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Pereira L. And yet another transcription factor-the complex world of fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2185-2187. [PMID: 38173334 PMCID: PMC10980389 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pereira
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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2
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Li H, Wang S, Zhai L, Cui Y, Tang G, Huo J, Li X, Bian S. The miR156/SPL12 module orchestrates fruit colour change through directly regulating ethylene production pathway in blueberry. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:386-400. [PMID: 37797061 PMCID: PMC10826998 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Colour change is an important event during fruit ripening in blueberry. It is well known that miR156/SPLs act as regulatory modules mediating anthocyanin biosynthesis and ethylene plays critical roles during colour change, but the intrinsic connections between the two pathways remain poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that blueberry VcMIR156a/VcSPL12 affects the accumulation of anthocyanins and chlorophylls in tomato and Arabidopsis. In this study, we first showed that VcMIR156a overexpression in blueberry led to enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis, decreased chlorophyll accumulation, and, intriguingly, concomitant elevation in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes and the level of the ethylene precursor ACC. Conversely, VcSPL12 enhanced chlorophyll accumulation and suppressed anthocyanin biosynthesis and ACC synthesis in fruits. Moreover, the treatment with ethylene substitutes and inhibitors attenuated the effects of VcMIR156a and VcSPL12 on pigment accumulation. Protein-DNA interaction assays indicated that VcSPL12 could specifically bind to the promoters and inhibit the activities of the ethylene biosynthetic genes VcACS1 and VcACO6. Collectively, our results show that VcMIR156a/VcSPL12 alters ethylene production through targeting VcACS1 and VcACO6, therefore governing fruit colour change. Additionally, VcSPL12 may directly interact with the promoter region of the chlorophyll biosynthetic gene VcDVR, thereby activating its expression. These findings established an intrinsic connection between the miR156/SPL regulatory module and ethylene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Li
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shouwen Wang
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Lulu Zhai
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, London Research and Development CentreLondonONCanada
- Department of BiologyWestern UniversityLondonONCanada
| | - Guiliang Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science and Technology InstituteMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Junwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xuyan Li
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shaomin Bian
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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3
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Gambhir P, Raghuvanshi U, Kumar R, Sharma AK. Transcriptional regulation of tomato fruit ripening. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:289-303. [PMID: 38623160 PMCID: PMC11016043 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
An intrinsic and genetically determined ripening program of tomato fruits often depends upon the appropriate activation of tissue- and stage-specific transcription factors in space and time. The past two decades have yielded considerable progress in detailing these complex transcriptional as well as hormonal regulatory circuits paramount to fleshy fruit ripening. This non-linear ripening process is strongly controlled by the MADS-box and NOR family of proteins, triggering a transcriptional response associated with the progression of fruit ripening. Deepening insights into the connection between MADS-RIN and plant hormones related transcription factors, such as ERFs and ARFs, further conjugates the idea that several signaling units work in parallel to define an output fruit ripening transcriptome. Besides these TFs, the role of other families of transcription factors such as MYB, GLK, WRKY, GRAS and bHLH have also emerged as important ripening regulators. Other regulators such as EIN and EIL proteins also determine the transcriptional landscape of ripening fruits. Despite the abundant knowledge of the complex spectrum of ripening networks in the scientific domain, identifying more ripening effectors would pave the way for a better understanding of fleshy fruit ripening at the molecular level. This review provides an update on the transcriptional regulators of tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gambhir
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Utkarsh Raghuvanshi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 India
| | - Arun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
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4
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Baranov D, Timerbaev V. Recent Advances in Studying the Regulation of Fruit Ripening in Tomato Using Genetic Engineering Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:760. [PMID: 38255834 PMCID: PMC10815249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most commercially essential vegetable crops cultivated worldwide. In addition to the nutritional value, tomato is an excellent model for studying climacteric fruits' ripening processes. Despite this, the available natural pool of genes that allows expanding phenotypic diversity is limited, and the difficulties of crossing using classical selection methods when stacking traits increase proportionally with each additional feature. Modern methods of the genetic engineering of tomatoes have extensive potential applications, such as enhancing the expression of existing gene(s), integrating artificial and heterologous gene(s), pointing changes in target gene sequences while keeping allelic combinations characteristic of successful commercial varieties, and many others. However, it is necessary to understand the fundamental principles of the gene molecular regulation involved in tomato fruit ripening for its successful use in creating new varieties. Although the candidate genes mediate ripening have been identified, a complete picture of their relationship has yet to be formed. This review summarizes the latest (2017-2023) achievements related to studying the ripening processes of tomato fruits. This work attempts to systematize the results of various research articles and display the interaction pattern of genes regulating the process of tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Baranov
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Timerbaev
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Neves C, Ribeiro B, Amaro R, Expósito J, Grimplet J, Fortes AM. Network of GRAS transcription factors in plant development, fruit ripening and stress responses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad220. [PMID: 38077496 PMCID: PMC10699852 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The plant-specific family of GRAS transcription factors has been wide implicated in the regulation of transcriptional reprogramming associated with a diversity of biological functions ranging from plant development processes to stress responses. Functional analyses of GRAS transcription factors supported by in silico structural and comparative analyses are emerging and clarifying the regulatory networks associated with their biological roles. In this review, a detailed analysis of GRAS proteins' structure and biochemical features as revealed by recent discoveries indicated how these characteristics may impact subcellular location, molecular mechanisms, and function. Nomenclature issues associated with GRAS classification into different subfamilies in diverse plant species even in the presence of robust genomic resources are discussed, in particular how it affects assumptions of biological function. Insights into the mechanisms driving evolution of this gene family and how genetic and epigenetic regulation of GRAS contributes to subfunctionalization are provided. Finally, this review debates challenges and future perspectives on the application of this complex but promising gene family for crop improvement to cope with challenges of environmental transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Neves
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Ribeiro
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rute Amaro
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jesús Expósito
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Grimplet
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Calle Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- BioISI–Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Mejía-Mendoza MA, Garcidueñas-Piña C, Barrera-Figueroa BE, Morales-Domínguez JF. Identification and Profiling Analysis of microRNAs in Guava Fruit ( Psidium guajava L.) and Their Role during Ripening. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2029. [PMID: 38002972 PMCID: PMC10670931 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a climacteric fruit with an accelerated post-harvest overripening. miRNAs are small RNA sequences that function as gene regulators in eukaryotes and are essential for their survival and development. In this study, miRNA libraries were constructed, sequenced and analyzed from the breaker and ripe stages of guava fruit cv. Siglo XXI. One hundred and seventy-four mature miRNA sequences from 28 miRNA families were identified. The taxonomic distribution of the guava miRNAs showed a high level of conservation among the dicotyledonous plants. Most of the predicted miRNA target genes were transcription factors and genes involved in the metabolism of phytohormones such as abscisic acid, auxins, and ethylene, as revealed through an ontology enrichment analysis. The miRNA families miR168, miR169, miR396, miR397, and miR482 were classified as being directly associated with maturation, whereas the miRNA families miR160, miR165, miR167, miR3930, miR395, miR398, and miR535 were classified as being indirectly associated. With this study, we intended to increase our knowledge and understanding of the regulatory process involved in the ripening process, thereby providing valuable information for future research on the ripening of guava fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alejandro Mejía-Mendoza
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (UAA), Av. Universidad, #940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (M.A.M.-M.); (C.G.-P.)
| | - Cristina Garcidueñas-Piña
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (UAA), Av. Universidad, #940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (M.A.M.-M.); (C.G.-P.)
| | - Blanca Estela Barrera-Figueroa
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central #200, Parque Industrial, Tuxtepec 68301, Mexico;
| | - José Francisco Morales-Domínguez
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (UAA), Av. Universidad, #940, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (M.A.M.-M.); (C.G.-P.)
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Fu M, Li F, Zhou S, Guo P, Chen Y, Xie Q, Chen G, Hu Z. Trihelix transcription factor SlGT31 regulates fruit ripening mediated by ethylene in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5709-5721. [PMID: 37527459 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Trihelix proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that are classified as GT factors due to their binding specificity for GT elements, and they play crucial roles in development and stress responses. However, their involvement in fruit ripening and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms remains largely unclear. In this study, we cloned SlGT31, encoding a trihelix protein in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and determined that its relative expression was significantly induced by the application of exogenous ethylene whereas it was repressed by the ethylene-inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene. Suppression of SlGT31 expression resulted in delayed fruit ripening, decreased accumulation of total carotenoids, and reduced ethylene content, together with inhibition of expression of genes related to ethylene and fruit ripening. Conversely, SlGT31-overexpression lines showed opposite results. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays indicated that SlGT31 can bind to the promoters of two key ethylene-biosynthesis genes, ACO1 and ACS4. Taken together, our results indicate that SlGT31 might act as a positive modulator during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenfen Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengen Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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8
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Mellidou I, Koukounaras A, Frusciante S, Rambla JL, Patelou E, Ntoanidou S, Pons C, Kostas S, Nikoloudis K, Granell A, Diretto G, Kanellis AK. A metabolome and transcriptome survey to tap the dynamics of fruit prolonged shelf-life and improved quality within Greek tomato germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1267340. [PMID: 37818313 PMCID: PMC10560995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1267340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Tomato is a high economic value crop worldwide with recognized nutritional properties and diverse postharvest potential. Nowadays, there is an emerging awareness about the exploitation and utilization of underutilized traditional germplasm in modern breeding programs. In this context, the existing diversity among Greek accessions in terms of their postharvest life and nutritional value remains largely unexplored. Methods Herein, a detailed evaluation of 130 tomato Greek accessions for postharvest and nutritional characteristics was performed, using metabolomics and transcriptomics, leading to the selection of accessions with these interesting traits. Results The results showed remarkable differences among tomato Greek accessions for overall ripening parameters (color, firmness) and weight loss. On the basis of their postharvest performance, a balance between short shelf life (SSL) and long shelf life (LSL) accessions was revealed. Metabolome analysis performed on 14 selected accessions with contrasting shelf-life potential identified a total of 206 phytonutrients and volatile compounds. In turn, transcriptome analysis in fruits from the best SSL and the best LSL accessions revealed remarkable differences in the expression profiles of transcripts involved in key metabolic pathways related to fruit quality and postharvest potential. Discussion The pathways towards cell wall synthesis, polyamine synthesis, ABA catabolism, and steroidal alkaloids synthesis were mostly induced in the LSL accession, whereas those related to ethylene biosynthesis, cell wall degradation, isoprenoids, phenylpropanoids, ascorbic acid and aroma (TomloxC) were stimulated in the SSL accession. Overall, these data would provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanism towards enhancing shelf-life and improving flavor and aroma of modern tomato cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Mellidou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Koukounaras
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sarah Frusciante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Biotechnology Laboratory, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - José L. Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Efstathia Patelou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Symela Ntoanidou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Clara Pons
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Stefanos Kostas
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Biotechnology Laboratory, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelos K. Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Xiong F, Tian J, Wei Z, Deng K, Li Y, Zhang Y. Suppression of the target of rapamycin kinase accelerates tomato fruit ripening through reprogramming the transcription profile and promoting ethylene biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2603-2619. [PMID: 36786543 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruit ripening is a unique process of nutritional and energy metabolism. Target of rapamycin (TOR), a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase in eukaryotes, controls cell growth and metabolism by integrating nutrient, energy, and hormone signals. However, it remains unclear whether TOR participates in the modulation of tomato fruit ripening. Here, we showed that the manipulation of SlTOR by chemical or genetic methods greatly alters the process of tomato fruit maturation. Expression pattern analysis revealed that the transcripts of SlTOR declined as fruit ripening progressed. Moreover, suppression of SlTOR by TOR inhibitor AZD8055 or knock down of its transcripts by inducible RNA interference, accelerated fruit ripening, and led to overall effects on fruit maturity, including changes in colour and metabolism, fruit softening, and expression of ripening-related genes. Genome-wide transcription analysis indicated that silencing SlTOR reprogrammed the transcript profile associated with ripening, including cell wall and phytohormone pathways, elevated the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes, and further promoted ethylene production. In contrast, the ethylene action inhibitor 1-MCP efficiently blocked fruit maturation, even following SlTOR inhibition. These results suggest that accelerated fruit ripening caused by SlTOR inhibition depends on ethylene, and that SlTOR may function as a regulator in ethylene metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Xiong
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jianwei Tian
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wei
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Kexuan Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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10
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Feng Y, Kou X, Yuan S, Wu C, Zhao X, Xue Z, Li Q, Huang Z, Sun Y. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated SNAC9 mutants reveal the positive regulation of tomato ripening by SNAC9 and the mechanism of carotenoid metabolism regulation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad019. [PMID: 37035856 PMCID: PMC10076210 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
NAC transcriptional regulators are crucial for tomato ripening. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of SNAC9 (SlNAC19, Gene ID: 101248665) affects tomato ripening, and SNAC9 is involved in ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) metabolic pathways. However, the function of SNAC9 in pigment metabolism in tomatoes remains unclear. This work seeks to discover the mechanism of SNAC9 involvement in pigment metabolism during tomato ripening by establishing a SNAC9 knockout model using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The results indicated that fruit ripening was delayed in knockout (KO) mutants, and SNAC9 mutation significantly affected carotenoid metabolism. The chlorophyll (Chl) degradation rate, total carotenoid content, and lycopene content decreased significantly in the mutants. The transformation rate of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in mutants was slower, which was related to the carotenoid content. Furthermore, SNAC9 changed the expression of critical genes (PSY1, PDS, CRTISO, Z-ISO, SGR1, DXS2, LCYE, LCYB, and CrtR-b2) involved in pigment metabolism in tomato ripening. SNAC9 knockout also altered the expression levels of critical genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and ABA. Accordingly, SNAC9 regulated carotenoid metabolism by directly regulating PSY1, DXS2, SGR1, and CrtR-b2. This research provides a foundation for developing the tomato ripening network and precise tomato ripening regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - Shuai Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Caie Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaohui Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qingxiu Li
- College of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhengyu Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yijie Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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11
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Sun M, Xu QY, Zhu ZP, Liu PZ, Yu JX, Guo YX, Tang S, Yu ZF, Xiong AS. AgMYB5, an MYB transcription factor from celery, enhanced β-carotene synthesis and promoted drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:151. [PMID: 36941578 PMCID: PMC10029358 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water shortage caused by global warming seriously affects the yield and quality of vegetable crops. β-carotene, the lipid-soluble natural product with important pharmacological value, is abundant in celery. Transcription factor MYB family extensively disperses in plants and plays regulatory roles in carotenoid metabolism and water scarcity response. RESULTS Here, the AgMYB5 gene encoding 196 amino acids was amplified from celery cv. 'Jinnanshiqin'. In celery, the expression of AgMYB5 exhibited transactivation activity, tissue specificity, and drought-condition responsiveness. Further analysis proved that ectopic expression of AgMYB5 increased β-carotene content and promoted drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, AgMYB5 expression promoted β-carotene biosynthesis by triggering the expression of AtCRTISO and AtLCYB, which in turn increased antioxidant enzyme activities, and led to the decreased contents of H2O2 and MDA, and the inhibition of O2- generation. Meanwhile, β-carotene accumulation promoted endogenous ABA biosynthesis of transgenic Arabidopsis, which resulted in ABA-induced stomatal closing and delayed water loss. In addition, ectopic expression of AgMYB5 increased expression levels of AtERD1, AtP5CS1, AtRD22, and AtRD29. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated that AgMYB5 up-regulated β-carotene biosynthesis and drought tolerance of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Qin-Yi Xu
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Zhu
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei-Zhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Xiang Yu
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao-Xian Guo
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Tang
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Chirinos X, Ying S, Rodrigues MA, Maza E, Djari A, Hu G, Liu M, Purgatto E, Fournier S, Regad F, Bouzayen M, Pirrello J. Transition to ripening in tomato requires hormone-controlled genetic reprogramming initiated in gel tissue. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:610-625. [PMID: 36200876 PMCID: PMC9806557 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ripening is the last stage of the developmental program in fleshy fruits. During this phase, fruits become edible and acquire their unique sensory qualities and post-harvest potential. Although our knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate fruit ripening has improved considerably over the past decades, the processes that trigger the transition to ripening remain poorly deciphered. While transcriptomic profiling of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit ripening to date has mainly focused on the changes occurring in pericarp tissues between the Mature Green and Breaker stages, our study addresses the changes between the Early Mature Green and Late Mature Green stages in the gel and pericarp separately. The data showed that the shift from an inability to initiate ripening to the capacity to undergo full ripening requires extensive transcriptomic reprogramming that takes place first in the locular tissues before extending to the pericarp. Genome-wide transcriptomic profiling revealed the wide diversity of transcription factor (TF) families engaged in the global reprogramming of gene expression and identified those specifically regulated at the Mature Green stage in the gel but not in the pericarp, thereby providing potential targets toward deciphering the initial factors and events that trigger the transition to ripening. The study also uncovered an extensive reformed homeostasis for most plant hormones, highlighting the multihormonal control of ripening initiation. Our data unveil the antagonistic roles of ethylene and auxin during the onset of ripening and show that auxin treatment delays fruit ripening via impairing the expression of genes required for System-2 autocatalytic ethylene production that is essential for climacteric ripening. This study unveils the detailed features of the transcriptomic reprogramming associated with the transition to ripening of tomato fruit and shows that the first changes occur in the locular gel before extending to pericarp and that a reformed auxin homeostasis is essential for the ripening to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Aurineide Rodrigues
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales—Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 11461 Brazil
| | - Elie Maza
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales—Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Anis Djari
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales—Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Guojian Hu
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales—Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Metatoul-AgromiX platform, LRSV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, France
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Farid Regad
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales—Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales—Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INRAe/INP Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits—UMR990, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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13
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He Z, Tian Z, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Huang R, Xu X, Wang Y, Ji X. Genome-wide identification, expression and salt stress tolerance analysis of the GRAS transcription factor family in Betula platyphylla. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1022076. [PMID: 36352865 PMCID: PMC9638169 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The GRAS gene family is a plant-specific family of transcription factors and play a vital role in many plant growth processes and abiotic stress responses. Nevertheless, the functions of the GRAS gene family in woody plants, especially in Betula platyphylla (birch), are hardly known. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of 40 BpGRAS genes (BpGRASs) and identified typical GRAS domains of most BpGRASs. The BpGRASs were unevenly distributed on 14 chromosomes of birch and the phylogenetic analysis of six species facilitated the clustering of 265 GRAS proteins into 17 subfamilies. We observed that closely related GRAS homologs had similar conserved motifs according to motif analysis. Besides, an analysis of the expression patterns of 26 BpGRASs showed that most BpGRASs were highly expressed in the leaves and responded to salt stress. Six BpGRASs were selected for cis-acting element analysis because of their significant upregulation under salt treatment, indicating that many elements were involved in the response to abiotic stress. This result further confirmed that these BpGRASs might participate in response to abiotic stress. Transiently transfected birch plants with transiently overexpressed 6 BpGRASs and RNAi-silenced 6 BpGRASs were generated for gain- and loss-of-function analysis, respectively. In addition, overexpression of BpGRAS34 showed phenotype resistant to salt stress, decreased the cell death and enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capabilities and proline content under salt treatment, consistent with the results in transiently transformed birch plants. This study is a systematic analysis of the GRAS gene family in birch plants, and the results provide insight into the molecular mechanism of the GRAS gene family responding to abiotic stress in birch plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang He
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zengzhi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruikun Huang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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14
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Li F, Fu M, Zhou S, Xie Q, Chen G, Chen X, Hu Z. A tomato HD-zip I transcription factor, VAHOX1, acts as a negative regulator of fruit ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac236. [PMID: 36643762 PMCID: PMC9832867 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are only present in higher plants and are involved in plant development and stress responses. However, our understanding of their participation in the fruit ripening of economical plants, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), remains largely unclear. Here, we report that VAHOX1, a member of the tomato HD-Zip I subfamily, was expressed in all tissues, was highly expressed in breaker+4 fruits, and could be induced by ethylene. RNAi repression of VAHOX1 (VAHOX1-RNAi) resulted in accelerated fruit ripening, enhanced sensitivity to ethylene, and increased total carotenoid content and ethylene production. Conversely, VAHOX1 overexpression (VAHOX1-OE) in tomato had the opposite effect. RNA-Seq results showed that altering VAHOX1 expression affected the transcript accumulation of a series of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction and cell wall modification. Additionally, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, histochemical analysis of GUS activity and a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay revealed that VAHOX1 could activate the expression of AP2a. Our findings may expand our knowledge about the physiological functions of HD-Zip transcription factors in tomato and highlight the diversities of transcriptional regulation during the fruit ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjie Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengen Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Co-corresponding author: Zongli Hu: Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China, E-mail: ; Xuqing Chen: Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 11 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100097, China, E-mail:
| | - Zongli Hu
- Co-corresponding author: Zongli Hu: Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China, E-mail: ; Xuqing Chen: Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 11 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100097, China, E-mail:
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15
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Villa-Rivera MG, Martínez O, Ochoa-Alejo N. Putative Transcription Factor Genes Associated with Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Chili Pepper Fruits Revealed by RNA-Seq Coexpression Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911774. [PMID: 36233073 PMCID: PMC9569626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the ripening process, the pericarp of chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Although the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in the Capsicum genus has been widely studied from different perspectives, the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes has not been elucidated in this fruit. We analyzed RNA-Seq transcriptomic data from the fruits of 12 accessions of Capsicum annuum during the growth, development, and ripening processes using the R package named Salsa. We performed coexpression analyses between the standardized expression of genes encoding carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes (target genes (TGs)) and the genes of all expressed transcription factors (TFs). Additionally, we analyzed the promoter region of each biosynthetic gene to identify putative binding sequences for each selected TF candidate. We selected 83 TFs as putative regulators of the carotenogenic structural genes. From them, putative binding sites in the promoters of the carotenoid-biosynthesis-related structural genes were found for only 54 TFs. These results could guide the search for transcription factors involved in the regulation of the carotenogenic pathway in chili pepper fruits and might facilitate the collection of corresponding experimental evidence to corroborate their participation in the regulation of this biosynthetic pathway in Capsicum spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Octavio Martínez
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(462)-6239654
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16
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Choi I, Ahn CS, Lee DH, Baek SA, Jung JW, Kim JK, Lee HS, Pai HS. Silencing of the Target of Rapamycin Complex Genes Stimulates Tomato Fruit Ripening. Mol Cells 2022; 45:660-672. [PMID: 35993163 PMCID: PMC9448650 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin complex (TORC) plays a key role in plant cell growth and survival by regulating the gene expression and metabolism according to environmental information. TORC activates transcription, mRNA translation, and anabolic processes under favorable conditions, thereby promoting plant growth and development. Tomato fruit ripening is a complex developmental process promoted by ethylene and specific transcription factors. TORC is known to modulate leaf senescence in tomato. In this study, we investigated the function of TORC in tomato fruit ripening using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the TORC genes, TOR, lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (LST8), and regulatory-associated protein of TOR (RAPTOR). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression levels of tomato TORC genes were the highest in the orange stage during fruit development in Micro-Tom tomato. VIGS of these TORC genes using stage 2 tomato accelerated fruit ripening with premature orange/red coloring and decreased fruit growth, when control tobacco rattle virus 2 (TRV2)-myc fruits reached the mature green stage. TORC-deficient fruits showed early accumulation of carotenoid lycopene and reduced cellulose deposition in pericarp cell walls. The early ripening fruits had higher levels of transcripts related to fruit ripening transcription factors, ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid synthesis, and cell wall modification. Finally, the early ripening phenotype in Micro-Tom tomato was reproduced in the commercial cultivar Moneymaker tomato by VIGS of the TORC genes. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TORC plays an important role in tomato fruit ripening by modulating the transcription of various ripening-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyeong Choi
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chang Sook Ahn
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Platform Technology Research Center, Corporate R&D, LG Chem/LG Science Park, Seoul 07796, Korea
| | - Du-Hwa Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seung-A Baek
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jung Won Jung
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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17
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Xing M, Li H, Liu G, Zhu B, Zhu H, Grierson D, Luo Y, Fu D. A MADS-box transcription factor, SlMADS1, interacts with SlMACROCALYX to regulate tomato sepal growth. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111366. [PMID: 35779674 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, sepals play important roles in the development of flowers and fruit, and both processes are regulated by MADS-box (MADS) transcription factors (TFs). SlMADS1 was previously reported to act as a negative regulator of fruit ripening. In this study, expression analysis shown that its transcripts were very highly expressed during the development of sepals. To test the role of SlMADS1, we generated KO-SlMADS1 (knock-out) tomato mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9) technology and over-expression of SlMADS1 (OE-SlMADS1). The sepals and individual cells of KO-SlMADS1 mutants were significantly elongated, compared with the wild type (WT), whereas the sepals of OE-SlMADS1 tomatoes were significantly shorter and their cells were wider. RNA-seq (RNA-sequencing) of sepal samples showed that ethylene-, gibberellin-, auxin-, cytokinin- and cell wall metabolism-related genes were significantly affected in both KO-SlMADS1 and OE-SlMADS1 plants with altered sepal size. Since SlMACROCALYX (MC) is known to regulate the development of tomato sepals, we also studied the relationship between SlMC and SlMADS1 and the result showed that SlMADS1 interacts directly with SlMC. In addition, we also found that manipulating SlMADS1 expression alters the development of tomato plant leaves, roots and plant height. These results enrich our understanding of sepal development and the function of SlMADS1 throughout the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Xing
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gangshuai Liu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD UK
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Daqi Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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18
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Jaiswal V, Kakkar M, Kumari P, Zinta G, Gahlaut V, Kumar S. Multifaceted Roles of GRAS Transcription Factors in Growth and Stress Responses in Plants. iScience 2022; 25:105026. [PMID: 36117995 PMCID: PMC9474926 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Jaiswal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Mrinalini Kakkar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Vijay Gahlaut
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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19
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Li Z, Pi Y, Fan J, Yang X, Zhai C, Chen H, Wang F, Ding J, Gu T, Li Y, Wu H. High mobility group A3 enhances transcription of the DNA demethylase gene SlDML2 to promote tomato fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:315-328. [PMID: 35171288 PMCID: PMC9070846 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening. Although SlDML2, a DNA demethylase (DML) gene, is critically involved in tomato fruit ripening, little is known about genes that regulate its expression. Using yeast one-hybrid screening, we identified a High Mobility Group A protein, named SlHMGA3, and demonstrated its binding activity to the AT-rich region of the SlDML2 promoter. We produced slhmga3 tomato mutants using CRISPR/Cas9 and observed that slhmga3 fruit reached the breaker stage much later than fruit from the wild-type. We further demonstrated that at the initiation stage of fruit ripening, the increased expression of SlDML2 and ethylene biosynthetic and signaling genes was significantly delayed in slhmga3 fruit, along with delays in ethylene production and demethylation and activation of ripening-associated transcription factor genes. Our results demonstrate that SlHMGA3 plays a role in enhancing SlDML2 expression, and its effects on tomato fruit ripening are largely through DNA demethylation of ripening-associated transcription factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changsheng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Han Wu
- Author for correspondence:
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20
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Li X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang A, You CX. Regulation of fleshy fruit ripening: From transcription factors to epigenetic modifications. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac013. [PMID: 35147185 PMCID: PMC9035223 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits undergo a complex ripening process, developing organoleptic fruit traits that attract herbivores and maximize seed dispersal. Ripening is the terminal stage of fruit development and involves a series of physiological and biochemical changes. In fleshy fruits, ripening always involves a drastic color change triggered by the accumulation of pigments and degradation of chlorophyll, softening caused by cell wall remodeling, and flavor formation as acids and sugars accumulate alongside volatile compounds. The mechanisms underlying fruit ripening rely on the orchestration of ripening-related transcription factors, plant hormones, and epigenetic modifications. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the transcription factors that regulate ripening in conjunction with ethylene and environmental signals (light and temperature) in the model plant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other fleshy fruits. We emphasize the critical roles of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modification as well as RNA m6A modification, which has been studied intensively. This detailed review was compiled to provide a comprehensive description of the regulatory mechanisms of fruit ripening and guide new strategies for its effective manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Aihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
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21
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Kou X, Feng Y, Yuan S, Zhao X, Wu C, Wang C, Xue Z. Different regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones in the ripening of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits: a review. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:477-497. [PMID: 34633626 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review contains the regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones in the ripening process of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, interactions between plant hormones and future research directions. The fruit ripening process involves physiological and biochemical changes such as pigment accumulation, softening, aroma and flavor formation. There is a great difference in the ripening process between climacteric fruits and non-climacteric fruits. The ripening of these two types of fruits is affected by endogenous signals and exogenous environments. Endogenous signaling plant hormones play an important regulatory role in fruit ripening. This paper systematically reviews recent progress in the regulation of plant hormones in fruit ripening, including ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin, jasmonic acid (JA), gibberellin, brassinosteroid (BR), salicylic acid (SA) and melatonin. The role of plant hormones in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits is discussed, with emphasis on the interaction between ethylene and other adjustment factors. Specifically, the research progress and future research directions of JA, SA and BR in fruit ripening are discussed, and the regulatory network between JA and other signaling molecules remains to be further revealed. This study is meant to expand the understanding of the importance of plant hormones, clarify the hormonal regulation network and provide a basis for targeted manipulation of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Kou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Caie Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Brumos J. Gene regulation in climacteric fruit ripening. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102042. [PMID: 33971378 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersion and consequent plant propagation depend on the success of fruit ripening. Thus, ripening is a highly regulated developmental process aiming to maximize fruit organoleptic traits to attract herbivores. During ripening, the developing fruit experiences dramatic modifications, including color change, flavor improvement, and loss of firmness that are remarkably coordinated. Dynamic interactions between multiple hormones, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications establish the complex regulatory network that controls the expression levels of ripening-related genes. Tomato, as a climacteric fruit, displays a burst of respiration once the seeds mature, followed by an increase in ethylene that regulates ripening. The accepted paradigm of the ripening transcriptional regulation has been recently challenged by the generation of true-null mutants of the previously considered master regulators of ripening. In addition to hormonal and transcriptional control, epigenetic shifts regulate the ripening process. Future research will contribute to better understanding the factors regulating fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Brumos
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Barbero F, Guglielmotto M, Islam M, Maffei ME. Extracellular Fragmented Self-DNA Is Involved in Plant Responses to Biotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:686121. [PMID: 34381477 PMCID: PMC8350447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.686121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that extracellular fragmented self-DNA (eDNA), by acting as a signaling molecule, triggers inhibitory effects on conspecific plants and functions as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). To evaluate early and late events in DAMP-dependent responses to eDNA, we extracted, fragmented, and applied the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) eDNA to tomato leaves. Non-sonicated, intact self-DNA (intact DNA) was used as control. Early event analyses included the evaluation of plasma transmembrane potentials (Vm), cytosolic calcium variations (Ca2+ cy t), the activity and subcellular localization of both voltage-gated and ligand-gated rectified K+ channels, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) subcellular localization and quantification. Late events included RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis and qPCR validation of gene expression of tomato leaves exposed to tomato eDNA. Application of eDNA induced a concentration-dependent Vm depolarization which was correlated to an increase in (Ca2+)cyt; this event was associated to the opening of K+ channels, with particular action on ligand-gated rectified K+ channels. Both eDNA-dependent (Ca2+)cyt and K+ increases were correlated to ROS production. In contrast, application of intact DNA produced no effects. The plant response to eDNA was the modulation of the expression of genes involved in plant-biotic interactions including pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPK1), heat shock transcription factors (Hsf), heat shock proteins (Hsp), receptor-like kinases (RLKs), and ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs). Several genes involved in calcium signaling, ROS scavenging and ion homeostasis were also modulated by application of eDNA. Shared elements among the transcriptional response to eDNA and to biotic stress indicate that eDNA might be a common DAMP that triggers plant responses to pathogens and herbivores, particularly to those that intensive plant cell disruption or cell death. Our results suggest the intriguing hypothesis that some of the plant reactions to pathogens and herbivores might be due to DNA degradation, especially when associated to the plant cell disruption. Fragmented DNA would then become an important and powerful elicitor able to trigger early and late responses to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barbero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Guglielmotto
- Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monirul Islam
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimo E. Maffei,
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