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Werny MJ, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Visualizing the Structure, Composition and Activity of Single Catalyst Particles for Olefin Polymerization and Polyolefin Decomposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202306033. [PMID: 37782261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural and morphological characterization of individual catalyst particles for olefin polymerization, as well as for the reverse process of polyolefin decomposition, can provide an improved understanding for how these catalyst materials operate under relevant reaction conditions. In this review, we discuss an emerging analytical toolbox of 2D and 3D chemical imaging techniques that is suitable for investigating the chemistry and reactivity of related catalyst systems. While synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy still provides unparalleled spatial resolutions in 2D and 3D, a number of laboratory-based techniques, most notably focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, infrared photoinduced force microscopy and laboratory-based X-ray nano-computed tomography, have helped to significantly expand the arsenal of analytical tools available to scientists in heterogeneous catalysis and polymer science. In terms of future research, the review outlines the role and impact of in situ and operando (spectro-)microscopy experiments, involving sophisticated reactors as well as online reactant and product analysis, to obtain real-time information on the formation, decomposition, and mobility of polymer phases within single catalyst particles. Furthermore, the potential of fluorescence microscopy, X-ray microscopy and optical microscopy is highlighted for the high-throughput characterization of olefin polymerization and polyolefin decomposition catalysts. By combining these chemical imaging techniques with, for example, chemical staining methodologies, selective probe molecules as well as particle sorting approaches, representative structure-activity relationships can be derived at the level of single catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Werny
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600, AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Bian J, Wang B, Niu X, Zhao H, Ling H, Ju F. Migration and emission characteristics of metal pollutants in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132778. [PMID: 37844495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the core unit for heavy oil conversion in refineries. In the FCC process, the metal contaminants from the feedstock are deposited on the catalysts, causing catalyst deactivation and metal particulate matter (PM) emission. However, the migration and emission characteristics of metal pollutants in FCC units are still unclear. Here, the stack tests of three FCC units were carried out to monitor metal PM emissions, and the metal contents of the feedstock oil and spent catalyst were detected. For the metal migration from the feedstock to the catalysts, Ni, Fe, and V have high concentrations and migration rates while other metals perform much lower. The metal distribution on the spent catalysts profoundly determines the metal mobility to the flue gas and the regeneration process affects the catalyst attrition, leading to metal PM emissions discrepancy. The migration rate and emission concentration of V in the deeper layers of the catalysts are much lower than those of Ni at the particle's exterior. Finally, the stack data was used to calculate the emission factors and ratio factors of the metal PM. This work is expected to advance metal migration cognition and metal pollutants emissions estimation in FCC units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ximing Niu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry CO., LTD, Shanghai 200333, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Bian J, Zhao H, Wang B, Han B, Ling H, Ju F. Emission characteristics of condensable particulate matter (CPM) from FCC flue gas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163533. [PMID: 37076004 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) as a major air pollutant, generally includes filterable particulate matter (FPM) and condensable particulate matter (CPM). CPM has gradually attracted widespread attention recently, due to its increasing proportion in total PM emissions. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units, the main emission source in refineries, mostly use wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), which will produce a large amount of CPM. However, CPM emission and composition of FCC units are actually unclear. In this work, we aimed to understand the emission characteristics of CPM in FCC flue gas and provide some potential control strategies. Here, the stack tests of three typical FCC units were conducted to monitor FPM and CPM, and the field monitoring FPM results are higher than the concentration provided by Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). The emission of CPM is at a high-level concentration from 28.88 to 86.17 mg/Nm3, divided into inorganic fraction and organic fraction. The inorganic fraction is mainly composed in CPM, where water-soluble ions including SO42-, Na+, NH4+, NO3-, CN-, Cl-, and F-, are the major contributors. Moreover, a variety of organic compounds are detected as qualitative analysis of organic fraction in CPM, which can be roughly classified into alkanes, esters, aromatics, and others. Finally, on the basis of the understanding of the characteristics of CPM, we have proposed two strategies for CPM control. This work is expected to advance CPM emission regulation and control in FCC units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Feng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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4
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Kharas K, Mastry MC, Thompson A, Yilmaz B. Comparison of an in situ and an incorporated FCC catalyst under iron contamination. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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5
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Rodriguez-Olguin MA, Cruz-Herbert RN, Atia H, Bosco M, Fornero EL, Eckelt R, De Haro Del Río DA, Aguirre A, Gardeniers JGE, Susarrey-Arce A. Tuning the catalytic acidity in Al 2O 3 nanofibers with mordenite nanocrystals for dehydration reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2022; 12:4243-4254. [PMID: 35873718 PMCID: PMC9252259 DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alumina (Al2O3) is one of the most used supports in the chemical industry due to its exceptional thermal stability, surface area, and acidic properties. Mesoscopic structured alumina with adequate acidic properties is important in catalysis to enhance the selectivity and conversion of certain reactions and processes. This study introduces a synthetic method based on electrospinning to produce Al2O3 nanofibers (ANFs) with zeolite mordenite (MOR) nanocrystals (hereafter, hybrid ANFs) to tune the textural and surface acidity properties. The hybrid ANFs with electrospinning form a non-woven network with macropores. ANF-HMOR, i.e., ANFs containing protonated mordenite (HMOR), shows the highest total acidity of ca. 276 μmol g-1 as determined with infrared spectroscopy using pyridine as a molecular probe (IR-Py). IR-Py results reveal that Lewis acid sites are prominently present in the hybrid ANFs. Brønsted acid sites are also observed in the hybrid ANFs and are associated with the HMOR presence. The functionality of hybrid ANFs is evaluated during methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether (DME). The proof of concept reaction reveals that ANF-HMOR is the more active and selective catalyst with 87% conversion and nearly 100% selectivity to DME at 573 K. The results demonstrate that the textural properties and the acid site type and content can be modulated in hybrid ANF structures, synergistically improving the selectivity and conversion during the methanol dehydration reaction. From a broader perspective, our results promote the utilization of hybrid structural materials as a means to tune chemical reactions selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rodriguez-Olguin
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - R N Cruz-Herbert
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Pedro de Alba S/N San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León 64455 Mexico
| | - H Atia
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a D-18059 Rostock Germany
| | - M Bosco
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral CONICET, Güemes 3450 S3000GLN Santa Fe Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) Santiago del Estero 2829 Santa Fe 3000 Argentina
| | - E L Fornero
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral CONICET, Güemes 3450 S3000GLN Santa Fe Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias Hídricas, UNL, Ciudad Universitaria Ruta Nacional N° 168 - Km 472,4 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - R Eckelt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a D-18059 Rostock Germany
| | - D A De Haro Del Río
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Pedro de Alba S/N San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León 64455 Mexico
| | - A Aguirre
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral CONICET, Güemes 3450 S3000GLN Santa Fe Argentina
| | - J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - A Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede The Netherlands
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6
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Weber S, Diaz A, Holler M, Schropp A, Lyubomirskiy M, Abel KL, Kahnt M, Jeromin A, Kulkarni S, Keller TF, Gläser R, Sheppard TL. Evolution of Hierarchically Porous Nickel Alumina Catalysts Studied by X-Ray Ptychography. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105432. [PMID: 35289133 PMCID: PMC8922122 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of hierarchically porous materials usually requires complex experimental procedures, often based around extensive trial and error approaches. One common synthesis strategy is the sol-gel method, although the relation between synthesis parameters, material structure and function has not been widely explored. Here, in situ 2D hard X-ray ptychography (XRP) and 3D ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (PXCT) are applied to monitor the development of hierarchical porosity in Ni/Al2 O3 and Al2 O3 catalysts with connected meso- and macropore networks. In situ XRP allows to follow textural changes of a dried gel Ni/Al2 O3 sample as a function of temperature during calcination, activation and CO2 methanation reaction. Complementary PXCT studies on dried gel particles of Ni/Al2 O3 and Al2 O3 provide quantitative information on pore structure, size distribution, and shape with 3D spatial resolution approaching 50 nm, while identical particles are imaged ex situ before and after calcination. The X-ray imaging results are correlated with N2 -sorption, Hg porosimetry and He pycnometry pore characterization. Hard X-ray nanotomography is highlighted to derive fine structural details including tortuosity, branching nodes, and closed pores, which are relevant in understanding transport phenomena during chemical reactions. XRP and PXCT are enabling technologies to understand complex synthesis pathways of porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weber
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 20Karlsruhe76131Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344Germany
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer InstitutVilligen PSI5232Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer InstitutVilligen PSI5232Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85Hamburg22607Germany
| | | | - Ken L. Abel
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität LeipzigLinnéstraße 3Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV LaboratoryFotongatan 2Lund225 94Sweden
| | - Arno Jeromin
- Centre for X‐ray and Nano Science (CXNS)Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85Hamburg22607Germany
| | - Satishkumar Kulkarni
- Centre for X‐ray and Nano Science (CXNS)Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85Hamburg22607Germany
| | - Thomas F. Keller
- Centre for X‐ray and Nano Science (CXNS)Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85Hamburg22607Germany
- Physics DepartmentUniversity of HamburgHamburg20355Germany
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität LeipzigLinnéstraße 3Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 20Karlsruhe76131Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen76344Germany
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7
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He M, Sun Y, Han B. Green Carbon Science: Efficient Carbon Resource Processing, Utilization, and Recycling towards Carbon Neutrality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Processes Department of Chemistry East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Research Institute of Petrochem Processing, SINOPEC Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Low Carbon Energy Conversion Center Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- Shanghai Low Carbon Technology Innovation Platform Shanghai 210620 China
| | - Buxing Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Processes Department of Chemistry East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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8
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Liu Q, Peng B, Zhou Q, Zheng A, Gao X, Qi Y, Yuan S, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Song H, Da Z. Role of iron contaminants in the pathway of ultra-stable Y zeolite degradation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00672c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron promotes the chemical equilibrium of the dealumination process by inducing the mobility and agglomeration of extra-framework aluminum, and further facilitates the formation of sillimanite at a lower temperature of 1000 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Aiguo Zheng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiuzhi Gao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuxia Zhu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Haitao Song
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhijian Da
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
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9
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Rodriguez-Olguin M, Atia H, Bosco M, Aguirre A, Eckelt R, Asuquo E, Vandichel M, Gardeniers J, Susarrey-Arce A. Al2O3 nanofibers prepared from aluminum Di(sec-butoxide)acetoacetic ester chelate exhibits high surface area and acidity. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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He M, Sun Y, Han B. Green Carbon Science: Efficient Carbon Resource Processing, Utilization, and Recycling Towards Carbon Neutrality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112835. [PMID: 34919305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Green carbon science is defined as "Study and optimization of the transformation of carbon containing compounds and the relevant processes involved in the entire carbon cycle from carbon resource processing, carbon energy utilization, and carbon recycling to use carbon resources efficiently and minimize the net CO2 emission." [1] Green carbon science is related closely to carbon neutrality, and the relevant fields have developed quickly in the last decade. In this Minireview, we proposed the concept of carbon energy index, and the recent progresses in petroleum refining, production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and materials using coal, methane, CO2, biomass, and waste plastics are highlighted in combination with green carbon science, and an outlook for these important fields is provided in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- East China Normal University, Department of Chemistry, 200062, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, 201203, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Buxing Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beiyijie number 2, Zhongguancun, 100190, Beijing, CHINA
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11
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Nieuwelink AE, Vollenbroek JC, Tiggelaar RM, Bomer JG, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Weckhuysen BM. High-throughput activity screening and sorting of single catalyst particles with a droplet microreactor using dielectrophoresis. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Gambino M, Nieuwelink A, Reints F, Veselý M, Filez M, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Meirer F, Weckhuysen B. Mimicking industrial aging in fluid catalytic cracking: A correlative microscopy approach to unravel inter-particle heterogeneities. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Liu L. Multiscale structural characterization of shaped catalysts. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Harte Röntgen‐Nanotomographie zur 3D‐Analyse der Verkokung in Nickel‐basierten Katalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Weber S, Batey D, Cipiccia S, Stehle M, Abel KL, Gläser R, Sheppard TL. Hard X-Ray Nanotomography for 3D Analysis of Coking in Nickel-Based Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21772-21777. [PMID: 34339595 PMCID: PMC8518723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding catalyst deactivation by coking is crucial for knowledge-based catalyst and process design in reactions with carbonaceous species. Post-mortem analysis of catalyst coking is often performed by bulk characterization methods. Here, hard X-ray ptychographic computed tomography (PXCT) was used to study Ni/Al2 O3 catalysts for CO2 methanation and CH4 dry reforming after artificial coking treatment. PXCT generated quantitative 3D maps of local electron density at ca. 80 nm resolution, allowing to visualize and evaluate the severity of coking in entire catalyst particles of ca. 40 μm diameter. Coking was primarily revealed in the nanoporous solid, which was not detectable in resolved macropores. Coke formation was independently confirmed by operando Raman spectroscopy. PXCT is highlighted as an emerging characterization tool for nanoscale identification, co-localization, and potentially quantification of deactivation phenomena in 3D space within entire catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weber
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Darren Batey
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusFermi AveDidcotOX11 0DEUK
| | - Silvia Cipiccia
- Dept. of Medical Physics & Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonMalet Place, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Matthias Stehle
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ken L. Abel
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität LeipzigLinnéstr. 304103LeipzigGermany
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität LeipzigLinnéstr. 304103LeipzigGermany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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16
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Ihli J, Schenk AS, Rosenfeldt S, Wakonig K, Holler M, Falini G, Pasquini L, Delacou E, Buckman J, Glen TS, Kress T, Tsai EHR, Reid DG, Duer MJ, Cusack M, Nudelman F. Mechanical adaptation of brachiopod shells via hydration-induced structural changes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5383. [PMID: 34508091 PMCID: PMC8433230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The function-optimized properties of biominerals arise from the hierarchical organization of primary building blocks. Alteration of properties in response to environmental stresses generally involves time-intensive processes of resorption and reprecipitation of mineral in the underlying organic scaffold. Here, we report that the load-bearing shells of the brachiopod Discinisca tenuis are an exception to this process. These shells can dynamically modulate their mechanical properties in response to a change in environment, switching from hard and stiff when dry to malleable when hydrated within minutes. Using ptychographic X-ray tomography, electron microscopy and spectroscopy, we describe their hierarchical structure and composition as a function of hydration to understand the structural motifs that generate this adaptability. Key is a complementary set of structural modifications, starting with the swelling of an organic matrix on the micron level via nanocrystal reorganization and ending in an intercalation process on the molecular level in response to hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Anna S Schenk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitaetsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitaetsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Wakonig
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugénia Delacou
- School of Chemistry, the University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jim Buckman
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas S Glen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Kress
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther H R Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - David G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melinda J Duer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maggie Cusack
- Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928 & Tralee, Kerry, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- School of Chemistry, the University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, UK.
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17
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Bossers KW, Valadian R, Garrevoet J, van Malderen S, Chan R, Friederichs N, Severn J, Wilbers A, Zanoni S, Jongkind MK, Weckhuysen BM, Meirer F. Heterogeneity in the Fragmentation of Ziegler Catalyst Particles during Ethylene Polymerization Quantified by X-ray Nanotomography. JACS AU 2021; 1:852-864. [PMID: 34240080 PMCID: PMC8243319 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ziegler-type catalysts are the grand old workhorse of the polyolefin industry, yet their hierarchically complex nature complicates polymerization activity-catalyst structure relationships. In this work, the degree of catalyst framework fragmentation of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) Ziegler-type catalyst was studied using ptychography X-ray-computed nanotomography (PXCT) in the early stages of ethylene polymerization under mild reaction conditions. An ensemble consisting of 434 fully reconstructed ethylene prepolymerized Ziegler catalyst particles prepared at a polymer yield of 3.4 g HDPE/g catalyst was imaged. This enabled a statistical route to study the heterogeneity in the degree of particle fragmentation and therefore local polymerization activity at an achieved 3-D spatial resolution of 74 nm without requiring invasive imaging tools. To study the degree of catalyst fragmentation within the ensemble, a fragmentation parameter was constructed based on a k-means clustering algorithm that relates the quantity of polyethylene formed to the average size of the spatially resolved catalyst fragments. With this classification method, we have identified particles that exhibit weak, moderate, and strong degrees of catalyst fragmentation, showing that there is a strong heterogeneity in the overall catalyst particle fragmentation and thus polymerization activity within the entire ensemble. This hints toward local mass transfer limitations or other deactivation phenomena. The methodology used here can be applied to all polyolefin catalysts, including metallocene and the Phillips catalysts to gain statistically relevant fundamental insights in the fragmentation behavior of an ensemble of catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen W. Bossers
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roozbeh Valadian
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Photon
Science at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22603, Germany
| | - Stijn van Malderen
- Photon
Science at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22603, Germany
| | - Robert Chan
- SABIC, P.O. Box 319, 6160
AH Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Severn
- DSM
Materials Science Center, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold Wilbers
- DSM
Materials Science Center, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Zanoni
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten K. Jongkind
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Gao Z, Holler M, Odstrcil M, Menzel A, Guizar-Sicairos M, Ihli J. Nanoscale crystal grain characterization via linear polarization X-ray ptychography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:13373-13376. [PMID: 33030473 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06101h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-ray linear dichroism and X-ray birefringence microscopy are yet to be fully utilized as instruments in the microstructural characterization of crystalline materials. Here, we demonstrate analyser-free X-ray linear dichroism microscopy using spectroscopic hard X-ray ptychography. First experiments enabled a spectroscopic and microstructural characterisation of polycrystalline vanadium pentoxide on the nanoscale, outside of diffraction-contrast based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Gao
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. and ETH Zurich, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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19
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Sample Environment for Operando Hard X-ray Tomography—An Enabling Technology for Multimodal Characterization in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Structure–activity relations in heterogeneous catalysis can be revealed through in situ and operando measurements of catalysts in their active state. While hard X-ray tomography is an ideal method for non-invasive, multimodal 3D structural characterization on the micron to nm scale, performing tomography under controlled gas and temperature conditions is challenging. Here, we present a flexible sample environment for operando hard X-ray tomography at synchrotron radiation sources. The setup features are discussed, with demonstrations of operando powder X-ray diffraction tomography (XRD-CT) and energy-dispersive tomographic X-ray absorption spectroscopy (ED-XAS-CT). Catalysts for CO2 methanation and partial oxidation of methane are shown as case studies. The setup can be adapted for different hard X-ray microscopy, spectroscopy, or scattering synchrotron radiation beamlines, is compatible with absorption, diffraction, fluorescence, and phase-contrast imaging, and can operate with scanning focused beam or full-field acquisition mode. We present an accessible methodology for operando hard X-ray tomography studies, which offer a unique source of 3D spatially resolved characterization data unavailable to contemporary methods.
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20
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Veselý M, Valadian R, Lohse LM, Toepperwien M, Spiers K, Garrevoet J, Vogt ETC, Salditt T, Weckhuysen BM, Meirer F. 3‐D X‐ray Nanotomography Reveals Different Carbon Deposition Mechanisms in a Single Catalyst Particle. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Roozbeh Valadian
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Leon Merten Lohse
- Institute for X-ray Physics University of Göttingen Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Mareike Toepperwien
- Institute for X-ray Physics University of Göttingen Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Kathryn Spiers
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Eelco T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Albemarle Catalysts Company BV Research Center Amsterdam PO box 37650 1030 BE Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-ray Physics University of Göttingen Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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21
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Becher J, Sanchez DF, Doronkin DE, Zengel D, Meira DM, Pascarelli S, Grunwaldt JD, Sheppard TL. Chemical gradients in automotive Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts for NOx removal revealed by operando X-ray spectrotomography. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Vamvakeros A, Coelho AA, Matras D, Dong H, Odarchenko Y, Price SWT, Butler KT, Gutowski O, Dippel AC, Zimmermann M, Martens I, Drnec J, Beale AM, Jacques SDM. DLSR: a solution to the parallax artefact in X-ray diffraction computed tomography data. J Appl Crystallogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720013576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A new tomographic reconstruction algorithm is presented, termed direct least-squares reconstruction (DLSR), which solves the well known parallax problem in X-ray-scattering-based experiments. The parallax artefact arises from relatively large samples where X-rays, scattered from a scattering angle 2θ, arrive at multiple detector elements. This phenomenon leads to loss of physico-chemical information associated with diffraction peak shape and position (i.e. altering the calculated crystallite size and lattice parameter values, respectively) and is currently the major barrier to investigating samples and devices at the centimetre level (scale-up problem). The accuracy of the DLSR algorithm has been tested against simulated and experimental X-ray diffraction computed tomography data using the TOPAS software.
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23
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Ihli J, Bloch L, Krumeich F, Wakonig K, Holler M, Guizar‐Sicairos M, Weber T, Silva JC, Bokhoven JA. Hierarchical Structure of NiMo Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts Determined by Ptychographic X‐Ray Computed Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Leonid Bloch
- Inst. f. Chemie- u. Bioingenieurwissenschaften ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Inst. f. Chemie- u. Bioingenieurwissenschaften ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Klaus Wakonig
- Paul Scherrer Institut 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zürich, and University of Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Weber
- Shell Technology Centre Amsterdam 1031HW Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Julio Cesar Silva
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility 38000 Grenoble France
- Institut Néel CNRS UPR2940 38042 Grenoble France
| | - Jeroen Anton Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Inst. f. Chemie- u. Bioingenieurwissenschaften ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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24
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Ihli J, Bloch L, Krumeich F, Wakonig K, Holler M, Guizar-Sicairos M, Weber T, da Silva JC, van Bokhoven JA. Hierarchical Structure of NiMo Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts Determined by Ptychographic X-Ray Computed Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17266-17271. [PMID: 32579755 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrodesulphurization, the removal of sulphur from crude oils, is an essential catalytic process in the petroleum industry safeguarding the production of clean hydrocarbons. Sulphur removal is critical for the functionality of downstream processes and vital to the elimination of environmental pollutants. The effectiveness of such an endeavour is among other factors determined by the structural arrangement of the heterogeneous catalyst. Namely, the accessibility of the catalytically active molybdenum disulphide (MoS2 ) slabs located on the surfaces of a porous alumina carrier. Here, we examined a series of pristine sulfided Mo and NiMo hydrodesulphurization catalysts of increasing metal loading prepared on commercial alumina carriers using ptychographic X-ray computed nanotomography. Structural analysis revealed a build consisting of two interwoven support matrix elements differing in nanoporosity. With increasing metal loading, approaching that of industrial catalysts, these matrix elements exhibit a progressively dissimilar MoS2 surface coverage as well as MoS2 cluster formation at the matrix element boundaries. This is suggestive of metal deposition limitations and/ or catalyst activation and following prohibitive of optimal catalytic utilization. These results will allow for diffusivity calculations, a better rationale of current generation catalyst performance as well as a better distribution of the active phase in next-generation hydrodesulphurization catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Leonid Bloch
- Inst. f. Chemie- u. Bioingenieurwissenschaften, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Inst. f. Chemie- u. Bioingenieurwissenschaften, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Wakonig
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, and University of Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Weber
- Shell Technology Centre Amsterdam, 1031HW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julio Cesar da Silva
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Institut Néel CNRS UPR2940, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeroen Anton van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Inst. f. Chemie- u. Bioingenieurwissenschaften, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Wakonig K, Stadler HC, Odstrčil M, Tsai EHR, Diaz A, Holler M, Usov I, Raabe J, Menzel A, Guizar-Sicairos M. PtychoShelves, a versatile high-level framework for high-performance analysis of ptychographic data. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:574-586. [PMID: 32280327 PMCID: PMC7133065 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new computer program for analysing ptychographic data combines both high-level simplicity and high-performance computing on large-scale computing clusters. It is available with a royalty-free non-exclusive licence for academic and non-commercial purposes. Over the past decade, ptychography has been proven to be a robust tool for non-destructive high-resolution quantitative electron, X-ray and optical microscopy. It allows for quantitative reconstruction of the specimen’s transmissivity, as well as recovery of the illuminating wavefront. Additionally, various algorithms have been developed to account for systematic errors and improved convergence. With fast ptychographic microscopes and more advanced algorithms, both the complexity of the reconstruction task and the data volume increase significantly. PtychoShelves is a software package which combines high-level modularity for easy and fast changes to the data-processing pipeline, and high-performance computing on CPUs and GPUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wakonig
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Usov
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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26
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Holler M, Ihli J, Tsai EHR, Nudelman F, Verezhak M, van de Berg WDJ, Shahmoradian SH. A lathe system for micrometre-sized cylindrical sample preparation at room and cryogenic temperatures. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:472-476. [PMID: 32153287 PMCID: PMC7064112 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519017028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple two-spindle based lathe system for the preparation of cylindrical samples intended for X-ray tomography is presented. The setup can operate at room temperature as well as under cryogenic conditions, allowing the preparation of samples down to 20 and 50 µm in diameter, respectively, within minutes. Case studies are presented involving the preparation of a brittle biomineral brachiopod shell and cryogenically fixed soft brain tissue, and their examination by means of ptychographic X-ray computed tomography reveals the preparation method to be mainly free from causing artefacts. Since this lathe system easily yields near-cylindrical samples ideal for tomography, a usage for a wide variety of otherwise challenging specimens is anticipated, in addition to potential use as a time- and cost-saving tool prior to focused ion-beam milling. Fast sample preparation becomes especially important in relation to shorter measurement times expected in next-generation synchrotron sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Holler
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ihli
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Esther H. R. Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, NY 11973, USA
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Mariana Verezhak
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Wilma D. J. van de Berg
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking (CNAB), Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam 1007, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah H. Shahmoradian
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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27
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Bossers KW, Valadian R, Zanoni S, Smeets R, Friederichs N, Garrevoet J, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Correlated X-ray Ptychography and Fluorescence Nano-Tomography on the Fragmentation Behavior of an Individual Catalyst Particle during the Early Stages of Olefin Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3691-3695. [PMID: 32040306 PMCID: PMC7047224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A combination of X-ray ptychography and X-ray fluorescence tomography (XRF) has been used to study the fragmentation behavior of an individual Ziegler-Natta catalyst particle, ∼40 μm in diameter, in the early stages of propylene polymerization with submicron spatial resolution. The electron density signal obtained from X-ray ptychography gives the composite phases of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst particle fragments and isotactic polypropylene, while 3-D XRF visualizes multiple isolated clusters, rich in Ti, of several microns in size. The radial distribution of Ti species throughout the polymer-catalyst composite particle shows that the continuous bisection fragmentation model is the main contributor to the fragmentation pathway of the catalyst particle as a whole. Furthermore, within the largest Ti clusters the fragmentation pathway was found to occur through both the continuous bisection and layer-by-layer models. The fragmentation behavior of polyolefin catalysts was for the first time visualized in 3-D by directly imaging and correlating the distribution of the Ti species to the polymer-catalyst composite phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen W Bossers
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Roozbeh Valadian
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Zanoni
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Remy Smeets
- SABIC , P.O. Box 319, 6160 AH Geleen , Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Garrevoet
- Photon Science at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Hamburg , 22603 , Germany
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
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28
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Jiang H. Silicon enrichment on iron contaminated fluid catalytic cracking catalyst particle surface. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Gambino M, Veselý M, Filez M, Oord R, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Maquet M, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single‐Particle X‐ray Fluorescence‐Diffraction‐Absorption Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Nesterenko
- Total Research and Technology Feluy Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Delphine Minoux
- Total Research and Technology Feluy Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Marianne Maquet
- Total Research and Technology Gonfreville Zone Industrielle Carrefour No 4, BP 27 76700 Harfleur France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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30
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Gambino M, Veselý M, Filez M, Oord R, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Maquet M, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single-Particle X-ray Fluorescence-Diffraction-Absorption Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3922-3927. [PMID: 31889397 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ni contamination from crude oil in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is one of the primary sources of catalyst deactivation, thereby promoting dehydrogenation-hydrogenation and speeding up coke growth. Herein, single-particle X-ray fluorescence, diffraction and absorption (μXRF-μXRD-μXAS) tomography is used in combination with confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) after thiophene staining to spatially resolve Ni interaction with catalyst components and study zeolite degradation, including the processes of dealumination and Brønsted acid sites distribution changes. The comparison between a Ni-lean particle, exposed to hydrotreated feedstock, and a Ni-rich one, exposed to non-hydrotreated feedstock, reveals a preferential interaction of Ni, found in co-localization with Fe, with the γ-Al2 O3 matrix, leading to the formation of spinel-type hotspots. Although both particles show similar surface zeolite degradation, the Ni-rich particle displays higher dealumination and a clear Brønsted acidity drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Nesterenko
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Delphine Minoux
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Marianne Maquet
- Total Research and Technology Gonfreville, Zone Industrielle Carrefour No 4, BP 27, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Ihli J, Levenstein MA, Kim YY, Wakonig K, Ning Y, Tatani A, Kulak AN, Green DC, Holler M, Armes SP, Meldrum FC. Ptychographic X-ray tomography reveals additive zoning in nanocomposite single crystals. Chem Sci 2020; 11:355-363. [PMID: 32874489 PMCID: PMC7442293 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04670d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Single crystals containing nanoparticles represent a unique class of nanocomposites whose properties are defined by both their compositions and the structural organization of the dispersed phase in the crystalline host. Yet, there is still a poor understanding of the relationship between the synthesis conditions and the structures of these materials. Here ptychographic X-ray computed tomography is used to visualize the three-dimensional structures of two nanocomposite crystals - single crystals of calcite occluding diblock copolymer worms and vesicles. This provides unique information about the distribution of the copolymer nano-objects within entire, micron-sized crystals with nanometer spatial resolution and reveals how occlusion is governed by factors including the supersaturation and calcium concentration. Both nanocomposite crystals are seen to exhibit zoning effects that are governed by the solution composition and interactions of the additives with specific steps on the crystal surface. Additionally, the size and shape of the occluded vesicles varies according to their location within the crystal, and therefore the solution composition at the time of occlusion. This work contributes to our understanding of the factors that govern nanoparticle occlusion within crystalline materials, where this will ultimately inform the design of next generation nanocomposite materials with specific structure/property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland .
| | - Mark A Levenstein
- School of Mechanical Engineering , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Yi-Yeoun Kim
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Klaus Wakonig
- Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland .
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering , ETHZürich , University of Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Yin Ning
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK
| | - Aikaterini Tatani
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK
| | | | - David C Green
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland .
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK
| | - Fiona C Meldrum
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK .
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32
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Brandt S, Knöll J, Jiang H, Saar J, Fougret C. The Role of Magnetic Susceptibility in Detecting Iron Poisoning in FCC Equilibrium Catalyst Samples and Its Combination with Other Macroscopic Bulk Analysis Techniques. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Jiang
- W.R. Grace & Co Conn, 7500 Grace Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21044, United States
| | - Jochen Saar
- Grace GmbH, Postfach 1445, 67545 Worms, Germany
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33
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Weissenberger T, Leonhardt R, Zubiri BA, Pitínová-Štekrová M, Sheppard TL, Reiprich B, Bauer J, Dotzel R, Kahnt M, Schropp A, Schroer CG, Grunwaldt JD, Casci JL, Čejka J, Spiecker E, Schwieger W. Synthesis and Characterisation of Hierarchically Structured Titanium Silicalite-1 Zeolites with Large Intracrystalline Macropores. Chemistry 2019; 25:14430-14440. [PMID: 31478582 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of hierarchically structured titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) with large intracrystalline macropores by steam-assisted crystallisation of mesoporous silica particles is reported. The macropore topology was imaged in 3D by using electron tomography and synchrotron radiation-based ptychographic X-ray computed tomography, revealing interconnected macropores within the crystals accounting for about 30 % of the particle volume. The study of the macropore formation mechanism revealed that the mesoporous silica particles act as a sacrificial macropore template during the synthesis. Silicon-to-titanium ratio of the macroporous TS-1 samples was successfully tuned from 100 to 44. The hierarchically structured TS-1 exhibited high activity in the liquid phase epoxidation of 2-octene with hydrogen peroxide. The hierarchically structured TS-1 surpassed a conventional nano-sized TS-1 sample in terms of alkene conversion and showed comparable selectivity to the epoxide. The flexible synthesis route described here can be used to prepare hierarchical zeolites with improved mass transport properties for other selective oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weissenberger
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Leonhardt
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) &, Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina Pitínová-Štekrová
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Sheppard
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bastian Reiprich
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauer
- Johnson Matthey Catalysts (Germany) GmbH, Bahnhofstr. 43, 96257, Redwitz, Germany
| | - Ralf Dotzel
- Johnson Matthey Catalysts (Germany) GmbH, Bahnhofstr. 43, 96257, Redwitz, Germany
| | - Maik Kahnt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian G Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - John L Casci
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, PO Box 1, Belasis Avenue, Billingham, TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Jiří Čejka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) &, Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schwieger
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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34
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Fam Y, Sheppard TL, Becher J, Scherhaufer D, Lambach H, Kulkarni S, Keller TF, Wittstock A, Wittwer F, Seyrich M, Brueckner D, Kahnt M, Yang X, Schropp A, Stierle A, Schroer CG, Grunwaldt JD. A versatile nanoreactor for complementary in situ X-ray and electron microscopy studies in catalysis and materials science. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1769-1781. [PMID: 31490169 PMCID: PMC6732905 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751900660x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two in situ `nanoreactors' for high-resolution imaging of catalysts have been designed and applied at the hard X-ray nanoprobe endstation at beamline P06 of the PETRA III synchrotron radiation source. The reactors house samples supported on commercial MEMS chips, and were applied for complementary hard X-ray ptychography (23 nm spatial resolution) and transmission electron microscopy, with additional X-ray fluorescence measurements. The reactors allow pressures of 100 kPa and temperatures of up to 1573 K, offering a wide range of conditions relevant for catalysis. Ptychographic tomography was demonstrated at limited tilting angles of at least ±35° within the reactors and ±65° on the naked sample holders. Two case studies were selected to demonstrate the functionality of the reactors: (i) annealing of hierarchical nanoporous gold up to 923 K under inert He environment and (ii) acquisition of a ptychographic projection series at ±35° of a hierarchically structured macroporous zeolite sample under ambient conditions. The reactors are shown to be a flexible and modular platform for in situ studies in catalysis and materials science which may be adapted for a range of sample and experiment types, opening new characterization pathways in correlative multimodal in situ analysis of functional materials at work. The cells will presently be made available for all interested users of beamline P06 at PETRA III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakub Fam
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | - Johannes Becher
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
| | - Dennis Scherhaufer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | - Heinz Lambach
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | | | - Thomas F. Keller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Dennis Brueckner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Maik Kahnt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Christian G. Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, Baden Württemberg 76131, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden Württemberg 76344, Germany
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35
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Xu J, Zhang T. Fabrication of spent FCC catalyst composites by loaded V 2O 5 and TiO 2 and their comparative photocatalytic activities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11099. [PMID: 31366969 PMCID: PMC6668428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) has been loaded with different content of V2O5 and TiO2 through a modified-impregnation method. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) are used to characterize the structure and morphology of these samples. Their photocatalytic activity was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue (MB) solution under 300 W Xenon lamp irradiation. The interplanar spacing of the zeolite Y (111) plane is affected by the amount of the loaded V2O5 on spent FCC catalyst. The (111) plane of spent FCC catalyst loaded with V2O5 and TiO2 sample is 1.404 nm, which is higher than that of the zeolite Y (1.395 nm). The amount of adsorption of MB and the photocatalytic activity for the degradation increased with increasing the interplanar spacing of the (111) plane of sample. We fabricated of spent FCC catalyst composites by loaded V2O5 and TiO2, which effectively solved the spent FCC catalyst disposal problem. The efficiency of the developed sample provides a potentially economical way of degrading MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, 113001, P.R. China. .,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Functional Compounds, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, P.R. China.
| | - Te Zhang
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Functional Compounds, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, P.R. China
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36
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Solsona M, Papadimitriou VA, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Eijkel JCT. Ion Concentration Polarization for Microparticle Mesoporosity Differentiation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9704-9712. [PMID: 31310544 PMCID: PMC6671885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microparticle porosity is normally determined in bulk manner providing an ensemble average that hinders establishing the individual role of each microparticle. On the other hand, single particle characterization implies expensive technology. We propose to use ion concentration polarization to measure differences in mesoporosity at the single particle level. Ion concentration polarization occurs at the interface between an electrolyte and a porous particle when an electric field is applied. The extent of ion concentration polarization depends, among others, on the mesopore size and density. By using a fluorescence marker, we could measure differences in concentration polarization between particles with 3 and 13 nm average mesopore diameters. A qualitative model was developed in order to understand and interpret the phenomena. We believe that this inexpensive method could be used to measure differences in mesoporous particle materials such as catalysts.
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37
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Gontard LC, Cauqui MÁ, Yeste MP, Ozkaya D, Calvino JJ. Accurate 3D Characterization of Catalytic Bodies Surface by Scanning Electron Microscopy. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel C. Gontard
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
- Department of Informatics, ESIUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11519 Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Cauqui
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
| | - María Pilar Yeste
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
| | - Dogan Ozkaya
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre Blount's Court, Sonning Common Reading RG4 9NH UK
| | - José Juan Calvino
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
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38
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Ihli J, Clark JN, Kanwal N, Kim YY, Holden MA, Harder RJ, Tang CC, Ashbrook SE, Robinson IK, Meldrum FC. Visualization of the effect of additives on the nanostructures of individual bio-inspired calcite crystals. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1176-1185. [PMID: 30774916 PMCID: PMC6349071 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03733g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble additives provide a versatile strategy for controlling crystallization processes, enabling selection of properties including crystal sizes, morphologies, and structures. The additive species can also be incorporated within the crystal lattice, leading for example to enhanced mechanical properties. However, while many techniques are available for analyzing particle shape and structure, it remains challenging to characterize the structural inhomogeneities and defects introduced into individual crystals by these additives, where these govern many important material properties. Here, we exploit Bragg coherent diffraction imaging to visualize the effects of soluble additives on the internal structures of individual crystals on the nanoscale. Investigation of bio-inspired calcite crystals grown in the presence of lysine or magnesium ions reveals that while a single dislocation is observed in calcite crystals grown in the presence of lysine, magnesium ions generate complex strain patterns. Indeed, in addition to the expected homogeneous solid solution of Mg ions in the calcite lattice, we observe two zones comprising alternating lattice contractions and relaxation, where comparable alternating layers of high magnesium calcite have been observed in many magnesium calcite biominerals. Such insight into the structures of nanocomposite crystals will ultimately enable us to understand and control their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK . ;
| | - Jesse N Clark
- Stanford PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator , Menlo Park , California 94025 , USA
| | - Nasima Kanwal
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM , University of St. Andrews , North Haugh , St. Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK
| | - Yi-Yeoun Kim
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK . ;
| | - Mark A Holden
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK . ;
| | - Ross J Harder
- Advanced Photon Source , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , USA
| | - Chiu C Tang
- Diamond Light Source , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , UK
| | - Sharon E Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry and EaStCHEM , University of St. Andrews , North Haugh , St. Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK
| | - Ian K Robinson
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , London WC1H 0AH , UK
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science , Brookhaven National Lab. Upton , NY 11973-5000 , USA
| | - Fiona C Meldrum
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK . ;
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39
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Wang W, Luo Z, Li S, Xue S, Yang Y. Effects of the controllable mesostructure of nano-sized ZSM-5 on the co-cracking of phenolic bio-oil model compounds and ethanol. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00576e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mesopore shape and distribution of mesostructured ZSM-5 showed a major influence on aromatics production of co-cracking of phenolic bio-oil and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Zhongyang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Simin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Shuang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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40
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Structural Evolution of Highly Active Multicomponent Catalysts for Selective Propylene Oxidation. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8090356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent Bi-Mo-Fe-Co oxide catalysts prepared via flame spray pyrolysis were tested for selective propylene oxidation, showing high conversion (>70%) and selectivity (>85%) for acrolein and acrylic acid at temperatures of 330 °C. During extended time-on-stream tests (5–7 days), the catalysts retained high activity while undergoing diverse structural changes. This was evident on: (a) the atomic scale, using powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy; and (b) the microscopic scale, using synchrotron X-ray nanotomography, including full-field holotomography, scanning X-ray fluorescence, and absorption contrast imaging. On the atomic scale, sintering, coke formation, growth, and transformation of active and spectator components were observed. On the microscopic scale, the catalyst life cycle was studied at various stages through noninvasive imaging of a ~50-µm grain with 100-nm resolution. Variation of catalyst synthesis parameters led to the formation of notably different structural compositions after reaction. Mobile bismuth species formed agglomerates of several hundred nanometres and segregated within the catalyst interior. This appeared to facilitate the formation of different active phases and induce selectivity for acrolein and acrylic acid. The combined multiscale approach here is generally applicable for deconvolution of complex catalyst systems. This is an important step to bridge model two-component catalysts with more relevant but complex multicomponent catalysts.
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41
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Solsona M, Nieuwelink A, Meirer F, Abelmann L, Odijk M, Olthuis W, Weckhuysen BM, van den Berg A. Magnetophoretic Sorting of Single Catalyst Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Solsona
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Anne‐Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Leon Abelmann
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
- KIST Europe Campus E7 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
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42
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Solsona M, Nieuwelink AE, Meirer F, Abelmann L, Odijk M, Olthuis W, Weckhuysen BM, van den Berg A. Magnetophoretic Sorting of Single Catalyst Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10589-10594. [PMID: 29962102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the deactivation processes taking place within solid catalysts is vital to design better ones. However, since inter-particle heterogeneities are more a rule than an exception, particle sorting is crucial to analyse single catalyst particles in detail. Microfluidics offers new possibilities to sort catalysts at the single particle level. Herein, we report a first-of-its-kind 3D printed magnetophoretic chip able to sort catalyst particles by their magnetic moment. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles were separated based on their Fe content. Magnetophoretic sorting shows that large Fe aggregates exist within 20 % of the FCC particles with the highest Fe content. The availability of Brønsted acid sites decreases with increasing Fe content. This work paves the way towards a high-throughput catalyst diagnostics platform to determine why specific catalyst particles perform better than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Solsona
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Abelmann
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.,KIST Europe, Campus E7, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Fam Y, Sheppard TL, Diaz A, Scherer T, Holler M, Wang W, Wang D, Brenner P, Wittstock A, Grunwaldt J. Correlative Multiscale 3D Imaging of a Hierarchical Nanoporous Gold Catalyst by Electron, Ion and X-ray Nanotomography. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:2858-2867. [PMID: 30069248 PMCID: PMC6055843 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomographic imaging of catalysts allows non-invasive investigation of structural features and chemical properties by combining large fields of view, high spatial resolution, and the ability to probe multiple length scales. Three complementary nanotomography techniques, (i) electron tomography, (ii) focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, and (iii) synchrotron ptychographic X-ray computed tomography, were applied to render the 3D structure of monolithic nanoporous gold doped with ceria, a catalytically active material with hierarchical porosity on the nm and μm scale. The resulting tomograms were used to directly measure volume fraction, surface area and pore size distribution, together with 3D pore network mapping. Each technique is critically assessed in terms of approximate spatial resolution, field of view, sample preparation and data processing requirements. Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography produced 3D electron density maps with isotropic spatial resolution of 23 nm, the highest so far demonstrated for a catalyst material, and is highlighted as an emerging method with excellent potential in the field of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakub Fam
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstraße 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstraße 2076131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Patrice Brenner
- Center for Functional NanostructuresKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyWolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1a76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical ChemistryUniversität Bremen28359BremenGermany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstraße 2076131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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44
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Imaging of alumina supports by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: A new tool to understand the diffusion of trace metal impurities. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Characterization of iron contamination on equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalyst particles. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Krumeich F, Ihli J, Shu Y, Cheng WC, van Bokhoven JA. Structural Changes in Deactivated Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts Determined by Electron Microscopy. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Krumeich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - YuYing Shu
- W. R. Grace Refining Technologies, Columbia Maryland 21044, United States
| | - Wu-Cheng Cheng
- W. R. Grace Refining Technologies, Columbia Maryland 21044, United States
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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