shown that pigs from different regions exhibit varying responses to cold stimuli. Typically, cold stimuli induce browning of white adipose tissue mediated by adrenaline, promoting non-shivering thermogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying differential response of pig breeds to norepinephrine are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences and molecular mechanisms of the effects of norepinephrine (NE) treatment on adipocytes of Min pigs (a cold-resistant pig breed) and Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire (DLY) pigs. Real time-qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence were performed following NE treatment on cell cultures of adipocytes originating from Min pigs (n = 3) and DLY pigs (n = 3) to assess the expressions of adipogenesis markers, beige fat markers, and mitochondrial biogenesis markers. The results showed that NE did not affect browning of adipocytes in DLY pigs, whereas promoted browning of adipocytes in Min pigs. Further, the expression of ADRB1 (Adrenoceptor Beta 1, ADRB1) was higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue and adipocytes of Min pigs than those of DLY pigs. Overexpression of ADRB1 in DLY pig adipocytes enhanced sensitivity to NE, exhibiting decreased adipogenesis markers, upregulated beige fat markers, and increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Conversely, adipocytes treated with ADRB1 antagonist in Min pigs resulted in decreased cellular sensitivity to NE. Further studies revealed differential CpG island methylation in ADRB1 promoter region, with lower methylation levels in Min pigs compared to DLY pigs. In conclusion, differential methylation of the ADRB1 promoter region leads to different ADRB1 expression, resulting in varying responsiveness to NE in adipocytes of two pig breeds. Our results provide new insights for further analysis of the differential cold responsiveness in pig breeds from different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuexin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wensai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weimin Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lifan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbi, 150086, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbi, 150086, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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7
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Shenol A, Tenente R, Lückmann M, Frimurer TM, Schwartz TW. Multiple recent HCAR2 structures demonstrate a highly dynamic ligand binding and G protein activation mode. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5364. [PMID: 38918366 PMCID: PMC11199501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A surprisingly clear picture of the allosteric mechanism connecting G protein-coupled receptor agonists with G protein binding-and back - is revealed by a puzzle of thirty novel 3D structures of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2) in complex with eight different orthosteric and a single allosteric agonist. HCAR2 is a sensor of β-hydroxybutyrate, niacin and certain anti-inflammatory drugs. Surprisingly, agonists with and without on-target side effects bound very similarly and in a completely occluded orthosteric binding site. Thus, despite the many structures we are still left with a pertinent need to understand the molecular dynamics of this and similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Shenol
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Tenente
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lückmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Szwabowski GL, Griffing M, Mugabe EJ, O’Malley D, Baker LN, Baker DL, Parrill AL. G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Ligand Pose and Functional Class Prediction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6876. [PMID: 38999982 PMCID: PMC11241240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) transmembrane protein family members play essential roles in physiology. Numerous pharmaceuticals target GPCRs, and many drug discovery programs utilize virtual screening (VS) against GPCR targets. Improvements in the accuracy of predicting new molecules that bind to and either activate or inhibit GPCR function would accelerate such drug discovery programs. This work addresses two significant research questions. First, do ligand interaction fingerprints provide a substantial advantage over automated methods of binding site selection for classical docking? Second, can the functional status of prospective screening candidates be predicted from ligand interaction fingerprints using a random forest classifier? Ligand interaction fingerprints were found to offer modest advantages in sampling accurate poses, but no substantial advantage in the final set of top-ranked poses after scoring, and, thus, were not used in the generation of the ligand-receptor complexes used to train and test the random forest classifier. A binary classifier which treated agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists as active and all other ligands as inactive proved highly effective in ligand function prediction in an external test set of GPR31 and TAAR2 candidate ligands with a hit rate of 82.6% actual actives within the set of predicted actives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (G.L.S.); (M.G.); (E.J.M.); (D.O.); (L.N.B.)
| | - Abby L. Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (G.L.S.); (M.G.); (E.J.M.); (D.O.); (L.N.B.)
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9
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Shen Q, Tang X, Wen X, Cheng S, Xiao P, Zang S, Shen D, Jiang L, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Xu H, Mao C, Zhang M, Hu W, Sun J, Zhang Y, Chen Z. Molecular Determinant Underlying Selective Coupling of Primary G-Protein by Class A GPCRs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310120. [PMID: 38647423 PMCID: PMC11187927 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit downstream signals predominantly via G-protein pathways. However, the conformational basis of selective coupling of primary G-protein remains elusive. Histamine receptors H2R and H3R couple with Gs- or Gi-proteins respectively. Here, three cryo-EM structures of H2R-Gs and H3R-Gi complexes are presented at a global resolution of 2.6-2.7 Å. These structures reveal the unique binding pose for endogenous histamine in H3R, wherein the amino group interacts with E2065.46 of H3R instead of the conserved D1143.32 of other aminergic receptors. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the H2R-Gs and H3R-Gi complexes reveals that the structural geometry of TM5/TM6 determines the primary G-protein selectivity in histamine receptors. Machine learning (ML)-based structuromic profiling and functional analysis of class A GPCR-G-protein complexes illustrate that TM5 length, TM5 tilt, and TM6 outward movement are key determinants of the Gs and Gi/o selectivity among the whole Class A family. Collectively, the findings uncover the common structural geometry within class A GPCRs that determines the primary Gs- and Gi/o-coupling selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingya Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryHangzhou310058China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain‐Machine IntegrationZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Xinyan Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated HospitalNHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Xin Wen
- Advanced Medical Research InstituteMeili Lake Translational Research ParkCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinan250012China
| | - Shizhuo Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryHangzhou310058China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain‐Machine IntegrationZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- College of Computer Science and TechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Advanced Medical Research InstituteMeili Lake Translational Research ParkCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinan250012China
| | - Shao‐Kun Zang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryHangzhou310058China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain‐Machine IntegrationZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Dan‐Dan Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryHangzhou310058China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain‐Machine IntegrationZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated HospitalNHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou310053China
| | - Huibing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryHangzhou310058China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain‐Machine IntegrationZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Haomang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryHangzhou310058China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain‐Machine IntegrationZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryHangzhou310058China
- Department of General SurgerySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310016China
- Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and EquipmentZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310016China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Computer Science and TechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated HospitalNHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Jin‐Peng Sun
- Advanced Medical Research InstituteMeili Lake Translational Research ParkCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinan250012China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityKey Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular ScienceMinistry of EducationBeijing100191China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryHangzhou310058China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain‐Machine IntegrationZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated HospitalNHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou310053China
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10
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Lymperopoulos A, Borges JI, Stoicovy RA. Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in Cardiac and Sympathoadrenal GLP-1 Receptor Signaling: Focus on Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:693. [PMID: 38931817 PMCID: PMC11206770 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifunctional incretin hormone with various physiological effects beyond its well-characterized effect of stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion in the pancreas. An emerging role for GLP-1 and its receptor, GLP-1R, in brain neuroprotection and in the suppression of inflammation, has been documented in recent years. GLP-1R is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples to Gs proteins that stimulate the production of the second messenger cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP, acting through its two main effectors, protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), exerts several anti-inflammatory (and some pro-inflammatory) effects in cells, depending on the cell type. The present review discusses the cAMP-dependent molecular signaling pathways elicited by the GLP-1R in cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, central neurons, and even in adrenal chromaffin cells, with a particular focus on those that lead to anti-inflammatory effects by the GLP-1R. Fully elucidating the role cAMP plays in GLP-1R's anti-inflammatory properties can lead to new and more precise targets for drug development and/or provide the foundation for novel therapeutic combinations of the GLP-1R agonist medications currently on the market with other classes of drugs for additive anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA; (J.I.B.); (R.A.S.)
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11
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Nagliya D, Baggio Lopez T, Del Calvo G, Stoicovy RA, Borges JI, Suster MS, Lymperopoulos A. Differential Modulation of Catecholamine and Adipokine Secretion by the Short Chain Fatty Acid Receptor FFAR3 and α 2-Adrenergic Receptors in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5227. [PMID: 38791266 PMCID: PMC11120680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperactivity is mediated by elevated catecholamine (CA) secretion from the adrenal medulla, as well as enhanced norepinephrine (NE) release from peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals. Adrenal CA production from chromaffin cells is tightly regulated by sympatho-inhibitory α2-adrenergic (auto)receptors (ARs), which inhibit both epinephrine (Epi) and NE secretion via coupling to Gi/o proteins. α2-AR function is, in turn, regulated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-kinases (GRKs), especially GRK2, which phosphorylate and desensitize them, i.e., uncouple them from G proteins. On the other hand, the short-chain free fatty acid (SCFA) receptor (FFAR)-3, also known as GPR41, promotes NE release from sympathetic neurons via the Gi/o-derived free Gβγ-activated phospholipase C (PLC)-β/Ca2+ signaling pathway. However, whether it exerts a similar effect in adrenal chromaffin cells is not known at present. In the present study, we examined the interplay of the sympatho-inhibitory α2A-AR and the sympatho-stimulatory FFAR3 in the regulation of CA secretion from rat adrenal chromaffin (pheochromocytoma) PC12 cells. We show that FFAR3 promotes CA secretion, similarly to what GRK2-dependent α2A-AR desensitization does. In addition, FFAR3 activation enhances the effect of the physiologic stimulus (acetylcholine) on CA secretion. Importantly, GRK2 blockade to restore α2A-AR function or the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB or 3-hydroxybutyrate), via FFAR3 antagonism, partially suppress CA production, when applied individually. When combined, however, CA secretion from PC12 cells is profoundly suppressed. Finally, propionate-activated FFAR3 induces leptin and adiponectin secretion from PC12 cells, two important adipokines known to be involved in tissue inflammation, and this effect of FFAR3 is fully blocked by the ketone BHB. In conclusion, SCFAs can promote CA and adipokine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells via FFAR3 activation, but the metabolite/ketone body BHB can effectively inhibit this action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA; (D.N.); (T.B.L.); (G.D.C.); (R.A.S.); (J.I.B.); (M.S.S.)
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12
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Zhang M, Chen T, Lu X, Lan X, Chen Z, Lu S. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): advances in structures, mechanisms, and drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38594257 PMCID: PMC11004190 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of human membrane proteins and an important class of drug targets, play a role in maintaining numerous physiological processes. Agonist or antagonist, orthosteric effects or allosteric effects, and biased signaling or balanced signaling, characterize the complexity of GPCR dynamic features. In this study, we first review the structural advancements, activation mechanisms, and functional diversity of GPCRs. We then focus on GPCR drug discovery by revealing the detailed drug-target interactions and the underlying mechanisms of orthosteric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past five years. Particularly, an up-to-date analysis is performed on available GPCR structures complexed with synthetic small-molecule allosteric modulators to elucidate key receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Finally, we highlight how the widespread GPCR-druggable allosteric sites can guide structure- or mechanism-based drug design and propose prospects of designing bitopic ligands for the future therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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13
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Shenol A, Lückmann M, Trauelsen M, Lambrughi M, Tiberti M, Papaleo E, Frimurer TM, Schwartz TW. Molecular dynamics-based identification of binding pathways and two distinct high-affinity sites for succinate in succinate receptor 1/GPR91. Mol Cell 2024; 84:955-966.e4. [PMID: 38325379 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
SUCNR1 is an auto- and paracrine sensor of the metabolic stress signal succinate. Using unsupervised molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (170.400 ns) and mutagenesis across human, mouse, and rat SUCNR1, we characterize how a five-arginine motif around the extracellular pole of TM-VI determines the initial capture of succinate in the extracellular vestibule (ECV) to either stay or move down to the orthosteric site. Metadynamics demonstrate low-energy succinate binding in both sites, with an energy barrier corresponding to an intermediate stage during which succinate, with an associated water cluster, unlocks the hydrogen-bond-stabilized conformationally constrained extracellular loop (ECL)-2b. Importantly, simultaneous binding of two succinate molecules through either a "sequential" or "bypassing" mode is a frequent endpoint. The mono-carboxylate NF-56-EJ40 antagonist enters SUCNR1 between TM-I and -II and does not unlock ECL-2b. It is proposed that occupancy of both high-affinity sites is required for selective activation of SUCNR1 by high local succinate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Shenol
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lückmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Trauelsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Lambrughi
- Cancer Structural Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Tiberti
- Cancer Structural Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Cancer Structural Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Cancer Systems Biology, Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Costanzi S, Stahr LG, Trivellin G, Stratakis CA. GPR101: Modeling a constitutively active receptor linked to X-linked acrogigantism. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 127:108676. [PMID: 38006624 PMCID: PMC10843723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
GPR101 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) implicated in a rare form of genetic gigantism known as X-linked acrogigantism, or X-LAG. In particular, X-LAG patients harbor microduplications in the long arm of the X-chromosome that invariably include the GPR101 gene. Duplications of the GPR101 gene lead to the formation of a new chromatin domain that causes over-expression of the receptor in the pituitary tumors of the patients. Notably, GPR101 is a constitutively active receptor, which stimulates cells to produce the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the absence of ligands. Moreover, GPR101 was recently reported to constitutively activate not only the cAMP pathway via Gs, but also other G protein subunits (Gq/11 and G12/13). Hence, chemicals that block the constitutive activity of GPR101, known as inverse agonists, have the potential to be useful for the development of pharmacological tools for the treatment of X-LAG. In this study, we provide structural insights into the putative structure of GPR101 based on in-house built homology models, as well as third party models based on the machine learning methods AlphaFold and AlphaFold-Multistate. Moreover, we report a molecular dynamics study, meant to further probe the constitutive activity of GPR101. Finally, we provide a structural comparison with the closest GPCRs, which suggests that GPR101 does not share their natural ligands. While this manuscript was under review, cryo-electron microscopy structures of GPR101 were reported. These structures are expected to enable computer-aided ligand discovery efforts targeting GPR101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Costanzi
- American University, Department of Chemistry, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Lea G Stahr
- American University, Department of Chemistry, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
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15
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Dai Z, Gong Z, Wang C, Long W, Liu D, Zhang H, Lei A. The role of hormones in ILC2-driven allergic airway inflammation. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13357. [PMID: 39008023 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a type of innate immune cells that produce a large amount of IL-5 and IL-13 and two cytokines that are crucial for various processes such as allergic airway inflammation, tissue repair and tissue homeostasis. It is known that damaged epithelial-derived alarmins, such as IL-33, IL-25 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), are the predominant ILC2 activators that mediate the production of type 2 cytokines. In recent years, abundant studies have found that many factors can regulate ILC2 development and function. Hormones synthesized by the body's endocrine glands or cells play an important role in immune response. Notably, ILC2s express hormone receptors and their proliferation and function can be modulated by multiple hormones during allergic airway inflammation. Here, we summarize the effects of multiple hormones on ILC2-driven allergic airway inflammation and discuss the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongling Dai
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhande Gong
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - WeiXiang Long
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Duo Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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16
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Abdul-Ridha A, de Zhang LA, Betrie AH, Deluigi M, Vaid TM, Whitehead A, Zhang Y, Davis B, Harris R, Simmonite H, Hubbard RE, Gooley PR, Plückthun A, Bathgate RA, Chalmers DK, Scott DJ. Identification of a Novel Subtype-Selective α 1B-Adrenoceptor Antagonist. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:671-684. [PMID: 38238043 PMCID: PMC10854767 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenoceptors (α1-ARs) are members of the adrenoceptor G protein-coupled receptor family that are activated by adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline. α1-ARs are clinically targeted using antagonists that have minimal subtype selectivity, such as prazosin and tamsulosin, to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia, respectively. Abundant expression of α1-ARs in the heart and central nervous system (CNS) makes these receptors potential targets for the treatment of cardiovascular and CNS disorders, such as heart failure, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. Our understanding of the precise physiological roles of α1-ARs, however, and their involvement in disease has been hindered by the lack of sufficiently subtype-selective tool compounds, especially for α1B-AR. Here, we report the discovery of 4-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-6-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (Cpd1), as an α1B-AR antagonist that has 10-15-fold selectivity over α1A-AR and α1D-AR. Through computational and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we have identified the binding site of Cpd1 in α1B-AR and propose the molecular basis of α1B-AR selectivity, where the nonconserved V19745.52 residue plays a major role, with contributions from L3146.55 within the α1B-AR pocket. By exploring the structure-activity relationships of Cpd1 at α1B-AR, we have also identified 3-[(cyclohexylamino)methyl]-6-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (Cpd24), which has a stronger binding affinity than Cpd1, albeit with reduced selectivity for α1B-AR. Cpd1 and Cpd24 represent potential leads for α1B-AR-selective drug discovery and novel tool molecules to further study the physiology of α1-ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abdul-Ridha
- The
Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lazarus A. de Zhang
- The
Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Mattia Deluigi
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tasneem M. Vaid
- The
Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Bio21
Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alice Whitehead
- The
Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhang
- The
Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ben Davis
- Vernalis
(R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K.
| | - Richard Harris
- Vernalis
(R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K.
| | | | - Roderick E. Hubbard
- Vernalis
(R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Paul R. Gooley
- The
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Bio21
Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ross A.D. Bathgate
- The
Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David K. Chalmers
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- The
Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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17
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Chang Y, Zhou H, Ren Y, Zhang J, Sun L, Du M, Zhao J, Chu H, Zhao Y. Identifying multi-target drugs for prostate cancer using machine learning-assisted transcriptomic analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-11. [PMID: 38102880 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2294168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men, and the development of effective treatments is of great importance. This study explored to identify the candidate drugs for prostate cancer by transcriptomic data and CMap database analysis. After integrating the results of omics analysis, bisoprolol is confirmed as a promising drug. Moreover, cell experiment reveals its potential inhibitory effect on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Importantly, machine learning methods are employed to predict the targets of bisoprolol, and the dual-target ADRB3 and hERG are explored by dynamic simulation. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of bisoprolol as a multi-target drug for prostate cancer treatment and the feasibility of using beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitors in prostate cancer treatment. In addition, the proposed research approach is promising for discovering potential drugs for cancer treatment by leveraging the concept of drug side effects leading to anticancer effects. Further research is necessary to investigate the pharmacological action, potential toxicity, and underlying mechanisms of bisoprolol in treating prostate cancer with ADRB3.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Chang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxiang Ren
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Minghui Du
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiying Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yongshan Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Cheng L, Xia F, Li Z, Shen C, Yang Z, Hou H, Sun S, Feng Y, Yong X, Tian X, Qin H, Yan W, Shao Z. Structure, function and drug discovery of GPCR signaling. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:46. [PMID: 38047990 PMCID: PMC10695916 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are versatile and vital proteins involved in a wide array of physiological processes and responses, such as sensory perception (e.g., vision, taste, and smell), immune response, hormone regulation, and neurotransmission. Their diverse and essential roles in the body make them a significant focus for pharmaceutical research and drug development. Currently, approximately 35% of marketed drugs directly target GPCRs, underscoring their prominence as therapeutic targets. Recent advances in structural biology have substantially deepened our understanding of GPCR activation mechanisms and interactions with G-protein and arrestin signaling pathways. This review offers an in-depth exploration of both traditional and recent methods in GPCR structure analysis. It presents structure-based insights into ligand recognition and receptor activation mechanisms and delves deeper into the mechanisms of canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways downstream of GPCRs. Furthermore, it highlights recent advancements in GPCR-related drug discovery and development. Particular emphasis is placed on GPCR selective drugs, allosteric and biased signaling, polyphamarcology, and antibody drugs. Our goal is to provide researchers with a thorough and updated understanding of GPCR structure determination, signaling pathway investigation, and drug development. This foundation aims to propel forward-thinking therapeutic approaches that target GPCRs, drawing upon the latest insights into GPCR ligand selectivity, activation, and biased signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenglong Shen
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqian Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanlin Hou
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Suyue Sun
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Feng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxi Qin
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Frontiers Medical Center, Chengdu, 610212, China.
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19
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Xu Z, Guo L, Yu J, Shen S, Wu C, Zhang W, Zhao C, Deng Y, Tian X, Feng Y, Hou H, Su L, Wang H, Guo S, Wang H, Wang K, Chen P, Zhao J, Zhang X, Yong X, Cheng L, Liu L, Yang S, Yang F, Wang X, Yu X, Xu Y, Sun JP, Yan W, Shao Z. Ligand recognition and G-protein coupling of trace amine receptor TAAR1. Nature 2023; 624:672-681. [PMID: 37935376 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Trace-amine-associated receptors (TAARs), a group of biogenic amine receptors, have essential roles in neurological and metabolic homeostasis1. They recognize diverse endogenous trace amines and subsequently activate a range of G-protein-subtype signalling pathways2,3. Notably, TAAR1 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for treating psychiatric disorders4,5. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its ability to recognize different ligands remain largely unclear. Here we present nine cryo-electron microscopy structures, with eight showing human and mouse TAAR1 in a complex with an array of ligands, including the endogenous 3-iodothyronamine, two antipsychotic agents, the psychoactive drug amphetamine and two identified catecholamine agonists, and one showing 5-HT1AR in a complex with an antipsychotic agent. These structures reveal a rigid consensus binding motif in TAAR1 that binds to endogenous trace amine stimuli and two extended binding pockets that accommodate diverse chemotypes. Combined with mutational analysis, functional assays and molecular dynamic simulations, we elucidate the structural basis of drug polypharmacology and identify the species-specific differences between human and mouse TAAR1. Our study provides insights into the mechanism of ligand recognition and G-protein selectivity by TAAR1, which may help in the discovery of ligands or therapeutic strategies for neurological and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Lulu Guo
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Shen
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuying Feng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanlin Hou
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lantian Su
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shuo Guo
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heli Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, China.
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20
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Do HN, Wang J, Miao Y. Deep Learning Dynamic Allostery of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. JACS AU 2023; 3:3165-3180. [PMID: 38034960 PMCID: PMC10685416 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) make up the largest superfamily of human membrane proteins and represent primary targets of ∼1/3 of currently marketed drugs. Allosteric modulators have emerged as more selective drug candidates compared with orthosteric agonists and antagonists. However, many X-ray and cryo-EM structures of GPCRs resolved so far exhibit negligible differences upon the binding of positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs). The mechanism of dynamic allosteric modulation in GPCRs remains unclear. In this work, we have systematically mapped dynamic changes in free energy landscapes of GPCRs upon binding of allosteric modulators using the Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD), deep learning (DL), and free energy prOfiling Workflow (GLOW). GaMD simulations were performed for a total of 66 μs on 44 GPCR systems in the presence and absence of the modulator. DL and free energy calculations revealed significantly reduced dynamic fluctuations and conformational space of GPCRs upon modulator binding. While the modulator-free GPCRs often sampled multiple low-energy conformational states, the NAMs and PAMs confined the inactive and active agonist-G-protein-bound GPCRs, respectively, to mostly only one specific conformation for signaling. Such cooperative effects were significantly reduced for binding of the selective modulators to "non-cognate" receptor subtypes. Therefore, GPCR allostery exhibits a dynamic "conformational selection" mechanism. In the absence of available modulator-bound structures as for most current GPCRs, it is critical to use a structural ensemble of representative GPCR conformations rather than a single structure for compound docking ("ensemble docking"), which will potentially improve structure-based design of novel allosteric drugs of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinan Wang
- Computational Biology Program
and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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21
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Liccardo F, Morstein J, Lin TY, Pampel J, Shokat KM, Irannejad R. Selective activation of intracellular β1AR using a spatially restricted antagonist. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.22.568314. [PMID: 38045405 PMCID: PMC10690298 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.22.568314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate several physiological and pathological processes and represent the target of approximately 30% of FDA-approved drugs. GPCR-mediated signaling was thought to occur exclusively at the plasma membrane. However, recent studies have unveiled their presence and function at subcellular membrane compartments. There is a growing interest in studying compartmentalized signaling of GPCRs. This requires development of novel tools to separate GPCRs signaling at the plasma membrane from the ones initiated at intracellular compartments. We took advantage of the structural and pharmacological information available for β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR), an exemplary GPCR that functions at subcellular compartments, and rationally designed spatially restricted antagonists. We generated a cell impermeable β1AR antagonist by conjugating a suitable pharmacophore to a sulfonate-containing fluorophore. This cell-impermeable antagonist only inhibited β1AR on the plasma membrane. In contrast, a cell permeable β1AR agonist containing a non-sulfonated fluorophore, efficiently inhibited both the plasma membrane and Golgi pools of β1ARs. Furthermore, the cell impermeable antagonist selectively inhibited the phosphorylation of downstream effectors of PKA proximal to the plasma membrane in adult cardiomyocytes while β1AR intracellular pool remained active. Our tools offer promising avenues for investigating compartmentalized β1AR signaling in various context, potentially advancing our understanding of β1AR-mediated cellular responses in health and disease. They also offer a general strategy to study compartmentalized signaling for other GPCRs in various biological systems.
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22
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Park JH, Kawakami K, Ishimoto N, Ikuta T, Ohki M, Ekimoto T, Ikeguchi M, Lee DS, Lee YH, Tame JRH, Inoue A, Park SY. Structural basis for ligand recognition and signaling of hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7150. [PMID: 37932263 PMCID: PMC10628104 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCAR1, HCAR2, and HCAR3) transduce Gi/o signaling upon biding to molecules such as lactic acid, butyric acid and 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, which are associated with lipolytic and atherogenic activity, and neuroinflammation. Although many reports have elucidated the function of HCAR2 and its potential as a therapeutic target for treating not only dyslipidemia but also neuroimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, the structural basis of ligand recognition and ligand-induced Gi-coupling remains unclear. Here we report three cryo-EM structures of the human HCAR2-Gi signaling complex, each bound with different ligands: niacin, acipimox or GSK256073. All three agonists are held in a deep pocket lined by residues that are not conserved in HCAR1 and HCAR3. A distinct hairpin loop at the HCAR2 N-terminus and extra-cellular loop 2 (ECL2) completely enclose the ligand. These structures also reveal the agonist-induced conformational changes propagated to the G-protein-coupling interface during activation. Collectively, the structures presented here are expected to help in the design of ligands specific for HCAR2, leading to new drugs for the treatment of various diseases such as dyslipidemia and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Park
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naito Ishimoto
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ikuta
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mio Ohki
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toru Ekimoto
- Computational Life Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Ikeguchi
- Computational Life Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- HPC- and AI-driven Drug Development Platform Division, Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Dong-Sun Lee
- Bio-Health Materials Core-Facility Center and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jeremy R H Tame
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Sam-Yong Park
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
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23
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Yang PC, Rose A, DeMarco KR, Dawson JRD, Han Y, Jeng MT, Harvey RD, Santana LF, Ripplinger CM, Vorobyov I, Lewis TJ, Clancy CE. A multiscale predictive digital twin for neurocardiac modulation. J Physiol 2023; 601:3789-3812. [PMID: 37528537 PMCID: PMC10528740 DOI: 10.1113/jp284391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac function is tightly regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Activation of the sympathetic nervous system increases cardiac output by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, while parasympathetic nerve stimulation instantly slows heart rate. Importantly, imbalance in autonomic control of the heart has been implicated in the development of arrhythmias and heart failure. Understanding of the mechanisms and effects of autonomic stimulation is a major challenge because synapses in different regions of the heart result in multiple changes to heart function. For example, nerve synapses on the sinoatrial node (SAN) impact pacemaking, while synapses on contractile cells alter contraction and arrhythmia vulnerability. Here, we present a multiscale neurocardiac modelling and simulator tool that predicts the effect of efferent stimulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS on the cardiac SAN and ventricular myocardium. The model includes a layered representation of the ANS and reproduces firing properties measured experimentally. Model parameters are derived from experiments and atomistic simulations. The model is a first prototype of a digital twin that is applied to make predictions across all system scales, from subcellular signalling to pacemaker frequency to tissue level responses. We predict conditions under which autonomic imbalance induces proarrhythmia and can be modified to prevent or inhibit arrhythmia. In summary, the multiscale model constitutes a predictive digital twin framework to test and guide high-throughput prediction of novel neuromodulatory therapy. KEY POINTS: A multi-layered model representation of the autonomic nervous system that includes sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, each with sparse random intralayer connectivity, synaptic dynamics and conductance based integrate-and-fire neurons generates firing patterns in close agreement with experiment. A key feature of the neurocardiac computational model is the connection between the autonomic nervous system and both pacemaker and contractile cells, where modification to pacemaker frequency drives initiation of electrical signals in the contractile cells. We utilized atomic-scale molecular dynamics simulations to predict the association and dissociation rates of noradrenaline with the β-adrenergic receptor. Multiscale predictions demonstrate how autonomic imbalance may increase proclivity to arrhythmias or be used to terminate arrhythmias. The model serves as a first step towards a digital twin for predicting neuromodulation to prevent or reduce disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Yang
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Adam Rose
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kevin R. DeMarco
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - John R. D. Dawson
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Yanxiao Han
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mao-Tsuen Jeng
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - L. Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Igor Vorobyov
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Timothy J. Lewis
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Colleen E. Clancy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
- Center for Precision Medicine and Data Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
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24
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Su M, Wang J, Xiang G, Do HN, Levitz J, Miao Y, Huang XY. Structural basis of agonist specificity of α 1A-adrenergic receptor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4819. [PMID: 37563160 PMCID: PMC10415349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) play critical roles in the cardiovascular and nervous systems where they regulate blood pressure, cognition, and metabolism. However, the lack of specific agonists for all α1 subtypes has limited our understanding of the physiological roles of different α1-AR subtypes, and led to the stagnancy in agonist-based drug development for these receptors. Here we report cryo-EM structures of α1A-AR in complex with heterotrimeric G-proteins and either the endogenous common agonist epinephrine or the α1A-AR-specific synthetic agonist A61603. These structures provide molecular insights into the mechanisms underlying the discrimination between α1A-AR and α1B-AR by A61603. Guided by the structures and corresponding molecular dynamics simulations, we engineer α1A-AR mutants that are not responsive to A61603, and α1B-AR mutants that can be potently activated by A61603. Together, these findings advance our understanding of the agonist specificity for α1-ARs at the molecular level, opening the possibility of rational design of subtype-specific agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfei Su
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jinan Wang
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Guoqing Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hung Nguyen Do
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA.
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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25
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Toyoda Y, Zhu A, Kong F, Shan S, Zhao J, Wang N, Sun X, Zhang L, Yan C, Kobilka BK, Liu X. Structural basis of α 1A-adrenergic receptor activation and recognition by an extracellular nanobody. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3655. [PMID: 37339967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The α1A-adrenergic receptor (α1AAR) belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors that respond to adrenaline and noradrenaline. α1AAR is involved in smooth muscle contraction and cognitive function. Here, we present three cryo-electron microscopy structures of human α1AAR bound to the endogenous agonist noradrenaline, its selective agonist oxymetazoline, and the antagonist tamsulosin, with resolutions range from 2.9 Å to 3.5 Å. Our active and inactive α1AAR structures reveal the activation mechanism and distinct ligand binding modes for noradrenaline compared with other adrenergic receptor subtypes. In addition, we identified a nanobody that preferentially binds to the extracellular vestibule of α1AAR when bound to the selective agonist oxymetazoline. These results should facilitate the design of more selective therapeutic drugs targeting both orthosteric and allosteric sites in this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Toyoda
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Angqi Zhu
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fang Kong
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Sisi Shan
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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26
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Xu X, Shonberg J, Kaindl J, Clark MJ, Stößel A, Maul L, Mayer D, Hübner H, Hirata K, Venkatakrishnan AJ, Dror RO, Kobilka BK, Sunahara RK, Liu X, Gmeiner P. Constrained catecholamines gain β 2AR selectivity through allosteric effects on pocket dynamics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2138. [PMID: 37059717 PMCID: PMC10104803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) within the same subfamily often share high homology in their orthosteric pocket and therefore pose challenges to drug development. The amino acids that form the orthosteric binding pocket for epinephrine and norepinephrine in the β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors (β1AR and β2AR) are identical. Here, to examine the effect of conformational restriction on ligand binding kinetics, we synthesized a constrained form of epinephrine. Surprisingly, the constrained epinephrine exhibits over 100-fold selectivity for the β2AR over the β1AR. We provide evidence that the selectivity may be due to reduced ligand flexibility that enhances the association rate for the β2AR, as well as a less stable binding pocket for constrained epinephrine in the β1AR. The differences in the amino acid sequence of the extracellular vestibule of the β1AR allosterically alter the shape and stability of the binding pocket, resulting in a marked difference in affinity compared to the β2AR. These studies suggest that for receptors containing identical binding pocket residues, the binding selectivity may be influenced in an allosteric manner by surrounding residues, like those of the extracellular loops (ECLs) that form the vestibule. Exploiting these allosteric influences may facilitate the development of more subtype-selective ligands for GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- State Key laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jeremy Shonberg
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Kaindl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mary J Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Anne Stößel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis Maul
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kunio Hirata
- Advanced Photon Technology Division, Research Infrastructure Group, SR Life Science Instrumentation Unit, RIKEN/SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto Sayo-cho Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - A J Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA.
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- State Key laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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27
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Williamson MP. Protein Binding: A Fuzzy Concept. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040855. [PMID: 37109384 PMCID: PMC10145316 DOI: 10.3390/life13040855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of protein binding interactions has matured significantly over the last few years, largely as a result of trying to make sense of the binding interactions of intrinsically disordered proteins. Here, we bring together some disparate ideas that have largely developed independently, and show that they can be linked into a coherent picture that provides insight into quantitative aspects of protein interactions, in particular that transient protein interactions are often optimised for speed, rather than tight binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike P Williamson
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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28
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Moreau CJ, Audic G, Lemel L, García-Fernández MD, Nieścierowicz K. Interactions of cholesterol molecules with GPCRs in different states: A comparative analysis of GPCRs' structures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184100. [PMID: 36521554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Audic
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura Lemel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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29
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Do H, Wang J, Miao Y. Deep Learning Dynamic Allostery of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2543463. [PMID: 36865316 PMCID: PMC9980202 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2543463/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest superfamily of human membrane proteins and represent primary targets of ~ 1/3 of currently marketed drugs. Allosteric modulators have emerged as more selective drug candidates compared with orthosteric agonists and antagonists. However, many X-ray and cryo-EM structures of GPCRs resolved so far exhibit negligible differences upon binding of positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs). Mechanism of dynamic allosteric modulation in GPCRs remains unclear. In this work, we have systematically mapped dynamic changes in free energy landscapes of GPCRs upon binding of allosteric modulators using the Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD), Deep Learning (DL) and free energy prOfiling Workflow (GLOW). A total of 18 available high-resolution experimental structures of allosteric modulator-bound class A and B GPCRs were collected for simulations. A number of 8 computational models were generated to examine selectivity of the modulators by changing their target receptors to different subtypes. All-atom GaMD simulations were performed for a total of 66 μs on 44 GPCR systems in the presence/absence of the modulator. DL and free energy calculations revealed significantly reduced conformational space of GPCRs upon modulator binding. While the modulator-free GPCRs often sampled multiple low-energy conformational states, the NAMs and PAMs confined the inactive and active agonist-G protein-bound GPCRs, respectively, to mostly only one specific conformation for signaling. Such cooperative effects were significantly reduced for binding of the selective modulators to "non-cognate" receptor subtypes in the computational models. Therefore, comprehensive DL of extensive GaMD simulations has revealed a general dynamic mechanism of GPCR allostery, which will greatly facilitate rational design of selective allosteric drugs of GPCRs.
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30
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Quantitative analysis of sterol-modulated monomer-dimer equilibrium of the β 1-adrenergic receptor by DEER spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221036120. [PMID: 36745787 PMCID: PMC9963004 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221036120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) activate numerous intracellular signaling pathways. The oligomerization properties of GPCRs, and hence their cellular functions, may be modulated by various components within the cell membrane (such as the presence of cholesterol). Modulation may occur directly via specific interaction with the GPCR or indirectly by affecting the physical properties of the membrane. Here, we use pulsed Q-band double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy to probe distances between R1 nitroxide spin labels attached to Cys163 and Cys344 of the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR) in n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside micelles upon titration with two soluble cholesterol analogs, cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) and sodium cholate. The former, like cholesterol, inserts itself into the lipid membrane, parallel to the phospholipid chains; the latter is aligned parallel to the surface of membranes. Global quantitative analysis of DEER echo curves upon titration of spin-labeled β1AR with CHS and sodium cholate reveal the following: CHS binds specifically to the β1AR monomer at a site close to the Cys163-R1 spin label with an equilibrium dissociation constant [Formula: see text] ~1.4 ± 0.4 mM. While no direct binding of sodium cholate to the β1AR receptor was observed by DEER, sodium cholate induces specific β1AR dimerization ([Formula: see text] ~35 ± 6 mM and a Hill coefficient n ~ 2.5 ± 0.4) with intersubunit contacts between transmembrane helices 1 and 2 and helix 8. Analysis of the DEER data obtained upon the addition of CHS to the β1AR dimer in the presence of excess cholate results in dimer dissociation with species occupancies as predicted from the individual KD values.
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31
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Do HN, Wang J, Miao Y. Deep Learning Dynamic Allostery of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.15.524128. [PMID: 36711515 PMCID: PMC9882226 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.15.524128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest superfamily of human membrane proteins and represent primary targets of ~1/3 of currently marketed drugs. Allosteric modulators have emerged as more selective drug candidates compared with orthosteric agonists and antagonists. However, many X-ray and cryo-EM structures of GPCRs resolved so far exhibit negligible differences upon binding of positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs). Mechanism of dynamic allosteric modulation in GPCRs remains unclear. In this work, we have systematically mapped dynamic changes in free energy landscapes of GPCRs upon binding of allosteric modulators using the Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD), Deep Learning (DL) and free energy prOfiling Workflow (GLOW). A total of 18 available high-resolution experimental structures of allosteric modulator-bound class A and B GPCRs were collected for simulations. A number of 8 computational models were generated to examine selectivity of the modulators by changing their target receptors to different subtypes. All-atom GaMD simulations were performed for a total of 66 μs on 44 GPCR systems in the presence/absence of the modulator. DL and free energy calculations revealed significantly reduced conformational space of GPCRs upon modulator binding. While the modulator-free GPCRs often sampled multiple low-energy conformational states, the NAMs and PAMs confined the inactive and active agonist-G protein-bound GPCRs, respectively, to mostly only one specific conformation for signaling. Such cooperative effects were significantly reduced for binding of the selective modulators to "non-cognate" receptor subtypes in the computational models. Therefore, comprehensive DL of extensive GaMD simulations has revealed a general dynamic mechanism of GPCR allostery, which will greatly facilitate rational design of selective allosteric drugs of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N. Do
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jinan Wang
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
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32
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Hu J, Sun X, Kang Z, Cheng J. Computational investigation of functional water molecules in GPCRs bound to G protein or arrestin. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023; 37:91-105. [PMID: 36459325 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins constituting the largest family of drug targets. The activated GPCR binds either the heterotrimeric G proteins or arrestin through its activation cycle. Water molecules have been reported to play a role in GPCR activation. Nevertheless, reported studies are focused on the hydrophobic helical bundle region. How water molecules function in GPCR bound either G protein or arrestin is rarely studied. To address this issue, we carried out computational studies on water molecules in both GPCR/G protein complexes and GPCR/arrestin complexes. Using inhomogeneous fluid theory (IFT), we locate all possible hydration sites in GPCRs binding either to G protein or arrestin. We observe that the number of water molecules on the interaction surface between GPCRs and signal proteins are correlated with the insertion depths of the α5-helix from G-protein or "finger loop" from arrestin in GPCRs. In three out of the four simulation pairs, the interfaces of Rhodopsin, M2R and NTSR1 in the G protein-associated systems show more water-mediated hydrogen-bond networks when compared to these in arrestin-associated systems. This reflects that more functionally relevant water molecules may probably be attracted in G protein-associated structures than that in arrestin-associated structures. Moreover, we find the water-mediated interaction networks throughout the NPxxY region and the orthosteric pocket, which may be a key for GPCR activation. Reported studies show that non-biased agonist, which can trigger both GPCR-G protein and GPCR-arrestin activation signal, can result in pharmacologically toxicities. Our comprehensive studies of the hydration sites in GPCR/G protein complexes and GPCR/arrestin complexes may provide important insights in the design of G-protein biased agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianqiang Sun
- AutoDrug Biotech Co. Ltd, No. 58 XiangKe Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengzhong Kang
- AutoDrug Biotech Co. Ltd, No. 58 XiangKe Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianxin Cheng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China.
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33
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Kang H, Park C, Choi YK, Bae J, Kwon S, Kim J, Choi C, Seok C, Im W, Choi HJ. Structural basis for Y2 receptor-mediated neuropeptide Y and peptide YY signaling. Structure 2023; 31:44-57.e6. [PMID: 36525977 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptors are expressed in various human tissues including the brain where they regulate appetite and emotion. Upon NPY stimulation, the neuropeptide Y1 and Y2 receptors (Y1R and Y2R, respectively) activate GI signaling, but their physiological responses to food intake are different. In addition, deletion of the two N-terminal amino acids of peptide YY (PYY(3-36)), the endogenous form found in circulation, can stimulate Y2R but not Y1R, suggesting that Y1R and Y2R may have distinct ligand-binding modes. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the PYY(3-36)‒Y2R‒Gi and NPY‒Y2R‒Gi complexes. Using cell-based assays, molecular dynamics simulations, and structural analysis, we revealed the molecular basis of the exclusive binding of PYY(3-36) to Y2R. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Y2R favors G protein signaling over β-arrestin signaling upon activation, whereas Y1R does not show a preference between these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunook Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaehee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeol Kyo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jungnam Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulwon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaok Seok
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Carbone AM, Del Calvo G, Nagliya D, Sharma K, Lymperopoulos A. Autonomic Nervous System Regulation of Epicardial Adipose Tissue: Potential Roles for Regulator of G Protein Signaling-4. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:6093-6103. [PMID: 36547076 PMCID: PMC9776453 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) or epicardial fat is a visceral fat depot in the heart that contains intrinsic adrenergic and cholinergic nerves, through which it interacts with the cardiac sympathetic (adrenergic) and parasympathetic (cholinergic) nervous systems. These EAT nerves represent a significant source of several adipokines and other bioactive molecules, including norepinephrine, epinephrine, and free fatty acids. The production of these molecules is biologically relevant for the heart, since abnormalities in EAT secretion are implicated in the development of pathological conditions, including coronary atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure. Sympathetic hyperactivity and parasympathetic (cholinergic) derangement are associated with EAT dysfunction, leading to a variety of adverse cardiac conditions, such as heart failure, diastolic dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, etc.; therefore, several studies have focused on exploring the autonomic regulation of EAT as it pertains to heart disease pathogenesis and progression. In addition, Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS)-4 is a protein with significant regulatory roles in both adrenergic and muscarinic receptor signaling in the heart. In this review, we provide an overview of the autonomic regulation of EAT, with a specific focus on cardiac RGS4 and the potential roles this protein plays in this regulation.
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35
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Gaskill PJ, Khoshbouei H. Dopamine and norepinephrine are embracing their immune side and so should we. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 77:102626. [PMID: 36058009 PMCID: PMC10481402 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
While the history of neuroimmunology is long, the explicit study of neuroimmune communication, and particularly the role of catecholamines in neuroimmunity, is still emerging. Recent studies have shown that catecholamines, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, are central to multiple complex mechanisms regulating immune function. These studies show that catecholamines can be released from both the nervous system and directly from immune cells, mediating both autocrine and paracrine signaling. This commentary highlights the importance of catecholaminergic immunomodulation and discusses new considerations needed to study the role of catecholamines in immune homeostasis to best leverage their contribution to disease processes for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA. https://twitter.com/Khoshbouei_lab
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36
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Casajuana-Martin N, Navarro G, Gonzalez A, Llinas del Torrent C, Gómez-Autet M, Quintana García A, Franco R, Pardo L. A Single Point Mutation Blocks the Entrance of Ligands to the Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptor via the Lipid Bilayer. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5771-5779. [PMID: 36302505 PMCID: PMC9709915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations have become a common tool to study the pathway of ligand entry to the orthosteric binding site of G protein-coupled receptors. Here, we have combined MD simulations and site-directed mutagenesis to study the binding process of the potent JWH-133 agonist to the cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R). In CB2R, the N-terminus and extracellular loop 2 fold over the ligand binding pocket, blocking access to the binding cavity from the extracellular environment. We, thus, hypothesized that the binding pathway is a multistage process consisting of the hydrophobic ligand diffusing in the lipid bilayer to contact a lipid-facing vestibule, from which the ligand enters an allosteric site inside the transmembrane bundle through a tunnel formed between TMs 1 and 7 and finally moving from the allosteric to the orthosteric binding cavity. This pathway was experimentally validated by the Ala2827.36Phe mutation that blocks the entrance of the ligand, as JWH-133 was not able to decrease the forskolin-induced cAMP levels in cells expressing the mutant receptor. This proposed ligand entry pathway defines transient binding sites that are potential cavities for the design of synthetic modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Casajuana-Martin
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department
of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Centro
de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Llinas del Torrent
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Gómez-Autet
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Quintana García
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Centro
de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain,Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,E-mail:
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Borges JI, Ferraino KE, Cora N, Nagliya D, Suster MS, Carbone AM, Lymperopoulos A. Adrenal G Protein-Coupled Receptors and the Failing Heart: A Long-distance, Yet Intimate Affair. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:386-392. [PMID: 34983911 PMCID: PMC9294064 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Systolic heart failure (HF) is a chronic clinical syndrome characterized by the reduction in cardiac function and still remains the disease with the highest mortality worldwide. Despite considerable advances in pharmacological treatment, HF represents a severe clinical and social burden. Chronic human HF is characterized by several important neurohormonal perturbations, emanating from both the autonomic nervous system and the adrenal glands. Circulating catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) and aldosterone elevations are among the salient alterations that confer significant hormonal burden on the already compromised function of the failing heart. This is why sympatholytic treatments (such as β-blockers) and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, which block the effects of angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone on the failing heart, are part of the mainstay HF pharmacotherapy presently. The adrenal gland plays an important role in the modulation of cardiac neurohormonal stress because it is the source of almost all aldosterone, of all epinephrine, and of a significant amount of norepinephrine reaching the failing myocardium from the blood circulation. Synthesis and release of these hormones in the adrenals is tightly regulated by adrenal G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as adrenergic receptors and AngII receptors. In this review, we discuss important aspects of adrenal GPCR signaling and regulation, as they pertain to modulation of cardiac function in the context of chronic HF, by focusing on the 2 best studied adrenal GPCR types in that context, adrenergic receptors and AngII receptors (AT 1 Rs). Particular emphasis is given to findings from the past decade and a half that highlight the emerging roles of the GPCR-kinases and the β-arrestins in the adrenals, 2 protein families that regulate the signaling and functioning of GPCRs in all tissues, including the myocardium and the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana I. Borges
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Krysten E. Ferraino
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Natalie Cora
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Deepika Nagliya
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Malka S. Suster
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Carbone
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
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38
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Wingler LM, Feld AP. Nanobodies as Probes and Modulators of Cardiovascular G Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:342-353. [PMID: 34840268 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Understanding the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is of paramount importance to the field of cardiovascular medicine due to the critical physiological roles of these receptors and their prominence as drug targets. Although many cardiovascular GPCRs have been extensively studied as model receptors for decades, new complexities in their regulation continue to emerge. As a result, there is an ongoing need to develop novel approaches to monitor and to modulate GPCR activation. In less than a decade, nanobodies, or recombinant single-domain antibody fragments from camelids, have become indispensable tools for interrogating GPCRs both in purified systems and in living cells. Nanobodies have gained traction rapidly due to their biochemical tractability and their ability to recognize defined states of native proteins. Here, we review how nanobodies have been adopted to elucidate the structure, pharmacology, and signaling of cardiovascular GPCRs, resolving long-standing mysteries and revealing unexpected mechanisms. We also discuss how advancing technologies to discover nanobodies with tailored specificities may expand the impact of these tools for both basic science and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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39
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Chen J, Wang J, Zeng Q, Wang W, Sun H, Wei B. Exploring the deactivation mechanism of human β2 adrenergic receptor by accelerated molecular dynamic simulations. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:972463. [PMID: 36111136 PMCID: PMC9468641 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.972463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR), one of important members of the G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), has been suggested as an important target for cardiac and asthma drugs. Two replicas of Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations are performed to explore the deactivation mechanism of the active β2AR bound by three different substrates, including the agonist (P0G), antagonist (JTZ) and inverse agonist (JRZ). The simulation results indicate that the Gs protein is needed to stabilize the active state of the β2AR. Without the Gs protein, the receptor could transit from the active state toward the inactive state. During the transition process, helix TM6 moves toward TM3 and TM5 in geometric space and TM5 shrinks upwards. The intermediate state is captured during the transition process of the active β2AR toward the inactive one, moreover the changes in hydrophobic interaction networks between helixes TM3, TM5, and TM6 and the formation of a salt bridge between residues Arg3.50 and Glu6.30 drive the transition process. We expect that this finding can provide energetic basis and molecular mechanism for further understanding the function and target roles of the β2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Jianzhong Chen, ; Benzheng Wei,
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingkai Zeng
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - Benzheng Wei
- Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jianzhong Chen, ; Benzheng Wei,
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40
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Chen H, Zhang S, Hou R, Liu H. Gi-protein-coupled β 1-adrenergic receptor: re-understanding the selectivity of β 1-adrenergic receptor to G protein. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1043-1048. [PMID: 35959878 PMCID: PMC9828293 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β 1-adrenergic receptor (β 1-AR), a member in the family of G-protein-coupled receptors, is a transmembrane receptor of great significance in the heart. Physiologically, catecholamines activate β 1-AR to initiate a positive chronotropic, inotropic, and dromotropic change. It is believed that β 1-AR couples to Gs protein and transmits the signal through second messenger cAMP. However, increasing research shows that β 1-AR can also bind with Gi protein in addition to Gs. When β 1-AR-Gi is biasedly activated, cardioprotective effects are introduced by the activated cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) pathway and the transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. The discovery of β 1-AR-Gi signaling makes us reconsider the selectivity of G protein with regard to β 1-AR, which also provides new ideas for the treatment of heart diseases. This review summarizes the discovery of β 1-AR-Gi pathway, including the evidence that supports β 1-AR's capability to couple Gi, details of the transduction process and functions of the β 1-AR-Gi signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Physiology & PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069China
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology & PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular DiseaseCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069China
| | - Ruiqi Hou
- Department of Physiology & PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology & PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular DiseaseCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069China
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41
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Sykes DA, Jiménez‐Rosés M, Reilly J, Fairhurst RA, Charlton SJ, Veprintsev DB. Exploring the kinetic selectivity of drugs targeting the β 1 -adrenoceptor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00978. [PMID: 35762357 PMCID: PMC9237807 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the β1 -adrenoceptor binding kinetics of several clinically relevant β1/2 -adrenoceptor (β1/2 AR) agonists and antagonists. [3 H]-DHA was used to label CHO-β1 AR for binding studies. The kinetics of ligand binding was assessed using a competition association binding method. Ligand physicochemical properties, including logD7.4 and the immobilized artificial membrane partition coefficient (KIAM ), were assessed using column-based methods. Protein Data Bank (PDB) structures and hydrophobic and electrostatic surface maps were constructed in PyMOL. We demonstrate that the hydrophobic properties of a molecule directly affect its kinetic association rate (kon ) and affinity for the β1 AR. In contrast to our findings at the β2 -adrenoceptor, KIAM , reflecting both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions of the drug with the charged surface of biological membranes, was no better predictor than simple hydrophobicity measurements such as clogP or logD7.4 , at predicting association rate. Bisoprolol proved kinetically selective for the β1 AR subtype, dissociating 50 times slower and partly explaining its higher measured affinity for the β1 AR. We speculate that the association of positively charged ligands at the β1 AR is curtailed somewhat by its predominantly neutral/positive charged extracellular surface. Consequently, hydrophobic interactions in the ligand-binding pocket dominate the kinetics of ligand binding. In comparison at the β2 AR, a combination of hydrophobicity and negative charge attracts basic, positively charged ligands to the receptor's surface promoting the kinetics of ligand binding. Additionally, we reveal the potential role kinetics plays in the on-target and off-target pharmacology of clinically used β-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Sykes
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Mireia Jiménez‐Rosés
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - John Reilly
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Steven J. Charlton
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Dmitry B. Veprintsev
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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42
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Mattern A, Claßen R, Wolf A, Pouokam E, Schlüter KD, Wickleder MS, Diener M. Multivalent stimulation of β 1-, but not β 2-receptors by adrenaline functionalised gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3182-3193. [PMID: 36132815 PMCID: PMC9418053 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00171c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a strategy for the synthesis of catecholamine functionalised gold nanoparticles and investigated their multivalent interactions with adrenergic receptors in different biological systems. The catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline represent key examples of adrenergic agonists. We used gold nanoparticles as carriers and functionalised them on their surface with a variety of these neurotransmitter molecules. For this purpose, we synthesised each ligand separately using mercaptoundecanoic acid as a bifunctional linking unit and adrenaline (or noradrenaline) as a biogenic amine. This ligand was then immobilised onto the surface of presynthesised spherical monodispersive gold nanoparticles in a ligand exchange reaction. After detailed analytical characterisations, the functionalised gold nanoparticles were investigated for their interactions with adrenergic receptors in intestinal, cardiac and respiratory tissues. Whereas the contractility of respiratory smooth muscle cells (regulated by β2-receptors) was not influenced, (nor)adrenaline functionalised nanoparticles administered in nanomolar concentrations induced epithelial K+ secretion (mediated via different β-receptors) and increased contractility of isolated rat cardiomyocytes (mediated by β1-receptors). The present results suggest differences in the accessibility of adrenergic agonists bound to gold nanoparticles to the binding pockets of different β-receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Mattern
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 6 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Rebecca Claßen
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen Frankfurter Strasse 100 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Annemarie Wolf
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen Aulweg 129 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Ervice Pouokam
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen Frankfurter Strasse 100 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen Aulweg 129 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Mathias S Wickleder
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne Greinstrasse 6 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen Frankfurter Strasse 100 35392 Giessen Germany
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43
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Shayiranbieke A, Liang Q, Wang T, Ma J, Li G, Du X, Zhang G, Wang C, Zhao X. Development of immobilized beta1-adrenoceptor chromatography for rapid discovery of ligands specifically binding to the receptor from herbal extract. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Efimov AV, Meshcheryakova OV, Ryazanov AG. Agonists in the Extended Conformation Stabilize the Active State of β-Adrenoceptors. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:628-639. [PMID: 36154885 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the structure of agonists and antagonists of transmembrane (TM) β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs) and their interactions with the β-ARs and proposed the mechanism of receptor activation. A characteristic feature of agonist and antagonist molecules is the presence of a hydrophobic head (most often, one or two aromatic rings) and a tail with a positively charged amino group. All β-adrenergic agonists have two carbon atoms between the aromatic ring of the head and the nitrogen atom of the amino group. In antagonist molecules, this fragment can be either reduced or increased to four atoms due to the additional carbon and oxygen atoms. The agonist head, as a rule, has two H-bond donors or acceptors in the para- and meta-positions of the aromatic rings, while in the antagonist heads, these donors/acceptors are absent or located in other positions. Analysis of known three-dimensional structures of β-AR complexes with agonists showed that the agonist head forms two H-bonds with the TM5 helix, and the tail forms an ionic bond with the D3.32 residue of the TM3 helix and one or two H-bonds with the TM7 helix. The tail of the antagonist can form similar bonds, but the interaction between the head and the TM5 helix is much weaker. As a result of these interactions, the agonist molecule acquires an extended "strained string" conformation, in contrast to the antagonist molecule, which has a longer, bended, and flexible tail. The "strained string" of the agonist interacts with the TM6 helix (primarily with the W6.48 residue) and turns it, which leads to the opening of the G protein-binding site on the intracellular side of the receptor, while flexible and larger antagonist molecules do not have the same effect on the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Efimov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Olga V Meshcheryakova
- Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia.
| | - Alexey G Ryazanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
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45
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Polymorphisms in common antihypertensive targets: Pharmacogenomic implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 94:141-182. [PMID: 35659371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The idea of personalized medicine came to fruition with sequencing the human genome; however, aside from a few cases, the genetic revolution has yet to materialize. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, and hypertension is a common prelude to nearly all cardiovascular diseases. Thus, hypertension is an ideal candidate disease to apply tenants of personalized medicine to lessen cardiovascular disease. Herein is a survey that visually depicts the polymorphisms in the top eight antihypertensive targets. Although there are numerous genome-wide association studies regarding cardiovascular disease, few studies look at the effects of receptor polymorphisms on drug treatment. With 17,000+ polymorphisms in the combined target proteins examined, it is expected that some of the clinical variability in the treatment of hypertension is due to polymorphisms in the drug targets. Recent advances in techniques and technology, such as high throughput examination of single mutations, structure prediction, computational power for modeling, and CRISPR models of point mutations, allow for a relatively rapid and comprehensive examination of the effects of known and future polymorphisms on drug affinity and effects. As hypertension is easy to measure and has a plethora of clinically viable ligands, hypertension makes an excellent disease to study pharmacogenomics in the lab and the clinic. If the promises of personalized medicine are to materialize, a concerted effort to examine the effects polymorphisms have on drugs is required. A clinician with the knowledge of a patient's genotype can then prescribe drugs that are optimal for treating that specific patient.
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46
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Carbone AM, Borges JI, Suster MS, Sizova A, Cora N, Desimine VL, Lymperopoulos A. Regulator of G-Protein Signaling-4 Attenuates Cardiac Adverse Remodeling and Neuronal Norepinephrine Release-Promoting Free Fatty Acid Receptor FFAR3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5803. [PMID: 35628613 PMCID: PMC9147283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid is a cell nutrient but also a stimulus for cellular signaling. Free fatty acid receptor (FFAR)-3, also known as GPR41, is a Gi/o protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates some of the propionate's actions in cells, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and increased firing/norepinephrine release from peripheral sympathetic neurons. The regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS)-4 inactivates (terminates) both Gi/o- and Gq-protein signaling and, in the heart, protects against atrial fibrillation via calcium signaling attenuation. RGS4 activity is stimulated by β-adrenergic receptors (ARs) via protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation. Herein, we examined whether RGS4 modulates cardiac FFAR3 signaling/function. We report that RGS4 is essential for dampening of FFAR3 signaling in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, since siRNA-mediated RGS4 depletion significantly enhanced propionate-dependent cAMP lowering, Gi/o activation, p38 MAPK activation, pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 production, and pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β synthesis. Additionally, catecholamine pretreatment blocked propionic acid/FFAR3 signaling via PKA-dependent activation of RGS4 in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Finally, RGS4 opposes FFAR3-dependent norepinephrine release from sympathetic-like neurons (differentiated Neuro-2a cells) co-cultured with H9c2 cardiomyocytes, thereby preserving the functional βAR number of the cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, RGS4 appears essential for propionate/FFAR3 signaling attenuation in both cardiomyocytes and sympathetic neurons, leading to cardioprotection against inflammation/adverse remodeling and to sympatholysis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA; (A.M.C.); (J.I.B.); (M.S.S.); (A.S.); (N.C.); (V.L.D.)
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47
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Lymperopoulos A, Suster MS, Borges JI. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors and Cardiovascular Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063303. [PMID: 35328722 PMCID: PMC8952772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing experimental and clinical evidence points toward a very important role for the gut microbiome and its associated metabolism in human health and disease, including in cardiovascular disorders. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are metabolically produced and utilized as energy substrates during almost every biological process in the human body. Contrary to long- and medium-chain FFAs, which are mainly synthesized from dietary triglycerides, short-chain FFAs (SCFAs) derive from the gut microbiota-mediated fermentation of indigestible dietary fiber. Originally thought to serve only as energy sources, FFAs are now known to act as ligands for a specific group of cell surface receptors called FFA receptors (FFARs), thereby inducing intracellular signaling to exert a variety of cellular and tissue effects. All FFARs are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that play integral roles in the regulation of metabolism, immunity, inflammation, hormone/neurotransmitter secretion, etc. Four different FFAR types are known to date, with FFAR1 (formerly known as GPR40) and FFAR4 (formerly known as GPR120) mediating long- and medium-chain FFA actions, while FFAR3 (formerly GPR41) and FFAR2 (formerly GPR43) are essentially the SCFA receptors (SCFARs), responding to all SCFAs, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. As with various other organ systems/tissues, the important roles the SCFARs (FFAR2 and FFAR3) play in physiology and in various disorders of the cardiovascular system have been revealed over the last fifteen years. In this review, we discuss the cardiovascular implications of some key (patho)physiological functions of SCFAR signaling pathways, particularly those regulating the neurohormonal control of circulation and adipose tissue homeostasis. Wherever appropriate, we also highlight the potential of these receptors as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disorders.
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48
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Egyed A, Kiss DJ, Keserű GM. The Impact of the Secondary Binding Pocket on the Pharmacology of Class A GPCRs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:847788. [PMID: 35355719 PMCID: PMC8959758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.847788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are considered important therapeutic targets due to their pathophysiological significance and pharmacological relevance. Class A receptors represent the largest group of GPCRs that gives the highest number of validated drug targets. Endogenous ligands bind to the orthosteric binding pocket (OBP) embedded in the intrahelical space of the receptor. During the last 10 years, however, it has been turned out that in many receptors there is secondary binding pocket (SBP) located in the extracellular vestibule that is much less conserved. In some cases, it serves as a stable allosteric site harbouring allosteric ligands that modulate the pharmacology of orthosteric binders. In other cases it is used by bitopic compounds occupying both the OBP and SBP. In these terms, SBP binding moieties might influence the pharmacology of the bitopic ligands. Together with others, our research group showed that SBP binders contribute significantly to the affinity, selectivity, functional activity, functional selectivity and binding kinetics of bitopic ligands. Based on these observations we developed a structure-based protocol for designing bitopic compounds with desired pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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49
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Xu J, Cao S, Hübner H, Weikert D, Chen G, Lu Q, Yuan D, Gmeiner P, Liu Z, Du Y. Structural insights into ligand recognition, activation, and signaling of the α 2A adrenergic receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj5347. [PMID: 35245122 PMCID: PMC8896805 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The α2A adrenergic receptor (α2AAR) is a G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptor that mediates important physiological functions in response to the endogenous neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine, as well as numerous chemically distinct drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms of drug actions remain poorly understood. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human α2AAR-GoA complex bound to norepinephrine and three imidazoline derivatives (brimonidine, dexmedetomidine, and oxymetazoline). Together with mutagenesis and functional data, these structures provide important insights into the molecular basis of ligand recognition, activation, and signaling at the α2AAR. Further structural analyses uncover different molecular determinants between α2AAR and βARs for recognition of norepinephrine and key regions that determine the G protein coupling selectivity. Overall, our studies provide a framework for understanding the signal transduction of the adrenergic system at the atomic level, which will facilitate rational structure-based discovery of safer and more effective medications for α2AAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothée Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Qiuyuan Lu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Daopeng Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding author. (D.Y.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Corresponding author. (D.Y.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Zheng Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Corresponding author. (D.Y.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Corresponding author. (D.Y.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.D.)
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Robertson MJ, Meyerowitz JG, Panova O, Borrelli K, Skiniotis G. Plasticity in ligand recognition at somatostatin receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:210-217. [PMID: 35210615 PMCID: PMC11073612 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a signaling peptide that plays a pivotal role in physiologic processes relating to metabolism and growth through its actions at somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). Members of the SSTR subfamily, particularly SSTR2, are key drug targets for neuroendocrine neoplasms, with synthetic peptide agonists currently in clinical use. Here, we show the cryogenic-electron microscopy structures of active-state SSTR2 in complex with heterotrimeric Gi3 and either the endogenous ligand SST14 or the FDA-approved drug octreotide. Complemented by biochemical assays and molecular dynamics simulations, these structures reveal key details of ligand recognition and receptor activation at SSTRs. We find that SSTR ligand recognition is highly diverse, as demonstrated by ligand-induced conformational changes in ECL2 and substantial sequence divergence across subtypes in extracellular regions. Despite this complexity, we rationalize several known sources of SSTR subtype selectivity and identify an additional interaction for specific binding. These results provide valuable insights for structure-based drug discovery at SSTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin G Meyerowitz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ouliana Panova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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