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Cherif I, Kharroubi G, Darragi I, El Benna S, Gharbi A, Baccouche A, Souissi C, Bahri O, Ben Ahmed M, Bettaieb J. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after natural infection: insights from a study on Pasteur Institute of Tunis employees. Libyan J Med 2024; 19:2348233. [PMID: 38693671 PMCID: PMC11067560 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2024.2348233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the kinetics of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2, following natural infection in a cohort of employees of the Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IPT) and to assess the risk of reinfection over a 12-months follow-up period. A prospective study was conducted among an open cohort of IPT employees with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection that were recruited between September 2020 and March 2021. Sera samples were taken at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after confirmation of COVID-19 infection and tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the spike (S-RBD) protein (IgG anti-S-RBD) and for neutralizing antibodies. Participants who had an initial decline of IgG anti-S-RBD and neutralizing antibodies followed by a subsequent rise in antibody titers as well as those who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR after at least 60 days of follow up were considered as reinfected. In total, 137 individuals were included with a mean age of 44.7 ± 12.3 years and a sex-ratio (Male/Female) of 0.33. Nearly all participants (92.7%) were symptomatic, and 2.2% required hospitalization. Among the 70 participants with three or more prospective blood samples, 32.8% were reinfected among whom 11 (47.8%) reported COVID-19 like symptoms. Up to 12 months of follow up, 100% and 42.9% of participants had detectable IgG anti-S-RBD and neutralizing antibodies, respectively. This study showed that humoral immune response following COVID-19 infection may persist up to 12 months after infection despite the potential risk for reinfection that is mainly explained by the emergence of new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cherif
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ghassen Kharroubi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Darragi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya El Benna
- Laboratory of Microbiology-Biochemistry, Aziza Othmana Hospital, University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Adel Gharbi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amor Baccouche
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine Souissi
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Bahri
- Laboratory of Microbiology-Biochemistry, Aziza Othmana Hospital, University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Bettaieb
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Baig AM, Rosko S, Jaeger B, Gerlach J, Rausch H. Unraveling the enigma of long COVID: novel aspects in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment protocols. Inflammopharmacology 2024:10.1007/s10787-024-01483-2. [PMID: 38771409 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Long COVID, now unmistakably identified as a syndromic entity encompassing a complex spectrum of symptoms, demands immediate resolution of its elusive pathogenic underpinnings. The intricate interplay of diverse factors presents a complex puzzle, difficult to resolve, and thus poses a substantial challenge. As instances of long COVID manifest by repeated infections of SARS-CoV-2 and genetic predisposition, a detailed understanding in this regard is needed. This endeavor is a comprehensive exploration and analysis of the cascading pathogenetic events driven by viral persistence and replication. Beyond its morbidity, long COVID, more disabling than fatal, exacts one of the most substantial tolls on public health in contemporary times, with the potential to cripple national economies. The paper introduces a unified theory of long COVID, detailing a novel pathophysiological framework that interlinks persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection, autoimmunity, and systemic vascular pathology. We posit a model where viral reservoirs, immune dysregulation, and genetic predispositions converge to perpetuate disease. It challenges prevailing hypotheses with new evidence, suggesting innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The paper aims to shift the paradigm in long COVID research by providing an integrative perspective that encapsulates the multifaceted nature of the condition. We explain the immunological mechanisms, hypercoagulability states, and viral reservoirs in the skull that feed NeuroCOVID in patients with long COVID. Also, this study hints toward a patient approach and how to prioritize treatment sequences in long COVID patients in hospitals and clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Rosko
- Clinicum St. George, Rosenheimer Str. 6-8, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Beate Jaeger
- Clinicum St. George, Rosenheimer Str. 6-8, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Joachim Gerlach
- Clinicum St. George, Rosenheimer Str. 6-8, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Hans Rausch
- Clinicum St. George, Rosenheimer Str. 6-8, Bad Aibling, Germany
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3
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Liustrovaite V, Drobysh M, Ratautaite V, Ramanaviciene A, Rimkute A, Simanavicius M, Dalgediene I, Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Plikusiene I, Chen CF, Viter R, Ramanavicius A. Electrochemical biosensor for the evaluation of monoclonal antibodies targeting the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171042. [PMID: 38369150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has prompted a global pandemic that requires continuous research and monitoring. This study presents a design of an electrochemical biosensing platform suitable for the evaluation of monoclonal antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein. Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) modified with gold nanostructures (AuNS) were applied to design a versatile and sensitive sensing platform. Electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), were used to investigate the interactions between immobilised recombinant N (rN) protein and several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The electrochemical characterisation of SPCE/AuNS/rN demonstrated a successful immobilisation of rN, enhancing the electron transfer kinetics. Affinity interactions between immobilised rN and four mAbs (mAb-4B3, mAb-4G6, mAb-12B2, and mAb-1G5) were explored. Although mAb-4B3 showed some non-linearity, the other monoclonal antibodies exhibited specific and well-defined interactions followed by the formation of an immune complex. The biosensing platform demonstrated high sensitivity in the linear range (LR) from 0.2 nM to 1 nM with limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.012 nM to 0.016 nM for mAb-4G6, mAb-12B2, and mAb-1G5 and limits of quantification (LOQ) values ranging from 0.035 nM to 0.139 nM, as determined by both EIS and SWV methods. These results highlight the system's potential for precise and selective detection of monoclonal antibodies specific to the rN. This electrochemical biosensing platform provides a promising route for the sensitive and accurate detection of monoclonal antibodies specific to the rN protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Liustrovaite
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maryia Drobysh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences (FTMC), Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences (FTMC), Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Rimkute
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University (VU), Sauletekio Ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Martynas Simanavicius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University (VU), Sauletekio Ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Indre Dalgediene
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University (VU), Sauletekio Ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Indre Kucinskaite-Kodze
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University (VU), Sauletekio Ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Plikusiene
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Roman Viter
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia; Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment, Sumy State University, 31, Sanatornaya st., 40018 Sumy, Ukraine.
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko St. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences (FTMC), Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Lapadula G, Mezzadri L, Lo Cascio G, Antolini L, Malandrin S, Ranzani A, Limonta S, Cavallero A, Bonfanti P. Anti-spike antibody level is associated with the risk of clinical progression among subjects hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: results from a retrospective cohort study. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02250-9. [PMID: 38652224 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (anti-S) may confer protection against symptomatic COVID-19. Whether their level predicts progression among those with COVID-19 pneumonia remains unclear. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess predictors of anti-S levels and whether anti-S titer is associated with death or mechanical ventilation (MV). Adults hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia between July 2021 and July 2022 were enrolled if anti-S had been measured within 72 h of admission. Predictors of anti-S level were explored using multivariable quantile regression. The association between anti-S levels and 30-day death/MV was investigated via multivariable logistic regression. Analyses were stratified by vaccine status. RESULTS The median anti-S level was 1370 BAU/ml in 328 vaccinated and 15.5 BAU/ml in 206 unvaccinated individuals. Among the vaccinated, shorter symptom duration (p = 0.001), hematological malignancies (p = 0.002), and immunosuppressive therapy (p = 0.004) were associated with lower anti-S levels. In the unvaccinated group, symptom duration was the only predictor of anti-S levels (p < 0.001). After 30 days, 134 patients experienced death or MV. Among vaccinated individuals, higher anti-S levels correlated significantly with lower death/MV risk (per log2 increase, OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.81-0.97), irrespective of age and solid malignancies. Among unvaccinated, a marginally protective effect was observed (OR 0.86, 95%CI 0.73-1.01), independent of age, immunosuppressive therapy, and diabetes. Adjustment for monoclonal antibody treatment strengthened the association (OR 0.81, 95%CI 0.68-0.96). CONCLUSION This study suggests that levels of anti-S antibodies can predict critical or fatal outcomes in COVID-19 pneumonia patients, regardless of vaccination. Whether anti-S Ab could guide risk assessment and vaccination boosting merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lapadula
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy.
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Mezzadri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giustina Lo Cascio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Antolini
- Bicocca Bioinformatics Biostatistics and Bioimaging Center-B4, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Malandrin
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Alice Ranzani
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Limonta
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cavallero
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonfanti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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5
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Zhan XY, Chen Y, Zhang X, Shi Q, Chen K, Zeng C, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Li W, Li M, Peng Q, Qin C, Liu T, Xu H, Yuan D, Ye Z, Yan L, Cheng S, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Chen M, Li K, Ke C, Zhu Y, Huang B. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and associated factors in the healthy population post-vaccination. Vaccine 2024; 42:175-185. [PMID: 38103966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate factors that may influence humoral immunity post-vaccination with a COVID-19-inactivated vaccine (SC2IV). METHODS A total of 1596 healthy individuals from the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (1217) and Shenzhen Baotian Hospital (379) were enrolled in this study among which 694 and 218 participants were vaccinated with two-dose SC2IV, respectively. Physical examination indices were recorded. The levels of neutralizing antibody (NA), Spike IgG, receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG, RBD IgG + IgM + IgA, and nucleocapsid IgG of SARS-CoV-2 were measured by a non-virus ELISA kit. Multiple statistical analyses were carried out to identify factors that influence humoral immunity post-vaccination. RESULTS The two-dosage vaccination could induce NA in more than 90 % of recipients. The NA has the strongest correlation with anti-RBD IgG. Age is the most important independent index that affects the NA level, while basophil count, creatine kinase-MB, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, the ratio of albumin to urine creatinine, and thyroglobulin antibody have relatively minor contributions. Indices that affect the NA level were different between males and females. Antibodies targeting other epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in recipients without anti-RBD. CONCLUSIONS The factors identified in association with the NA level post-vaccination may help to evaluate the protective effect, risk of re-infection, the severity of symptoms, and prognosis for vaccine recipients in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Zhan
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Yun Chen
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Health Management Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Qipeng Shi
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-medical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Kaiyin Chen
- Health Management Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Yuhong Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macau
| | - Wenxia Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Manli Li
- Shenzhen Genrui Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518106, PR China
| | - Qin Peng
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, PR China
| | - Changfei Qin
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Taoli Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Dasen Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Ziheng Ye
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Shuming Cheng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Youpeng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Ming Chen
- Shenzhen Genrui Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518106, PR China.
| | - Ke Li
- Health Management Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China.
| | - Changneng Ke
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, PR China.
| | - Yunxiao Zhu
- Health Management Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China.
| | - Bihui Huang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China.
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6
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Wu J, Yang H, Yu D, Yang X. Blood-derived product therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e426. [PMID: 38020714 PMCID: PMC10651828 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is capable of large-scale transmission and has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 may experience persistent long-term health issues, known as long COVID. Both acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID have resulted in persistent negative impacts on global public health. The effective application and development of blood-derived products are important strategies to combat the serious damage caused by COVID-19. Since the emergence of COVID-19, various blood-derived products that target or do not target SARS-CoV-2 have been investigated for therapeutic applications. SARS-CoV-2-targeting blood-derived products, including COVID-19 convalescent plasma, COVID-19 hyperimmune globulin, and recombinant anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing immunoglobulin G, are virus-targeting and can provide immediate control of viral infection in the short term. Non-SARS-CoV-2-targeting blood-derived products, including intravenous immunoglobulin and human serum albumin exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anticoagulatory properties. Rational use of these products can be beneficial to patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection or long COVID. With evidence accumulated since the pandemic began, we here summarize the progress of blood-derived product therapies for COVID-19, discuss the effective methods and scenarios regarding these therapies, and provide guidance and suggestions for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Wu
- Chengdu Rongsheng Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | | | - Ding Yu
- Chengdu Rongsheng Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
- Beijing Tiantan Biological Products Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
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7
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Xu M, O’Brien MP, Hooper AT, Forleo-Neto E, Isa F, Hou P, Chan KC, Cohen MS, Marovich MA, Hamilton JD, Hirshberg B, Herman GA, Musser BJ. Nasopharyngeal Viral Load Is the Major Driver of Incident Antibody Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad598. [PMID: 38111750 PMCID: PMC10727195 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Virologic determinants of seroconversion to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were defined in a post hoc analysis of prospectively studied vaccine- and infection-naïve individuals at high risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods This phase 3 COVID-19 prevention trial (NCT04452318) with casirivimab and imdevimab was conducted in July 2020-February 2021, before widespread vaccine availability. Placebo-treated participants who were uninfected (SARS-CoV-2 quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-qPCR] negative) and seronegative were assessed weekly for 28 days (efficacy assessment period [EAP]) for COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-qPCR of nasopharyngeal swab samples and for serostatus by antinucleocapsid immunoglobulin (Ig) G. Regression-based modeling, including causal mediation analysis, estimated the effects of viral load on seroconversion. Results Of 157/1069 (14.7%) uninfected and seronegative (for antispike IgG, antispike IgA, and antinucleocapsid IgG) participants who became infected during the EAP, 105 (65%) seroconverted. The mean (SD) maximum viral load of seroconverters was 7.23 (1.68) log10 copies/mL vs 4.8 (2.2) log10 copies/mL in those who remained seronegative; viral loads of ∼6.0 log10 copies/mL better predicted seroconversion. The mean of the maximum viral load was 7.11 log10 copies/mL in symptomatic participants vs 5.58 log10 copies/mL in asymptomatic participants. The mean duration of detectable viral load was longer in seroconverted vs seronegative participants: 3.24 vs 1.63 weeks. Conclusions Maximum SARS-CoV-2 viral load is a major driver of seroconversion and symptomatic COVID-19, with high viral loads (∼6.0 log10 copies/mL) better predicting seroconversion. Serology underestimates infection rates, incidence, and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | | | | | | | - Flonza Isa
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Peijie Hou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Kuo-Chen Chan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary A Marovich
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Boaz Hirshberg
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Gary A Herman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
| | - Bret J Musser
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NewYork, USA
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8
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Ergi DG, Kahraman Ü, Akkuş G, Durmaz S, Balcıoğlu Ö, Engin Ç, Yağmur B, Nalbantgil S, Çiçek C, Özbaran M, Yağdı T. Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Heart Failure Patients: Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3460. [PMID: 37998596 PMCID: PMC10670598 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to investigate the impact of heart failure on anti-spike antibody positivity following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Our study included 103 heart failure (HF) patients, including those with and without left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) selected from our institutional transplant waiting list as well as 104 non-heart failure (NHF) patients who underwent open heart surgery at our institution from 2021 to 2022. All the patients received either heterologous or homologous doses of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac. The median age of the HF group was 56.0 (interquartile range (IQR): 48.0-62.5) and the NHF group was 63.0 (IQR: 56.0-70.2) years, and the majority were males in both groups (n = 78; 75.7% and n = 80; 76.9%, respectively). The majority of the patients in both the HF and NHF groups received heterologous vaccinations (n = 43; 41.7% and n = 52; 50.3%, respectively; p = 0.002). There was no difference in the anti-spike antibody positivity between the patients with and without heart failure (p = 0.725). Vaccination with BNT162b2 led to significantly higher antibody levels compared to CoronaVac alone (OR: 11.0; 95% CI: 3.8-31.5). With each passing day after the last vaccine dose, there was a significant decrease in anti-spike antibody positivity, with an OR of 0.9 (95% CI: 0.9-0.9). Furthermore, hyperlipidemia was associated with increased antibody positivity (p = 0.004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Defne Güneş Ergi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (D.G.E.); (Ü.K.); (Ç.E.); (M.Ö.)
| | - Ümit Kahraman
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (D.G.E.); (Ü.K.); (Ç.E.); (M.Ö.)
| | - Gözde Akkuş
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (G.A.); (C.Ç.)
| | - Seyfi Durmaz
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Özlem Balcıoğlu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Near East University Hospital, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Çağatay Engin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (D.G.E.); (Ü.K.); (Ç.E.); (M.Ö.)
| | - Burcu Yağmur
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (B.Y.); (S.N.)
| | - Sanem Nalbantgil
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (B.Y.); (S.N.)
| | - Candan Çiçek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (G.A.); (C.Ç.)
| | - Mustafa Özbaran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (D.G.E.); (Ü.K.); (Ç.E.); (M.Ö.)
| | - Tahir Yağdı
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (D.G.E.); (Ü.K.); (Ç.E.); (M.Ö.)
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Servian CDP, Spadafora-Ferreira M, dos Anjos DCC, Guilarde AO, Gomes-Junior AR, Borges MASB, Masson LC, Silva JMM, de Lima MHA, Moraes BGN, Souza SM, Xavier LE, de Oliveira DCA, Batalha-Carvalho JV, Moro AM, Bocca AL, Pfrimer IAH, Costa NL, Feres VCDR, Fiaccadori FS, Souza M, Gardinassi LG, Durigon EL, Romão PRT, Jorge SAC, Coelho V, Botosso VF, Fonseca SG. Distinct anti-NP, anti-RBD and anti-Spike antibody profiles discriminate death from survival in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206979. [PMID: 37876932 PMCID: PMC10591157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces rapid production of IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies directed to multiple viral antigens that may have impact diverse clinical outcomes. Methods We evaluated IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies directed to the nucleocapsid (NP), IgA and IgG to the Spike protein and to the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the presence of neutralizing antibodies (nAb), in a cohort of unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, in the first 30 days of post-symptom onset (PSO) (T1). Results This study included 193 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) participants classified as mild, moderate, severe, critical, and fatal and 27 uninfected controls. In T1, we identified differential antibody profiles associated with distinct clinical presentation. The mild group presented lower levels of anti-NP IgG, and IgA (vs moderate and severe), anti-NP IgM (vs severe, critical and fatal), anti-Spike IgA (vs severe and fatal), and anti-RBD IgG (vs severe). The moderate group presented higher levels of anti-RBD IgA, comparing with severe group. The severe group presented higher levels of anti-NP IgA (vs mild and fatal) and anti-RBD IgG (vs mild and moderate). The fatal group presented higher levels of anti-NP IgM and anti-Spike IgA (vs mild), but lower levels of anti-NP IgA (vs severe). The levels of nAb was lower just in mild group compared to severe, critical, and fatal groups, moreover, no difference was observed among the more severe groups. In addition, we studied 82 convalescent individuals, between 31 days to 6 months (T2) or more than 6 months (T3), PSO, those: 12 mild, 26 moderate, and 46 severe plus critical. The longitudinal analyzes, for the severe plus critical group showed lower levels of anti-NP IgG, IgA and IgM, anti-Spike IgA in relation T3. The follow-up in the fatal group, reveals that the levels of anti-spike IgG increased, while anti-NP IgM levels was decreased along the time in severe/critical and fatal as well as anti-NP IgG and IgA in several/critical groups. Discussion In summary, the anti-NP IgA and IgG lower levels and the higher levels of anti-RBD and anti-Spike IgA in fatal compared to survival group of individuals admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Collectively, our data discriminate death from survival, suggesting that anti-RBD IgA and anti-Spike IgA may play some deleterious effect, in contrast with the potentially protective effect of anti-NP IgA and IgG in the survival group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina do Prado Servian
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Déborah Carolina Carvalho dos Anjos
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Adriana Oliveira Guilarde
- Departamento de Patologia Tropical e Dermatologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Antonio Roberto Gomes-Junior
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Moara Alves Santa Bárbara Borges
- Departamento de Patologia Tropical e Dermatologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Letícia Carrijo Masson
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - João Marcos Maia Silva
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sueli Meira Souza
- Laboratório Prof Margarida Dobler Komma, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eterno Xavier
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Moro
- Laboratório de Biofármacos, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia – Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (III-INCT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Nádia Lago Costa
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiola Souza Fiaccadori
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Menira Souza
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Verônica Coelho
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia – Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (III-INCT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Imunidade Celular, Hospital das Clínicas Hospital da Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Gonçalves Fonseca
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia – Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (III-INCT), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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10
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Yang Y, Guo L, Yuan J, Xu Z, Gu Y, Zhang J, Guan Y, Liang J, Lu H, Liu Y. Viral and antibody dynamics of acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant (B.1.1.529): a prospective cohort study from Shenzhen, China. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e632-e641. [PMID: 37459867 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating viral dynamics within the host is important for designing public health measures against SARS-CoV-2, particularly during the early stages of infection when transmission potential rapidly increases. We aimed to analyse the viral and antibody dynamics of the omicron variant in relation to symptom onset or laboratory confirmation and replication dynamics throughout the infection course. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to Shenzhen Third People's Hospital (Shenzhen, China) between Jan 11, 2020, and April 24, 2022, were screened for eligibility. We included immunocompetent individuals with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection without antiviral agents targeting SARS-CoV-2. Serial nasopharyngeal swabs and plasma samples were analysed for viral RNAs and specific IgG antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. The comparative viral and antibody kinetics in association with symptom onset or laboratory confirmation and replication dynamics throughout the infection course were calculated by the locally estimated scatterplot smoothing curve fitting polynomial regression. The associations between viral and antibody dynamics and vaccination, age, sex, disease severity, and underlying health conditions were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon method. FINDINGS 15 406 serial nasopharyngeal swabs and 2324 plasma samples were taken from 2043 individuals with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=217 prototype [A.1] and D614G [B.1] variant [wild-type]; n=105 delta variant [B.1.617.2]; n=1721 omicron variant [B.1.1.529]) and were included for the analyses. The mean Ct value of omicron variant on the first day post symptom onset (dpo; defined as the first day post laboratory confirmation in asymptomatic participants) was 22·65 (95% CI 22·05-23·26). Peak viral load was reached with a mean Ct value of 17·63 (17·47-17·79) at a mean of 3·19 dpo (95% CI 3·09-3·28), and viral clearance (Ct values ≥35) was reached at a mean of 13·50 dpo (95% CI 13·32-13·67). Omicron variant showed faster viral replication and clearance than wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and delta variant, and the viral load at the first dpo and the peak viral load was lower than delta variant but higher than wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Age, sex, disease severity, and underlying health conditions were associated with the viral dynamics of omicron variant, with faster viral clearance found in young (aged 0-14 years), male, and asymptomatic participants, and those without underlying health conditions. Replication dynamics thoughout the infection course showed that peak viral load was reached at a mean of 5·06 dpo (4·76-5·36) and viral clearance took a mean of 14·27 days (13·6-14·93) for omicron variant. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG increased earlier and faster to significantly higher concentrations in breakthrough infection than naive infection with omicron variant, despite long intervals (≥7 months) between the last dose of vaccination and infection. INTERPRETATION Our data provide a comprehensive overview of the longitudinal viral and antibody dynamics of omicron variant in people with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, with important implications for public health strategies, including population screening, antiviral treatment, isolation periods, and vaccination. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China and Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory. TRANSLATION For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuchen Gu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinhu Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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11
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Kim DH, Lee J, Youk S, Jeong JH, Lee DY, Ju HS, Youn HN, Kim JC, Park SB, Park JE, Kim JY, Kim TH, Lee SH, Lee H, Mouhamed Abdallah Amal Abdal L, Lee DH, Park PG, Hong KJ, Song CS. Intramuscular administration of recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein protects hACE-2 TG mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00641-2. [PMID: 37355454 PMCID: PMC10266497 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a pandemic, causing significant burden on public health worldwide. Although the timely development and production of mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been successful, issues still exist in vaccine platforms for wide use and production. With the potential for proliferative capability and heat stability, the Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-vectored vaccine is a highly economical and conceivable candidate for treating emerging diseases. In this study, a recombinant NDV-vectored vaccine expressing the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, rK148/beta-S, was developed and evaluated for its efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in K18-hACE-2 transgenic mice. Intramuscular vaccination with low dose (106.0 EID50) conferred a survival rate of 76 % after lethal challenge of a SARS-CoV-2 beta (B.1.351) variant. When administered with a high dose (107.0 EID50), vaccinated mice exhibited 100 % survival rate and reduced lung viral load against both beta and delta variants (B.1.617.2). Together with the protective immunity, rK148/beta-S is an accessible and cost-effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Hwan Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Ye Lee
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Seon Ju
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Na Youn
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Bin Park
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyeon Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukchae Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gu Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Jong Hong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Alicandro G, Orena BS, Rosazza C, Cariani L, Russo M, Zatelli M, Badolato R, Gramegna A, Blasi F, Daccò V. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in people with cystic fibrosis. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00590-X. [PMID: 37263872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
People with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) were considered to be clinically vulnerable to COVID-19 and were therefore given priority in the vaccination campaign. Vaccines induced a humoral response in these patients that was comparable to the response observed among the general population. However, the role of the cell-mediated immune response in providing long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 in pwCF has not yet been defined. In this study, humoral (antibody titre) and cell-mediated immune responses (interferon-γ release) to the BNT162b2 vaccine were measured at different time points, from around 6-8 months after the 2nd dose and up to 8 months after the 3rd dose, in 118 CF patients and 26 non-CF subjects. Subjects were sampled between November 2021 and September 2022 and followed-up for breakthrough infection through October 2022. pwCF mounted a cell-mediated response that was similar to that observed in non-CF subjects. Low antibody titres (<1st quartile) were associated with a higher risk of breakthrough infection (HR: 2.39, 95 % CI: 1.17-4.88), while there was no significant association with low INF-γ levels (<0.3 IU/mL) (HR: 1.38, 95 % CI: 0.64-2.99). Further studies are needed in subgroup of pwCF receiving immunosuppressive therapy, such as organ transplant recipients. This data is important for tailoring vaccination strategies for this clinically vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alicandro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - B S Orena
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Microbiology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - C Rosazza
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - L Cariani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Microbiology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - M Russo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - M Zatelli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Microbiology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - R Badolato
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Gramegna
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy
| | - F Blasi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy
| | - V Daccò
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Milan, Italy.
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Maniu I, Maniu GC, Antonescu E, Duica L, Grigore N, Totan M. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Pediatric Patients: A Bibliometric Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051455. [PMID: 37239126 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics, dynamics and mechanisms/determinants of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are not fully understood. We performed a bibliometric review of studies that have assessed SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in the pediatric population using Web of Science online databases, VOSviewer and Bibliometrix tools. The analysis was conducted on 84 publications, from 310 institutions located in 29 countries and published in 57 journals. The results showed the collaboration of scientists and organizations, international research interactions and summarized the findings on (i) the measured titers of antibodies (total antibody and/or individual antibody classes IgG, IgM, IgA) against different antigens (C-terminal region of N (N CT), full-length N protein (N FL), RBD, RBD Alpha, RBD Beta, RBD Gamma, RBD Delta, spike (S), S1, S2) in the case of different clinical forms of the disease; and (ii) the correlations between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and cytokines, chemokines, neutrophils, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The presented study offers insights regarding research directions to be explored in the studied field and may provide a starting point for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela Maniu
- Mathematics and Informatics Department, Research Center in Informatics and Information Technology, Faculty of Sciences, "Lucian Blaga" University, 5-7 Ion Ratiu Str., 550025 Sibiu, Romania
- Pediatric Research Team, Clinical Pediatric Hospital, 2-4 Pompeiu Onofreiu Str., 550166 Sibiu, Romania
| | - George Constantin Maniu
- Mathematics and Informatics Department, Research Center in Informatics and Information Technology, Faculty of Sciences, "Lucian Blaga" University, 5-7 Ion Ratiu Str., 550025 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Antonescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 2A Lucian Blaga Str., 550169 Sibiu, Romania
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 2-4 Corneliu Coposu Str., 550245 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Lavinia Duica
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 2A Lucian Blaga Str., 550169 Sibiu, Romania
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 2-4 Corneliu Coposu Str., 550245 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Nicolae Grigore
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 2A Lucian Blaga Str., 550169 Sibiu, Romania
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 2-4 Corneliu Coposu Str., 550245 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Maria Totan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 2A Lucian Blaga Str., 550169 Sibiu, Romania
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Pediatric Hospital, 2-4 Pompeiu Onofreiu Str., 550166 Sibiu, Romania
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14
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Sunagar R, Singh A, Kumar S. SARS-CoV-2: Immunity, Challenges with Current Vaccines, and a Novel Perspective on Mucosal Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040849. [PMID: 37112761 PMCID: PMC10143972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has played a critical role in reducing pandemic spread, disease severity, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, the first-generation vaccines failed to block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission, partially due to the limited induction of mucosal immunity, leading to the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC) and breakthrough infections. To meet the challenges from VOC, limited durability, and lack of mucosal immune response of first-generation vaccines, novel approaches are being investigated. Herein, we have discussed the current knowledge pertaining to natural and vaccine-induced immunity, and the role of the mucosal immune response in controlling SARS-CoV2 infection. We have also presented the current status of the novel approaches aimed at eliciting both mucosal and systemic immunity. Finally, we have presented a novel adjuvant-free approach to elicit effective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which lacks the safety concerns associated with live-attenuated vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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15
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Elalouf A. Infections after organ transplantation and immune response. Transpl Immunol 2023; 77:101798. [PMID: 36731780 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Organ transplantation has provided another chance of survival for end-stage organ failure patients. Yet, transplant rejection is still a main challenging factor. Immunosuppressive drugs have been used to avoid rejection and suppress the immune response against allografts. Thus, immunosuppressants increase the risk of infection in immunocompromised organ transplant recipients. The infection risk reflects the relationship between the nature and severity of immunosuppression and infectious diseases. Furthermore, immunosuppressants show an immunological impact on the genetics of innate and adaptive immune responses. This effect usually reactivates the post-transplant infection in the donor and recipient tissues since T-cell activation has a substantial role in allograft rejection. Meanwhile, different infections have been found to activate the T-cells into CD4+ helper T-cell subset and CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte that affect the infection and the allograft. Therefore, the best management and preventive strategies of immunosuppression, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and intensive medical care are required for successful organ transplantation. This review addresses the activation of immune responses against different infections in immunocompromised individuals after organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Elalouf
- Bar-Ilan University, Department of Management, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
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16
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Kosiorek P, Stróż S, Hryniewicz A, Kazberuk DE, Milewski R, Bartoszewicz K, Borkowska MJ, Stasiak‐Barmuta A. A new set‐up of vanishing antibodies: A biennial follow‐up of five different clients' humoral responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 after systemic vaccination in an oncology hospital in Poland. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1172. [PMID: 37008810 PMCID: PMC10064024 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kosiorek
- Department of EmergencyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie Bialystok Oncology CentreBiałystokPoland
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Samuel Stróż
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Anna Hryniewicz
- Department of RehabilitationMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | - Dorota E. Kazberuk
- Department of RadiotherapyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie Bialystok Oncology CentreBiałystokPoland
| | - Robert Milewski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsMedical University of BiałystokBiałystokPoland
| | | | - Magdalena J. Borkowska
- Department of RadiotherapyMaria Sklodowska‐Curie Bialystok Oncology CentreBiałystokPoland
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Liu M, Gan H, Liang Z, Liu L, Liu Q, Mai Y, Chen H, Lei B, Yu S, Chen H, Zheng P, Sun B. Review of therapeutic mechanisms and applications based on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1122868. [PMID: 37007494 PMCID: PMC10060843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health emergency. Despite extensive research, there are still few effective treatment options available today. Neutralizing-antibody-based treatments offer a broad range of applications, including the prevention and treatment of acute infectious diseases. Hundreds of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody studies are currently underway around the world, with some already in clinical applications. The development of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody opens up a new therapeutic option for COVID-19. We intend to review our current knowledge about antibodies targeting various regions (i.e., RBD regions, non-RBD regions, host cell targets, and cross-neutralizing antibodies), as well as the current scientific evidence for neutralizing-antibody-based treatments based on convalescent plasma therapy, intravenous immunoglobulin, monoclonal antibodies, and recombinant drugs. The functional evaluation of antibodies (i.e., in vitro or in vivo assays) is also discussed. Finally, some current issues in the field of neutralizing-antibody-based therapies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Liu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Gan
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiman Liang
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyin Mai
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Baoying Lei
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangwei Yu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Ngalamika O, Lidenge SJ, Mukasine MC, Kawimbe M, Kamanzi P, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, Tso FY. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and humoral immunity in individuals with and without HIV in an African population: a prospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 127:106-115. [PMID: 36516914 PMCID: PMC9741763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To longitudinally compare SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and humoral immune responses between convalescent individuals who are HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-). METHODS We conducted enzyme-linked immunospots to determine the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses to spike and nucleocapsid, membrane protein, and other open reading frame proteins (NMO), whereas an immunofluorescence assay was used to determine the humoral responses. Participants were sampled at baseline and after 8 weeks of follow-up. RESULTS Individuals who are HIV- had significantly more T cell responses to NMO and spike than individuals who are HIV+ at baseline, P-value = 0.026 and P-value = 0.029, respectively. At follow-up, T cell responses to NMO and spike in individuals who are HIV+ increased to levels comparable with individuals who are HIV-. T cell responses in the HIV- group significantly decreased from baseline levels at the time of follow-up (spike [P-value = 0.011] and NMO [P-value = 0.014]). A significantly higher number of individuals in the HIV+ group had an increase in T cell responses to spike (P-value = 0.01) and NMO (P-value = 0.026) during the follow-up period than the HIV- group. Antispike and antinucleocapsid antibody titers were high (1: 1280) and not significantly different between individuals who were HIV- and HIV+ at baseline. A significant decrease in antinucleocapsid titer was observed in the HIV- (P-value = 0.0001) and the HIV+ (P-value = 0.001) groups at follow-up. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was more effective in boosting the T cell than antibody responses shortly after infection. CONCLUSION There is an impairment of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in individuals who are HIV+ with advanced immunosuppression. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immune responses may be delayed in individuals who are HIV+, even in those on antiretroviral therapy. There is no difference in SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity between individuals who are HIV- and HIV+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia,HHV-8 Molecular Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia,Corresponding author: Tel: +260961406928
| | - Salum J. Lidenge
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania
| | | | - Musonda Kawimbe
- HHV-8 Molecular Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Kamanzi
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania
| | - For Yue Tso
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, and The Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
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Almendro-Vázquez P, Laguna-Goya R, Paz-Artal E. Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107803. [PMID: 36776863 PMCID: PMC9911802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response has been proven essential for viral clearance, COVID-19 outcome and long-term memory. Impaired early T cell-driven immunity leads to a severe form of the disease associated with lymphopenia, hyperinflammation and imbalanced humoral response. Analyses of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection have revealed that mild COVID-19 course is characterized by an early induction of specific T cells within the first 7 days of symptoms, coordinately followed by antibody production for an effective control of viral infection. In contrast, patients who do not develop an early specific cellular response and initiate a humoral immune response with subsequent production of high levels of antibodies, develop severe symptoms. Yet, delayed and persistent bystander CD8+ T cell activation has been also reported in hospitalized patients and could be a driver of lung pathology. Literature supports that long-term maintenance of T cell response appears more stable than antibody titters. Up to date, virus-specific T cell memory has been detected 22 months post-symptom onset, with a predominant IL-2 memory response compared to IFN-γ. Furthermore, T cell responses are conserved against the emerging variants of concern (VoCs) while these variants are mostly able to evade humoral responses. This could be partly explained by the high HLA polymorphism whereby the viral epitope repertoire recognized could differ among individuals, greatly decreasing the likelihood of immune escape. Current COVID-19-vaccination has been shown to elicit Th1-driven spike-specific T cell response, as does natural infection, which provides substantial protection against severe COVID-19 and death. In addition, mucosal vaccination has been reported to induce strong adaptive responses both locally and systemically and to protect against VoCs in animal models. The optimization of vaccine formulations by including a variety of viral regions, innovative adjuvants or diverse administration routes could result in a desirable enhanced cellular response and memory, and help to prevent breakthrough infections. In summary, the increasing evidence highlights the relevance of monitoring SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune response, and not only antibody levels, as a correlate for protection after infection and/or vaccination. Moreover, it may help to better identify target populations that could benefit most from booster doses and to personalize vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almendro-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Lu T, Man Q, Yu X, Xia S, Lu L, Jiang S, Xiong L. Development and validation of a prognostic model based on immune variables to early predict severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157892. [PMID: 36936976 PMCID: PMC10014461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant has prevailed globally since November 2021. The extremely high transmissibility and occult manifestations were notable, but the severity and mortality associated with the Omicron variant and subvariants cannot be ignored, especially for immunocompromised populations. However, no prognostic model for specially predicting the severity of the Omicron variant infection is available yet. In this study, we aim to develop and validate a prognostic model based on immune variables to early recognize potentially severe cases of Omicron variant-infected patients. Methods This was a single-center prognostic study involving patients with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection. Eligible patients were randomly divided into the training and validation cohorts. Variables were collected immediately after admission. Candidate variables were selected by three variable-selecting methods and were used to construct Cox regression as the prognostic model. Discrimination, calibration, and net benefit of the model were evaluated in both training and validation cohorts. Results Six hundred eighty-nine of the involved 2,645 patients were eligible, consisting of 630 non-ICU cases and 59 ICU cases. Six predictors were finally selected to establish the prognostic model: age, neutrophils, lymphocytes, procalcitonin, IL-2, and IL-10. For discrimination, concordance indexes in the training and validation cohorts were 0.822 (95% CI: 0.748-0.896) and 0.853 (95% CI: 0.769-0.942). For calibration, predicted probabilities and observed proportions displayed high agreements. In the 21-day decision curve analysis, the threshold probability ranges with positive net benefit were 0~1 and nearly 0~0.75 in the training and validation cohorts, correspondingly. Conclusions This model had satisfactory high discrimination, calibration, and net benefit. It can be used to early recognize potentially severe cases of Omicron variant-infected patients so that they can be treated timely and rationally to reduce the severity and mortality of Omicron variant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology Ministry of Education (MOE)/National Health Commission of China (NHC)/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuhong Man
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology Ministry of Education (MOE)/National Health Commission of China (NHC)/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology Ministry of Education (MOE)/National Health Commission of China (NHC)/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology Ministry of Education (MOE)/National Health Commission of China (NHC)/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shibo Jiang, ; Lize Xiong,
| | - Lize Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shibo Jiang, ; Lize Xiong,
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21
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Sanders H, Callas C, St. Amant H, Chung J, Dimitriades VR, Nakra NA. Case report: Clinical course and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in a pediatric CAR-T cell recipient with persistent hypogammaglobulinemia. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1076686. [PMID: 36969291 PMCID: PMC10036744 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1076686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes a pediatric patient who underwent chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) four years prior, with resultant hypogammaglobulinemia for which he was receiving weekly subcutaneous immune globulin. He presented with persistent fever, dry cough, and a tingling sensation in his toes following a confirmed COVID-19 infection 3 weeks prior. His initial nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 PCR was negative, leading to an extensive workup for other infections. He was ultimately diagnosed with persistent lower respiratory tract COVID-19 infection based on positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sampling. He was treated with a combination of remdesivir (antiviral) and casirivimab/imdevimab (combination monoclonal antibodies) with immediate improvement in fever, respiratory symptoms, and neurologic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Christina Callas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Helaine St. Amant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Jong Chung
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Victoria R. Dimitriades
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Natasha A. Nakra
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Correspondence: Natasha A. Nakra
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22
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Renner TM, Akache B, Stuible M, Rohani N, Cepero-Donates Y, Deschatelets L, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Baardsnes J, Koyuturk I, Hill JJ, Hemraz UD, Régnier S, Lenferink AEG, Durocher Y, McCluskie MJ. Tuning the immune response: sulfated archaeal glycolipid archaeosomes as an effective vaccine adjuvant for induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity towards the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182556. [PMID: 37122746 PMCID: PMC10140330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) have been shown to be a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant with a multitude of antigens in preclinical studies. In particular, SLA-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines based on trimeric spike protein antigens were shown to be immunogenic and efficacious in mice and hamsters. With the continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, we sought to evaluate next-generation vaccine formulations with an updated antigenic identity. This was of particular interest for the widespread Omicron variant, given the abundance of mutations and structural changes observed within its spike protein compared to other variants. An updated version of our resistin-trimerized SmT1 corresponding to the B.1.1.529 variant was successfully generated in our Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell-based antigen production platform and characterized, revealing some differences in protein profile and ACE2 binding affinity as compared to reference strain-based SmT1. We next evaluated this Omicron-based spike antigen for its immunogenicity and ability to generate robust antigen-specific immune responses when paired with SLA liposomes or AddaS03 (a mimetic of the AS03 oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant system found in commercialized SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccines). Immunization of mice with vaccine formulations containing this updated antigen with either adjuvant stimulated neutralizing antibody responses favouring Omicron over the reference strain. Cell-mediated responses, which play an important role in the neutralization of intracellular infections, were induced to a much higher degree with the SLA adjuvant relative to the AddaS03-adjuvanted formulations. As such, updated vaccines that are better capable of targeting towards SARS-CoV-2 variants can be generated through an optimized combination of antigen and adjuvant components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Renner
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nazanin Rohani
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lise Deschatelets
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Blair A. Harrison
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Izel Koyuturk
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Hill
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Usha D. Hemraz
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Régnier
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne E. G. Lenferink
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Michael J. McCluskie,
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23
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Immune Response and Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Lung Cancer-COVID Lung Vaccine Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010137. [PMID: 36612134 PMCID: PMC9817972 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer patients represent a subgroup of special vulnerability in whom the SARS-CoV-2 infection could attain higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, those patients were recommended to receive SARS-CoV-2 vaccines once they were approved. However, little was known at that time regarding the degree of immunity developed after vaccination or vaccine-related adverse events, and more uncertainty involved the real need for a third dose. We sought to evaluate the immune response developed after vaccination, as well as the safety and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a cohort of patients with lung cancer. Patients were identified through the Oncology/Hematology Outpatient Vaccination Program. Anti-Spike IgG was measured before any vaccine and at 3-6-, 6-9- and 12-15-month time points after the 2nd dose. Detailed clinical data were also collected. In total, 126 patients with lung cancer participated and received at least one dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. At 3-6 months after 2nd dose, 99.1% of baseline seronegative patients seroconverted and anti-Spike IgG titers went from a median value of 9.45 to 720 UI/mL. At the 6-9-month time point, titers raised to a median value of 924 UI/mL, and at 12-15 months, after the boost dose, they reached a median value of 3064 UI/mL. Adverse events to the vaccine were mild, and no SARS- CoV-2 infection-related deaths were recorded. In this lung cancer cohort, COVID-19 vaccines were safe and effective irrespective of the systemic anticancer therapy. Most of the patients developed anti-Spike IgG after the second dose, and these titers were maintained over time with low infection and reinfection rates with a mild clinical course.
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Serum Fc-Mediated Monocyte Phagocytosis Activity Is Stable for Several Months after SARS-CoV-2 Asymptomatic and Mildly Symptomatic Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0183722. [PMID: 36374040 PMCID: PMC9769986 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01837-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the temporal profile of multiple components of the serological response after asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a cohort of 67 previously SARS-CoV-2 naive young adults, up to 8.5 months after infection. We found a significant decrease of spike IgG and neutralization antibody titers from early (11 to 56 days) to late (4 to 8.5 months) time points postinfection. Over the study period, S1-specific IgG levels declined significantly faster than that of the S2-specific IgG. Further, serum antibodies from PCR-confirmed participants cross-recognized S2, but not S1, of the betacoronaviruses HKU1 and OC43, suggesting a greater degree of cross-reactivity of S2 among betacoronaviruses. Antibody-Dependent Natural Killer cell Activation (ADNKA) was detected at the early time point but significantly decreased at the late time point. Induction of serum Antibody-Dependent Monocyte Phagocytosis (ADMP) was detected in all the infected participants, and its levels remained stable over time. Additionally, a reduced percentage of participants had detectable neutralizing activity against the Beta (50%), Gamma (61 to 67%), and Delta (90 to 94%) variants, both early and late postinfection, compared to the ancestral strain (100%). Antibody binding to S1 and RBD of Beta, Gamma, Delta (1.7 to 2.3-fold decrease), and Omicron (10 to 16-fold decrease) variants was also significantly reduced compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain. Overall, we found variable temporal profiles of specific components and functionality of the serological response to SARS-CoV-2 in young adults, which is characterized by lasting, but decreased, neutralizing activity and antibody binding to S1, stable ADMP activity, and relatively stable S2-specific IgG levels. IMPORTANCE Adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies is important for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. While vaccines against COVID-19 are currently widely distributed, a high proportion of the global population is still unvaccinated. Therefore, understanding the dynamics and maintenance of the naive humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is of great importance. In addition, long-term responses after asymptomatic infection are not well-characterized, given the challenges in identifying such cases. Here, we investigated the longitudinal humoral profile in a well-characterized cohort of young adults with documented asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By analyzing samples collected preinfection, early after infection and during late convalescence, we found that, while neutralizing activity decreased over time, high levels of serum S2 IgG and Antibody-Dependent Monocyte Phagocytosis (ADMP) activity were maintained up to 8.5 months after infection. This suggests that a subset of antibodies with specific functions could contribute to long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent unvaccinated individuals.
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McCann N, Castellino FJ. Cell Entry and Unusual Replication of SARS-CoV-2. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1539-1554. [PMID: 36239725 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666221014102927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 is the causative virus for the CoVID-19 pandemic that has frequently mutated to continue to infect and resist available vaccines. Emerging new variants of the virus have complicated notions of immunity conferred by vaccines versus immunity that results from infection. While we continue to progress from epidemic to endemic as a result of this collective immunity, the pandemic remains a morbid and mortal problem. OBJECTIVE The SARS-CoV-2 virus has a very complex manner of replication. The spike protein, one of the four structural proteins of the encapsulated virus, is central to the ability of the virus to penetrate cells to replicate. The objective of this review is to summarize these complex features of viral replication. METHODS A review of the recent literature was performed on the biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection from published work from PubMed and works reported to preprint servers, e.g., bioRxiv and medRxiv. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The complex molecular and cellular biology involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication and the origination of >30 proteins from a single open reading frame (ORF) have been summarized, as well as the structural biology of spike protein, a critical factor in the cellular entry of the virus, which is a necessary feature for it to replicate and cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan McCann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46530, USA
| | - Francis J Castellino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46530, USA
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26
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Age- and Severity-Associated Humoral Immunity Response in COVID-19 Patients: A Cohort Study from Wuhan, China. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195974. [PMID: 36233840 PMCID: PMC9571343 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age has been found to be the single most significant factor in COVID-19 severity and outcome. However, the age-related severity factors of COVID-19 have not been definitively established. In this study, we detected SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses and infectious disease-related blood indicators in 2360 sera from 783 COVID-19 patients, with an age range of 1−92 years. In addition, we recorded the individual information and clinical symptoms of the patients. We found that the IgG responses for S1, N, and ORF3a and the IgM for NSP7 were associated with severe COVID-19 at different ages. The IgM responses for the S-protein peptides S1-113 (aa 673−684) and S2-97 (aa 1262−1273) were associated with severe COVID-19 in patients aged <60. Furthermore, we found that the IgM for S1-113 and NSP7 may play a protective role in patients aged <60 and >80, respectively. Regarding clinical parameters, we analyzed the diagnostic ability of five clinical parameters for severe COVID-19 in six age groups and identified three-target panel, glucose, IL-6, myoglobin, IL-6, and NT proBNP as the appropriate diagnostic markers for severe COVID-19 in patients aged <41, 41−50, 51−60, 61−70, 71−80, and >80, respectively. The age-associated severity factors revealed here will facilitate our understanding of COVID-19 immunity and diagnosis, and eventually provide meaningful information for combating the pandemic.
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Zalewska M, Fus W, Konka A, Wystyrk K, Bochenek A, Botor H, Fronczek M, Zembala-John J, Adamek B. An Immune Response to Heterologous ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 Vaccination against COVID-19: Evaluation of the anti-RBD Specific IgG Antibodies Titers and Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) Test Results. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091546. [PMID: 36146624 PMCID: PMC9506411 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the magnitude of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers and Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) test results following administration of booster BNT162b2 in 48 ChAd-primed participants (vaccination schedule: ChAd/ChAd/BNT). Whole blood samples were collected: first, before and second, 21 days after the booster dose. The IgG level was measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay; the intensity of the T-cell response—IFNγ concentration—was assessed using IGRA test. At 21 days after the booster, all subjects achieved reactive/positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, and IGRA test results showed a significant increase compared to the results before booster administration. We compared the results before and after the booster between participants with and without prior history of COVID-19. The IFNγ concentrations in both cohorts were higher in convalescents (both before booster and 21 days after). The IgG titers were subtly lower in COVID-19 convalescents than in naïve but without statistical significance. Data on cell-mediated immunity are scarce, especially with regard to the general population. A better understanding of the complexity of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 could contribute to developing more effective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Zalewska
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, H. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wiktoria Fus
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Adam Konka
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Karolina Wystyrk
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aneta Bochenek
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Hanna Botor
- Acellmed Ltd., M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Martyna Fronczek
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, H. Jordana 38, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembala-John
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Medicine and Environmental Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, H. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, M. Curie—Skłodowskiej 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Brygida Adamek
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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28
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Jia M, Wang X, Gong W, Zhong J, Leng Z, Ren L, Feng L, Guo L, Gao L, Liang X, Chen E, Tang W, Huang Q, Zhang Q, Jiang G, Zhao S, Liu Z, Feng Y, Qi L, Ma L, Huang T, Yue Y, Wang J, Jiang B, Xu L, Wang J, Yang W, Wang C. Humoral responses after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination in individuals with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: A prospective cohort study. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5746-5757. [PMID: 35941840 PMCID: PMC9537985 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated and compared humoral immune responses after inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination among naïve individuals, asymptomatically infected individuals, and recovered patients with varying severity. In this multicenter, prospective cohort study, blood samples from 666 participants were collected before and after 2 doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination. Among 392 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-naïve individuals, the seroconversion rate increased significantly from 51.8% (median antispike protein pan-immunoglobulins [S-Igs] titer: 0.8 U/ml) after the first dose to 96% (median S-Igs titer: 79.5 U/ml) after the second dose. Thirty-two percent of naïve individuals had detectable neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the original strain but all of them lost neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant. In 274 individuals with natural infection, humoral immunity was significantly improved after a single vaccine dose, with median S-Igs titers of 596.7, 1176, 1086.5, and 1828 U/ml for asymptomatic infections, mild cases, moderate cases, and severe/critical cases, respectively. NAb titers also improved significantly. However, the second dose did not substantially increase antibody levels. Although a booster dose is needed for those without infection, our findings indicate that recovered patients should receive only a single dose of the vaccine, regardless of the clinical severity, until there is sufficient evidence to confirm the benefits of a second dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Jia
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xinming Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux LaboratoryInstitute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease PathogenomicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wensheng Gong
- Xiangyang Center for Disease Control & PreventionXiangyangChina
| | - Jingchuan Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux LaboratoryInstitute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease PathogenomicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhiwei Leng
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux LaboratoryInstitute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease PathogenomicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Luzhao Feng
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Li Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux LaboratoryInstitute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease PathogenomicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lidong Gao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionChangshaChina,Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and PreventionChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xian Liang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and PreventionChengduChina
| | - Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionZhejiangChina
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Qiangru Huang
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Qiao Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux LaboratoryInstitute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease PathogenomicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Shanlu Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionChangshaChina,Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and PreventionChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhu Liu
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and PreventionChengduChina
| | - Yan Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionZhejiangChina
| | - Li Qi
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Libing Ma
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Tingxuan Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux LaboratoryInstitute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease PathogenomicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yong Yue
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and PreventionChengduChina
| | - Ju Wang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Binshan Jiang
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Liuhui Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux LaboratoryInstitute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease PathogenomicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux LaboratoryInstitute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease PathogenomicsChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weizhong Yang
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina,National Center for Respiratory MedicineBeijingChina,Chinese Academy of EngineeringBeijingChina
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29
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Mullender C, da Costa KAS, Alrubayyi A, Pett SL, Peppa D. SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccine strategies in people with HIV. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:iqac005. [PMID: 36846557 PMCID: PMC9452103 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, based on the ancestral Wuhan strain, were developed rapidly to meet the needs of a devastating global pandemic. People living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH) have been designated as a priority group for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in most regions and varying primary courses (two- or three-dose schedule) and additional boosters are recommended depending on current CD4+ T cell count and/or detectable HIV viraemia. From the current published data, licensed vaccines are safe for PLWH, and stimulate robust responses to vaccination in those well controlled on antiretroviral therapy and with high CD4+ T cell counts. Data on vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity remain, however, scarce in PLWH, especially in people with advanced disease. A greater concern is a potentially diminished immune response to the primary course and subsequent boosters, as well as an attenuated magnitude and durability of protective immune responses. A detailed understanding of the breadth and durability of humoral and T cell responses to vaccination, and the boosting effects of natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2, in more diverse populations of PLWH with a spectrum of HIV-related immunosuppression is therefore critical. This article summarizes focused studies of humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWH and provides a comprehensive review of the emerging literature on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses. Emphasis is placed on the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of co-morbidities modulating responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and the remaining challenges informing the optimal vaccination strategy to elicit enduring responses against existing and emerging variants in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mullender
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah L Pett
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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30
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Hyun H, Choi MJ, Heo JY, Seo YB, Nham E, Yoon JG, Seong H, Noh JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ, Choi JY, Lee YJ, Lee HW, Kim SS, Kim B, Song JY. Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S in Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e210. [PMID: 35818701 PMCID: PMC9274104 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, there are concerns regarding waning immunity and the emergence of viral variants. The immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S against wild-type (WT) and variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs to be evaluated. METHOD This prospective cohort study was conducted between June 2021 and January 2022 at two university hospitals in South Korea. Healthy adults who were scheduled to be vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S were enrolled in this study. The main outcomes included anti-spike (S) IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody responses, S-specific T-cell responses (interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay), solicited adverse events (AEs), and serious AEs. RESULTS Fifty participants aged ≥ 19 years were included in the study. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) of anti-S IgG were 0.4 U/mL at baseline, 5.2 ± 3.0 U/mL at 3-4 weeks, 55.7 ± 2.4 U/mL at 5-8 weeks, and 81.3 ± 2.5 U/mL at 10-12 weeks after vaccination. GMTs of 50% neutralizing dilution (ND50) against WT SARS-CoV-2 were 164.6 ± 4.6 at 3-4 weeks, 313.9 ± 3.6 at 5-8 weeks, and 124.4 ± 2.6 at 10-12 weeks after vaccination. As for the S-specific T-cell responses, the median number of spot-forming units/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cell was 25.0 (5.0-29.2) at baseline, 60.0 (23.3-178.3) at 5-8 weeks, and 35.0 (13.3-71.7) at 10-12 weeks after vaccination. Compared to WT SARS-CoV-2, ND50 against Delta and Omicron variants was attenuated by 3.6-fold and 8.2-fold, respectively. The most frequent AE was injection site pain (82%), followed by myalgia (80%), fatigue (70%), and fever (50%). Most AEs were grade 1-2, and resolved within two days. CONCLUSION Single-dose Ad26.COV2.S was safe and immunogenic. NAb titer and S-specific T-cell immunity peak at 5-8 weeks and rather decrease at 10-12 weeks after vaccination. Cross-reactive neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakjun Hyun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Joo Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Heo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yu Bin Seo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eliel Nham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Gu Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Center-KU Medicine (VIC-K), Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Center-KU Medicine (VIC-K), Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Choi
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Byoungguk Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, Korea.
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Center-KU Medicine (VIC-K), Seoul, Korea.
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31
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Polvere I, Parrella A, Zerillo L, Voccola S, Cardinale G, D'Andrea S, Madera JR, Stilo R, Vito P, Zotti T. Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the "Green Pass" Policy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833085. [PMID: 35634315 PMCID: PMC9130843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the COVID-19 pandemic year 2021, several countries have implemented a vaccine certificate policy, the “Green Pass Policy” (GPP), to reduce virus spread and to allow safe relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions and reopening of social and economic activities. The rationale for the GPP is based on the assumption that vaccinated people should maintain a certain degree of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Here we describe and compare, for the first time, the humoral immune response to mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S, and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines in terms of antibody titer elicited, neutralizing activity, and epitope reactogenicity among 369 individuals aged 19 to 94 years. In parallel, we also considered the use of a rapid test for the determination of neutralizing antibodies as a tool to guide policymakers in defining booster vaccination strategies and eligibility for Green Pass. Our analysis demonstrates that the titer of antibodies directed towards the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike is significantly associated with age and vaccine type. Moreover, natural COVID-19 infection combined with vaccination results, on average, in higher antibody titer and higher neutralizing activity as compared to fully vaccinated individuals without prior COVID-19. We also found that levels of anti-Spike RBD antibodies are not always strictly associated with the extent of inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding, as we could observe different neutralizing activities in sera with similar anti-RBD concentrations. Finally, we evaluated the reactivity to four synthetic peptides derived from Spike protein on a randomly selected serum sample and observed that similar to SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination elicits a heterogeneous antibody response with qualitative individual features. On the basis of our results, the use of rapid devices to detect the presence of neutralizing antibodies, even on a large scale and repeatedly over time, appears helpful in determining the duration of the humoral protection elicited by vaccination. These aspects and their implications for the GPP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Polvere
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Lucrezia Zerillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Serena Voccola
- Consorzio Sannio Tech, Apollosa, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cardinale
- Consorzio Sannio Tech, Apollosa, Italy.,Tecno Bios srl, Apollosa, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Andrea
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Romania Stilo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Pasquale Vito
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Tiziana Zotti
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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32
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Lee CC, Lee YT, Wang CH, Chiu IM, Tsai W, Lin YR, Li CH, Hsu CW, Lai PF, Chen JH, Tsai JCH, Tsai SH, How CK. Guidelines for COVID-19 Laboratory Testing for Emergency Departments From the New Diagnostic Technology Team of the Taiwan Society of Emergency Medicine. J Acute Med 2022; 12:45-52. [PMID: 35860709 PMCID: PMC9283118 DOI: 10.6705/j.jacme.202206_12(2).0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 tests have different turnaround times (TATs), accuracy levels, and limitations, which emergency physicians should be aware of. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) can be divided into standard high throughput tests and rapid molecular diagnostic tests at the point of care (POC). The standard NAAT has the advantages of high throughput and high accuracy with a TAT of 3-4 hours. The POC molecular test has the same advantages of high accuracy as standard high throughput PCR, but can be done in 13-45 minutes. Roche cobas Liat is the most commonly used machine in Taiwan, displaying 99%-100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, respectively. Abbott ID NOW is an isothermal PCR-based POC machine with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 100%. A high rate of false positives and false negatives is associated with rapid antigen testing. Antibody testing is mostly used as part of public health surveys and for testing for immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chang Lee
- National Taiwan University Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzu Lee
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- National Taiwan University Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Taipei Taiwan
| | - I-Min Chiu
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Weide Tsai
- Mackay Memorial Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ren Lin
- Changhua Christian Hospital Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Changhua Taiwan
| | - Chih-Huang Li
- Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chin Wang Hsu
- School of Medicine Department of Emergency Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Lai
- Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Hualien Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Hwa Chen
- Cathay General Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey Che-Hung Tsai
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Puli Branch, Nantou Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Tsai
- Tri-Service General Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine National Defense Medical Center, Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chorng-Kuang How
- Kinmen Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kinmen Taiwan
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33
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Verberk JDM, de Hoog MLA, Westerhof I, van Goethem S, Lammens C, Ieven G, de Bruin E, Eggink D, Bielicki JA, Coenen S, van Beek J, Bonten MJM, Goossens H, Bruijning-Verhagen PCJL. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within households: a remote prospective cohort study in European countries. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:549-561. [PMID: 35644003 PMCID: PMC9146817 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Household transmission studies are useful to quantify SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. We conducted a remote prospective household study to quantify transmission, and the effects of subject characteristics, household characteristics, and implemented infection control measures on transmission. Households with a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 index case were enrolled < 48 h following test result. Follow-up included digitally daily symptom recording, regular nose-throat self-sampling and paired dried blood spots from all household members. Samples were tested for virus detection and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Secondary attack rates (SARs) and associated factors were estimated using logistic regression. In 276 households with 920 participants (276 index cases and 644 household members) daily symptom diaries and questionnaires were completed by 95%, and > 85% completed sample collection. 200 secondary SARS-CoV-2 infections were detected, yielding a household SAR of 45.7% (95% CI 39.7–51.7%) and per-person SAR of 32.6% (95%CI: 28.1-37.4%). 126 (63%) secondary cases were detected at enrollment. Mild (aRR = 0.57) and asymptomatic index cases (aRR = 0.29) were less likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2, compared to index cases with an acute respiratory illness (p = 0.03 for trend), and child index cases (< 12 years aRR = 0.60 and 12-18 years aRR = 0.85) compared to adults (p = 0.03 for trend). Infection control interventions in households had no significant effect on transmission. We found high SARs with the majority of transmissions occuring early after SARS-CoV-2 introduction into the household. This may explain the futile effect of implemented household measures. Age and symptom status of the index case influence secondary transmission. Remote, digitally-supported study designs with self-sampling are feasible for studying transmission under pandemic restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke D M Verberk
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke L A de Hoog
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilse Westerhof
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sam van Goethem
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Greet Ieven
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Julia A Bielicki
- Infection Prevention and Control, University of Basel Childrens Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Coenen
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Janko van Beek
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J M Bonten
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patricia C J L Bruijning-Verhagen
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Scarpa R, Dell'Edera A, Felice C, Buso R, Muscianisi F, Finco Gambier R, Toffolo S, Grossi U, Giobbia M, Barberio G, Landini N, Facchini C, Agostini C, Rattazzi M, Cinetto F. Impact of Hypogammaglobulinemia on the Course of COVID-19 in a Non-Intensive Care Setting: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842643. [PMID: 35359947 PMCID: PMC8960988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severity and mortality of COVID-19 largely depends on the ability of the immune system to clear the virus. Among various comorbidities potentially impacting on this process, the weight and the consequences of an antibody deficiency have not yet been clarified. Methods We used serum protein electrophoresis to screen for hypogammaglobulinemia in a cohort of consecutive adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, hospitalized in non-intensive care setting between December 2020 and January 2021. The disease severity, measured by a validated score and by the need for semi intensive (sICU) or intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and the 30-day mortality was compared between patients presenting hypogammaglobulinemia (HYPO) and without hypogammaglobulinemia (no-HYPO). Demographics, comorbidities, COVID-19 specific treatment during the hospital stay, disease duration, complications and laboratory parameters were also evaluated in both groups. Results We enrolled 374 patients, of which 39 represented the HYPO cohort (10.4%). In 10/39 the condition was previously neglected, while in the other 29/39 hematologic malignancies were common (61.5%); 2/39 were on regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT). Patients belonging to the HYPO group more frequently developed a severe COVID-19 and more often required sICU/ICU admission than no-HYPO patients. IgRT were administered in 8/39 during hospitalization; none of them died or needed sICU/ICU. Among HYPO cohort, we observed a significantly higher prevalence of neoplastic affections, of active oncologic treatment and bronchiectasis, together with higher prevalence of viral and bacterial superinfections, mechanical ventilation, convalescent plasma and SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies administration during hospital stay, and longer disease duration. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression confirmed the impact of hypogammaglobulinemia on the COVID-19 severity and the probability of sICU/ICU admission. The analysis of the mortality rate in the whole cohort showed no significant difference between HYPO and no-HYPO. Conclusions Hypogammaglobulinemia, regardless of its cause, in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a non-intensive care setting was associated to a more severe disease course and more frequent admission to s-ICU/ICU, particularly in absence of IgRT. Our findings emphasize the add-value of routine serum protein electrophoresis evaluation in patients admitted with COVID-19 to support clinicians in patient care and to consider IgRT initiation during hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Scarpa
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dell'Edera
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Carla Felice
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Buso
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Francesco Muscianisi
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Renato Finco Gambier
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Toffolo
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Ugo Grossi
- Department of Surgery, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Mario Giobbia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barberio
- Laboratory Medicine, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Nicholas Landini
- Radiology Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Cesarina Facchini
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostini
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marcello Rattazzi
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Cinetto
- Internal Medicine I, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria n. 2 (AULSS2) Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Hertel M, Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Wendy S, Heiland M, Nahles S, Preissner R, Preissner S. Onset of Oral Lichenoid Lesions and Oral Lichen Planus Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Retrospective Analysis of about 300,000 Vaccinated Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030480. [PMID: 35335112 PMCID: PMC8951494 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Onset of oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) or oral lichen planus (OLP) can be rare adverse reactions to vaccines. Recently, the first solitary cases were reported after COVID-19 vaccination. The aim of the present study was to assess if an increased frequency of OLL/OLP can be found after COVID-19 vaccination within a large real-world cohort. It was assumed that the incidence of OLL/OLP was significantly higher in subjects who received COVID-19 vaccine (cohort I) compared to individuals who were not vaccinated (cohort II). Patients and Methods: Initial cohorts of 274,481 vaccinated and 9,429,892 not vaccinated patients were retrieved from the TriNetX database (TriNetX, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), and matched for age, gender and the frequency of use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Results: After matching each cohort, we accounted for 217,863 patients. Among cohort I, 146 individuals had developed OLL/OLP within 6 days after COVID-19 vaccination (88 and 58 subjects had received mRNA- and adenovirus vector-based vaccines), whereas in cohort II, 59 patients were newly diagnosed with OLL/OLP within 6 days after having visited the clinic for any other reason. The risk of developing OLL/OLP was calculated as 0.067% vs. 0.027%, for cohorts I and II, whereby the risk difference was highly significant (p < 0.001; log-rank test). RR and OR were 2.475 (95% CI = 1.829; 3.348) and 2.476 (95% CI = 1.830; 3.350), respectively. Discussion: The hypothesis was confirmed. Accordingly, the obtained results suggest that the onset of OLL/OLP is a rare adverse drug reaction to COVID-19 vaccines, especially to mRNA vaccines. Thus far, it remains unknown if specific components of the formulations cause a type IV hypersensitive reaction corresponding to OLL, or if the immune response post vaccination triggers a T cell-driven autoimmune reaction directed against the basal layer of keratinocytes of the oral mucosa in terms of OLP. Although OLL and OLP are both classified as premalignant lesions, spontaneous remission may be expected over time, at least in the case of OLL. Therefore, the presented findings should not place any limitation toward the use of COVID-19-vaccines in broad levels of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hertel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.H.); (S.W.); (M.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Andrea-Maria Schmidt-Westhausen
- Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Aßmannshauser Str. 4–6, 14197 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Stephanie Wendy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.H.); (S.W.); (M.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Max Heiland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.H.); (S.W.); (M.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Susanne Nahles
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.H.); (S.W.); (M.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Robert Preissner
- Institute of Physiology and Science-IT, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Philippstr. 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Saskia Preissner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.H.); (S.W.); (M.H.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
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36
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Pi-Estopiñan F, Pérez MT, Fraga A, Bergado G, Díaz GD, Orosa I, Díaz M, Solozábal JA, Rodríguez LM, Garcia-Rivera D, Macías C, Jerez Y, Casadesús AV, Fernández-Marrero B, Bermúdez E, Plasencia CA, Sánchez B, Hernández T. A cell-based ELISA as surrogate of virus neutralization assay for RBD SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Vaccine 2022; 40:1958-1967. [PMID: 35193792 PMCID: PMC8856731 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, has provoked a global crisis and death of millions of people. Several serological assays to determine the quality of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and the efficacy of vaccines have been developed, among them the gold standard conventional virus neutralization assays. However, these tests are time consuming, require biosafety level 3 (BSL3), and are low throughput and expensive. This has motivated the development of alternative methods, including molecular inhibition assays. Herein, we present a safe cell-based ELISA-virus neutralization test (cbE-VNT) as a surrogate for the conventional viral neutralization assays that detects the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RBD binding to ACE2-bearing cells independently of species. Our test shows a very good correlation with the conventional and molecular neutralization assays and achieves 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity. cbE-VNT is cost-effective, fast and enables a large-scale serological evaluation that can be performed in a BSL2 laboratory, allowing its use in pre-clinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciscary Pi-Estopiñan
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - María Teresa Pérez
- National Laboratory of Civil Defense (NLCD), Jamaica Highway and National Highway, San José of Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Anitza Fraga
- National Laboratory of Civil Defense (NLCD), Jamaica Highway and National Highway, San José of Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Gretchen Bergado
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Geidy D Díaz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Ivette Orosa
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Marianniz Díaz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Joaquín Antonio Solozábal
- Quality Control Department, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Yanet Jerez
- Institute of Hematology and Immunology (IHI), Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana V Casadesús
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Briandy Fernández-Marrero
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Ernesto Bermúdez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Claudia A Plasencia
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Belinda Sánchez
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba
| | - Tays Hernández
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), P.O. Box 16040, 216 St., Havana, Cuba.
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Interleukin-6 blocking therapy for COVID-19: From immune pathogenesis to clinical outcomes. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022; 3:11-16. [PMID: 35772080 PMCID: PMC9242140 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
As a newly emerged infectious disease, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused millions of deaths, resulting in a global health challenge. Currently, several vaccines have been approved with significant benefits against disease transmission. However, effective therapies are still needed for the clinical management of infected COVID-19 patients. Available evidence has indicated elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), in COVID-19 patients, with cytokine storm involving excessive cytokine release being observed in some severe cases. Several clinical studies have shown the promising effects of IL-6-blocking strategy in treating severe COVID-19 patients, but some observational studies have reported that IL-6-blocking therapy has no effects in preventing disease progression or death among COVID-19 patients. Herein, we review recent findings on the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, with specific emphasis on the proinflammatory function of IL-6 and discuss the therapeutic potential of IL-6-blocking therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, especially those with rheumatic diseases.
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