Tumor-derived exosomal miR-1247-3p induces cancer-associated fibroblast activation to foster lung metastasis of liver cancer

Tumor-derived exosomal miR-1247-3p promotes angiogenesis in bladder cancer by targeting FOXO1

Tumor-derived exosomes are highly correlated with tumor progression and angiogenesis. This study was designed to probe the role of tumor-derived exosomal miR-1247-3p in mediating the angiogenesis in bladder cancer. Exosomes isolation from the culture medium of normal or bladder cancer cell lines was performed using a differential centrifugation method. miR-1247-3p expression in exosomes and cells was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The effect of exosomes on the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was assessed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), transwell and tube formation assays. The interaction between miR-1247-3p and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) was studied using luciferase reporter and RNA pull down assays. Exosomes were successfully isolated from T24, UM-UC-3, and SV-HUC-1 cells, as confirmed by corresponding identifications. Functional experiments revealed that exosomes derived from T24 and UM-UC-3 cells significantly enhanced the abilities of proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) secretion in HUVECs. miR-1247-3p was highly expressed in exosomes derived from T24 and UM-UC-3 cells, and exosomes derived from miR-1247-3p inhibitor-transfected cells reduced HUVEC viability, migration, tube formation, and VEGF level. FOXO1 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-1247-3p. Rescue assays suggested that the effect of miR-1247-3p inhibition on the viability, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs was partly abrogated by the knockdown of FOXO1. Our data suggest that miR-1247-3p is up-regulated in tumor-derived exosomes, thereby inhibiting FOXO1 expression and facilitating angiogenesis in bladder cancer.

Exosomal transfer of HCC-derived miR-17-5p downregulates NK cell function by targeting RUNX1-NKG2D axis

OBJECTIVE

Natural killer (NK) cells are an integral part of the staunch defense line against malignant tumors within the tumor microenvironment. Existing research indicates that miRNAs can influence the development of NK cells by negatively modulating gene expression. In this study, we aim to explore how the miR-17-5p in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) exosomes regulates the killing function of NK cells towards HCC cells through the transcription factor RNX1.

METHODS

The exosomes were isolated from HCC tissues and cell lines, followed by a second generation sequencing to compare differential miRNAs. Verification was performed using qRT-PCR and Western blot methods. The mutual interactions between miR-17-5p and RUNX1, as well as between RUNX1 and NKG2D, were authenticated using techniques like luciferase reporter gene assays, Western blotting, and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The cytotoxic activity of NK cells towards HCC cells in vitro was measured using methods such as RTCA and ELISPOT. The zebrafish xenotransplantation was utilized to assess the in vivo killing capacity of NK cells against HCC cells.

RESULTS

The level of miR-17-5p in exosomes from HCC tissue increased compared to adjacent tissues. We verified that RUNX1 was a target of miR-17-5p and that RUNX1 enhances the transcription of NKG2D. MiR-17-5p was found to downregulate the expression of RUNX1 and NKG2D, subsequently reducing the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic capabilities of NK cells against HCC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The miR-17-5p found within HCC exosomes can target RUNX1, subsequently attenuating the cytotoxic activity of NK cells.

Advances and challenges of exosome-derived noncoding RNAs for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and treatment

Exosomes, also termed extracellular vesicles (EVs), are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and exert versatile effects on the molecular communications in the TME of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Exosome-mediated intercellular communication is closely associated with the tumorigenesis and development of HCC. Exosomes can be extracted through ultracentrifugation and size exclusion, followed by molecular analysis through sequencing. Increasing studies have confirmed the important roles of exosome-derived ncRNAs in HCC, including tumorigenesis, progression, immune escape, and treatment resistance. Due to the protective membrane structure of exosomes, the ncRNAs carried by exosomes can evade degradation by enzymes in body fluids and maintain good expression stability. Thus, exosome-derived ncRNAs are highly suitable as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of HCC, such as exosomal miR-21-5p, miR-221-3p and lncRNA-ATB. In addition, substantial studies revealed that the up-or down-regulation of exosome-derived ncRNAs had an important impact on HCC progression and response to treatment. Exosomal biomarkers, such as miR-23a, lncRNA DLX6-AS1, miR-21-5p, lncRNA TUC339, lncRNA HMMR-AS1 and hsa_circ_0004658, can reshape immune microenvironment by regulating M2-type macrophage polarization and then promote HCC development. Therefore, by controlling exosome biogenesis and modulating exosomal ncRNA levels, HCC may be inhibited or eliminated. In this current review, we summarized the recent findings on the role of exosomes in HCC progression and analyzed the relationship between exosome-derived ncRNAs and HCC diagnosis and treatment.

Exosomal IGFBP2 derived from highly metastatic promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by inducing epithelial mesenchymal transition

Liver cancer metastasis is the main cause of death in liver cancer patients. Exosomes, which are small vesicles released by cancer cells, play a crucial role in the metastasis of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exosomes derived from high metastatic potential liver cancer cells acting as cell to cell communication on liver cancer metastasis. Bioinformatics analysis was used to obtain the differential expression of exosomal mRNAs from the plasma of both liver cancer patients and healthy volunteers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and protein blot were employed to characterize the exosomes. The molecular mechanisms and were explored by conducting CCK8, Transwell, Tunel, RTqPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. We examined IGFBP2 special expression in the plasma exosomes of both liver cancer patients and healthy volunteers, and its presence was associated with a poor prognosis in liver cancer patients. Furthermore, we observed that exosomes from highly metastatic liver cancer cells (MHCC97H) contained high levels of IGFBP2 and could enhance the metastatic potential of less aggressive liver cancer cells (Hep3B). Additionally, we discovered that IGFBP2 in MHCC97H-derived exosomes activated ERK signaling pathway, which triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in Hep3B cells. Our study underscores the significance of exosomal IGFBP2 from highly metastatic liver cancer cells as a driver of metastasis in less invasive liver cancer cells. This suggests that targeting IGFBP2 in exosomes could be a promising strategy for the treatment and prognosis of liver cancer patients.

circVAPA-rich small extracellular vesicles derived from gastric cancer promote neural invasion by inhibiting SLIT2 expression in neuronal cells

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancer worldwide. Neural invasion (NI) is considered as the symbiotic interaction between nerves and cancers, which strongly affects the prognosis of GC patients. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a key role in intercellular communication. However, whether sEVs mediate GC-NI remains unexplored. In this study, sEVs release inhibitor reduces the NI potential of GC cells. Muscarinic receptor M3 on GC-derived sEVs regulates their absorption by neuronal cells. The enrichment of sEV-circVAPA in NI-positive patients' serum is validated by serum high throughput sEV-circRNA sequencing and clinical samples. sEV-circVAPA promotes GC-NI in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, sEV-circVAPA decreases SLIT2 transcription by miR-548p/TGIF2 and inhibits SLIT2 translation via binding to eIF4G1, thereby downregulates SLIT2 expression in neuronal cells and finally induces GC-NI. Together, this work identifies the preferential absorption mechanism of GC-derived sEVs by neuronal cells and demonstrates a previously undefined role of GC-derived sEV-circRNA in GC-NI, which provides new insight into sEV-circRNA based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for NI-positive GC patients.

A novel interplay between PRC2 and miR-3189 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via modulating COL6A2 in glioblastoma

Recent studies have shed light on disrupted collagen signaling in Gliomas, yet the regulatory landscape remains largely unexplored. This study enquired into the role of polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2)-mediated H3K27me3 modification, a key epigenetic factor in glioma. Using in-house data, we identified miRNAs downregulated in glioblastoma (GBM) with the potential to regulate Collagen VI family genes. Notably, miR-3189 emerged as a prime PRC2 target. Its expression was significantly downregulated in Indian GBM patients as well as other glioma cohorts. Mechanistic insights, involving Luciferase assays, mutagenesis, and Western blot analysis, confirmed direct targeting of Collagen VI member COL6A2 by miR-3189-3p. Functional assays demonstrated that miR-3189-3p restrained GBM malignancy by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conversely, COL6A2 overexpressed in GBM patients, countered miR-3189, and promoted the malignant phenotype. Gene set enrichment analysis highlighted EMT enrichment in GBM patients with elevated COL6A2 expression, carrying prognostic implications. This study uncovers intricate interactions between two epigenetic regulators-H3K27me3 and miR-3189-working synergistically to modulate Collagen VI gene; thus, influencing the malignancy of GBM. Targeting this H3K27me3|miR-3189-3p|COL6A2 axis presents a potential therapeutic avenue against GBM.

Epigenetic regulation of breast cancer metastasis

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Recurrent metastasis is associated with poor patient outcomes and poses a significant challenge in breast cancer therapies. Cancer cells adapting to a new tissue microenvironment is the key event in distant metastasis development, where the disseminating tumor cells are likely to acquire genetic and epigenetic alterations during the process of metastatic colonization. Despite several decades of research in this field, the exact mechanisms governing metastasis are not fully understood. However, emerging body of evidence indicates that in addition to genetic changes, epigenetic reprogramming of cancer cells and the metastatic niche are paramount toward successful metastasis. Here, we review and discuss the latest knowledge about the salient attributes of metastasis and epigenetic regulation in breast cancer and crucial research domains that need further investigation.

Pluronic F127 hydrogel-loaded extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote tracheal cartilage regeneration via SCNN1B delivery

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSC-EVs) have been highlighted as a cell-free therapy due to their regenerative capability to enhance tissue and organ regeneration. Herein, we aimed to examine the mechanism of PF127-hydrogel@AMSC-EVs in promoting tracheal cartilage defect repair. Based on bioinformatics methods, SCNN1B was identified as a key gene for the osteogenic differentiation of AMSCs induced by AMSC-EVs. EVs were isolated from rat AMSCs and then loaded onto thermo-sensitive PF-127 hydrogel to develop PF127-hydrogel@AMSC-EVs. It was established that PF127-hydrogel@AMSC-EVs could effectively deliver SCNN1B into AMSCs, where SCNN1B promoted AMSC osteogenic differentiation. The promotive effect was evidenced by enhanced ALP activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and expression of s-glycosaminoglycan, RUNX2, OCN, collagen II, PERK, and ATF4. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments revealed that PF127-hydrogel@AMSC-SCNN1B-EVs stimulated tracheal cartilage regeneration in rats through PERK/ATF4 signaling axis activation. Therefore, PF127-hydrogel@AMSC-SCNN1B-EVs may be a novel cell-free biomaterial to facilitate tracheal cartilage regeneration and cartilage injury repair.

Cancer stem cell-immune cell crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment for liver cancer progression

Crosstalk between cancer cells and the immune microenvironment is determinant for liver cancer progression. A tumor subpopulation called liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) significantly accounts for the initiation, metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and recurrence of liver cancer. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the interaction between liver CSCs and immune cells plays a crucial role in shaping an immunosuppressive microenvironment and determining immunotherapy responses. This review sheds light on the bidirectional crosstalk between liver CSCs and immune cells for liver cancer progression, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms after presenting an overview of liver CSCs characteristic and their microenvironment. Finally, we discuss the potential application of liver CSCs-targeted immunotherapy for liver cancer treatment.

A novel approach in biomedical engineering: The use of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel encapsulating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for enhanced osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis in bone regeneration

Developing effective methods for alveolar bone defect regeneration is a significant challenge in orthopedics. Exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSC-Exos) have shown potential in bone repair but face limitations due to undefined application methods and mechanisms. To address this, HUMSC-Exos were encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel (Exo@PVA) to create a novel material for alveolar bone repair. This combination enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) more effectively than Exos alone. Additionally, Exo@PVA significantly improved alveolar bone regeneration and defect repair in rats. The microRNA-21-5p (miR-21-5p) in Exo@PVA, identified through the GEO database and analyzed via in silico methods, played a crucial role. miR-21-5p promoted BMSC osteogenic differentiation by inhibiting WWP1-mediated KLF5 ubiquitination and enhanced HUVEC angiogenesis by targeting ATP2B4. These findings underscore the potential of an Exo-based approach with PVA hydrogel scaffolds for bone defect repair, operating through the miR-21-5p/WWP1/ATP2B4 signaling axis.

Tumor cell-derived exosomal miR-193b-3p promotes tumor-associated macrophage activation to facilitate nasopharyngeal cancer cell invasion and radioresistances

Background

Communication between cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in accelerating nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) metastasis and radioresistance. However, the mechanisms through which NPC cells regulate the properties and activation of TAMs during NPC progression are not yet fully understood.

Methods

A high-metastatic NPC subclone (HMC) and a low-metastatic NPC subclone (LMC) were screened from the CNE-2 cell line and exosomes were collected from HMCs and LMCs, respectively. The effects of HMC- and LMC-derived exosomes (HMC-Exos and LMC-Exos) on the regulation of TAM activation were evaluated by assessing the levels of inflammation-related or immunosuppression-related genes. The role of miRNA-193b-3p (miR-193b) in mediating communication between NPCs and TAMs was assessed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis, Transwell assays, and clonogenic survival assays.

Results

HMCs and HMC-Exos exhibited a greater capacity to facilitate macrophage protumorigenic activation than LMCs and LMC-Exos. miR-193b levels derived from HMC-Exos were higher than those from LMC-Exos, and miR-193b levels were higher in metastatic NPC tissue-derived TAMs than in non-metastatic NPC tissue-derived TAMs. The upregulated miR-193b was packaged into exosomes and transferred to macrophages. Functionally, miR-193b up-regulation accelerated TAM activation by directly targeting mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3). As a result, miR-193b-overexpressed macrophages facilitated NPC cell invasion and radioresistance.

Conclusions

These data revealed a critical role for exosomal miR-193b in mediating intercellular communication between NPC cells and macrophages, providing a potential target for NPC treatment.

Non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in lung cancer: insights into their functions

Lung cancer is the second most common form of cancer worldwide Research points to the pivotal role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in controlling and managing the pathology by controlling essential pathways. ncRNAs have all been identified as being either up- or downregulated among individuals suffering from lung cancer thus hinting that they may play a role in either promoting or suppressing the spread of the disease. Several ncRNAs could be effective non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose or even serve as effective treatment options for those with lung cancer, and several molecules have emerged as potential targets of interest. Given that ncRNAs are contained in exosomes and are implicated in the development and progression of the malady. Herein, we have summarized the role of ncRNAs in lung cancer. Moreover, we highlight the role of exosomal ncRNAs in lung cancer.

Regulation of Fuzheng Huayu capsule on inhibiting the fibrosis-associated hepatocellular carcinogenesis

In the current study, bioinformatics analysis of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dataset was conducted with the hepatoprotective effect of the Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) capsule against the diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC progression analyzed. Eight cell clusters were defined and tanshinone IIA, arachidonic acid, and quercetin, compounds of the FZHY capsule, inhibit HCC progression-related fibrosis by regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3. Combined with the ameliorative effect of the FZHY capsule against liver dysfunctions and expression of PLAU and IGFBP3, our study confirmed the effect of the FZHY capsule on inhibiting the fibrosis-associated HCC progression via regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3.

Emerging role of circulating cell-free RNA as a non-invasive biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a severe neoplastic disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. HCC is often detected at advanced stages leading to ineffective curative treatments. Recently, liquid biopsy has emerged as a non-invasive method to identify highly specific HCC biomarkers in bodily fluids such as blood, serum, urine, and saliva. Circulating cell-free nucleic acids (cfNAs), particularly cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and cell-free RNA (cfRNA), have become promising candidates for biomarkers in liquid biopsy applications. While cfDNA presented significant challenges, researchers have turned their attention to cfRNA, which can be efficiently identified through various methods and is considered a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. This review primarily focuses on studies related to detecting various cfRNA in body fluids as biomarkers. The aim is to provide a summary of available information to assist researchers in their investigations and the development of new diagnostic and prognostic tools.

The "Heater" of "Cold" Tumors-Blocking IL-6

The resolution of inflammation is not simply the end of the inflammatory response but rather a complex process that involves various cells, inflammatory factors, and specialized proresolving mediators following the occurrence of inflammation. Once inflammation cannot be cleared by the body, malignant tumors may be induced. Among them, IL-6, as an immunosuppressive factor, activates a variety of signal transduction pathways and induces tumorigenesis. Monitoring IL-6 can be used for the diagnosis, efficacy evaluation and prognosis of tumor patients. In terms of treatment, improving the efficacy of targeted and immunotherapy remains a major challenge. Blocking IL-6 and its mediated signaling pathways can regulate the tumor immune microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy responses by activating immune cells. Even transform "cold" tumors that are difficult to respond to immunotherapy into immunogenic "hot" tumors, acting as a "heater" for "cold" tumors, restarting the tumor immune cycle, and reducing immunotherapy-related toxic reactions and drug resistance. In clinical practice, the combined application of IL-6 inhibition with targeted therapy and immunotherapy may produce synergistic results. Nevertheless, additional clinical trials are imperative to further validate the safety and efficacy of this therapeutic approach.

Interleukin-25 as a Potential Biomarker in Lung Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with HBV History in Chinese Patients: A Single Center, Case-control Study

Background: Interleukin-25 (IL-25) has been proved to play a role in the pathogenesis and metastasis of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the relationship between the level of IL-25 and the metastasis and prognosis of HCC is still not clear. This study aimed to investigate the expression of IL-25 and other potential biochemical indicators among healthy people, HBV-associated HCC patients without lung metastasis and HBV-associated HCC patients with lung metastasis. Methods: From September 2019 to November 2021, 33 HCC patients without lung metastasis, 37 HCC patients with lung metastasis and 29 healthy controls were included in the study. IL-25 and other commonly used biochemical markers were measured to establish predictors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) after treatment. Results: The serum level of IL-25 was increased in HCC patients than healthy controls (p < 0.001) and HCC patients with lung metastasis had higher IL-25 level than HCC patients without metastasis (p = 0.035). Lung metastasis also indicated higher death rate (p < 0.001) by chi-square test, higher GGT level (p = 0.024) and higher AFP level (p = 0.049) by non-parametric test. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that IL-25 was negatively associated with PFS (p = 0.024). Multivariate Cox-regression analysis indicated IL-25 (p = 0.030) and GGT (p = 0.020) to be independent predictors of poorer PFS, while IL-25 showed no significant association with OS. Conclusion: The level of IL-25 was significantly associated with disease progression and lung metastasis of HBV-associated HCC. The high expression of IL-25 predicted high recurrence rate and death probability of HCC patients after treatment. Therefore, IL-25 may be an effective predictor of prognosis in HCC.

Research on the mechanism of exosomes from different sources influencing the progression of lung cancer

As a key regulator of intercellular communication, exosomes are essential for tumor cells. In our study, we will explore the mechanisms of exosomes from different sources on lung cancer. We isolated CD8+T cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from venous blood and tumor tissues of lung cancer patients, and isolated exosomes. MiR-2682 was high expression in CD8+T-derived exosomes, and lncRNA-FOXD3-AS1 was upregulated in CAF-derived exosomes. Online bioinformatics database analysis showed that RNA Binding Motif Protein 39 (RBM39) was identified as the target of miR-2682, and eukaryotic translation initiation factors 3B (EIF3B) was identified as the RNA binding protein of FOXD3-AS1. CD8+T-derived exosomes inhibited the growth of A549 cells and promoted apoptosis, while miR-2682 inhibits reversed these effects of CD8+T-derived exosomes. CAF-derived exosomes promoted the growth of A549 cells and inhibited apoptosis, while FOXD3-AS1 siRNA reversed the effect of CAF-derived exosomes. Mechanism studies have found that miR-2682 inhibits the growth of lung cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of RBM39. FOXD3-AS1 promoted the growth of lung cancer cells by binding to EIF3B. In vivo experiments showed that CD8+T cell-derived exosome miR-2682 inhibited lung cancer tumor formation, while CAF-derived exosome FOXD3-AS1 promoted lung cancer tumor formation. This study provides mechanistic insights into the role of miR-2682 and FOXD3-AS1 in lung cancer progression and provides new strategies for lung cancer treatment.

Pure total flavonoids from Citrus ameliorate NSAIDs-induced intestinal mucosal injury via regulation of exosomal LncRNA H19 and protective autophagy

Introduction

Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of prescription drugs with antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet effects. However, long-term use of NSAIDs will disrupt the intestinal mucosal barrier, causing erosion, ulcers, bleeding, and even perforation. Pure total flavonoids from Citrus (PTFC) is extracted from the dried peel of Citrus, showing a protective effect on intestinal mucosal barrier with unclear mechanisms.

Methods

In the present study, we used diclofenac (7.5 mg kg-1, i.g.) to induce a rat model of NSAIDs-related intestinal lesions. PTFC (50, 75, 100 mg·kg-1 d-1, i.g.) was administered 9 days before the initial diclofenac administration, followed by co-administration on the last 5 days. Exosomes were identified by western blotting and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and then co-cultured with IEC-6 cells. The expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19, autophagy-related 5 (Atg5), ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of light chain 3 (LC3)-I, LC3-II, ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1 proteins was tested by western blotting. The localization of both exosomes and autophagosomes was examined by immunofluorescent technique.

Results

The treatment of PTFC attenuated intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier function disturbance in diclofenac-induced NSAIDs rats. IEC-6 cells co-cultured with NSAIDs rats-derived exosomes possessed the lowest levels of protective autophagy, and severe intestinal barrier injuries. Cells co-cultured with the exosomes extracted from rats administrated PTFC exhibited an improvement of autophagy and intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier function. The prevention effect was proportional to the concentration of PTFC administered.

Conclusion

PTFC ameliorated NSAIDs-induced intestinal mucosal injury by down-regulating exosomal lncRNA H19 and promoting autophagy.

Potential targets and therapeutics for cancer stem cell-based therapy against drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common digestive malignancyin the world, which is frequently diagnosed at late stage with a poor prognosis. For most patients with advanced HCC, the therapeutic options arelimiteddue to cancer occurrence of drug resistance. Hepatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) account for a small subset of tumor cells with the ability of self-renewal and differentiationin HCC. It is widely recognized that the presence of CSCs contributes to primary and acquired drug resistance. Therefore, hepatic CSCs-targeted therapy is considered as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance and improve therapeutic outcome in HCC. In this article, we review drug resistance in HCC and provide a summary of potential targets for CSCs-based therapy. In addition, the development of CSCs-targeted therapeuticsagainst drug resistance in HCC is summarized in both preclinical and clinical trials. The in-depth understanding of CSCs-related drug resistance in HCC will favor optimization of the current therapeutic strategies and gain encouraging therapeutic outcomes.

Mitochondria-Derived Vesicles, Sterile Inflammation, and Pyroptosis in Liver Cancer: Partners in Crime or Innocent Bystanders?

Alterations in cellular signaling, chronic inflammation, and tissue remodeling contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) upon tissue injury and the ensuing sterile inflammation have also been attributed a role in HCC pathogenesis. Cargoes of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and/or EVs themselves have been listed among circulating DAMPs but only partially investigated in HCC. Mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs), a subpopulation of EVs, are another missing link in the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of HCC biology. EVs have been involved in HCC growth, dissemination, angiogenesis, and immunosurveillance escape. The contribution of MDVs to these processes is presently unclear. Pyroptosis triggers systemic inflammation through caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death and is implicated in tumor immunity. The analysis of this process, together with MDV characterization, may help capture the relationship among HCC development, mitochondrial quality control, and inflammation. The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (i.e., atezolizumab and bevacizumab) has been approved as a synergistic first-line systemic treatment for unresectable or advanced HCC. The lack of biomarkers that may allow prediction of treatment response and, therefore, patient selection, is a major unmet need. Herein, we overview the molecular mechanisms linking mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and pyroptosis, and discuss how immunotherapy targets, at least partly, these routes.

The incorporation of acetylated LAP-TGF-β1 proteins into exosomes promotes TNBC cell dissemination in lung micro-metastasis

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) stands as the breast cancer subtype with the highest recurrence and mortality rates, with the lungs being the common site of metastasis. The pulmonary microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the colonization of disseminated tumor cells. Herein, this study highlights the crucial role of exosomal LAP-TGF-β1, the principal form of exosomal TGF-β1, in reshaping the pulmonary vascular niche, thereby facilitating TNBC lung metastasis. Although various strategies have been developed to block TGF-β signaling and have advanced clinically, their significant side effects have limited their therapeutic application. This study demonstrates that in lung metastatic sites, LAP-TGF-β1 within exosomes can remarkably reconfigure the pulmonary vascular niche at lower doses, bolstering the extravasation and colonization of TNBC cells in the lungs. Mechanistically, under the aegis of the acetyltransferase TIP60, a non-canonical KFERQ-like sequence in LAP-TGF-β1 undergoes acetylation at the K304 site, promoting its interaction with HSP90A and subsequent transport into exosomes. Concurrent inhibition of both HSP90A and TIP60 significantly diminishes the exosomal burden of LAP-TGF-β1, presenting a promising therapeutic avenue for TNBC lung metastasis. This study not only offers fresh insights into the molecular underpinnings of TNBC lung metastasis but also lays a foundation for innovative therapeutic strategies.

Serum micro-RNAs with mutation-targeted RNA modification: a potent cancer detection tool constructed using an optimized machine learning workflow

RNA modifications affect fundamental biological processes and diseases and are a research hotspot. Several micro-RNAs (miRNAs) exhibit genetic variant-targeted RNA modifications that can greatly alter their biofunctions and influence their effect on cancer. Therefore, the potential role of these miRNAs in cancer can be implicated in new prevention and treatment strategies. In this study, we determined whether RMvar-related miRNAs were closely associated with tumorigenesis and identified cancer-specific signatures based on these miRNAs with variants targeting RNA modifications using an optimized machine learning workflow. An effective machine learning workflow, combining least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analyses, recursive feature elimination, and nine types of machine learning algorithms, was used to screen candidate miRNAs from 504 serum RMvar-related miRNAs and construct a diagnostic signature for cancer detection based on 43,047 clinical samples (with an area under the curve value of 0.998, specificity of 93.1%, and sensitivity of 99.3% in the validation cohort). This signature demonstrated a satisfactory diagnostic performance for certain cancers and different conditions, including distinguishing early-stage tumors. Our study revealed the close relationship between RMvar-related miRNAs and tumors and proposed an effective cancer screening tool.

Circulating tumor cell-derived exosome-transmitted long non-coding RNA TTN-AS1 can promote the proliferation and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells

BACKGROUND

Exosomes assume a pivotal role as essential mediators of intercellular communication within tumor microenvironments. Within this context, long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been observed to be preferentially sorted into exosomes, thus exerting regulatory control over the initiation and progression of cancer through diverse mechanisms.

RESULTS

Exosomes were successfully isolated from cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) CTCs organoid and healthy human serum. Notably, the LncRNA titin-antisense RNA1 (TTN-AS1) exhibited a conspicuous up-regulation within CCA CTCs organoid derived exosomes. Furthermore, a significant elevation of TTN-AS1 expression was observed in tumor tissues, as well as in blood and serum exosomes from patients afflicted with CCA. Importantly, this hightened TTN-AS1 expression in serum exosomes of CCA patients manifested a strong correlation with both lymph node metastasis and TNM staging. Remarkably, both CCA CTCs organoid-derived exosomes and CCA cells-derived exosomes featuring pronounced TTN-AS1 expression demonstrated the capability to the proliferation and migratory potential of CCA cells. Validation of these outcomes was conducted in vivo experiments.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our study elucidating that CCA CTCs-derived exosomes possess the capacity to bolster the metastasis tendencies of CCA cells by transporting TTN-AS1. These observations underscore the potential of TTN-AS1 within CTCs-derived exosomes to serve as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of CCA.

Clinical Application of Different Liquid Biopsy Components in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer, usually occurring in the background of chronic liver disease. HCC lethality rate is in the third highest place in the world. Patients with HCC have concealed early symptoms and possess a high-level of heterogeneity. Once diagnosed, most of the tumors are in advanced stages and have a poor prognosis. The sensitivity and specificity of existing detection modalities and protocols are suboptimal. HCC calls for more sophisticated and individualized therapeutic regimens. Liquid biopsy is non-invasive, repeatable, unaffected by location, and can be monitored dynamically. It has emerged as a useable aid in achieving precision malignant tumor treatment. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating nucleic acids, exosomes and tumor-educated platelets are the commonest components of a liquid biopsy. It possesses the theoretical ability to conquer the high heterogeneity and the difficulty of early detection for HCC patients. In this review, we summarize the common enrichment techniques and the clinical applications in HCC for different liquid biopsy components. Tumor recurrence after HCC-related liver transplantation is more insidious and difficult to treat. The clinical use of liquid biopsy in HCC-related liver transplantation is also summarized in this review.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts: a versatile mediator in tumor progression, metastasis, and targeted therapy

Tumor microenvironment (TME) has been demonstrated to play a significant role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the major component of TME and exhibit heterogeneous properties in their communication with tumor cells. This heterogeneity of CAFs can be attributed to various origins, including quiescent fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adipocytes, pericytes, endothelial cells, and mesothelial cells. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing has identified diverse phenotypes of CAFs, with myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAFs) and inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs) being the most acknowledged, alongside newly discovered subtypes like antigen-presenting CAFs (apCAFs). Due to these heterogeneities, CAFs exert multiple functions in tumorigenesis, cancer stemness, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, metabolism, and metastasis. As a result, targeted therapies aimed at the TME, particularly focusing on CAFs, are rapidly developing, fueling the promising future of advanced tumor-targeted therapy.

Extracellular Vesicle-Related Non-Coding RNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Overview

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. It is a major public health problem worldwide, and it is often diagnosed at advanced stages, when no effective treatment options are available. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized double-layer lipid vesicles containing various biomolecule cargoes, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. EVs are released from nearly all types of cells and have been shown to play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. In recent years, many studies have investigated the role of EVs in cancer, including HCC. Emerging studies have shown that EVs play primary roles in the development and progression of cancer, modulating tumor growth and metastasis formation. Moreover, it has been observed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) carried by tumor cell-derived EVs promote tumorigenesis, regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and playing critical roles in the progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune escape, and drug resistance of HCC. EV-related ncRNAs can provide information regarding disease status, thus encompassing a role as biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the main roles of ncRNAs present in HCC-derived EVs, including micro(mi) RNAs, long non-coding (lnc) RNAs, and circular (circ) RNAs, and their potential clinical value as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Oleanolic acid inhibits hypoxic tumor-derived exosomes-induced premetastatic niche formation in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting ERK1/2-NFκB signaling

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary premetastatic niche (PMN) formation plays a key role in the lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hypoxia promotes the secretion of tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) and facilitates the formation of PMN. However, the mechanisms remain unexplored.

METHODS

TDEs from normoxic (N-TDEs) or hypoxic (H-TDEs) HCC cells were used to induce fibroblast activation in vitro and PMN formation in vivo. Oleanolic acid (OA) was intragastrically administered to TDEs-preconditioned mice. Bioinformatics analysis and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assays were performed to identify targets of OA in fibroblasts.

RESULTS

H-TDEs induced activation of pulmonary fibroblasts, promoted formation of pulmonary PMN and subsequently facilitated lung metastasis of HCC. OA inhibited TDEs-induced PMN formation and lung metastasis and suppressed TDEs-mediated fibroblast activation. MAPK1 and MAPK3 (ERK1/2) were the potential targets of OA. Furthermore, H-TDEs enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo, which was suppressed by OA treatment. Blocking ERK1/2 signaling with its inhibitor abated H-TDEs-induced activation of fibroblasts and PMN formation. H-TDEs-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in fibroblasts touched off the activation NF-κB p65, which was mitigated by OA. In addition, the ERK activator C16-PAF recovered the activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB p65 in H-TDEs-stimulated MRC5 cells upon OA treatment.

CONCLUSION

The present study offers insights into the prevention of TDEs-induced PMN, which has been insufficiently investigated. OA suppresses the activation of inflammatory fibroblasts and the development of pulmonary PMN by targeting ERK1/2 and thereby has therapeutic potential in the prevention of lung metastasis of HCC.

Gallic acid attenuates metastatic potential of human colorectal cancer cells through the miR-1247-3p-modulated integrin/FAK axis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibits highly metastatic potential even in the early stages of tumor progression. Gallic acid (GA), a common phenolic compound in plants, is known to possess potent antioxidant and anticancer activities, thereby inducing cell death or cell cycle arrest. However, whether GA reduces the invasiveness of CRC cells without inducing cell death remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to investigate the antimetastatic activity of low-dose GA on CRC cells and determine its underlying mechanism. Cell viability and tumorigenicity were analyzed by MTS, cell adhesion, and colony formation assay. Invasiveness was demonstrated using migration and invasion assays. Changes in protein phosphorylation and expression were assessed by Western blot. The involvement of microRNAs was validated by microarray analysis and anti-miR antagonist. Our findings showed that lower dose of GA (≤100 μM) did not affect cell viability but reduced the capabilities of colony formation, cell adhesion, and invasiveness in CRC cells. Cellularly, GA downregulated the cellular level of integrin αV/β3, talin-1, and tensin and diminished the phosphorylated FAK, paxillin, Src, and AKT in DLD-1 cells. Microarray results revealed that GA increased miR-1247-3p expression, and pretreatment of anti-miR antagonist against miR-1247-3p restored the GA-reduced integrin αV/β3 and the GA-inhibited paxillin activation in DLD-1 cells. Consistently, the in vivo xenograft model showed that GA administration inhibited tumor growth and liver metastasis derived from DLD-1 cells. Collectively, our findings indicated that GA inhibited the metastatic capabilities of CRC cells, which may result from the suppression of integrin/FAK axis mediated by miR1247-3p.

Exosomal ncRNAs: Multifunctional contributors to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant liver cancer characterized by aggressive progression, unfavorable prognosis, and an increasing global health burden. Therapies that precisely target immunological checkpoints and immune cells have gained significant attention as possible therapeutics in recent years. In truth, the efficacy of immunotherapy is heavily contingent upon the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent studies have indicated that exosomes serve as a sophisticated means of communication among biomolecules, executing an essential part in the TME of immune suppression. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can induce the activation of tumor cells and immunosuppressive immune cells that suppress the immune system, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), CD+8 T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and regulatory B cells (Bregs). This cell-cell crosstalk triggered by exosomal ncRNAs promotes tumor proliferation and metastasis, angiogenesis, malignant phenotype transformation, and drug resistance. Hence, it is imperative to comprehend how exosomal ncRNAs regulate tumor cells or immune cells within the TME to devise more comprehensive and productive immunotherapy programs. This study discusses the features of exosomal ncRNAs in HCC and how the activation of the exosomes redefines the tumor's immunosuppressive microenvironment, hence facilitating the advancement of HCC. Furthermore, we also explored the potential of exosomal ncRNAs as a viable biological target or natural vehicle for HCC therapy.

The rising roles of exosomes in the tumor microenvironment reprogramming and cancer immunotherapy

Exosomes are indispensable for intercellular communications. Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the living environment of tumor cells, which is composed of various components, including immune cells. Based on TME, immunotherapy has been recently developed for eradicating cancer cells by reactivating antitumor effect of immune cells. The communications between tumor cells and TME are crucial for tumor development, metastasis, and drug resistance. Exosomes play an important role in mediating these communications and regulating the reprogramming of TME, which affects the sensitivity of immunotherapy. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the role of exosomes in TME reprogramming and the impact of exosomes on immunotherapy. Here, we review the communication role of exosomes in regulating TME remodeling and the efficacy of immunotherapy, as well as summarize the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we also introduce the potential application of the artificially modified exosomes as the delivery systems of antitumor drugs. Further efforts in this field will provide new insights on the roles of exosomes in intercellular communications of TME and cancer progression, thus helping us to uncover effective strategies for cancer treatment.

Innovative pharmacotherapy for hepatic metabolic and chronic inflammatory diseases in China

Liver disease constitutes a significant global health concern, particularly in China where it has distinctive characteristics. China grapples with a staggering 300 million cases, predominantly due to hepatitis B and metabolic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, hepatocellular carcinoma has become a prevalent which is a lethal type of cancer. Despite the scarcity of innovative treatment options, Chinese hepatologists and researchers have achieved notable breakthroughs in the prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment of liver diseases. Traditional Chinese medicines have found widespread application in the treatment of various liver ailments owing to their commendable pharmacological efficacy and minimal side effects. Furthermore, there is a growing body of research in extracellular vesicles, cell therapy and gene therapy, offering new hope in the fight against liver diseases. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological characteristics of liver diseases and the diverse array of treatments that Chinese scholars and scientists have pursued in critical field.

Hypoxia-induced miR-5100 promotes exosome-mediated activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

The invasion-metastasis cascade in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is predominantly caused by the interaction between tumor cells and tumor microenvironment, including hypoxia as well as stromal cells. However, the mechanism of hypoxia-activated tumor-stroma crosstalk in HNSCC metastasis remains to be deciphered. Here, we demonstrated that HIF1α was upregulated in HNSCC specimens compared with adjacent normal tissues, whose overexpression was associated with lymph node metastasis and predicted unfavorable prognosis. HIF1α expression correlated positively with the levels of miR-5100 as well as α-SMA, the marker of CAFs. Hypoxia/HIF1α regulated transcriptionally miR-5100 to promote the degradation of its target gene QKI, which acts as a tumor suppressor in HNSCC. Hypoxic HNSCC-derived exosomal miR-5100 promoted the activation of CAFs by orchestrating QKI/AKT/STAT3 axis, which further facilitated HNSCC metastasis. Additionally, miR-5100 derived from plasma exosomes indicated HNSCC malignant progression. In conclusion, our findings illuminate a novel HIF1α/miR-5100/QKI pathway in HNSCC metastasis, and suggest that miR-5100 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for HNSCC.

Extracellular vesicle-mediated pre-metastatic niche formation via altering host microenvironments

The disordered growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer are mainly attributed to bidirectional cell-cell interactions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cancer cells are involved in orchestrating the formation of pre-metastatic niches (PMNs). Tumor-derived EVs mediate bidirectional communication between tumor and stromal cells in local and distant microenvironments. EVs carrying mRNAs, small RNAs, microRNAs, DNA fragments, proteins and metabolites determine metastatic organotropism, enhance angiogenesis, modulate stroma cell phenotypes, restructure the extracellular matrix, induce immunosuppression and modify the metabolic environment of organs. Evidence indicates that EVs educate stromal cells in secondary sites to establish metastasis-supportive microenvironments for seeding tumor cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of PMN formation and the underlying mechanisms mediated by EVs. Potential approaches to inhibit cancer metastasis by inhibiting the formation of PMNs are also presented.

RNAkines are secreted messengers shaping health and disease

Extracellular noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have crucial roles in intercellular communications. The process of ncRNA secretion is highly regulated, with specific ncRNA profiles produced under different physiological and pathological circumstances. These ncRNAs are transported primarily via extracellular vesicles (EVs) from their origin cells to target cells, utilising both endocrine and paracrine pathways. The intercellular impacts of extracellular ncRNAs are essential for maintaining homeostasis and the pathogenesis of various diseases. Given the unique aspects of extracellular ncRNAs, here we propose the term 'RNAkine' to describe these recently identified secreted factors. We explore their roles as intercellular modulators, particularly in their ability to regulate metabolism and influence tumorigenesis, highlighting their definition and importance as a distinct class of secreted factors.

Modulating tumoral exosomes and fibroblast phenotype using nanoliposomes augments cancer immunotherapy

Cancer cells program fibroblasts into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in a two-step manner. First, cancer cells secrete exosomes to program quiescent fibroblasts into activated CAFs. Second, cancer cells maintain the CAF phenotype via activation of signal transduction pathways. We rationalized that inhibiting this two-step process can normalize CAFs into quiescent fibroblasts and augment the efficacy of immunotherapy. We show that cancer cell-targeted nanoliposomes that inhibit sequential steps of exosome biogenesis and release from lung cancer cells block the differentiation of lung fibroblasts into CAFs. In parallel, we demonstrate that CAF-targeted nanoliposomes that block two distinct nodes in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway can reverse activate CAFs into quiescent fibroblasts. Co-administration of both nanoliposomes significantly improves the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells and enhances the antitumor efficacy of αPD-L1 in immunocompetent lung cancer-bearing mice. Simultaneously blocking the tumoral exosome-mediated activation of fibroblasts and FGFR-Wnt/β-catenin signaling constitutes a promising approach to augment immunotherapy.

It's all about the base: stromal cells are central orchestrators of metastasis

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an integral part of tumors and plays a central role in all stages of carcinogenesis and progression. Each organ has a unique and heterogeneous microenvironment, which affects the ability of disseminated cells to grow in the new and sometimes hostile metastatic niche. Resident stromal cells, such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and astrocytes, are essential culprits in the modulation of metastatic progression: they transition from being sentinels of tissue integrity to being dysfunctional perpetrators that support metastatic outgrowth. Therefore, better understanding of the complexity of their reciprocal interactions with cancer cells and with other components of the TME is essential to enable the design of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent metastatic relapse.

Unlocking the potential of exosomes in cancer research: A paradigm shift in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Exosomes, which are tiny particles released by cells, have the ability to transport various molecules, including proteins, lipids, and genetic material containing non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). They are associated with processes like cancer metastasis, immunity, and tissue repair. Clinical trials have shown exosomes to be effective in treating cancer, inflammation, and chronic diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) are common sources of exosome production. Exosomes have therapeutic potential due to their ability to deliver cargo, modulate the immune system, and promote tissue regeneration. Bioengineered exosomes could revolutionize disease treatment. However, more research is needed to understand exosomes in tumor growth and develop new therapies. This paper provides an overview of exosome research, focusing on cancer and exosome-based therapies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccines. It explores exosomes as a drug delivery system for cancer therapy, highlighting their advantages. The article discusses using exosomes for various therapeutic agents, including drugs, antigens, and RNAs. It also examines challenges with engineered exosomes. Analyzing exosomes for clinical purposes faces limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and purification. On the other hand, Nanotechnology offers solutions to overcome these challenges and unlock exosome potential in healthcare. Overall, the article emphasizes the potential of exosomes for personalized and targeted cancer therapy, while acknowledging the need for further research.

Efficacy and safety of microwave ablation and its synergistic potential in the treatment of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer remains the primary cause of cancer-related mortality globally. In the case of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), surgical resection, such as lobectomy and sub-lobectomy, continues to be the established standard treatment. However, for patients with insufficient cardiopulmonary function and multiple comorbidities who are unable to undergo surgical resection, nonoperative local therapies, including radiotherapy and thermal ablation, are preferred. In recent years, microwave ablation (MWA) has gained popularity for treating early-stage NSCLC due to its high heating efficiency, good tissue conductance, and heat conduction capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current efficacy and safety data regarding MWA for early-stage NSCLC and discusses the potential benefits of combining MWA with other therapies.

Intercellular crosstalk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts via exosomes in gastrointestinal tumors

Gastrointestinal (GI) tumors are a significant global health threat, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Exosomes contain various biologically active molecules like nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and can serve as messengers for intercellular communication. They play critical roles in the exchange of information between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME consists of mesenchymal cells and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), with fibroblasts being the most abundant cell type in the tumor mesenchyme. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are derived from normal fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells that are activated in the TME. CAFs can secrete exosomes to modulate cell proliferation, invasion, migration, drug resistance, and other biological processes in tumors. Additionally, tumor cells can manipulate the function and behavior of fibroblasts through direct cell-cell interactions. This review provides a summary of the intercellular crosstalk between GI tumor cells and CAFs through exosomes, along with potential underlying mechanisms.

Exosomal miR-3174 induced by hypoxia promotes angiogenesis and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting HIPK3

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor with rich blood supply. HCC-derived exosomes containing hereditary substances including microRNAs (miRNAs) were involved in regulating tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Subsequently, series experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of exosomal miR-3174 on HCC angiogenesis and metastasis. HCC-derived exosomal miR-3174 was ingested by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in which HIPK3 was targeted and silenced, causing subsequent inhibition of Fas and p53 signaling pathways. Furthermore, exosomal miR-3174 induced permeability and angiogenesis of HUVECs to enhance HCC progression and metastasis. Under hypoxia, upregulated HIF-1α further promoted the transcription of miR-3174. Moreover, HNRNPA1 augmented the package of miR-3174 into exosomes. Clinical data analysis confirmed that HCC patients with high-level miR-3174 were correlated with worse prognosis. Thus, exosomal miR-3174 induced by hypoxia promotes angiogenesis and metastasis of HCC by inhibiting HIPK3/p53 and HIPK3/Fas signaling pathways. Our findings might provide potential targets for anti-tumor therapy.

Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury through a MicroRNA-150-5p-Dependent Mechanism

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) may exert a therapeutic benefit in alleviating sepsis-induced organ dysfunction by delivering cargos that include RNAs and proteins to target cells. The current study aims to explore the protective effect of miR-150-5p delivered by hADSC-EVs on sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). We noted low expression of miR-150-5p in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from patients with sepsis-induced ALI. The hADSC-EVs were isolated and subsequently cocultured with macrophages. It was established that hADSC-EVs transferred miR-150-5p to macrophages, where miR-150-5p targeted HMGA2 to inhibit its expression and, consequently, inactivated the MAPK pathway. This effect contributed to the promotion of M2 polarization of macrophages and the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines. Further, mice were made septic by cecal ligation and puncture in vivo and treated with hADSC-EVs to elucidate the effect of hADSC-EVs on sepsis-induced ALI. The in vivo experimental results confirmed a suppressive role of hADSC-EVs in sepsis-induced ALI. Our findings suggest that hADSC-EV-mediated transfer of miR-150-5p may be a novel mechanism underlying the paracrine effects of hADSC-EVs on the M2 polarization of macrophages in sepsis-induced ALI.

Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.

The role of transcription factors in the crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor cells

BACKGROUND

Transcription factors (TFs) fulfill a critical role in the formation and maintenance of different cell types during the developmental process as well as disease. It is believed that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are activation status of tissue-resident fibroblasts or derived from form other cell types via transdifferentiation or dedifferentiation. Despite a subgroup of CAFs exhibit anti-cancer effects, most of them are reported to exert effects on tumor progression, further indicating their heterogeneous origin.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review aimed to summarize and review the roles of TFs in the reciprocal crosstalk between CAFs and tumor cells, discuss the emerging mechanisms, and their roles in cell-fate decision, cellular reprogramming and advancing our understanding of the gene regulatory networks over the period of cancer initiation and progression.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This manuscript delves into the key contributory factors of TFs that are involved in activating CAFs and maintaining their unique states. Additionally, it explores how TFs play a pivotal and multifaceted role in the reciprocal crosstalk between CAFs and tumor cells. This includes their involvement in processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as metabolic reprogramming. TFs also have a role in constructing an immunosuppressive microenvironment, inducing resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, facilitating angiogenesis, and even 'educating' CAFs to support the malignancies of tumor cells. Furthermore, this manuscript delves into the current status of TF-targeted therapy and considers the future directions of TFs in conjunction with anti-CAFs therapies to address the challenges in clinical cancer treatment.

Exosome-derived miR-182-5p promoted cholangiocarcinoma progression and vasculogenesis by regulating ADK/SEMA5a/PI3K pathway

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Increasing evidence suggested that miRNAs regulated the expression of pivotal genes involved in oncogenesis and malignant phenotype. In this project, the purpose was to make an inquiry to the effect and mechanism of miR-182-5p in the progression of cholangiocarcinoma.

METHODS

By analysing TCGA and GEO databases, combined with tissue expression levels, miR-182-5p was identified as one of the most valuable miRNAs for research. The function and relationships between miR-182-5p and downstream target genes were both verified by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methylation-specific PCR and bisulphite sequencing were used to detect the methylation level changes of downstream gene promoter.

RESULTS

We found that miR-182-5p could be taken up by exosomes secreted from cholangiocarcinoma. Moreover, exosomal derived miR-182-5p promoted vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration and induced angiogenesis by targeting ADK/SEMA5a. Subsequently, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway was activated and ultimately caused resistance to gemcitabine and cisplatin.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggested that the miR-182-5p/ADK/SEMA5a axis might serve as a potential therapeutic target for cholangiocarcinoma.

FOXO3-Activated HOTTIP Sequesters miR-615-3p away from COL2A1 to Mitigate Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

In this study, knockout of FOXO3 was found to impair intervertebral disc maturation and homeostasis in postnatal mice as well as facilitating extracellular matrix degradation. RNA sequencing can uncover disease-related gene expression and investigate disease pathophysiology. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing and experimental validations were used to identify the essential gene and mechanism involved in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue samples were collected from the mice with conditional knockout of FOXO3 (FOXO3 KO) for high-throughput sequencing, followed by screening of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. The mRNAs were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Interactions among FOXO3, HOTTIP, miR-615-3p, and COL2A1 were analyzed. NP cells were subjected to a series of mimics, inhibitors, overexpression plasmids, and shRNAs to validate the mechanisms of FOXO3 in controlling HOTTIP/miR-615-3p/COL2A1 in IDD. Mechanistically, FOXO3 transcriptionally activated HOTTIP, facilitated the competitive HOTTIP binding to miR-615-3p, and increased the expression of the miR-615-3p target gene COL2A1. Thus, NP cell proliferation was induced, cell apoptosis was diminished, resulting in delayed development of IDD. Based on these data, the transcription factor FOXO3 may decrease miR-615-3p binding to COL2A1 and up-regulate COL2A1 expression by activating HOTTIP transcription, which in turn inhibits NP cell apoptosis and promotes its proliferation, to prevent the degradation of intervertebral disc matrix and maintain the normal physiological function of intervertebral disc, thereby preventing the occurrence and development of IDD.

Knockdown of liver cancer cell-secreted exosomal PSMA5 controls macrophage polarization to restrain cancer progression by blocking JAK2/STAT3 signaling

INTRODUCTION

Tumor-associated macrophages, a major component of the tumor microenvironment, undergo polarization into M2 macrophages (M2), and thereby exert an immunosuppressive effect to induce cancer metastasis. This study strives to uncover a molecular mechanism underlying this event in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

Proteasome subunit alpha 5 (PSMA5) expression in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) tissues and its association with LIHC patients were predicted using StarBase. PSMA5 level in human HCC cells was manipulated via transfection. Exosomes were isolated from HCC cells, and internalized into macrophages which were cocultured with HCC cells. Exosome internalization was observed after fluorescence labeling. HCC cell migration and invasion were evaluated by wound healing and Transwell assays. Xenograft assay was performed to investigate the role of PSMA5 in in vitro tumorigenesis. M2 polarization was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. PSMA5 expression in exosomes and Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in macrophages and tumors were detected by Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

High PSMA5 expression was observed in LIHC tissues and associated with compromised survival of LIHC patients. PSMA5 knockdown inhibited HCC cell migration and invasion. PSMA5 knockdown in HCC cells downregulated PSMA5 level in exosomes from these HCC cells. HCC cell-isolated exosomes were successfully internalized into macrophages, and facilitated M2 polarization and JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation. HCC cell-secreted exosomal PSMA5 knockdown inhibited the exosome-induced effect on macrophages, and attenuated the promotion induced by exosome-treated macrophages on HCC cell migration/invasion and tumorigenesis along with in vivo M2 polarization and JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation.

CONCLUSION

HCC cell-secreted exosomal PSMA5 knockdown hinders M2 polarization to suppress cancer progression by restraining JAK2/STAT3 signaling.

Prediction of CAF-related genes in immunotherapy and drug sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-database analysis

This study aims to identify the cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF)-related genes that can affect immunotherapy and drug sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Expression data and survival data associated with HCC were obtained in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) analysis was performed to obtain CAF-related genes. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression was used for regression analysis and risk models. Subsequently, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) analysis, Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) analysis and drug sensitivity analysis were performed on the risk models. Survival analysis of CAF scores showed that the survival rate was lower in samples with high CAF scores than those with low scores. However, this difference was not significant, suggesting CAF may not directly influence the prognosis of HCC patients. Further screening of CAF-related genes yielded 33 CAF-related genes. Seven risk models constructed based on CDR2L, SPRED1, PFKP, ENG, KLF2, FSCN1 and VCAN, showed significant differences in immunotherapy and partial drug sensitivity in HCC. Seven CAF-related genes may have important roles in immunotherapy, drug sensitivity and prognostic survival in HCC patients.

Worldwide productivity and research trend of publications concerning extracellular vesicles role in fibrosis: A bibliometric study from 2013 to 2022

Background

Fibrosis is a heavy burden on the global healthcare system. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that Extracellular vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication under both physiological and pathological conditions. This study aimed to explore the role of extracellular vesicles' in fibrosis using bibliometric methods.

Methods

Original articles and reviews related to extracellular vesicles and fibrosis were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database on November 9, 2022. VOSviewer was used to obtain general information, including co-institution, co-authorship, and co-occurrence visualization maps. The CiteSpace software was used to analyze citation bursts of keywords and references, a timeline view of the top clusters of keywords and cited articles, and the dual map. R package "bibliometrix" was used to analyze annual production, citation per year, collaboration network between countries/regions, thematic evolution map, and historiography network.

Results

In total, 3376 articles related to extracellular vesicles and fibrosis published from 2013 to 2022 were included in this study, with China and the United States being the top contributors. Shanghai Jiao Tong University has the highest number of publications. The main collaborators were Giovanni Camussi, Stefania Bruno, Marta Tepparo, and Cristina Grange. Journals related to molecular, biology, genetics, health, immunology, and medicine tended to publish literature on extracellular vesicles and fibrosis. "Recovery," "heterogeneity," "degradation," "inflammation," and "mesenchymal stem cells" are the keywords in this research field. Literature on extracellular vesicles and fibrosis associated with several diseases, including "kidney disease," "rheumatoid arthritis," and "skin regeneration" may be the latest hot research field.

Conclusions

This study provides a comprehensive perspective on extracellular vesicles and fibrosis through a bibliometric analysis of articles published between 2013 and 2022. We identified the most influential countries, institutions, authors, and journals. We provide information on recent research frontiers and trends for scholars interested in the field of extracellular vesicles and fibrosis. Their role in biological processes has great potential to initiate a new upsurge in future research.

CAFs-derived exosomes promote the development of cervical cancer by regulating miR-18a-5p-TMEM170B signaling axis

Mounting studies have showed that tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial for cervical cancer (CC), and cancer-related fibroblasts (CAFs) play a major role in it. Recently, exosomal miRNAs secreted by CAFs have been found to be potential targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the function of CAFs-mediated exosome miR-18a-5p (CAFs-exo-miR-18a-5p) in CC. First, in combination with bioinformatic data analysis of the GEO database (GSE86100) and RT-qPCR of CC clinical tissue samples and cell lines, miR-18a-5p was discovered to be markedly up-regulated in CC. Next, CAFs-secreted exosomes were isolated and it was found that miR-18a-5p expression was dramatically promoted in CC cell lines when treated with CAFs-exos. The CAFs-exo-miR-18a-5p was then elucidated to stimulate the proliferation and migration and inhibit the apoptosis of CC cells. In order to clarify the underlying mechanism, we further screened the target genes of miR-18a-5p. TMEM170B was selected by bioinformatic data analysis of online databases combined with RT-qPCR of CC clinical tissues and cells. Luciferase reporter gene analysis combined with molecular biology experiments further elucidated that miR-18a-5p suppressed TMEM170B expression in CC. Finally, both cell and animal experiments demonstrated that TMEM170B over-expression attenuated the oncogenic effect of CAFs-exo-miR-18a-5p. In conclusion, our study indicates that CAFs-mediated exosome miR-18a-5p promotes the initiation and development of CC by suppressing TMEM170B signaling axis, which provides a possible direction for the diagnosis and therapy of CC.

[Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Derived Exosomes: Key Players in Intercellular Communication Within the Tumor Microenvironment]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. Due to the insidious onset and rapid progression and a lack of effective treatments, the prognosis of patients with HCC is extremely poor, with the average 5-year survival rate being less than 10%. The tumor microenvironment (TME), the internal environment in which HCC develops, can regulate the oncogenesis, development, invasion, and metastasis of HCC. During the process of cancer progression, HCC cells can regulate the biological behaviors of tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, cancer-associated immune cells, and other cells in the TME by releasing exosomes containing specific signals, thereby promoting cancer progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and the roles of exosomes in the specific cellular regulation of these processes are not fully understood. Herein, we summarized the TME components of HCC, the sources and the biological traits of exosomes in the TME, and the impact of mechanical factors on exosomes. In addition, special attention was given to the discussion of the effects of HCC-exosomes on different types of cells in the microenvironment. There are still many difficulties to be overcome before exosomes can be applied as carriers in clinical cancer treatment. First of all, the homogeneity of exosomes is difficult to ensure. Secondly, exosomes are mainly administered through subcutaneous injection. Although this method is simple and easy to implement, the absorption efficiency is not ideal. Thirdly, exosome extraction methods are limited in number and inefficient, making it difficult to prepare exosomes in large quantities. It is important to ensure that exosomes are used in sufficient quantities to trigger an effective tumor immune response, especially for exosome-mediated tumor immunotherapy. With the improvement in identification, isolation, and purification technology, exosomes are expected to be successfully used in the clinical diagnosis of early-stage HCC and the clinical treatment of liver cancer.