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Sriwattanapong K, Theerapanon T, Khamwachirapitak C, Sae-Ear P, Sa-Ard-Iam N, Shotelersuk V, Porntaveetus T. In-depth investigation of FAM20A insufficiency effects on deciduous dental pulp cells: Altered behaviours, osteogenic differentiation, and inflammatory gene expression. Int Endod J 2024; 57:745-758. [PMID: 38477421 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
AIM Loss-of-function mutations in FAM20A result in amelogenesis imperfecta IG (AI1G) or enamel-renal syndrome, characterized by hypoplastic enamel, ectopic calcification, and gingival hyperplasia, with some cases reporting spontaneous tooth infection. Despite previous reports on the consequence of FAM20A reduction in gingival fibroblasts and transcriptome analyses of AI1G pulp tissues, suggesting its involvement in mineralization and infection, its role in deciduous dental pulp cells (DDP) remains unreported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the properties of DDP obtained from an AI1G patient, providing additional insights into the effects of FAM20A on the mineralization of DDP. METHODOLOGY DDP were obtained from a FAM20A-AI1G patient (mutant cells) and three healthy individuals. Cellular behaviours were examined using flow cytometry, MTT, attachment and spreading, colony formation, and wound healing assays. Osteogenic induction was applied to DDP, followed by alizarin red S staining to assess their osteogenic differentiation. The expression of FAM20A-related genes, osteogenic genes, and inflammatory genes was analysed using real-time PCR, Western blot, and/or immunolocalization. Additionally, STRING analysis was performed to predict potential protein-protein interaction networks. RESULTS The mutant cells exhibited a significant reduction in FAM20A mRNA and protein levels, as well as proliferation, migration, attachment, and colony formation. However, normal FAM20A subcellular localization was maintained. Additionally, osteogenic/odontogenic genes, OSX, OPN, RUNX2, BSP, and DSPP, were downregulated, along with upregulated ALP. STRING analysis suggested a potential correlation between FAM20A and these osteogenic genes. After osteogenic induction, the mutant cells demonstrated reduced mineral deposition and dysregulated expression of osteogenic genes. Remarkably, FAM20A, FAM20C, RUNX2, OPN, and OSX were significantly upregulated in the mutant cells, whilst ALP, and OCN was downregulated. Furthermore, the mutant cells exhibited a significant increase in inflammatory gene expression, that is, IL-1β and TGF-β1, whereas IL-6 and NFκB1 expression was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION The reduction of FAM20A in mutant DDP is associated with various cellular deficiencies, including delayed proliferation, attachment, spreading, and migration as well as altered osteogenic and inflammatory responses. These findings provide novel insights into the biology of FAM20A in dental pulp cells and shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying AI1G pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Sriwattanapong
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanakorn Theerapanon
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chompak Khamwachirapitak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pannagorn Sae-Ear
- Oral Biology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppadol Sa-Ard-Iam
- Center of Excellence in Periodontal Disease and Dental Implant, Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- International Graduate Program in Geriatric Dentistry and Special Patients Care, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Costa CRR, Chalgoumi R, Baker A, Guillou C, Yamaguti PM, Simancas Escorcia V, Abbad L, Amorin BR, de Lima CL, Cannaya V, Benassarou M, Berdal A, Chatziantoniou C, Cases O, Cosette P, Kozyraki R, Acevedo AC. Gingival proteomics reveals the role of TGF beta and YAP/TAZ signaling in Raine syndrome fibrosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9497. [PMID: 38664418 PMCID: PMC11045870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Raine syndrome (RNS) is a rare autosomal recessive osteosclerotic dysplasia. RNS is caused by loss-of-function disease-causative variants of the FAM20C gene that encodes a kinase that phosphorylates most of the secreted proteins found in the body fluids and extracellular matrix. The most common RNS clinical features are generalized osteosclerosis, facial dysmorphism, intracerebral calcifications and respiratory defects. In non-lethal RNS forms, oral traits include a well-studied hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and a much less characterized gingival phenotype. We used immunomorphological, biochemical, and siRNA approaches to analyze gingival tissues and primary cultures of gingival fibroblasts of two unrelated, previously reported RNS patients. We showed that fibrosis, pathological gingival calcifications and increased expression of various profibrotic and pro-osteogenic proteins such as POSTN, SPARC and VIM were common findings. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins demonstrated that proteins involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) regulation and related to the TGFβ/SMAD signaling pathway were increased. Functional analyses confirmed the upregulation of TGFβ/SMAD signaling and subsequently uncovered the involvement of two closely related transcription cofactors important in fibrogenesis, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). Knocking down of FAM20C confirmed the TGFβ-YAP/TAZ interplay indicating that a profibrotic loop enabled gingival fibrosis in RNS patients. In summary, our in vivo and in vitro data provide a detailed description of the RNS gingival phenotype. They show that gingival fibrosis and calcifications are associated with, and most likely caused by excessed ECM production and disorganization. They furthermore uncover the contribution of increased TGFβ-YAP/TAZ signaling in the pathogenesis of the gingival fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Rodrigues Rezende Costa
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, 75006, Paris, France
- Oral Center for Inherited Diseases, University Hospital of Brasília, Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Dentistry, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Dentistry, Health Group of Natal (GSAU-NT), Brazilian Air Force, Natal, Parnamirim, Brazil
| | - Rym Chalgoumi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Amina Baker
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Clément Guillou
- Rouen University, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, 76000, Rouen, France
- Rouen University, INSERM US51, CNRS UAR 2026, HeRacles PISSARO, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Paulo Marcio Yamaguti
- Oral Center for Inherited Diseases, University Hospital of Brasília, Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Dentistry, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Victor Simancas Escorcia
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, 75006, Paris, France
- Grupo de Investigación GENOMA, Universidad del Sinú, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Lilia Abbad
- MRS1155, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Bruna Rabelo Amorin
- Oral Center for Inherited Diseases, University Hospital of Brasília, Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Dentistry, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Caroline Lourenço de Lima
- Oral Center for Inherited Diseases, University Hospital of Brasília, Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Dentistry, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Vidjea Cannaya
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Mourad Benassarou
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, Hôpital de La Pitié Salpétrière, Sorbonne Université, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, 75006, Paris, France
- CRMR O-RARES, Hôpital Rothshild, UFR d'Odontologie-Garancière, Université de Paris Cité, 75012, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Cases
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Cosette
- Rouen University, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, PBS UMR 6270, 76000, Rouen, France
- Rouen University, INSERM US51, CNRS UAR 2026, HeRacles PISSARO, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Renata Kozyraki
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, 75006, Paris, France.
- CRMR O-RARES, Hôpital Rothshild, UFR d'Odontologie-Garancière, Université de Paris Cité, 75012, Paris, France.
- Rouen University, UFR SANTE ROUEN NORMANDIE, Inserm 1096, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, 75006, Paris, France
- Oral Center for Inherited Diseases, University Hospital of Brasília, Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Dentistry, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
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Baranowski B, Krysińska M, Gradowski M. KINtaro: protein kinase-like database. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:50. [PMID: 38365785 PMCID: PMC10870513 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The superfamily of protein kinases features a common Protein Kinase-like (PKL) three-dimensional fold. Proteins with PKL structure can also possess enzymatic activities other than protein phosphorylation, such as AMPylation or glutamylation. PKL proteins play a vital role in the world of living organisms, contributing to the survival of pathogenic bacteria inside host cells, as well as being involved in carcinogenesis and neurological diseases in humans. The superfamily of PKL proteins is constantly growing. Therefore, it is crucial to gather new information about PKL families. RESULTS To this end, the KINtaro database ( http://bioinfo.sggw.edu.pl/kintaro/ ) has been created as a resource for collecting and sharing such information. KINtaro combines protein sequence information and additional annotations for more than 70 PKL families, including 32 families not associated with PKL superfamily in established protein domain databases. KINtaro is searchable by keywords and by protein sequence and provides family descriptions, sequences, sequence alignments, HMM models, 3D structure models, experimental structures with PKL domain annotations and sequence logos with catalytic residue annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Baranowski
- Laboratory of Plant Pathogenesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marianna Krysińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Gradowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
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Liu L, Yao L, Lu Z, Jiang L, Zhang X, Liu X, Zhang W, Luan X, Zhang S, Xu W, Wang T, Zhang F, Wei X, Da J, Wang J, Zhang J, Li Y, Jin H, Zhang B. Epithelial-specific deletion of FAM20A leads to short root defects. Gene 2023; 884:147731. [PMID: 37625561 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Short Root Defects defined by a reduced ratio of root to crown, may culminate in root resorption and subsequent tooth loss, in spite of the absence of apparent symptoms. Such defects present considerable impediments to orthodontic treatment and restoration. Recent identification of Fam20a, an emergent pseudokinase, has been associated with enamel development and tooth eruption, yet its definitive role in root formation and eruption remains ambiguous. In this research, we initially ascertained that the targeted knockout of Fam20a within the epithelium led to truncated tooth roots, irregular breaks in the epithelial root sheath initiation of the WNT signaling pathway, and decreased expression of the cell polarity-related transcription factor Cdc42 in murine models. This was concomitant with the participation of the associated epithelial root sheath developmental pathways BMP2, Gli1, and Nfic. Furthermore, we observed that Fam20a predominantly affects the intraosseous eruption phase of tooth emergence. During this phase, the osteoclast peak around the mandibular first molar in cKO mice is delayed, leading to a slower formation of the eruption pathway, ultimately resulting in delayed tooth eruption in mice. The findings of this study enrich the extant knowledge regarding the role of Fam20a, suggesting its potential regulatory function in tooth root development through the WNT/β-catenin/Cdc42 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Liu
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Yao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zeyu Lu
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinpeng Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinrui Luan
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shujian Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangping Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuancheng Wei
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Junlong Da
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianqun Wang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Zhang X, Li X, Wang C, Wang S, Zhuang Y, Liu B, Lian X. Identification of markers for predicting prognosis and endocrine metabolism in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by miRNA-mRNA network mining and machine learning. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1174911. [PMID: 37538797 PMCID: PMC10396331 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1174911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) has a high incidence in Southern China and Asia, and its survival is extremely poor in advanced patients. MiRNAs play critical roles in regulating gene expression and serve as therapeutic targets in cancer. This study sought to disclose key miRNAs and target genes responsible for NPC prognosis and endocrine metabolism. Materials and methods Three datasets (GSE32960, GSE70970, and GSE102349) of NPC samples came from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Limma and WGCNA were applied to identify key prognostic miRNAs. There were 12 types of miRNA tools implemented to study potential target genes (mRNAs) of miRNAs. Univariate Cox regression and stepAIC were introduced to construct risk models. Pearson analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation between endocrine metabolism and RiskScore. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), MCP-counter, and ESTIMATE were performed for immune analysis. The response to immunotherapy was predicted by TIDE and SubMap analyses. Results Two key miRNAs (miR-142-3p and miR-93) were closely involved in NPC prognosis. The expression of the two miRNAs was dysregulated in NPC cell lines. A total of 125 potential target genes of the key miRNAs were screened, and they were enriched in autophagy and mitophagy pathways. Five target genes (E2F1, KCNJ8, SUCO, HECTD1, and KIF23) were identified to construct a prognostic model, which was used to divide patients into high group and low group. RiskScore was negatively correlated with most endocrine-related genes and pathways. The low-risk group manifested higher immune infiltration, anticancer response, more activated immune-related pathways, and higher response to immunotherapy than the high-risk group. Conclusions This study revealed two key miRNAs that were highly contributable to NPC prognosis. We delineated the specific links between key miRNAs and prognostic mRNAs with miRNA-mRNA networks. The effectiveness of the five-gene model in predicting NPC prognosis as well as endocrine metabolism provided a guidance for personalized immunotherapy in NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixia Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Lian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Chen X, Li N, Hu P, Li L, Li D, Liu H, Zhu L, Xiao J, Liu C. Deficiency of Fam20b-Catalyzed Glycosaminoglycan Chain Synthesis in Neural Crest Leads to Cleft Palate. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119634. [PMID: 37298583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common birth defects. Previous studies revealed that multiple factors, including impaired intracellular or intercellular signals, and incoordination of oral organs led to cleft palate, but were little concerned about the contribution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during palatogenesis. Proteoglycans (PGs) are one of the important macromolecules in the ECM. They exert biological functions through one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to core proteins. The family with sequence similarity 20 member b (Fam20b) are newly identified kinase-phosphorylating xylose residues that promote the correct assembly of the tetrasaccharide linkage region by creating a premise for GAG chain elongation. In this study, we explored the function of GAG chains in palate development through Wnt1-Cre; Fam20bf/f mice, which exhibited complete cleft palate, malformed tongue, and micrognathia. In contrast, Osr2-Cre; Fam20bf/f mice, in which Fam20b was deleted only in palatal mesenchyme, showed no abnormality, suggesting that failed palatal elevation in Wnt1-Cre; Fam20bf/f mice was secondary to micrognathia. In addition, the reduced GAG chains promoted the apoptosis of palatal cells, primarily resulting in reduced cell density and decreased palatal volume. The suppressed BMP signaling and reduced mineralization indicated an impaired osteogenesis of palatine, which could be rescued partially by constitutively active Bmpr1a. Together, our study highlighted the key role of GAG chains in palate morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Leilei Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Danya Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Du S, Zhu C, Ren X, Chen X, Cui X, Guan S. Regulation of secretory pathway kinase or kinase-like proteins in human cancers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:942849. [PMID: 36825005 PMCID: PMC9941534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.942849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory pathway kinase or kinase-like proteins (SPKKPs) are effective in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus (GA), and extracellular space. These proteins are involved in secretory signaling pathways and are distinctive from typical protein kinases. Various reports have shown that SPKKPs regulate the tumorigenesis and progression of human cancer via the phosphorylation of various substrates, which is essential in physiological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence has revealed that the expression of SPKKPs in human cancers is regulated by multiple factors. This review summarizes the current understanding of the contribution of SPKKPs in tumorigenesis and the progression of immunity. With the epidemic trend of immunotherapy, targeting SPKKPs may be a novel approach to anticancer therapy. This study briefly discusses the recent advances regarding SPKKPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenyang Red Cross Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Agrawal N, Awasthi A, Chakraborty PP, Maiti A. Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta, bilateral nephrolithiasis and FGF-23-mediated hypophosphataemia: a triad of FAM20A-related enamel renal syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e250514. [PMID: 36351670 PMCID: PMC9644308 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel renal syndrome (ERS) due to loss of function (LOF) mutation of FAM20A gene typically consists of hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and bilateral nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis. Recent evidence suggests that FAM20A interacts with FAM20C and increases its activity; thus LOF mutation of FAM20A leads to impaired FAM20C action. FAM20C, a golgi casein kinase, phosphorylates fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, prevents its glycosylation and makes it more susceptible to degradation by furine proteases. Consequently, inactivating mutations of FAM20C lead to increased concentration of bioactive and intact FGF-23 in circulation and resultant hypophosphataemia. LOF mutation of FAM20A, thus, might also be associated with FGF-23-mediated hypophosphataemia; however, such an association has never been reported in the literature. We describe, for the first time, a triad of AI, bilateral nephrolithiasis and FGF-23-mediated hypophosphataemia in LOF mutation of FAM20A. We suggest that serum phosphate should be measured in all patients with ERS to avoid metabolic and skeletal complications of undiagnosed, hence untreated hypophosphataemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Agrawal
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Avivar Awasthi
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Animesh Maiti
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Leurs N, Martinand-Mari C, Marcellini S, Debiais-Thibaud M. Parallel evolution of ameloblastic scpp genes in bony and cartilaginous vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6582990. [PMID: 35535508 PMCID: PMC9122587 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In bony vertebrates, skeletal mineralization relies on the secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (Scpp) family whose members are acidic extracellular proteins posttranslationally regulated by the Fam20°C kinase. As scpp genes are absent from the elephant shark genome, they are currently thought to be specific to bony fishes (osteichthyans). Here, we report a scpp gene present in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) that evolved from local tandem duplication of sparc-L 5′ exons and show that both genes experienced recent gene conversion in sharks. The elasmobranch scpp is remarkably similar to the osteichthyan scpp members as they share syntenic and gene structure features, code for a conserved signal peptide, tyrosine-rich and aspartate/glutamate-rich regions, and harbor putative Fam20°C phosphorylation sites. In addition, the catshark scpp is coexpressed with sparc-L and fam20°C in tooth and scale ameloblasts, similarly to some osteichthyan scpp genes. Despite these strong similarities, molecular clock and phylogenetic data demonstrate that the elasmobranch scpp gene originated independently from the osteichthyan scpp gene family. Our study reveals convergent events at the sparc-L locus in the two sister clades of jawed vertebrates, leading to parallel diversification of the skeletal biomineralization toolkit. The molecular evolution of sparc-L and its coexpression with fam20°C in catshark ameloblasts provides a unifying genetic basis that suggests that all convergent scpp duplicates inherited similar features from their sparc-L precursor. This conclusion supports a single origin for the hypermineralized outer odontode layer as produced by an ancestral developmental process performed by Sparc-L, implying the homology of the enamel and enameloid tissues in all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leurs
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Martinand-Mari
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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10
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Fitzgibbon C, Meng Y, Murphy JM. Co-expression of recombinant RIPK3:MLKL complexes using the baculovirus-insect cell system. Methods Enzymol 2022; 667:183-227. [PMID: 35525542 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudokinase domains are found throughout the kingdoms of life and serve myriad roles in cell signaling. These domains, which resemble protein kinases but are catalytically-deficient, have been described principally as protein interaction domains. Broadly, pseudokinases have been reported to function as: allosteric regulators of conventional enzymes; scaffolds to nucleate assembly and/or localization of signaling complexes; molecular switches; or competitors of signaling complex assembly. From detailed structural and biochemical studies of individual pseudokinases, a picture of how they mediate protein interactions is beginning to emerge. Many such studies have relied on recombinant protein production in insect cells, where endogenous chaperones and modifying enzymes favor bona fide folding of pseudokinases. Here, we describe methods for co-expression of pseudokinases and their interactors in insect cells, as exemplified by the MLKL pseudokinase, which is the terminal effector in the necroptosis cell death pathway, and its upstream regulator kinase RIPK3. These methods are broadly applicable to co-expression of other pseudokinases with their interaction partners from bacmids using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheree Fitzgibbon
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yanxiang Meng
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Geng YW, Zhang Z, Jin H, Da JL, Zhang K, Wang JQ, Guo YY, Zhang B, Li Y. Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of osteoblasts induced by Fam20c knockout. Genes Genomics 2022; 44:155-164. [PMID: 35025083 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fam20c is intimately related to tissue development and diseases. At present, it has been reported that Fam20c regulates the mineralization of osteoblasts, but there are few reports on other effects. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of Fam20c on osteoblasts by knocking out the Fam20c gene. METHODS Fam20c knockout osteoblasts were constructed by transfecting mouse osteoblasts with lentivirus. The proliferation, migration and mineralization of Fam20c knockout cells were detected by CCK-8, scratch test and alizarin red staining assays. The subcellular structure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. RT-PCR was used to detect the differential expression of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET)-related marker genes and core transcription factors. The differential expression of MET-related proteins was detected by immunofluorescence or Western blot. Transcriptome analysis of Fam20c knockout osteoblasts was performed, and real-time PCR was used to verify transcriptome analysis related to MET. RESULTS The proliferation ability of osteoblasts was not significantly changed after Fam20c deletion, but the migration ability and mineralization ability were significantly weakened. There were tight junctions between Fam20c knockout cells. The expression of mesenchymal cell marker genes and core transcription factors was significantly decreased, and the expression of epithelial cell marker genes was significantly increased. The expression of mesenchymal cell marker proteins was significantly decreased, and the expression of epithelial cell marker proteins was significantly increased. Multiple signalling molecules and pathways involved in MET have changed. CONCLUSIONS Knockdown of Fam20c resulted in MET. Fam20c affects the transcription of key factors in osteoblast MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Geng
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Long Da
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qun Wang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yao Guo
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China. .,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China. .,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China. .,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Xu R, Tan H, Zhang J, Yuan Z, Xie Q, Zhang L. Fam20C in Human Diseases: Emerging Biological Functions and Therapeutic Implications. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:790172. [PMID: 34988120 PMCID: PMC8721277 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.790172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fam20C, a typical member of Fam20 family, has been well-known as a Golgi casein kinase, which is closely associated with Raine Syndrome (RS). It can phosphorylate many secreted proteins and multiple substrates, and thereby plays a crucial role in biological functions. More importantly, Fam20C has also been found to enhance the metastasis of several types of human cancers, such as breast cancer, indicating that Fam20C may be a promising therapeutic target. Accordingly, some small-molecule inhibitors of Fam20C have been reported in cancer. Taken together, these inspiring findings would shed new light on exploiting Fam20C as a potential therapeutic target and inhibiting Fam20C with small-molecule compounds would provide a clue on discovery of more candidate small-molecule drugs for fighting with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Huidan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Feng J, Zhou J, Zhao L, Wang X, Ma D, Xu B, Xie F, Qi X, Chen G, Zhao H, Wu J. Fam20C Overexpression Predicts Poor Outcomes and is a Diagnostic Biomarker in Lower-Grade Glioma. Front Genet 2022; 12:757014. [PMID: 34970298 PMCID: PMC8712682 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.757014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a relatively low aggressive brain tumor. Although the median survival time of patients for lower-grade glioma (LGG) was longer than that of patients for glioblastoma, the overall survival was still short. Therefore, it is urgent to find out more effective molecular prognostic markers. The role of the Fam20 kinase family in different tumors was an emerging research field. However, the biological function of Fam20C and its prognostic value in brain tumors have rarely been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the value of Fam20C as a potential prognostic marker for LGG. A total of 761 LGG samples (our cohort, TCGA and CGGA) were included to investigate the expression and role of Fam20C in LGG. We found that Fam20C was drastically overexpressed in LGG and was positively associated with its clinical progression. Kaplan-Meier analysis and a Cox regression model were employed to evaluate its prognostic value, and Fam20C was found as an independent risk factor in LGG patients. Gene set enrichment analysis also revealed the potential signaling pathways associated with Fam20C gene expression in LGG; these pathways were mainly enriched in extracellular matrix receptor interactions, cell adhesion, cell apoptosis, NOTCH signaling, cell cycle, etc. In summary, our findings provide insights for understanding the potential role of Fam20C and its application as a new prognostic biomarker for LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Department of Clinical Quality Management, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Danyu Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Xu
- Department of Pathology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feilai Xie
- Department of Pathology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingfeng Qi
- Department of Pathology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junxin Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medical, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy, Fuzhou, China
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14
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Patel V, Klootwijk E, Whiting G, Bockenhauer D, Siew K, Walsh S, Bleich M, Himmerkus N, Jaureguiberry G, Issler N, Godovac‐Zimmermann J, Kleta R, Wheeler J. Quantification of FAM20A in human milk and identification of calcium metabolism proteins. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15150. [PMID: 34957696 PMCID: PMC8711012 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FAM20A, a recently discovered protein, is thought to have a fundamental role in inhibiting ectopic calcification. Several studies have demonstrated that variants of FAM20A are causative for the rare autosomal recessive disorder, enamel-renal syndrome (ERS). ERS is characterized by defective mineralization of dental enamel and nephrocalcinosis suggesting that FAM20A is an extracellular matrix protein, dysfunction of which causes calcification of the secretory epithelial tissues. FAM20A is a low-abundant protein that is difficult to detect in biofluids such as blood, saliva, and urine. Thus, we speculated the abundance of FAM20A to be high in human milk, since the secretory epithelium of lactating mammary tissue is involved in the secretion of highly concentrated calcium. Therefore, the primary aim of this research is to describe the processes/methodology taken to quantify FAM20A in human milk and identify other proteins involved in calcium metabolism. METHOD This study used mass spectrometry-driven quantitative proteomics: (1) to quantify FAM20A in human milk of three women and (2) to identify proteins associated with calcium regulation by bioinformatic analyses on whole and milk fat globule membrane fractions. RESULTS Shotgun MS/MS driven proteomics identified FAM20A in whole milk, and subsequent analysis using targeted proteomics also successfully quantified FAM20A in all samples. Combination of sample preparation, fractionation, and LC-MS/MS proteomics analysis generated 136 proteins previously undiscovered in human milk; 21 of these appear to be associated with calcium metabolism. CONCLUSION Using mass spectrometry-driven proteomics, we successfully quantified FAM20A from transitional to mature milk and obtained a list of proteins involved in calcium metabolism. Furthermore, we show the value of using a combination of both shotgun and targeted driven proteomics for the identification of this low abundant protein in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaksha Patel
- Department of Renal MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Gail Whiting
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory AgencyHertfordshireUK
| | | | - Keith Siew
- Department of Renal MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stephen Walsh
- Department of Renal MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of PhysiologyUniversity of KielKielGermany
| | | | | | - Naomi Issler
- Department of Renal MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Robert Kleta
- Department of Renal MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jun Wheeler
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory AgencyHertfordshireUK
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15
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Xia XD, Peng ZS, Gu HM, Wang M, Wang GQ, Zhang DW. Regulation of PCSK9 Expression and Function: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:764038. [PMID: 34782856 PMCID: PMC8589637 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.764038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) promotes degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and plays a central role in regulating plasma levels of LDL cholesterol levels, lipoprotein(a) and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, PCSK9 promotes degradation of major histocompatibility protein class I and reduces intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. Inhibition of PCSK9 increases expression of LDLR, thereby reducing plasma levels of lipoproteins and the risk of cardiovascular disease. PCSK9 inhibition also increases cell surface levels of major histocompatibility protein class I in cancer cells and suppresses tumor growth. Therefore, PCSK9 plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer, the top two causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Monoclonal anti-PCSK9 antibody-based therapy is currently the only available treatment that can effectively reduce plasma LDL-C levels and suppress tumor growth. However, high expenses limit their widespread use. PCSK9 promotes lysosomal degradation of its substrates, but the detailed molecular mechanism by which PCSK9 promotes degradation of its substrates is not completely understood, impeding the development of more cost-effective alternative strategies to inhibit PCSK9. Here, we review our current understanding of PCSK9 and focus on the regulation of its expression and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Peng
- School of Economics, Management and Law, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maggie Wang
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gui-Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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16
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Proteolytic processing of secretory pathway kinase Fam20C by site-1 protease promotes biomineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100133118. [PMID: 34349020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100133118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 20C (Fam20C), the major protein kinase in the secretory pathway, generates the vast majority of the secreted phosphoproteome. However, the regulatory mechanisms of Fam20C transport, secretion, and function remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that Fam20C exists as a type II transmembrane protein within the secretory compartments, with its N-terminal signal peptide-like region serving as a membrane anchor for Golgi retention. The secretion and kinase activity of Fam20C are governed by site-1 protease (S1P), a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. We find that only mature Fam20C processed by S1P functions in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Together, our findings reveal a unique mechanism for Fam20C secretion and activation via proteolytic regulation, providing a molecular link between biomineralization and lipid metabolism.
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17
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Rios JJ, Denton K, Russell J, Kozlitina J, Ferreira CR, Lewanda AF, Mayfield JE, Moresco E, Ludwig S, Tang M, Li X, Lyon S, Khanshour A, Paria N, Khalid A, Li Y, Xie X, Feng JQ, Xu Q, Lu Y, Hammer RE, Wise CA, Beutler B. Germline Saturation Mutagenesis Induces Skeletal Phenotypes in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1548-1565. [PMID: 33905568 PMCID: PMC8862308 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proper embryonic and postnatal skeletal development require coordination of myriad complex molecular mechanisms. Disruption of these processes, through genetic mutation, contributes to variation in skeletal development. We developed a high-throughput N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced saturation mutagenesis skeletal screening approach in mice to identify genes required for proper skeletal development. Here, we report initial results from live-animal X-ray and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) imaging of 27,607 G3 mice from 806 pedigrees, testing the effects of 32,198 coding/splicing mutations in 13,020 genes. A total of 39.7% of all autosomal genes were severely damaged or destroyed by mutations tested twice or more in the homozygous state. Results from our study demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo mutagenesis to identify mouse models of skeletal disease. Furthermore, our study demonstrates how ENU mutagenesis provides opportunities to create and characterize putative hypomorphic mutations in developmentally essential genes. Finally, we present a viable mouse model and case report of recessive skeletal disease caused by mutations in FAM20B. Results from this study, including engineered mouse models, are made publicly available via the online Mutagenetix database. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kristin Denton
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jamie Russell
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julia Kozlitina
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- Skeletal Genomics Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy F Lewanda
- Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joshua E Mayfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eva Moresco
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sara Ludwig
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Miao Tang
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Lyon
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anas Khanshour
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nandina Paria
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aysha Khalid
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xudong Xie
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert E Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carol A Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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18
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Sun JY, Hua Y, Shen H, Qu Q, Kan JY, Kong XQ, Sun W, Shen YY. Identification of key genes in calcific aortic valve disease via weighted gene co-expression network analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:135. [PMID: 34020624 PMCID: PMC8138987 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common subclass of valve heart disease in the elderly population and a primary cause of aortic valve stenosis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods The gene expression profiles of GSE83453, GSE51472, and GSE12644 were analyzed by ‘limma’ and ‘weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)’ package in R to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and key modules associated with CAVD, respectively. Then, enrichment analysis was performed based on Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, DisGeNET, and TRRUST database. Protein–protein interaction network was constructed using the overlapped genes of DEGs and key modules, and we identified the top 5 hub genes by mixed character calculation. Results We identified the blue and yellow modules as the key modules. Enrichment analysis showed that leukocyte migration, extracellular matrix, and extracellular matrix structural constituent were significantly enriched. SPP1, TNC, SCG2, FAM20A, and CD52 were identified as hub genes, and their expression levels in calcified or normal aortic valve samples were illustrated, respectively. Conclusions This study suggested that SPP1, TNC, SCG2, FAM20A, and CD52 might be hub genes associated with CAVD. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and provide potential therapeutic targets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-00989-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Yang Hua
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Jun-Yan Kan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Xiang-Qing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Yue-Yun Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang, 213300, China.
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19
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From biomineralization to tumorogenesis-the expanding insight of the physiological and pathological roles of Fam20C. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228577. [PMID: 33942849 PMCID: PMC8493443 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fam20C is a Golgi kinase phosphorylating the majority of the secreted proteins. In this decade, the function of Fam20C has been largely disclosed in the loss-of function models. How the influence of the overexpressed Fam20C on cells or organs, and whether Fam20C was associated with tumorogensis still remain unknown. In the latest article in Bioscience Reports, a group from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University established a correlation between the elevated Fam20C expression and the poor prognosis of multiple cancers (Biosci. Rep. (2021), 41(1) BSR20201920). In addition, they also proposed the potential mechanisms how the increased Fam20C expression played a detrimental role in tumor progression by suggesting that the up-regulated Fam20C level affected the infiltration of immune cells and the capability of cancer metastasis. To give an overview of the expanding knowledge of Fam20C involved in the physiological and pathological events, we first reviewed the history of Fam20C study in this commentary, then, evaluated the correlation of the elevated Fam20C expression to the prognosis of multiple cancers, and finally, interpreted the perspectives that the Fam20C gain-of-function model was also critical for cancer therapy.
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20
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Yao J, Huang X, Ren J. In situ determination of secretory kinase Fam20C from living cells using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Talanta 2021; 232:122473. [PMID: 34074441 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Secretory proteins constitute a biologically crucial subset of proteins for regulation of some pathological and physiological processes, and they have become very important biomarkers in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic targets. So far, secretory protein functions and mechanisms have not been fully understood due to methodological limitations in detection of low-abundance proteins against medium background. Here, we propose a strategy to determine secretory protein from living cells in situ using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). In this study, the recombinant protein Fam20C with SNAP-tag was used as a model protein, and O6-benzylguanine (BG) derivatives bearing fluorescent dye as probes. We synthesized three fluorescent probes and investigated their fluorescent properties and diffusion behaviors in solution, and found the probe BG-Bodipy-561 more suitable for in situ labeling of Fam20C. We confirmed the specific binding of the probe to the target protein by combining FCS and in-gel fluorescence scanning methods. We studied the effects of some factors of the secretory Fam20C, and found that RNA interference significantly inhibited the synthesis of secretory fused Fam20C, and myriocin had no significant effect on the expression of secretory Fam20C, which indirectly illustrated that sphingolipid signaling can regulate the Fam20C activity. We believe that FCS is a very promising method to analyze secretory proteins from living cells in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Fang R, Jiang Q, Guan Y, Gao P, Zhang R, Zhao Z, Jiang Z. Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING. Immunity 2021; 54:962-975.e8. [PMID: 33857420 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. Binding of sGAGs promoted STING polymerization through luminal, positively charged, polar residues. These residues are evolutionarily conserved, and selective mutation of specific residues inhibited STING activation. Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs induced STING polymerization and activation of the kinase TBK1. The chain length and O-linked sulfation of sGAGs directly affected the level of STING polymerization and, therefore, its activation. Reducing the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice impaired responses to vaccinia virus infection. Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qifei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yukun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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22
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The ABCs of the atypical Fam20 secretory pathway kinases. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100267. [PMID: 33759783 PMCID: PMC7948968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of extracellular phosphorylation was initiated in late 19th century when the secreted milk protein, casein, and egg-yolk protein, phosvitin, were shown to be phosphorylated. However, it took more than a century to identify Fam20C, which phosphorylates both casein and phosvitin under physiological conditions. This kinase, along with its family members Fam20A and Fam20B, defined a new family with altered amino acid sequences highly atypical from the canonical 540 kinases comprising the kinome. Fam20B is a glycan kinase that phosphorylates xylose residues and triggers peptidoglycan biosynthesis, a role conserved from sponges to human. The protein kinase, Fam20C, conserved from nematodes to humans, phosphorylates well over 100 substrates in the secretory pathway with overall functions postulated to encompass endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, nutrition, cardiac function, coagulation, and biomineralization. The preferred phosphorylation motif of Fam20C is SxE/pS, and structural studies revealed that related member Fam20A allosterically activates Fam20C by forming a heterodimeric/tetrameric complex. Fam20A, a pseudokinase, is observed only in vertebrates. Loss-of-function genetic alterations in the Fam20 family lead to human diseases such as amelogenesis imperfecta, nephrocalcinosis, lethal and nonlethal forms of Raine syndrome with major skeletal defects, and altered phosphate homeostasis. Together, these three members of the Fam20 family modulate a diverse network of secretory pathway components playing crucial roles in health and disease. The overarching theme of this review is to highlight the progress that has been made in the emerging field of extracellular phosphorylation and the key roles secretory pathway kinases play in an ever-expanding number of cellular processes.
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23
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Simancas Escorcia V, Diarra A, Naveau A, Dessombz A, Felizardo R, Cannaya V, Chatziantoniou C, Quentric M, Vikkula M, Cases O, Berdal A, De La Dure-Molla M, Kozyraki R. Lack of FAM20A, Ectopic Gingival Mineralization and Chondro/Osteogenic Modifications in Enamel Renal Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:605084. [PMID: 33425910 PMCID: PMC7793853 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.605084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel renal syndrome (ERS) is a rare recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in FAM20A (family with sequence similarity 20 member A, OMIM #611062). Enamel renal syndrome is characterized by amelogenesis imperfecta, delayed or failed tooth eruption, intrapulpal calcifications, gingival overgrowth and nephrocalcinosis. Although gingival overgrowth has consistently been associated with heterotopic calcifications the pathogenesis, structure and interactions of the mineral deposits with the surrounding connective tissue are largely unknown. We here report a novel FAM20A mutation in exon 1 (c.358C > T) introducing a premature stop codon (p.Gln120*) and resulting in a complete loss of FAM20A. In addition to the typical oral findings and nephrocalcinosis, ectopic calcified nodules were also seen in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae regions. Histopathologic analysis of the gingiva showed an enlarged papillary layer associated with aberrant angiogenesis and a lamina propria displaying significant changes in its extracellular matrix composition, including disruption of the collagen I fiber network. Ectopic calcifications were found throughout the connective gingival tissue. Immunomorphological and ultrastructural analyses indicated that the calcification process was associated with epithelial degeneration and transformation of the gingival fibroblasts to chondro/osteoblastic-like cells. Mutant gingival fibroblasts cultures were prone to calcify and abnormally expressed osteoblastic markers such as RUNX2 or PERIOSTIN. Our findings expand the previously reported phenotypes and highlight some aspects of ERS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Simancas Escorcia
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | - Abdoulaziz Diarra
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Naveau
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Dessombz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | - Rufino Felizardo
- CRMR O-RARES, Hôpital Rothshild, UFR d'Odontologie-Garancière, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vidjeacoumary Cannaya
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | | | - Mickaël Quentric
- Department of Human Genetics, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Department of Human Genetics, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Cases
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,CRMR O-RARES, Hôpital Rothshild, UFR d'Odontologie-Garancière, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Muriel De La Dure-Molla
- CRMR O-RARES, Hôpital Rothshild, UFR d'Odontologie-Garancière, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut des maladies génétiques, Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Renata Kozyraki
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,CRMR O-RARES, Hôpital Rothshild, UFR d'Odontologie-Garancière, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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24
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Ran C, Shi Y, Li N, Liu C, Xiao J. FAM20A is Dispensable for Dentinogenesis and Osteogenesis. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.30.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Ran
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
| | - Yiding Shi
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatolgy, Dalian Medical University
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25
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Discovery of a novel small-molecule inhibitor of Fam20C that induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in triple negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:113088. [PMID: 33316691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The family with sequence similarity 20, member C (Fam20C), a Golgi casein kinase, has been recently regarded as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Lacking enzyme activity center has been becoming an obstacle to the development of small-molecule inhibitors of Fam20C. Herein, we combined in silico high-throughput screening with chemical synthesis methods to obtain a new small-molecule Fam20C inhibitor 3r, which exhibited desired anti-proliferative activities against MDA-MB-231 cells and also inhibited migration. Subsequently, the enzymatic assay, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for validating that 3r could bind to Fam20C. In addition, 3r was found to induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells as well as to inhibit cell migration. Moreover, we demonstrated that 3r inhibited tumor growth in vivo and thereby having a good therapeutic potential on TNBC. Taken together, these results suggest that 3r may be a novel Fam20C inhibitor with anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities, which would shed light on discovering more small-molecule drugs for the future TNBC therapy.
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26
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Du S, Guan S, Zhu C, Guo Q, Cao J, Guan G, Cheng W, Cheng P, Wu A. Secretory Pathway Kinase FAM20C, a Marker for Glioma Invasion and Malignancy, Predicts Poor Prognosis of Glioma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11755-11768. [PMID: 33239887 PMCID: PMC7680683 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s275452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary cancer in adult central nervous system, and new strategies are desperately needed. The secretory pathway kinase or kinase-like proteins (SPKKPs) have been shown to mediate multiple physiological functions by phosphorylating extracellular proteins and proteoglycans. However, their roles in cancers, especially GBM, remain poorly defined. Methods The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was employed for establishing the SPKKPs signature for IDH wild type (wt) GBM prognosis. Integrative analyses with multiple datasets were employed to identify the core member of this gene family in glioma. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and immunohistochemistry were further used for evaluating its association with progressive malignancy in glioma and GBM patients’ survival, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to interpret its functions in GBM, which were further verified in vitro. Results A SPKKPs classifier was constructed with 3 genes of this family. This signature could effectively distinguish IDH wt GBM survival. Family with sequence similarity 20 C (FAM20C) was further identified as the core member of this family in glioma. Elevated FAM20C expression was not only closely correlated with glioma malignancy progression and the mesenchymal subtype of GBM but also indicated unfavorable survival of GBM patients. FAM20C was also found to be associated with the disrupted immune response in GBM microenvironment and was required for the migration of glioma and immune cells. Conclusion These data indicate that the potential of FAM20C serving as a predictive molecule and a therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Gefei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,College of Applied Technology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
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27
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Buljan M, Ciuffa R, van Drogen A, Vichalkovski A, Mehnert M, Rosenberger G, Lee S, Varjosalo M, Pernas LE, Spegg V, Snijder B, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M. Kinase Interaction Network Expands Functional and Disease Roles of Human Kinases. Mol Cell 2020; 79:504-520.e9. [PMID: 32707033 PMCID: PMC7427327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are essential for signal transduction and control of most cellular processes, including metabolism, membrane transport, motility, and cell cycle. Despite the critical role of kinases in cells and their strong association with diseases, good coverage of their interactions is available for only a fraction of the 535 human kinases. Here, we present a comprehensive mass-spectrometry-based analysis of a human kinase interaction network covering more than 300 kinases. The interaction dataset is a high-quality resource with more than 5,000 previously unreported interactions. We extensively characterized the obtained network and were able to identify previously described, as well as predict new, kinase functional associations, including those of the less well-studied kinases PIM3 and protein O-mannose kinase (POMK). Importantly, the presented interaction map is a valuable resource for assisting biomedical studies. We uncover dozens of kinase-disease associations spanning from genetic disorders to complex diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Buljan
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rodolfo Ciuffa
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Audrey van Drogen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anton Vichalkovski
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Mehnert
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George Rosenberger
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Columbia University Department of Systems Biology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sohyon Lee
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lucia Espona Pernas
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Spegg
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Berend Snijder
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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28
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Eltan M, Alavanda C, Yavas Abali Z, Ergenekon P, Yalındag Ozturk N, Sakar M, Dagcinar A, Kirkgoz T, Kaygusuz SB, Gokdemir Y, Elcioglu HN, Guran T, Bereket A, Ata P, Turan S. A Rare Cause of Hypophosphatemia: Raine Syndrome Changing Clinical Features with Age. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:96-103. [PMID: 32337609 PMCID: PMC7222149 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raine Syndrome (RS) is caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in FAM20C gene and characterized by hypophosphatemia, typical facial and skeletal features. Subperiosteal bone formation and generalized osteosclerosis are the most common radiological findings. Here we present a new case with RS. A 9-month-old male patient on a home-type ventilator was referred for hypophosphatemia. He was born with a weight of 3800 g to non-consanguineous parents. Prenatal ultrasound had demonstrated nasal bone agenesis. A large anterior fontanel, frontal bossing, exophthalmos, hypoplastic nose, high arched palate, low set ears, triangular mouth, and corneal opacification were detected on physical examination. Serial skeletal X-rays revealed diffuse osteosclerosis at birth which was gradually decreased by the age of 5 months with subperiosteal undermineralized bone formation and medullary space of long bone could be distinguishable with bone-within-a-bone appearance. At 9 months of age, hand X-ray revealed cupping of the ulna with loose radial bone margin with minimal fraying and osteopenia. Cranial computed tomography scan showed bilateral periventricular calcification and hydrocephalus in progress. The clinical, laboratory, and radiological examinations were consistent with RS. Molecular analyses revealed a compound heterozygous mutation in FAM20C gene (a known pathogenic mutation, c.1645C > T, p.Arg549Trp; and a novel c.863 + 5 G > C variant). The patient died due to respiratory failure at 17 months of age. This case allowed us to demonstrate natural progression of skeletal features in RS. Furthermore, we have described a novel FAM20C variant causing RS. Previous literature on RS is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Eltan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceren Alavanda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Yavas Abali
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ergenekon
- Department of Pediatric Chest Disease, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Yalındag Ozturk
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sakar
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adnan Dagcinar
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tarik Kirkgoz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sare Betul Kaygusuz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gokdemir
- Department of Pediatric Chest Disease, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huriye Nursel Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulay Guran
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ata
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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29
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Costa CRR, Braz SV, de Toledo IP, Martelli-Júnior H, Mazzeu JF, Guerra ENS, Coletta RD, Acevedo AC. Syndromes with gingival fibromatosis: A systematic review. Oral Dis 2020; 27:881-893. [PMID: 32335995 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of systematic review was to describe the phenotypes and molecular profiles of syndromes with gingival fibromatosis (GF). METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed, LILACS, Livivo, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted using key terms relevant to the research questions and supplemented by a gray literature search. The Methodological Quality and Synthesis of Case Series and Case Reports in association with the Case Series and Prevalence Studies from the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools were used for the risk of bias. We followed the PRISMA checklist guidelines. RESULTS Eighty-four studies reporting GF as an oral manifestation of a syndrome were identified in this review. Enamel renal syndrome was the most frequently reported syndrome with GF, represented by 54 individuals in 19 studies, followed by Zimmermann-Laband syndrome with 24 individuals in 15 studies and Costello syndrome, which was presented in a case series study with 41 individuals. Among reported cases, other clinical manifestations such as hypertrichosis, ectopic gingival calcification, and cherubism were described. CONCLUSIONS The results emphasize the need of systematic oro-dental-facial phenotyping for future descriptions as well as further molecular analysis in order to better understand the occurrence of syndromic GF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Rodrigues Rezende Costa
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Shélida Vasconcelos Braz
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Isabela Porto de Toledo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Hercilio Martelli-Júnior
- Dental School, Stomatology Clinic, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil.,Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Dental School, University of José Rosario Vellano, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Juliana Forte Mazzeu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Oral Care Center for Inherited Diseases, Health Sciences Faculty, Division of Dentistry, University Hospital of Brasilia, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
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30
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Aquino B, da Silva VCH, Massirer KB, Arruda P. Crystal structure of DRIK1, a stress-responsive receptor-like pseudokinase, reveals the molecular basis for the absence of ATP binding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:158. [PMID: 32293271 PMCID: PMC7158045 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants reprogram metabolism and development to rapidly adapt to biotic and abiotic stress. Protein kinases play a significant role in this process by phosphorylating protein substrates that activate or inactivate signaling cascades that regulate cellular and metabolic adaptations. Despite their importance in plant biology, a notably small fraction of the plant kinomes has been studied to date. RESULTS In this report, we describe ZmDRIK1, a stress-responsive receptor-like pseudokinase whose expression is downregulated under water restriction. We show the structural features and molecular basis of the absence of ATP binding exhibited by ZmDRIK1. The ZmDRIK1 kinase domain lacks conserved amino acids that are essential for phosphorylation activity. The crystal structure of the ZmDRIK1 kinase domain revealed the presence of a spine formed by the side chain of the triad Leu240, Tyr363, and Leu375 that occludes the ATP binding pocket. Although ZmDRIK1 is unable to bind nucleotides, it does bind the small molecule ENMD-2076 which, in a cocrystal structure, revealed the potential to serve as a ZmDRIK1 inhibitor. CONCLUSION ZmDRIK1 is a novel receptor-like pseudokinase responsive to biotic and abiotic stress. The absence of ATP binding and consequently, the absence of phosphorylation activity, was proven by the crystal structure of the apo form of the protein kinase domain. The expression profiling of the gene encoding ZmDRIK1 suggests this kinase may play a role in downregulating the expression of stress responsive genes that are not necessary under normal conditions. Under biotic and abiotic stress, ZmDRIK1 is down-regulated to release the expression of these stress-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aquino
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-886 Brazil
| | - Viviane C. H. da Silva
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-886 Brazil
- Joint Research Center for Genomic Applied to Climate Change (UMIP-GenClima), Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
| | - Katlin B. Massirer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-886 Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-886 Brazil
- Joint Research Center for Genomic Applied to Climate Change (UMIP-GenClima), Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-875 Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
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Hernández-Zavala A, Cortés-Camacho F, Palma-Lara I, Godínez-Aguilar R, Espinosa AM, Pérez-Durán J, Villanueva-Ocampo P, Ugarte-Briones C, Serrano-Bello CA, Sánchez-Santiago PJ, Bonilla-Delgado J, Yáñez-López MA, Victoria-Acosta G, López-Ornelas A, García Alonso-Themann P, Moreno J, Palacios-Reyes C. Two Novel FAM20C Variants in A Family with Raine Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020222. [PMID: 32093234 PMCID: PMC7073523 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two siblings from a Mexican family who carried lethal Raine syndrome are presented. A newborn term male (case 1) and his 21 gestational week brother (case 2), with a similar osteosclerotic pattern: generalized osteosclerosis, which is more evident in facial bones and cranial base. Prenatal findings at 21 weeks and histopathological features for case 2 are described. A novel combination of biallelic FAM20C pathogenic variants were detected, a maternal cytosine duplication at position 456 and a paternal deletion of a cytosine in position 474 in exon 1, which change the reading frame with a premature termination at codon 207 and 185 respectively. These changes are in concordance with a negative detection of the protein in liver and kidney as shown in case 2. Necropsy showed absence of pancreatic Langerhans Islets, which are reported here for the first time. Corpus callosum absence is added to the few reported cases of brain defects in Raine syndrome. This report shows two new FAM20C variants not described previously, and negative protein detection in the liver and the kidney. We highlight that lethal Raine syndrome is well defined as early as 21 weeks, including mineralization defects and craniofacial features. Pancreas and brain defects found here in FAM20C deficiency extend the functional spectrum of this protein to previously unknown organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Hernández-Zavala
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Morphology, Section of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.H.-Z.); (F.C.-C.); (I.P.-L.)
| | - Fernando Cortés-Camacho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Morphology, Section of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.H.-Z.); (F.C.-C.); (I.P.-L.)
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Icela Palma-Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Morphology, Section of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (A.H.-Z.); (F.C.-C.); (I.P.-L.)
| | - Ricardo Godínez-Aguilar
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Ana María Espinosa
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Javier Pérez-Durán
- National Institute of Perinatology, Calle Montes Urales 800, Lomas - Virreyes, Lomas de Chapultepec IV Section, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (J.P.-D.); (P.G.A.-T.)
| | - Patricia Villanueva-Ocampo
- Deparment of Ginecology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Ugarte-Briones
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (C.U.-B.); (C.A.S.-B.); (P.J.S.-S.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Serrano-Bello
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (C.U.-B.); (C.A.S.-B.); (P.J.S.-S.)
| | - Paula Jesús Sánchez-Santiago
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (C.U.-B.); (C.A.S.-B.); (P.J.S.-S.)
| | - José Bonilla-Delgado
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Marco Antonio Yáñez-López
- Department of Radiology & Imagenology, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico;
| | - Georgina Victoria-Acosta
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Adolfo López-Ornelas
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Patricia García Alonso-Themann
- National Institute of Perinatology, Calle Montes Urales 800, Lomas - Virreyes, Lomas de Chapultepec IV Section, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (J.P.-D.); (P.G.A.-T.)
| | - José Moreno
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Carmen Palacios-Reyes
- Direction and Division of Research, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (R.G.-A.); (J.B.-D.); (G.V.-A.); (A.L.-O.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Pseudokinases are members of the protein kinase superfamily but signal primarily through noncatalytic mechanisms. Many pseudokinases contribute to the pathologies of human diseases, yet they remain largely unexplored as drug targets owing to challenges associated with modulation of their biological functions. Our understanding of the structure and physiological roles of pseudokinases has improved substantially over the past decade, revealing intriguing similarities between pseudokinases and their catalytically active counterparts. Pseudokinases often adopt conformations that are analogous to those seen in catalytically active kinases and, in some cases, can also bind metal cations and/or nucleotides. Several clinically approved kinase inhibitors have been shown to influence the noncatalytic functions of active kinases, providing hope that similar properties in pseudokinases could be pharmacologically regulated. In this Review, we discuss known roles of pseudokinases in disease, their unique structural features and the progress that has been made towards developing pseudokinase-directed therapeutics.
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Röhm S, Krämer A, Knapp S. Function, Structure and Topology of Protein Kinases. PROTEINKINASE INHIBITORS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2020_97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Saiyin W, Li L, Zhang H, Lu Y, Qin C. Inactivation of FAM20B causes cell fate changes in annulus fibrosus of mouse intervertebral disc and disc defects via the alterations of TGF-β and MAPK signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165555. [PMID: 31513834 PMCID: PMC7194007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) disorder is often caused by the defect of annulus fibrosus (AF), especially that of the outer AF. Studies about the mechanisms governing the development of the outer AF are needed for a better understanding of pathogenesis of IVD defects. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential components of extracellular matrix (ECM) in AF. FAM20B is a newly identified xylose kinase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of GAGs. In this study, we created Fam20B conditional knockout (cKO) mice in which FAM20B was inactivated in type I collagen-expressing cells, the main type of cells in the outer AF of IVD. The cKO mice showed severe spine deformity and remarkable IVD defects associated with AF malformation. The AF of cKO mice had a lower level of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, and the outer AF cells lost their normal fibroblast-like morphology and acquired chondrocyte phenotypes, expressing a higher level of Sox 9 and type II collagen along with a reduced level of type I collagen. The level of phospho-Smad 2 and phospho-Smad 3, and that of scleraxis, a downstream target molecule of canonical TGF-β signaling pathway were significantly lower in the AF of cKO mice. The AF in cKO mice also manifested altered levels in the molecules associated with the activations of MAPK pathway; the changes included the increase of phospho-P38 and phospho-ERK and a decrease of phospho-JNK. These results indicate that FAM20B plays an essential role in the development of AF by regulating the TGF-β signaling and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuliji Saiyin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Gerson-Gurwitz A, Worby CA, Lee KY, Khaliullin R, Bouffard J, Cheerambathur D, Oegema K, Cram EJ, Dixon JE, Desai A. Ancestral roles of the Fam20C family of secreted protein kinases revealed in C. elegans. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3795-3811. [PMID: 31541016 PMCID: PMC6829671 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerson-Gurwitz et al. show that FAMK-1, the sole Fam20-like secreted protein kinase in C. elegans, contributes to embryonic development and fertility, acts in the late secretory pathway, phosphorylates lectins, and is important in embryonic and tissue contexts where cells are subjected to mechanical strain. Fam20C is a secreted protein kinase mutated in Raine syndrome, a human skeletal disorder. In vertebrates, bone and enamel proteins are major Fam20C substrates. However, Fam20 kinases are conserved in invertebrates lacking bone and enamel, suggesting other ancestral functions. We show that FAMK-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans Fam20C orthologue, contributes to fertility, embryogenesis, and development. These functions are not fulfilled when FAMK-1 is retained in the early secretory pathway. During embryogenesis, FAMK-1 maintains intercellular partitions and prevents multinucleation; notably, temperature elevation or lowering cortical stiffness reduces requirement for FAMK-1 in these contexts. FAMK-1 is expressed in multiple adult tissues that undergo repeated mechanical strain, and selective expression in the spermatheca restores fertility. Informatic, biochemical, and functional analysis implicate lectins as FAMK-1 substrates. These findings suggest that FAMK-1 phosphorylation of substrates, including lectins, in the late secretory pathway is important in embryonic and tissue contexts where cells are subjected to mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Gerson-Gurwitz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Carolyn A Worby
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kian-Yong Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Renat Khaliullin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeff Bouffard
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Dhanya Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Erin J Cram
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA .,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA .,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Ben Djoudi Ouadda A, Gauthier MS, Susan-Resiga D, Girard E, Essalmani R, Black M, Marcinkiewicz J, Forget D, Hamelin J, Evagelidis A, Ly K, Day R, Galarneau L, Corbin F, Coulombe B, Çaku A, Tagliabracci VS, Seidah NG. Ser-Phosphorylation of PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin 9) by Fam20C (Family With Sequence Similarity 20, Member C) Kinase Enhances Its Ability to Degrade the LDLR (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1996-2013. [PMID: 31553664 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin 9) enhances the degradation of the LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) in endosomes/lysosomes. This study aimed to determine the sites of PCSK9 phosphorylation at Ser-residues and the consequences of such posttranslational modification on the secretion and activity of PCSK9 on the LDLR. Approach and Results: Fam20C (family with sequence similarity 20, member C) phosphorylates serines in secretory proteins containing the motif S-X-E/phospho-Ser, including the cholesterol-regulating PCSK9. In situ hybridization of Fam20C mRNA during development and in adult mice revealed a wide tissue distribution, including liver, but not small intestine. Here, we show that Fam20C phosphorylates PCSK9 at Serines 47, 666, 668, and 688. In hepatocytes, phosphorylation enhances PCSK9 secretion and maximizes its induced degradation of the LDLR via the extracellular and intracellular pathways. Replacing any of the 4 Ser by the phosphomimetic Glu or Asp enhanced PCSK9 activity only when the other sites are phosphorylated, whereas Ala substitutions reduced it, as evidenced by Western blotting, Elisa, and LDLR-immunolabeling. This newly uncovered PCSK9/LDLR regulation mechanism refines our understanding of the implication of global PCSK9 phosphorylation in the modulation of LDL-cholesterol and rationalizes the consequence of natural mutations, for example, S668R and E670G. Finally, the relationship of Ser-phosphorylation to the implication of PCSK9 in regulating LDL-cholesterol in the neurological Fragile X-syndrome disorder was investigated. CONCLUSIONS Ser-phosphorylation of PCSK9 maximizes both its secretion and activity on the LDLR. Mass spectrometric approaches to measure such modifications were developed and applied to quantify the levels of bioactive PCSK9 in human plasma under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ben Djoudi Ouadda
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Marie-Soleil Gauthier
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM, affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (M.-S.G., D.F., B.C.)
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Emmanuelle Girard
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Miles Black
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.B., V.S.T.)
| | - Jadwiga Marcinkiewicz
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Diane Forget
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM, affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (M.-S.G., D.F., B.C.)
| | - Josée Hamelin
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Alexandra Evagelidis
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Kevin Ly
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (K.L., R.D.)
| | - Robert Day
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (K.L., R.D.)
| | - Luc Galarneau
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, QC, Canada (L.G., F.C., A.Ç.)
| | - Francois Corbin
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, QC, Canada (L.G., F.C., A.Ç.)
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM, affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (M.-S.G., D.F., B.C.)
| | - Artuela Çaku
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, QC, Canada (L.G., F.C., A.Ç.)
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.B., V.S.T.)
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
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Ribeiro AJM, Das S, Dawson N, Zaru R, Orchard S, Thornton JM, Orengo C, Zeqiraj E, Murphy JM, Eyers PA. Emerging concepts in pseudoenzyme classification, evolution, and signaling. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaat9797. [PMID: 31409758 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat9797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 21st century is witnessing an explosive surge in our understanding of pseudoenzyme-driven regulatory mechanisms in biology. Pseudoenzymes are proteins that have sequence homology with enzyme families but that are proven or predicted to lack enzyme activity due to mutations in otherwise conserved catalytic amino acids. The best-studied pseudoenzymes are pseudokinases, although examples from other families are emerging at a rapid rate as experimental approaches catch up with an avalanche of freely available informatics data. Kingdom-wide analysis in prokaryotes, archaea and eukaryotes reveals that between 5 and 10% of proteins that make up enzyme families are pseudoenzymes, with notable expansions and contractions seemingly associated with specific signaling niches. Pseudoenzymes can allosterically activate canonical enzymes, act as scaffolds to control assembly of signaling complexes and their localization, serve as molecular switches, or regulate signaling networks through substrate or enzyme sequestration. Molecular analysis of pseudoenzymes is rapidly advancing knowledge of how they perform noncatalytic functions and is enabling the discovery of unexpected, and previously unappreciated, functions of their intensively studied enzyme counterparts. Notably, upon further examination, some pseudoenzymes have previously unknown enzymatic activities that could not have been predicted a priori. Pseudoenzymes can be targeted and manipulated by small molecules and therefore represent new therapeutic targets (or anti-targets, where intervention should be avoided) in various diseases. In this review, which brings together broad bioinformatics and cell signaling approaches in the field, we highlight a selection of findings relevant to a contemporary understanding of pseudoenzyme-based biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J M Ribeiro
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sayoni Das
- Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Natalie Dawson
- Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rossana Zaru
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sandra Orchard
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Janet M Thornton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Christine Orengo
- Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Building, Room 8.109, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James M Murphy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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38
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Hung CY, Rodriguez M, Roberts A, Bauer M, Mihalek I, Bodamer O. A novel FAM20C mutation causes a rare form of neonatal lethal Raine syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1866-1871. [PMID: 31297960 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Raine syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive, osteosclerotic bone dysplasia due to pathogenic variants in FAM20C. The clinical phenotype is characterized by generalized osteosclerosis affecting all bones, cerebral calcifications, and craniofacial dysmorphism. Most cases present during the neonatal period with early lethality due to pulmonary hypoplasia and respiratory compromise while only few affected individuals have been reported to survive into adulthood. FAM20C is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that contains five functional domains including a catalytic domain, a binding pocket for FAM20A and three distinct N-glycosylation sites. We report a newborn infant with a history of prenatal onset fractures, generalized osteosclerosis, and craniofacial dysmorphism and early lethality. The clinical presentation was highly suggestive of Raine syndrome. A homozygous, novel missense variant in exon 5 of FAM20C (c.1007T>G; p.Met336Arg) was identified by targeted Sanger sequencing. Following in silico analysis and mapping of the variant on a three-dimensional (3D) model of FAM20C it is predicted to be deleterious and to affect N-glycosylation, protein folding, and subsequent secretion of FAM20C. In addition, we reviewed all published FAM20C mutations and observed that most pathogenic variants affect functional regions within the protein establishing evidence for an emerging genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Y Hung
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mario Rodriguez
- Hussmann Institute of Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Abra Roberts
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mislen Bauer
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Nicklas Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Ivana Mihalek
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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39
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Liu S, Li J, Xu J, Liao S, Chen Y, Zhang R, Tian R, Zhang K. Lack of association between PAX6/SOSTDC1/FAM20B gene polymorphisms and mesiodens. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:90. [PMID: 31133012 PMCID: PMC6537368 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between the genetic polymorphism of genes (PAX6, SOSTDC1and FAM20B) and the susceptibility to mesiodens. Methods This study was carried out on 50 patients with mesiodens and 50 controls. The family history of each patient with mesiodens were recorded. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples, and single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in all exons and exon/intron boundaries of PAX6, SOSTDC1 and FAM20B using Sanger sequencing. The data were analyzed using pearson chi-square test with theoretical frequency ≥ 5. For theoretical frequency less than 5 but at least 1 (≤20% cell), the data were analyzed by continuity correction. For the rest, Fisher’s Exact test was used. A P-value< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were recorded. Results Three polymorphisms were detected in PAX6. Two polymorphisms were detected in SOSTDC1. Twenty-nine polymorphisms were detected in FAM20B. Although, the T allele of FAM20B (rs3766626) appears to be associated with mesiodens (P = 0.051), there were no significant differences of PAX6/SOSTDC1/FAM20B gene polymorphisms between the two groups. The T allele of FAM20B (rs3766626) was associated with susceptibility to two mesiodens (P < 0.001; OR = 8.333; CI = 2.516–27.600). Conclusions Lack of association between PAX6/SOSTDC1/FAM20B gene polymorphisms and mesiodens in the population studied was detected. Further studies with large samples on T allele of FAM20B (rs3766626) are needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12903-019-0788-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Jincheng Xu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Shengkai Liao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Rongxiu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Ruixue Tian
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China.
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40
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Kwon A, Scott S, Taujale R, Yeung W, Kochut KJ, Eyers PA, Kannan N. Tracing the origin and evolution of pseudokinases across the tree of life. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/578/eaav3810. [PMID: 31015289 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation by eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) is a fundamental mechanism of cell signaling in all organisms. In model vertebrates, ~10% of ePKs are classified as pseudokinases, which have amino acid changes within the catalytic machinery of the kinase domain that distinguish them from their canonical kinase counterparts. However, pseudokinases still regulate various signaling pathways, usually doing so in the absence of their own catalytic output. To investigate the prevalence, evolutionary relationships, and biological diversity of these pseudoenzymes, we performed a comprehensive analysis of putative pseudokinase sequences in available eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal proteomes. We found that pseudokinases are present across all domains of life, and we classified nearly 30,000 eukaryotic, 1500 bacterial, and 20 archaeal pseudokinase sequences into 86 pseudokinase families, including ~30 families that were previously unknown. We uncovered a rich variety of pseudokinases with notable expansions not only in animals but also in plants, fungi, and bacteria, where pseudokinases have previously received cursory attention. These expansions are accompanied by domain shuffling, which suggests roles for pseudokinases in plant innate immunity, plant-fungal interactions, and bacterial signaling. Mechanistically, the ancestral kinase fold has diverged in many distinct ways through the enrichment of unique sequence motifs to generate new families of pseudokinases in which the kinase domain is repurposed for noncanonical nucleotide binding or to stabilize unique, inactive kinase conformations. We further provide a collection of annotated pseudokinase sequences in the Protein Kinase Ontology (ProKinO) as a new mineable resource for the signaling community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Kwon
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rahil Taujale
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Krys J Kochut
- Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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41
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Park BC, Reese M, Tagliabracci VS. Thinking outside of the cell: Secreted protein kinases in bacteria, parasites, and mammals. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:749-759. [PMID: 30941842 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous decades have seen an explosion in our understanding of protein kinase function in human health and disease. Hundreds of unique kinase structures have been solved, allowing us to create generalized rules for catalysis, assign roles of communities within the catalytic core, and develop specific drugs for targeting various pathways. Although our understanding of intracellular kinases has developed at a fast rate, our exploration into extracellular kinases has just begun. In this review, we will cover the secreted protein kinase families found in humans, bacteria, and parasites. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(6):749-759, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden C Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Reese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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42
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Beraki T, Hu X, Broncel M, Young JC, O'Shaughnessy WJ, Borek D, Treeck M, Reese ML. Divergent kinase regulates membrane ultrastructure of the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6361-6370. [PMID: 30850550 PMCID: PMC6442604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816161116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites replicate within a protective organelle, called the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). The Toxoplasma gondii PV is filled with a network of tubulated membranes, which are thought to facilitate trafficking of effectors and nutrients. Despite being critical to parasite virulence, there is scant mechanistic understanding of the network's functions. Here, we identify the parasite-secreted kinase WNG1 (With-No-Gly-loop) as a critical regulator of tubular membrane biogenesis. WNG1 family members adopt an atypical protein kinase fold lacking the glycine rich ATP-binding loop that is required for catalysis in canonical kinases. Unexpectedly, we find that WNG1 is an active protein kinase that localizes to the PV lumen and phosphorylates PV-resident proteins, several of which are essential for the formation of a functional intravacuolar network. Moreover, we show that WNG1-dependent phosphorylation of these proteins is required for their membrane association, and thus their ability to tubulate membranes. Consequently, WNG1 knockout parasites have an aberrant PV membrane ultrastructure. Collectively, our results describe a unique family of Toxoplasma kinases and implicate phosphorylation of secreted proteins as a mechanism of regulating PV development during parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsebaot Beraki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Malgorzata Broncel
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London United Kingdom
| | - Joanna C Young
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London United Kingdom
| | - William J O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Dominika Borek
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Moritz Treeck
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Reese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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43
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Cozza G, Moro E, Black M, Marin O, Salvi M, Venerando A, Tagliabracci VS, Pinna LA. The Golgi 'casein kinase' Fam20C is a genuine 'phosvitin kinase' and phosphorylates polyserine stretches devoid of the canonical consensus. FEBS J 2018; 285:4674-4683. [PMID: 30387551 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Egg yolk phosvitins, generated through the fragmentation of vitellogenins (VTGs), are among the most heavily phosphorylated proteins ever described. Despite the early discovery in 1900 that chicken phosvitin is a phosphoprotein and its subsequent employment as an artificial substrate for a number of protein kinases, the identity of the enzyme(s) responsible for its phosphorylation remained a matter of conjecture until present. Here, we provide evidence that phosvitin phosphorylation is catalyzed by a family with sequence similarity 20, member C (Fam20C), an atypical protein kinase recently identified as the genuine casein kinase and responsible for the phosphorylation of many other secreted proteins at residues specified by the S-x-E/pS consensus. Such a conclusion is grounded on the following observations: (a) the levels of Fam20C and phosphorylated VTG rise in parallel upon treatment of zebrafish with oestrogens; (b) zebrafish phosvitin is readily phosphorylated upon coexpression in U2OS cells with Fam20C, but not with its catalytically inactive mutant; (c) a peptide reproducing a stretch of 12 serines, which are phosphorylated in chicken phosvitin despite lacking the C-terminal priming motif S-x-E, is efficiently phosphorylated by both recombinant and native Fam20C. The last finding expands the repertoire of potential targets of Fam20C to include several proteins known to harbor (p-Ser)n clusters not specified by any known kinase consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Moro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Miles Black
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Venerando
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.,CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
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