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Fan Y, Zhao W, Tang X, Yang M, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Cheng B, Zhou E, He Z. Co-infection of Four Novel Mycoviruses from Three Lineages Confers Hypovirulence on Phytopathogenic Fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:44. [PMID: 39014281 PMCID: PMC11252108 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens has become one of the most important diseases of rice. Mycoviruses are viruses that can infect fungi with the potential to control fungal diseases. However, little is known about the biocontrol role of hypoviruses in U. virens. In this study, we revealed that the hypovirulence-associated U. virens strain Uv325 was co-infected by four novel mycoviruses from three lineages, designated Ustilaginoidea virens RNA virus 16 (UvRV16), Ustilaginoidea virens botourmiavirus virus 8 (UvBV8), Ustilaginoidea virens botourmiavirus virus 9 (UvBV9), and Ustilaginoidea virens narnavirus virus 13 (UvNV13), respectively. The U. virens strain co-infected by four mycoviruses showed slower growth rates, reduced conidial yield, and attenuated pigmentation. We demonstrated that UvRV16 was not only the major factor responsible for the hypovirulent phenotype in U. vriens, but also able to prevent U. virens to accumulate more mycotoxin, thereby weakening the inhibitory effects on rice seed germination and seedling growth. Additionally, we indicated that UvRV16 can disrupt the antiviral response of U. virens by suppressing the transcriptional expression of multiple genes involved in autophagy and RNA silencing. In conclusion, our study provided new insights into the biological control of rice false smut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaolin Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingqing Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Baoping Cheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control On Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| | - Erxun Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhenrui He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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2
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Wang Z, Lv R, Su C, Li Y, Fang S, Yang R, Zhu J, Wang R, Meng J, Luan Y. Regulatory Peptide Encoded by the Primary Transcript of miR396a Influences Gene Expression and Root Development in Solanum lycopersicum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38994823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the processing products of primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) that regulate the expression of target genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that some pri-miRNAs can encode small peptides (miPEPs) that perform significant biological functions. The function of miPEPs in tomatoes, an important model horticultural crop, remains to be investigated. Here, we characterized the primary sequence of tomato miR396a using 5' RACE and confirmed the presence of miPEP396a in tomato by verifying the translational activity of the start codon. It primarily resides in the nucleus to exert its function and additionally regulates the expression of pri-miR396a, miR396a, and its target genes. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that in vitro synthesis of miPEP396a significantly increased the expression of genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and hormones in tomato. Meanwhile, our in vitro application of miPEP396a in tomato significantly inhibited the elongation of tomato primary roots. In conclusion, our results indicate that miPEP396a regulates root growth in tomato by specifically promoting miR396a expression, provide insight into the function of miPEPs in tomato and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruili Lv
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chenglin Su
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Sizhe Fang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jun Meng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yushi Luan
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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3
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Peng Q, Jiao B, Cheng Y, Yuan B, Zhou J, Cai J, Jiang N, Lin H, Xi D. NtG3BPL1 confers resistance to chilli veinal mottle virus through promoting the degradation of 6K2 in tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:720-734. [PMID: 38713838 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The RNA regulatory network is a complex and dynamic regulation in plant cells involved in mRNA modification, translation, and degradation. Ras-GAP SH3 domain-binding protein (G3BP) is a scaffold protein for the assembly of stress granules (SGs) and is considered an antiviral component in mammals. However, the function of G3BP during virus infection in plants is still largely unknown. In this study, four members of the G3BP-like proteins (NtG3BPLs) were identified in Nicotiana tabacum and the expression levels of NtG3BPL1 were upregulated during chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) infection. NtG3BPL1 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, forming cytoplasmic granules under transient high-temperature treatment, whereas the abundance of cytoplasmic granules was decreased under ChiVMV infection. Overexpression of NtG3BPL1 inhibited ChiVMV infection and delayed the onset of symptoms, whereas knockout of NtG3BPL1 promoted ChiVMV infection. In addition, NtG3BPL1 directly interacted with ChiVMV 6K2 protein, whereas 6K2 protein had no effect on NtG3BPL1-derived cytoplasmic granules. Further studies revealed that the expression of NtG3BPL1 reduced the chloroplast localization of 6K2-GFP and the NtG3BPL1-6K2 interaction complex was localized in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, NtG3BPL1 promoted the degradation of 6K2 through autophagy pathway, and the accumulation of 6K2 and ChiVMV was affected by autophagy activation or inhibition in plants. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NtG3BPL1 plays a positive role in tobacco resistance against ChiVMV infection, revealing a novel mechanism of plant G3BP in antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiding Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Bolei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yongchao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Bowen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jingya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jingliu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Agronomic Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P.R. China
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4
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Xie J, Fei X, Yan Q, Jiang T, Li Z, Chen H, Wang B, Chao Q, He Y, Fan Z, Wang L, Wang M, Shi L, Zhou T. The C4 photosynthesis bifunctional enzymes, PDRPs, of maize are co-opted to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes to promote infection of a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1812-1832. [PMID: 38339894 PMCID: PMC11182595 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In maize, two pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) regulatory proteins, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2, are respectively specific to the chloroplast of mesophyll cells (MCs) and bundle sheath cells (BSCs). Functionally, ZmPDRP1/2 catalyse both phosphorylation/inactivation and dephosphorylation/activation of ZmPPDK, which is implicated as a major rate-limiting enzyme in C4 photosynthesis of maize. Our study here showed that maize plants lacking ZmPDRP1 or silencing of ZmPDRP1/2 confer resistance to a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). We verified that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of ZmPDRP1 plays a key role in promoting viral infection while independent of enzyme activity. Intriguingly, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 re-localize to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes (VRCs) following SCMV infection. We identified that SCMV-encoded cytoplasmic inclusions protein CI targets directly ZmPDRP1 or ZmPDRP2 or their CTDs, leading to their re-localization to cytoplasmic VRCs. Moreover, we found that CI could be degraded by the 26S proteasome system, while ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 could up-regulate the accumulation level of CI through their CTDs by a yet unknown mechanism. Most importantly, with genetic, cell biological and biochemical approaches, we provide evidence that BSCs-specific ZmPDRP2 could accumulate in MCs of Zmpdrp1 knockout (KO) lines, revealing a unique regulatory mechanism crossing different cell types to maintain balanced ZmPPDK phosphorylation, thereby to keep maize normal growth. Together, our findings uncover the genetic link of the two cell-specific maize PDRPs, both of which are co-opted to VRCs to promote viral protein accumulation for robust virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohong Fei
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Baichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yueqiu He
- College of AgronomyYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lijin Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Meng Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Liang Shi
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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5
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Singh SP, Verma RK, Goel R, Kumar V, Singh RR, Sawant SV. Arabidopsis BECLIN1-induced autophagy mediates reprogramming in tapetal programmed cell death by altering the gross cellular homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108471. [PMID: 38503186 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In flowering plants, the tapetum degeneration in post-meiotic anther occurs through developmental programmed cell death (dPCD), which is one of the most critical and sensitive steps for the proper development of male gametophytes and fertility. Yet the pathways of dPCD, its regulation, and its interaction with autophagy remain elusive. Here, we report that high-level expression of Arabidopsis autophagy-related gene BECLIN1 (BECN1 or AtATG6) in the tobacco tapetum prior to their dPCD resulted in developmental defects. BECN1 induces severe autophagy and multiple cytoplasm-to-vacuole pathways, which alters tapetal cell reactive oxygen species (ROS)-homeostasis that represses the tapetal dPCD. The transcriptome analysis reveals that BECN1- expression caused major changes in the pathway, resulting in altered cellular homeostasis in the tapetal cell. Moreover, BECN1-mediated autophagy reprograms the execution of tapetal PCD by altering the expression of the key developmental PCD marker genes: SCPL48, CEP1, DMP4, BFN1, MC9, EXI1, and Bcl-2 member BAG5, and BAG6. This study demonstrates that BECN1-mediated autophagy is inhibitory to the dPCD of the tapetum, but the severity of autophagy leads to autophagic death in the later stages. The delayed and altered mode of tapetal degeneration resulted in male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Pratap Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
| | - Rishi Kumar Verma
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Ridhi Goel
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Verandra Kumar
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India.
| | | | - Samir V Sawant
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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6
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Shen Z, Yang X, Sun Y, Jiang C, Cheng L, Liu D, Wen L, Yang A. Integrated transmission electron microscopy and proteomic analyses reveal the cytoarchitectural response to cucumber mosaic virus infection in tobacco. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130100. [PMID: 38350582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) causes huge economic losses to agriculture every year; thus, understanding the mechanism of plant resistance to CMV is imperative. In this study, an integrated analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and proteomic results was used to identify cytoarchitectural differences in Nicotiana tabacum cv. NC82 (susceptible) and cv. Taiyan 8 (T.T.8; resistant) following infection with CMV. The TEM observations showed that the structure of the chloroplasts and mitochondria was severely damaged at the late stage of infection in NC82. Moreover, the chloroplast stroma and mitochondrial cristae were reduced and disaggregated. However, in T.T.8, organelle structure remained largely intact Selective autophagy predominated in T.T.8, whereas non-selective autophagy dominated in NC82, resembling cellular disorder. Proteomic analysis of T.T.8 revealed differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) mostly associated with photosynthesis, respiration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and cellular autophagy. Biochemical analyses revealed that ROS-related catalase, autophagy-related disulfide isomerase, and jasmonic acid and antioxidant secondary metabolite synthesis-related 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (Nt4CL) exhibited different trends and significant differences in expression in the two cultivars after CMV inoculation. Furthermore, mutant phenotyping verified that reduced Nt4CL expression impaired resistance in T.T.8. The identified DEPs are crucial for maintaining intracellular homeostatic balance and likely contribute to the mechanism of CMV resistance in tobacco. These findings increase our understanding of plant cytological mechanisms conferring resistance to CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Shen
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoning Yang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Yiwen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Lirui Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China.
| | - Liuying Wen
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China.
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China.
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7
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Huang X, Wang J, Chen S, Liu S, Li Z, Wang Z, Chen B, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wu J, Yang X, Xie Q, Li F, An H, Huang J, Li H, Liu C, Wu X, Liu DX, Yang X, Zhou G, Zhang T. Rhabdovirus encoded glycoprotein induces and harnesses host antiviral autophagy for maintaining its compatible infection. Autophagy 2024; 20:275-294. [PMID: 37656054 PMCID: PMC10813567 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2252273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy has been recognized as a central antiviral defense mechanism in plant, which involves complex interactions between viral proteins and host factors. Rhabdoviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses, and the infection causes serious harm to public health, livestock, and crop production. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in the defense against rhabdovirus infection by plant. In this work, we showed that Rice stripe mosaic cytorhabdovirus(RSMV) activated autophagy in plants and that autophagy served as an indispensable defense mechanism during RSMV infection. We identified RSMV glycoprotein as an autophagy inducer that interacted with OsSnRK1B and promoted the kinase activity of OsSnRK1B on OsATG6b. RSMV glycoprotein was toxic to rice cells and its targeted degradation by OsATG6b-mediated autophagy was essential to restrict the viral titer in plants. Importantly, SnRK1-glycoprotein and ATG6-glycoprotein interactions were well-conserved between several other rhabdoviruses and plants. Together, our data support a model that SnRK1 senses rhabdovirus glycoprotein for autophagy initiation, while ATG6 mediates targeted degradation of viral glycoprotein. This conserved mechanism ensures compatible infection by limiting the toxicity of viral glycoprotein and restricting the infection of rhabdoviruses.Abbreviations: AMPK: adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ATG: autophagy related; AZD: AZD8055; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescence complementation; BYSMV: barley yellow striate mosaic virus; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; ConA: concanamycin A; CTD: C-terminal domain; DEX: dexamethasone; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; G: glycoprotein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; MD: middle domain; MDC: monodansylcadaverine; NTD: N-terminal domain; OE: over expression; Os: Oryza sativa; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RSMV: rice stripe mosaic virus; RSV: rice stripe virus; SGS3: suppressor of gene silencing 3; SnRK1: sucrose nonfermenting1-related protein kinase1; SYNV: sonchus yellow net virus; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TM: transmembrane region; TOR: target of rapamycin; TRV: tobacco rattle virus; TYMaV: tomato yellow mottle-associated virus; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; WT: wild type; Y2H: yeast two-hybrid; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junkai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siping Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siying Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanbiao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Biao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Faqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong An
- Bioinformatics and Analytics Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jilei Huang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huali Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanhe Liu
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxian Wu
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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8
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Chen Z, Wang F, Chen B, Wu G, Tian D, Yuan Q, Qiu S, Zhai Y, Chen J, Zheng H, Yan F. Turnip mosaic virus NIb weakens the function of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 facilitating viral infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13434. [PMID: 38388027 PMCID: PMC10883789 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Viruses rely completely on host translational machinery to produce the proteins encoded by their genes. Controlling translation initiation is important for gaining translational advantage in conflicts between the host and virus. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) has been reported to be hijacked by potyviruses for virus multiplication. The role of translation regulation in defence and anti-defence between plants and viruses is not well understood. We report that the transcript level of eIF6 was markedly increased in turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)-infected Nicotiana benthamiana. TuMV infection was impaired by overexpression of N. benthamiana eIF6 (NbeIF6) either transiently expressed in leaves or stably expressed in transgenic plants. Polysome profile assays showed that overexpression of NbeIF6 caused the accumulation of 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits, the reduction of polysomes, and also compromised TuMV UTR-mediated translation, indicating a defence role for upregulated NbeIF6 during TuMV infection. However, the polysome profile in TuMV-infected leaves was not identical to that in leaves overexpressing NbeIF6. Further analysis showed that TuMV NIb protein, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, interacted with NbeIF6 and interfered with its effect on the ribosomal subunits, suggesting that NIb might have a counterdefence role. The results propose a possible regulatory mechanism at the translation level during plant-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Chen
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Biotechnology Research InstituteFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Feng Wang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhouChina
| | - Binghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Dagang Tian
- Biotechnology Research InstituteFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhouChina
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Shiyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yushan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
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Zhang H, Yang Z, Cheng G, Luo T, Zeng K, Jiao W, Zhou Y, Huang G, Zhang J, Xu J. Sugarcane mosaic virus employs 6K2 protein to impair ScPIP2;4 transport of H2O2 to facilitate virus infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:715-731. [PMID: 37930811 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), one of the main pathogens causing sugarcane mosaic disease, is widespread in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) planting areas and causes heavy yield losses. RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG (RBOH) NADPH oxidases and plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) have been associated with the response to SCMV infection. However, the underlying mechanism is barely known. In the present study, we demonstrated that SCMV infection upregulates the expression of ScRBOHs and the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which inhibits SCMV replication. All eight sugarcane PIPs (ScPIPs) interacted with SCMV-encoded protein 6K2, whereby two PIP2s (ScPIP2;1 and ScPIP2;4) were verified as capable of H2O2 transport. Furthermore, we revealed that SCMV-6K2 interacts with ScPIP2;4 via transmembrane domain 5 to interfere with the oligomerization of ScPIP2;4, subsequently impairing ScPIP2;4 transport of H2O2. This study highlights a mechanism adopted by SCMV to employ 6K2 to counteract the host resistance mediated by H2O2 to facilitate virus infection and provides potential molecular targets for engineering sugarcane resistance against SCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Zongtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Guangyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Tingxu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Wendi Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yingshuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Biological Resources & Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, P. R. China
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
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10
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He H, Ge L, Chen Y, Zhao S, Li Z, Zhou X, Li F. m 6A modification of plant virus enables host recognition by NMD factors in plants. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:161-174. [PMID: 37837530 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant eukaryotic mRNA modification and is involved in various biological processes. Increasing evidence has implicated that m6A modification is an important anti-viral defense mechanism in mammals and plants, but it is largely unknown how m6A regulates viral infection in plants. Here we report the dynamic changes and functional anatomy of m6A in Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum during Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) infection. m6A modification in the PepMV RNA genome is conserved in these two species. Overexpression of the m6A writers, mRNA adenosine methylase A (MTA), and HAKAI inhibit the PepMV RNA accumulation accompanied by increased viral m6A modifications, whereas deficiency of these writers decreases the viral RNA m6A levels but enhances virus infection. Further study reveals that the cytoplasmic YTH-domain family protein NbECT2A/2B/2C as m6A readers are involved in anti-viral immunity. Protein-protein interactions indicate that NbECT2A/2B/2C interact with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)-related proteins, including NbUPF3 and NbSMG7, but not with NbUPF1. m6A modification-mediated restriction to PepMV infection is dependent on NMD-related factors. These findings provide new insights into the functionality of m6A anti-viral activity and reveal a distinct immune response that NMD factors recognize the m6A readers-viral m6A RNA complex for viral RNA degradation to limit virus infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yalin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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11
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Xue M, Arvy N, German‐Retana S. The mystery remains: How do potyviruses move within and between cells? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1560-1574. [PMID: 37571979 PMCID: PMC10632792 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Potyvirus is considered as the largest among plant single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA viruses, causing considerable economic damage to vegetable and fruit crops worldwide. Through the coordinated action of four viral proteins and a few identified host factors, potyviruses exploit the endomembrane system of infected cells for their replication and for their intra- and intercellular movement to and through plasmodesmata (PDs). Although a significant amount of data concerning potyvirus movement has been published, no synthetic review compiling and integrating all information relevant to our current understanding of potyvirus transport is available. In this review, we highlight the complexity of potyvirus movement pathways and present three potential nonexclusive mechanisms based on (1) the use of the host endomembrane system to produce membranous replication vesicles that are targeted to PDs and move from cell to cell, (2) the movement of extracellular viral vesicles in the apoplasm, and (3) the transport of virion particles or ribonucleoprotein complexes through PDs. We also present and discuss experimental data supporting these different models as well as the aspects that still remain mostly speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Xue
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Nathalie Arvy
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Sylvie German‐Retana
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
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12
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Rozo-Lopez P, Parker BJ. Why do viruses make aphids winged? INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:575-582. [PMID: 37243432 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are hosts to diverse viruses and are important vectors of plant pathogens. The spread of viruses is heavily influenced by aphid movement and behaviour. Consequently, wing plasticity (where individuals can be winged or wingless depending on environmental conditions) is an important factor in the spread of aphid-associated viruses. We review several fascinating systems where aphid-vectored plant viruses interact with aphid wing plasticity, both indirectly by manipulating plant physiology and directly through molecular interactions with plasticity pathways. We also cover recent examples where aphid-specific viruses and endogenous viral elements within aphid genomes influence wing formation. We discuss why unrelated viruses with different transmission modes have convergently evolved to manipulate wing formation in aphids and whether this is advantageous for both host and virus. We argue that interactions with viruses are likely shaping the evolution of wing plasticity within and across aphid species, and we discuss the potential importance of these findings for aphid biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rozo-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin J Parker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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13
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Ji C, Zhou J, Yang D, Yuan B, Tang R, Liu Y, Xi D. ATG8f Interacts with Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus 6K2 Protein to Limit Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2324. [PMID: 38140565 PMCID: PMC10747504 DOI: 10.3390/v15122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, as a conserved protein degradation pathway in plants, has also been reported to be intricately associated with antiviral defense mechanisms. However, the relationship between chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) and autophagy has not been investigated in the existing research. Here, we reveal that ChiVMV infection caused the accumulation of autophagosomes in infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and the upregulation of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Moreover, the changes in gene expression were correlated with the development of symptoms. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors (3-MA or E-64D) could increase the infection sites and facilitate virus infection, whereas treatment with the autophagy activator (Rapamycin) limited virus infection. Then, ATG8f was identified to interact with ChiVMV 6K2 protein directly in vitro and in vivo. The silencing of ATG8f promoted virus infection, whereas the overexpression of ATG8f inhibited virus infection. Furthermore, the expression of 6K2-GFP in ATG8f- or ATG7-silenced plants was significantly higher than that in control plants. Rapamycin treatment reduced the accumulation of 6K2-GFP in plant cells, whereas treatment with the inhibitor of the ubiquitin pathway (MG132), 3-MA, or E-64D displayed little impact on the accumulation of 6K2-GFP. Thus, our results demonstrated that ATG8f interacts with the ChiVMV 6K2 protein, promoting the degradation of 6K2 through the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Jingya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Daoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Bowen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Rongxia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
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14
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Gong P, Shen Q, Zhang M, Qiao R, Jiang J, Su L, Zhao S, Fu S, Ma Y, Ge L, Wang Y, Lozano-Durán R, Wang A, Li F, Zhou X. Plant and animal positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses encode small proteins important for viral infection in their negative-sense strand. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1794-1810. [PMID: 37777826 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, the most abundant viruses of eukaryotes in nature, require the synthesis of negative-sense RNA (-RNA) using their genomic (positive-sense) RNA (+RNA) as a template for replication. Based on current evidence, viral proteins are translated via viral +RNAs, whereas -RNA is considered to be a viral replication intermediate without coding capacity. Here, we report that plant and animal +ssRNA viruses contain small open reading frames (ORFs) in their -RNA (reverse ORFs [rORFs]). Using turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a model for plant +ssRNA viruses, we demonstrate that small proteins encoded by rORFs display specific subcellular localizations, and confirm the presence of rORF2 in infected cells through mass spectrometry analysis. The protein encoded by TuMV rORF2 forms punctuate granules that are localized in the perinuclear region and co-localized with viral replication complexes. The rORF2 protein can directly interact with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and mutation of rORF2 completely abolishes virus infection, whereas ectopic expression of rORF2 rescues the mutant virus. Furthermore, we show that several rORFs in the -RNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have the ability to suppress type I interferon production and facilitate the infection of vesicular stomatitis virus. In addition, we provide evidence that TuMV might utilize internal ribosome entry sites to translate these small rORFs. Taken together, these findings indicate that the -RNA of +ssRNA viruses can also have the coding capacity and that small proteins encoded therein play critical roles in viral infection, revealing a viral proteome larger than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtang Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lili Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Ma
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Yang M, Ismayil A, Gao T, Ye Z, Yue N, Wu J, Zheng X, Li Y, Wang Y, Hong Y, Liu Y. Cotton leaf curl Multan virus C4 protein suppresses autophagy to facilitate viral infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:708-720. [PMID: 37073495 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in plant antiviral defense. Several plant viruses are reported to encode viral suppressor of autophagy (VSA) to prevent autophagy for effective virus infection. However, whether and how other viruses, in particular DNA viruses, also encode VSAs to affect viral infection in plants is unknown. Here, we report that the C4 protein encoded by Cotton leaf curl Multan geminivirus (CLCuMuV) inhibits autophagy by binding to the autophagy negative regulator eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) to enhance the eIF4A-Autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) interaction. By contrast, the R54A or R54K mutation in C4 abolishes its capacity to interact with eIF4A, and neither C4R54A nor C4R54K can suppress autophagy. However, the R54 residue is not essential for C4 to interfere with transcriptional gene silencing or post-transcriptional gene silencing. Moreover, plants infected with mutated CLCuMuV-C4R54K develop less severe symptoms with decreased levels of viral DNA. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism underlying how the DNA virus CLCuMuV deploys a VSA to subdue host cellular antiviral autophagy defense and uphold viral infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Teng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zihan Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Yue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Jovanović I, Frantová N, Zouhar J. A sword or a buffet: plant endomembrane system in viral infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226498. [PMID: 37636115 PMCID: PMC10453817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system is an elaborate collection of membrane-bound compartments that perform distinct tasks in plant growth and development, and in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Most plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that remodel the host endomembrane system to establish intricate replication compartments. Their fundamental role is to create optimal conditions for viral replication, and to protect replication complexes and the cell-to-cell movement machinery from host defenses. In addition to the intracellular antiviral defense, represented mainly by RNA interference and effector-triggered immunity, recent findings indicate that plant antiviral immunity also includes membrane-localized receptor-like kinases that detect viral molecular patterns and trigger immune responses, which are similar to those observed for bacterial and fungal pathogens. Another recently identified part of plant antiviral defenses is executed by selective autophagy that mediates a specific degradation of viral proteins, resulting in an infection arrest. In a perpetual tug-of-war, certain host autophagy components may be exploited by viral proteins to support or protect an effective viral replication. In this review, we present recent advances in the understanding of the molecular interplay between viral components and plant endomembrane-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jovanović
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Nicole Frantová
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
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17
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Sun H, Jing X, Wang C, Wang P, Huang Z, Sun B, Li P, Li H, Zhang C. The Great Game between Plants and Viruses: A Focus on Protein Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12582. [PMID: 37628763 PMCID: PMC10454472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are tiny pathogenic obligate parasites that cause significant damage to global crop production. They exploit and manipulate the cellular components of host plants to ensure their own survival. In response, plants activate multiple defense signaling pathways, such as gene silencing and plant hormone signaling, to hinder virus propagation. Growing evidence suggests that the regulation of protein homeostasis plays a vital role in the ongoing battle between plants and viruses. The ubiquitin-proteasome-degradation system (UPS) and autophagy, as two major protein-degradation pathways, are widely utilized by plants and viruses in their arms race. One the one hand, these pathways act as essential components of plant's antiviral defense system by facilitating the degradation of viral proteins; on the other hand, viruses exploit the UPS and autophagy to create a favorable intracellular environment for viral infection. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the events involved in protein homeostasis regulation during viral infection in plants. Gaining knowledge in this area will enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between plants and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinxin Jing
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pengyue Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ziting Huang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pengbai Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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18
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Tong X, Zhao JJ, Feng YL, Zou JZ, Ye J, Liu J, Han C, Li D, Wang XB. A selective autophagy receptor VISP1 induces symptom recovery by targeting viral silencing suppressors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3852. [PMID: 37385991 PMCID: PMC10310818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy is a double-edged sword in antiviral immunity and regulated by various autophagy receptors. However, it remains unclear how to balance the opposite roles by one autophagy receptor. We previously identified a virus-induced small peptide called VISP1 as a selective autophagy receptor that facilitates virus infections by targeting components of antiviral RNA silencing. However, we show here that VISP1 can also inhibit virus infections by mediating autophagic degradation of viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). VISP1 targets the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b protein for degradation and attenuates its suppression activity on RNA silencing. Knockout and overexpression of VISP1 exhibit compromised and enhanced resistance against late infection of CMV, respectively. Consequently, VISP1 induces symptom recovery from CMV infection by triggering 2b turnover. VISP1 also targets the C2/AC2 VSRs of two geminiviruses and enhances antiviral immunity. Together, VISP1 induces symptom recovery from severe infections of plant viruses through controlling VSR accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Lan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Ze Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggui Han
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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19
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Liu J, Wu X, Fang Y, Liu Y, Bello EO, Li Y, Xiong R, Li Y, Fu ZQ, Wang A, Cheng X. A plant RNA virus inhibits NPR1 sumoylation and subverts NPR1-mediated plant immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3580. [PMID: 37328517 PMCID: PMC10275998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
NONEXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) is the master regulator of salicylic acid-mediated basal and systemic acquired resistance in plants. Here, we report that NPR1 plays a pivotal role in restricting compatible infection by turnip mosaic virus, a member of the largest plant RNA virus genus Potyvirus, and that such resistance is counteracted by NUCLEAR INCLUSION B (NIb), the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. We demonstrate that NIb binds to the SUMO-interacting motif 3 (SIM3) of NPR1 to prevent SUMO3 interaction and sumoylation, while sumoylation of NIb by SUMO3 is not essential but can intensify the NIb-NPR1 interaction. We discover that the interaction also impedes the phosphorylation of NPR1 at Ser11/Ser15. Moreover, we show that targeting NPR1 SIM3 is a conserved ability of NIb from diverse potyviruses. These data reveal a molecular "arms race" by which potyviruses deploy NIb to suppress NPR1-mediated resistance through disrupting NPR1 sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Esther Oreofe Bello
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruyi Xiong
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 4T3, ON, Canada
- A&L Canada Laboratories Lnc., London, N5V 3P5, ON, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 4T3, ON, Canada
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 4T3, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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20
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He H, Ge L, Li Z, Zhou X, Li F. Pepino mosaic virus antagonizes plant m 6A modification by promoting the autophagic degradation of the m 6A writer HAKAI. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:83-96. [PMID: 37581026 PMCID: PMC10423194 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an active anti-viral role in plants. Increasing evidence suggests that viruses can inhibit or manipulate autophagy, thereby winning the arms race between plants and viruses. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of an m6A writer from Solanum lycopersicum, SlHAKAI, could negatively regulate pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) infection, inhibit viral RNA and protein accumulations by affecting viral m6A levels in tomato plants and vice versa. The PepMV-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) directly interacts with SlHAKAI and reduces its protein accumulation. The RdRP-mediated decreased protein accumulation of SlHAKAI is sensitive to the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and is compromised by knocking down a core autophagy gene. Furthermore, PepMV RdRP could interact with an essential autophagy-related protein, SlBeclin1. RdRP, SlHAKAI, and SlBeclin1 interaction complexes form bright granules in the cytoplasm. Silencing of Beclin1 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants abolishes the RdRP-mediated degradation of SlHAKAI, indicating the requirement of Beclin1 in this process. This study uncovers that the PepMV RdRP exploits the autophagy pathway by interacting with SlBeclin1 to promote the autophagic degradation of the SlHAKAI protein, thereby inhibiting the m6A modification-mediated plant defense responses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-023-00097-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Linhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
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21
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Shen C, Wei C, Wu Y. Barley yellow dwarf Virus-GAV movement protein activating wheat TaATG6-Mediated antiviral autophagy pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107771. [PMID: 37247558 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV (BYDV-GAV) is a highly destructive virus that is transmitted by aphids and can cause substantial yield losses in crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa). Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation process that eliminates damaged or harmful intracellular substances during stress conditions or specific developmental processes. However, the mechanism of autophagy involved in disease resistance in wheat remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that BYDV-GAV infection could induces the upregulation of genes related to the autophagy pathway in wheat, accompanied by the production of autophagosomes. Furthermore, we confirmed the direct interaction between the viral movement protein (MP) and wheat autophagy-related gene 6 (TaATG6) both in vivo and in vitro. Through yeast function complementation experiments, we determined that TaATG6 can restore the autophagy function in a yeast mutant, atg6. Additionally, we identified the interaction between TaATG6 and TaATG8, core factors of the autophagic pathway, using the yeast two-hybrid system. TaATG6 and TaATG8-silenced wheat plants exhibited a high viral content. Overall, our findings suggest that wheat can recognize BYDV-GAV infection and activate the MP-TaATG6-TaATG8 regulatory network of defense responses through the induction of the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shen
- Shaannan Eco-economy Research Center, Ankang University, 725000, Ankang, China.
| | - Caiyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China
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22
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Zhang T, Hu H, Wang Z, Feng T, Yu L, Zhang J, Gao W, Zhou Y, Sun M, Liu P, Zhong K, Chen Z, Chen J, Li W, Yang J. Wheat yellow mosaic virus NIb targets TaVTC2 to elicit broad-spectrum pathogen resistance in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1073-1088. [PMID: 36715229 PMCID: PMC10106851 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (VTC2) catalyses the conversion of GDP-L-galactose to L-galactose-1-P, a vital step of ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in plants. AsA is well known for its function in the amelioration of oxidative stress caused by most pathogen infection, but its function against viral infection remains unclear. Here, we have identified a VTC2 gene in wheat named as TaVTC2 and investigated its function in association with the wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) infection. Our results showed that overexpression of TaVTC2 significantly increased viral accumulation, whereas knocking down TaVTC2 inhibited the viral infection in wheat, suggesting a positive regulation on viral infection by TaVTC2. Moreover, less AsA was produced in TaVTC2 knocking down plants (TaVTC2-RNAi) which due to the reduction in TaVTC2 expression and subsequently in TaVTC2 activity, resulting in a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in leaves. Furthermore, the enhanced WYMV resistance in TaVTC2-RNAi plants was diminished by exogenously applied AsA. We further demonstrated that WYMV NIb directly bound to TaVTC2 and inhibited TaVTC2 enzymatic activity in vitro. The effect of TaVTC2 on ROS scavenge was suppressed by NIb in a dosage-dependent manner, indicating the ROS scavenging was highly regulated by the interaction of TaVTC2 with NIb. Furthermore, TaVTC2 RNAi plants conferred broad-spectrum disease resistance. Therefore, the data indicate that TaVTC2 recruits WYMV NIb to down-regulate its own enzymatic activity, reducing AsA accumulation to elicit a burst of ROS which confers the resistance to WYMV infection. Thus, a new mechanism of the formation of plant innate immunity was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Haichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | | | - Lu Yu
- Guizhou UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meihao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life ScienceZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaChina
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Kaili Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - ZhiHui Chen
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
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23
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Majumdar A, Sharma A, Belludi R. Natural and Engineered Resistance Mechanisms in Plants against Phytoviruses. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040619. [PMID: 37111505 PMCID: PMC10143959 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, rely exclusively on host machinery to complete their life cycle. Whether a virus is pathogenic or not depends on the balance between the mechanisms used by both plants and viruses during the intense encounter. Antiviral defence mechanisms in plants can be of two types, i.e., natural resistance and engineered resistance. Innate immunity, RNA silencing, translational repression, autophagy-mediated degradation, and resistance to virus movement are the possible natural defence mechanisms against viruses in plants, whereas engineered resistance includes pathogen-derived resistance along with gene editing technologies. The incorporation of various resistance genes through breeding programmes, along with gene editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas technologies, holds great promise in developing virus-resistant plants. In this review, different resistance mechanisms against viruses in plants along with reported resistance genes in major vegetable crops are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Majumdar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Belludi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
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24
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Chen Q, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang X, Ren J, Jia D, Chen H, Wei T. GAPDH mediates plant reovirus-induced incomplete autophagy for persistent viral infection in leafhopper vector. Autophagy 2023; 19:1100-1113. [PMID: 36036160 PMCID: PMC10012898 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved mechanism launched by host organisms to fight against virus infection. Double-membraned autophagosomes in arthropod vectors can be remodeled by arboviruses to accommodate virions and facilitate persistent viral propagation, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV), a plant nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus, induces the formation of virus-containing double-membraned autophagosomes to benefit persistent viral propagation in leafhopper vectors. In this study, it was found that the capsid protein P2 of RGDV alone induced autophagy. P2 specifically interacted with GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and ATG4B both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the GAPDH-ATG4B complex could be recruited to virus-induced autophagosomes. Silencing of GAPDH or ATG4B expression suppressed ATG8 lipidation, autophagosome formation, and efficient viral propagation. Thus, P2 could directly recruit the GAPDH-ATG4B complex to induce the formation of initial autophagosomes. Furthermore, such autophagosomes were modified to evade fusion with lysosomes for degradation, and thus could be persistently exploited by viruses to facilitate efficient propagation. GAPDH bound to ATG14 and inhibited the interaction of ATG14 with SNAP29, thereby preventing ATG14-SNARE proteins from mediating autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Taken together, these results highlight how RGDV activates GAPDH to initiate autophagosome formation and block autophagosome degradation, finally facilitating persistent viral propagation in insect vectors. The findings reveal a positive regulation of immune response in insect vectors during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuele Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hengsong Yang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiping Ren
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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25
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Zhao W, Wang L, Li L, Zhou T, Yan F, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Andika IB, Sun L. Coat protein of rice stripe virus enhances autophagy activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases, a negative regulator of plant autophagy. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:3. [PMID: 37676568 PMCID: PMC10441990 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection commonly induces autophagy, leading to antiviral responses or conversely, promoting viral infection or replication. In this study, using the experimental plant Nicotiana benthamiana, we demonstrated that the rice stripe virus (RSV) coat protein (CP) enhanced autophagic activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GAPC2), a negative regulator of plant autophagy that binds to an autophagy key factor, autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3). Competitive pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)assays showed that RSV CP activated autophagy by disrupting the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3. An RSV CP mutant that was unable to bind GAPC2 failed to disrupt the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3 and therefore lost its ability to induce autophagy. RSV CP enhanced the autophagic degradation of a viral movement protein (MP) encoded by a heterologous virus, citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV). However, the autophagic degradation of RSV-encoded MP and RNA-silencing suppressor (NS3) proteins was inhibited in the presence of CP, suggesting that RSV CP can protect MP and NS3 against autophagic degradation. Moreover, in the presence of MP, RSV CP could induce the autophagic degradation of a remorin protein (NbREM1), which negatively regulates RSV infection through the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement. Overall, our results suggest that RSV CP induces a selective autophagy to suppress the antiviral factors while protecting RSV-encoded viral proteins against autophagic degradation through an as-yet-unknown mechanism. This study showed that RSV CP plays dual roles in the autophagy-related interaction between plants and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 312362, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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26
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Yang M, Su B, Ma Z, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li Y, Ren J, Lu L, Yang B, Yu X. Renal-friendly Li +-doped carbonized polymer dots activate Schwann cell autophagy for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:353-366. [PMID: 36669552 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of autophagy in Schwann cells (SCs) has emerged as a powerful trigger for peripheral nerve injury (PNI) repair. Lithium ion (Li+) is a classical autophagy activator that plays an important role in promoting axonal extension and remyelination. However, the therapeutic window of existing lithium drugs is extremely narrow, and the adverse side effects, especially nephrotoxicity, severely limit their therapeutic value. Herein, Li+-doped carbonized polymer dots (Li-CPDs) was synthesized for the first time to change the pharmacokinetics of Li+ from occupying epithelial sodium channels to lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. The in-vivo results confirmed that Li-CPDs could accelerate the removal of myelin debris and promote nerve regeneration via activating autophagy of SCs. Moreover, Li-CPDs exhibited almost no renal toxicity compared to that of raw lithium drugs. Thus, Li-CPDs could serve as a promising Li+-based nanomedicine for PNI regeneration with improved biosafety. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Regardless of the fact that lithium drugs have been used in treatment of mental illness such as manic depression, the systemic side effects and renal metabolic toxicity still seriously restrict their clinical application. Since Li+ and Na+ compete for ion channels of cell membrane, the cell entry efficiency is extremely low and easily affected by body fluctuations, which seems to be an unsolvable problem. Herein, we rationally exploited the endocytotic features of CPDs to develop Li-CPDs. The Li-CPDs improved the entry pathway, greatly reduced nephrotoxicity, and inherited the biological function of Li+ to activate autophagy for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration. Due to the BBB-crossing property of Li-CPDs, it also showed application prospects in future research on central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Bang Su
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, PR China
| | - Zhanchuan Ma
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Zheng
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, PR China
| | - Yangfan Li
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, PR China
| | - Jingyan Ren
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Laijin Lu
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, PR China.
| | - Bai Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, PR China.
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Ge L, Cao B, Qiao R, Cui H, Li S, Shan H, Gong P, Zhang M, Li H, Wang A, Zhou X, Li F. SUMOylation-modified Pelota-Hbs1 RNA surveillance complex restricts the infection of potyvirids in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:632-642. [PMID: 36597359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA quality control nonsense-mediated decay is involved in viral restriction in both plants and animals. However, it is not known whether two other RNA quality control pathways, nonstop decay and no-go decay, are capable of restricting viruses in plants. Here, we show that the evolutionarily conserved Pelota-Hbs1 complex negatively regulates infection of plant viruses in the family Potyviridae (termed potyvirids), the largest group of plant RNA viruses that accounts for more than half of the viral crop damage worldwide. Pelota enables the recognition of the functional G1-2A6-7 motif in the P3 cistron, which is conserved in almost all potyvirids. This allows Pelota to target the virus and act as a viral restriction factor. Furthermore, Pelota interacts with the SUMO E2-conjugating enzyme SCE1 and is SUMOylated in planta. Blocking Pelota SUMOylation disrupts the ability to recruit Hbs1 and inhibits viral RNA degradation. These findings reveal the functional importance of Pelota SUMOylation during the infection of potyvirids in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Buwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zhang G, Zhang Z, Wan Q, Zhou H, Jiao M, Zheng H, Lu Y, Rao S, Wu G, Chen J, Yan F, Peng J, Wu J. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis of Gene Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana upon Single Infections by 11 Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses from Four Genera. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12040857. [PMID: 36840204 PMCID: PMC9964245 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a widely used method for studying alterations in gene expression upon infections caused by diverse pathogens such as viruses. Positive-sense single-stranded (ss(+)) RNA viruses form a major part of all known plant viruses, and some of them are damaging pathogens of agriculturally important crops. Analysis of gene expression following infection by ss(+) RNA viruses is crucial for the identification of potential anti-viral factors. However, viral infections are known to globally affect gene expression and therefore selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR is particularly important. In this study, the expression of commonly used reference genes for RT-qPCR was studied in Nicotiana benthamiana following single infection by 11 ss(+) RNA viruses, including five tobamoviruses, four potyviruses, one potexvirus and one polerovirus. Stability of gene expression was analyzed in parallel by four commonly used algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta CT, and RefFinder was finally used to summarize all the data. The most stably expressed reference genes differed significantly among the viruses, even when those viruses were from the same genus. Our study highlights the importance of the selection and validation of reference genes upon different viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qionglian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Huijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mengting Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (J.W.)
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Zhang X, Wan Q, Rui P, Lu Y, Sun Z, Chen J, Wang Y, Yan F. Rice stripe virus p2 protein interacts with ATG5 and is targeted for degradation by autophagy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191403. [PMID: 37187544 PMCID: PMC10175675 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can be induced by viral infection and plays antiviral roles in plants, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In our previous reports, we have demonstrated that the plant ATG5 plays an essential role in activating autophagy in rice stripe virus (RSV)-infected plants. We also showed that eIF4A, a negative factor of autophagy, interacts with and inhibits ATG5. We here found that RSV p2 protein interacts with ATG5 and can be targeted by autophagy for degradation. Expression of p2 protein induced autophagy and p2 protein was shown to interfere with the interaction between ATG5 and eIF4A, while eIF4A had no effect on the interaction between ATG5 and p2. These results indicate an additional information on the induction of autophagy in RSV-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Zhang
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qionglian Wan
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Penghuan Rui
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Jianping Chen,
| | - Yunyue Wang
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Yunyue Wang,
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Yan,
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Qing Z, Ahmad S, Chen Y, Liang Q, Zhang L, Chen B, Wen R. P3/P3N-PIPO of PVY interacting with BI-1 inhibits the degradation of NIb by ATG6 to facilitate virus replication in N. benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183144. [PMID: 37139112 PMCID: PMC10149851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Autophagy not only plays an antiviral role but also can be utilized by viruses to facilitate virus infection. However, the underlying mechanism of potato virus Y (PVY) infection against plant autophagy remains unclear. BI-1, localizing to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is a multifunctional protein and may affect the virus infection. Methods In this study, Y2H, BiFC, qRT-PCR, RNA-Seq, WB and so on were used for research. Results P3 and P3N-PIPO of PVY can interact with the Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-1) of N. benthamiana. However, BI-1 knockout mutant showed better growth and development ability. In addition, when the BI-1 gene was knocked out or knocked down in N. benthamiana, the PVY-infected mutant showed milder symptoms and lower virus accumulation. Analysis of transcriptome data showed that the deletion of NbBI-1 weakened the gene expression regulation induced by PVY infection and NbBI-1 may reduce the mRNA level of NbATG6 by regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) in PVY-infected N. benthamiana. The expression level of the ATG6 gene of PVY-infected WT was significantly down-regulated, relative to the PVY-infected mutant. Further results showed that ATG6 of N. benthamiana can degrade NIb, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of PVY. NbATG6 has a higher mRNA level in PVY-infected BI-1 knockout mutants than in PVY-infected WT. Conclussion The interaction of P3 and/or P3N-PIPO of PVY with BI-1 decrease the expression of the ATG6 gene might be mediated by RIDD, which inhibits the degradation of viral NIb and enhances viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuemeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingmin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ronghui Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Ronghui Wen,
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Yang M, Ismayil A, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Zheng X, Yan L, Hong Y, Li D, Liu Y. A viral protein disrupts vacuolar acidification to facilitate virus infection in plants. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108713. [PMID: 34888888 PMCID: PMC8762549 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar acidification is essential for vacuoles in diverse physiological functions. However, its role in plant defense, and whether and how pathogens affect vacuolar acidification to promote infection remain unknown. Here, we show that Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) replicase γa, but not its mutant γaR569A , directly blocks acidification of vacuolar lumen and suppresses autophagic degradation to promote viral infection in plants. These were achieved via molecular interaction between γa and V-ATPase catalytic subunit B2 (VHA-B2), leading to disruption of the interaction between VHA-B2 and V-ATPase catalytic subunit E (VHA-E), which impairs the membrane localization of VHA-B2 and suppresses V-ATPase activity. Furthermore, a mutant virus BSMVR569A with the R569A point mutation possesses less viral pathogenicity. Interestingly, multiple viral infections block vacuolar acidification. These findings reveal that functional vacuolar acidification is required for plant antiviral defense and disruption of vacuolar acidification could be a general viral counter-defense strategy employed by multiple viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of BioinformaticsCenter for Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- MOE Key Laboratory of BioinformaticsCenter for Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐BiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of BioinformaticsCenter for Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of BioinformaticsCenter for Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liming Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein ScienceSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA SignalingCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐BiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of BioinformaticsCenter for Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijingChina
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Zhang Y, Xia G, Sheng L, Chen M, Hu C, Ye Y, Yue X, Chen S, OuYang W, Xia Z. Regulatory roles of selective autophagy through targeting of native proteins in plant adaptive responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:2125-2138. [PMID: 35922498 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy functions as a regulatory mechanism by targeting native and functional proteins to ensure their proper levels and activities in plant adaptive responses. Autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling pathway with a key role in cellular homeostasis and metabolism. Autophagy is initiated with the biogenesis of autophagosomes, which fuse with the lysosomes or vacuoles to release their contents for degradation. Under nutrient starvation or other adverse environmental conditions, autophagy usually targets unwanted or damaged proteins, organelles and other cellular components for degradation and recycling to promote cell survival. Over the past decade, however, a substantial number of studies have reported that autophagy in plants also functions as a regulatory mechanism by targeting enzymes, structural and regulatory proteins that are not necessarily damaged or dysfunctional to ensure their proper abundance and function to facilitate cellular changes required for response to endogenous and environmental conditions. During plant-pathogen interactions in particular, selective autophagy targets specific pathogen components as a defense mechanism and pathogens also utilize autophagy to target functional host factors to suppress defense mechanisms. Autophagy also targets native and functional protein regulators of plant heat stress memory, hormone signaling, and vesicle trafficking associated with plant responses to abiotic and other conditions. In this review, we discuss advances in the regulatory roles of selective autophagy through targeting of native proteins in plant adaptive responses, what questions remain and how further progress in the analysis of these special regulatory roles of autophagy can help understand biological processes important to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gengshou Xia
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingjue Chen
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yule Ye
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yue
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaocong Chen
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwu OuYang
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenkai Xia
- China Medical University -The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Autophagy in the Lifetime of Plants: From Seed to Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911410. [PMID: 36232711 PMCID: PMC9570326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradation mechanism in eukaryotes. Excess or harmful intracellular content can be encapsulated by double-membrane autophagic vacuoles and transferred to vacuoles for degradation in plants. Current research shows three types of autophagy in plants, with macroautophagy being the most important autophagic degradation pathway. Until now, more than 40 autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified in plants that are involved in macroautophagy, and these proteins play an important role in plant growth regulation and stress responses. In this review, we mainly introduce the research progress of autophagy in plant vegetative growth (roots and leaves), reproductive growth (pollen), and resistance to biotic (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) and abiotic stresses (nutrients, drought, salt, cold, and heat stress), and we discuss the application direction of plant autophagy in the future.
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of CMV or 2b-Deficient CMV-Infected dcl2dcl4 Reveals the Effects of Viral Infection on Symptom Induction in Arabidopsis thaliana. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071582. [PMID: 35891562 PMCID: PMC9320214 DOI: 10.3390/v14071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the impaired antiviral RNAi, the dcl2dcl4 (dcl2/4) mutant is highly susceptible to viruses deficient of the viral suppressor of the RNA silencing (VSR) contrast to wild-type Arabidopsis. It was found that more severe disease symptoms were induced in dcl2/4 infected with VSR-deficient CMV (CMV-Δ2b or CMV-2aTΔ2b) compared to wild-type Arabidopsis infected with intact CMV. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed with Col-0 and dcl2/4 that were infected by CMV, CMV-Δ2b and CMV-2aTΔ2b, respectively. Our analysis showed that the systematic infection of CMV, CMV-Δ2b and CMV-2aTΔ2b could cause hypoxia response and reduce photosynthesis. Asymptomatic infections of CMV-Δ2b or CMV-2aTΔ2b in Columbia (Col-0) promoted the expression of cell division-related genes and suppressed the transcription of metabolism and acquired resistance genes. On the other hand, immunity and resistance genes were highly induced, but photosynthesis and polysaccharide metabolism-related genes were suppressed in diseased plants. More interestingly, cell wall reorganization was specifically caused in modestly diseased Col-0 infected by CMV and a strong activation of SA signaling were correspondingly induced in severely diseased dcl2/4 by CMV or CMV mutants. Thus, our research revealed the nature of the Arabidopsis–CMV interaction at the transcriptome level and could provide new clues in symptom development and antiviral defense in plants.
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Zhang R, Zhang C, Lyu S, Wu H, Yuan M, Fang Z, Li F, Hou X. BcTFIIIA Negatively Regulates Turnip Mosaic Virus Infection through Interaction with Viral CP and VPg Proteins in Pak Choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071209. [PMID: 35885992 PMCID: PMC9317785 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
TFIIIA is a zinc-finger transcription factor that is involved in post-transcriptional regulation during development. Here, the BcTFIIIA gene was isolated from pak choi. Sequence analysis showed that BcTFIIIA encodes 383 amino acids (aa) with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1152 base pairs (bp). We investigated the subcellular location of BcTFIIIA and found the localized protein in the nucleus. BcTFIIIA was suppressed when the pak choi was infected by the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). The BcTFIIIA mRNA expression level in a resistant variety was higher than that in a sensitive variety, as determined by qRT-PCR analysis. Yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) suggested that BcTFIIIA interacts with TuMV CP and VPg in vivo, respectively, and in vitro. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiment showed that the silencing of BcTFIIIA gene expression in pak choi promoted the accumulation of TuMV. These results suggest that BcTFIIIA negatively regulates viral infection through the interaction with TuMV CP and VPg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shanwu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huiyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengguo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.Z.); (C.Z.); (S.L.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
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Bera S, Arena GD, Ray S, Flannigan S, Casteel CL. The Potyviral Protein 6K1 Reduces Plant Proteases Activity during Turnip mosaic virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:1341. [PMID: 35746814 PMCID: PMC9229136 DOI: 10.3390/v14061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviral genomes encode just 11 major proteins and multifunctionality is associated with most of these proteins at different stages of the virus infection cycle. Some potyviral proteins modulate phytohormones and protein degradation pathways and have either pro- or anti-viral/insect vector functions. Our previous work demonstrated that the potyviral protein 6K1 has an antagonistic effect on vectors when expressed transiently in host plants, suggesting plant defenses are regulated. However, to our knowledge the mechanisms of how 6K1 alters plant defenses and how 6K1 functions are regulated are still limited. Here we show that the 6K1 from Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) reduces the abundance of transcripts related to jasmonic acid biosynthesis and cysteine protease inhibitors when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana relative to controls. 6K1 stability increased when cysteine protease activity was inhibited chemically, showing a mechanism to the rapid turnover of 6K1 when expressed in trans. Using RNAseq, qRT-PCR, and enzymatic assays, we demonstrate TuMV reprograms plant protein degradation pathways on the transcriptional level and increases 6K1 stability at later stages in the infection process. Moreover, we show 6K1 decreases plant protease activity in infected plants and increases TuMV accumulation in systemic leaves compared to controls. These results suggest 6K1 has a pro-viral function in addition to the anti-insect vector function we observed previously. Although the host targets of 6K1 and the impacts of 6K1-induced changes in protease activity on insect vectors are still unknown, this study enhances our understanding of the complex interactions occurring between plants, potyviruses, and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanta Bera
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Gabriella D. Arena
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil;
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Sydney Flannigan
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Clare L. Casteel
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
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Shukla A, Hoffmann G, Kushwaha NK, López-González S, Hofius D, Hafrén A. Salicylic acid and the viral virulence factor 2b regulate the divergent roles of autophagy during cucumber mosaic virus infection. Autophagy 2022; 18:1450-1462. [PMID: 34740306 PMCID: PMC9225522 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1987674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation pathway that has recently emerged as an integral part of plant responses to virus infection. The known mechanisms of autophagy range from the selective degradation of viral components to a more general attenuation of disease symptoms. In addition, several viruses are able to manipulate the autophagy machinery and counteract autophagy-dependent resistance. Despite these findings, the complex interplay of autophagy activities, viral pathogenicity factors, and host defense pathways in disease development remains poorly understood. In the current study, we analyzed the interaction between autophagy and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that autophagy is induced during CMV infection and promotes the turnover of the major virulence protein and RNA silencing suppressor 2b. Intriguingly, autophagy induction is mediated by salicylic acid (SA) and dampened by the CMV virulence factor 2b. In accordance with 2b degradation, we found that autophagy provides resistance against CMV by reducing viral RNA accumulation in an RNA silencing-dependent manner. Moreover, autophagy and RNA silencing attenuate while SA promotes CMV disease symptoms, and epistasis analysis suggests that autophagy-dependent disease and resistance are uncoupled. We propose that autophagy counteracts CMV virulence via both 2b degradation and reduced SA-responses, thereby increasing plant fitness with the viral trade-off arising from increased RNA silencing-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Shukla
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, 75007Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gesa Hoffmann
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, 75007Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nirbhay Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, 75007Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silvia López-González
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, 75007Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, 75007Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hafrén
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, 75007Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang J, Miao S, Liu Y, Wang Y. Linking Autophagy to Potential Agronomic Trait Improvement in Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094793. [PMID: 35563184 PMCID: PMC9103229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process in eukaryotic cells, by which the superfluous or damaged cytoplasmic components can be delivered into vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Two decades of autophagy research in plants uncovers the important roles of autophagy during diverse biological processes, including development, metabolism, and various stress responses. Additionally, molecular machineries contributing to plant autophagy onset and regulation have also gradually come into people’s sights. With the advancement of our knowledge of autophagy from model plants, autophagy research has expanded to include crops in recent years, for a better understanding of autophagy engagement in crop biology and its potentials in improving agricultural performance. In this review, we summarize the current research progress of autophagy in crops and discuss the autophagy-related approaches for potential agronomic trait improvement in crop plants.
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Prasad A, Prasad M. Interaction of ToLCNDV TrAP with SlATG8f marks it susceptible to degradation by autophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:241. [PMID: 35428912 PMCID: PMC11072827 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a devastating plant pathogen which causes significant losses in tomato yield. According to previous reports, proteins of geminiviruses like βC1 of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus and C1 of Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus are degraded by the autophagy pathway. There are no reports on the role of autophagy in ToLCNDV pathogenesis. In this study, we have shown that SlATG8f interacts with the ToLCNDV Transcription activator protein (TrAP; AC2) to mediate its degradation by the autophagy pathway. Silencing of SlATG8f in a ToLCNDV tolerant tomato cultivar; H-88-78-1 resulted in enhanced viral symptoms and ToLCNDV accumulation suggesting an anti-viral role for SlATG8f against ToLCNDV. TrAP is a nucleus localized protein, but it interacts with SlATG8f in and outside the nucleus indicating its nuclear export. This export might be mediated by Exportin1 as treatment with Exportin1 inhibitor inhibits TrAP export outside the nucleus. ToLCNDV TrAP is known to possess host RNA silencing suppression (RSS) activity. Degradation of TrAP results in the attenuation of its RSS activity. To the best of our knowledge, we have shown for the first time that SlATG8f-TrAP interaction leads to TrAP degradation providing defence against ToLCNDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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40
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Yang M, Liu Y. Autophagy in plant viral infection. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2152-2162. [PMID: 35404481 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that delivers dysfunctional cellular organelles or other cytosol components to degradative vesicular structures (vacuoles in plants and yeasts, lysosomes in mammals) for degradation and recycling. Viruses are intracellular parasites that hijack their host to live. Research on regulation of the trade-off between plant cells and viruses has indicated that autophagy is an integral part of the host responses to virus infection. Meanwhile, plants have evolved a diverse array of defense responses to counter pathogenic viruses. In this review, we focus on the roles of autophagy in plant virus infection and offer a glimpse of recent advances about how plant viruses evade autophagy or manipulate host autophagy pathways to complete their replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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41
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Wu W, Luo X, Ren M. Clearance or Hijack: Universal Interplay Mechanisms Between Viruses and Host Autophagy From Plants to Animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:786348. [PMID: 35047417 PMCID: PMC8761674 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.786348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses typically hijack the cellular machinery of their hosts for successful infection and replication, while the hosts protect themselves against viral invasion through a variety of defense responses, including autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient catabolic pathway conserved from plants to animals. Double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes transport trapped viral cargo to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. However, during an ongoing evolutionary arms race, viruses have acquired a strong ability to disrupt or even exploit the autophagy machinery of their hosts for successful invasion. In this review, we analyze the universal role of autophagy in antiviral defenses in animals and plants and summarize how viruses evade host immune responses by disrupting and manipulating host autophagy. The review provides novel insights into the role of autophagy in virus–host interactions and offers potential targets for the prevention and control of viral infection in both plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
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42
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Zhang M, Gong P, Ge L, Li Y, Chang Z, Qiao R, Zhou X, Wang A, Li F. Nuclear Exportin 1 (XPO1) Binds to the Nuclear Localization/Export Signal of the Turnip Mosaic Virus NIb to Promote Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:780724. [PMID: 35058899 PMCID: PMC8763854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.780724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) are key signatures of proteins for controlling nuclear import and export. The NIb protein of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) that is absolutely required for viral genome replication. Previous studies have shown that NIb is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein and contains four putative NES and four putative NLS motifs. Here, we analyzed the function of these NESs and NLSs, and identified two functional NESs and one functional NLS. Mutation of the identified functional NESs or NLS inhibited viral RNA accumulation and systemic infection. Exportin 1 (XPO1) is a nuclear export receptor that binds directly to cargo proteins harboring a leucine-rich NES and translocates them to the cytoplasm. We found that XPO1 contains two NIb-binding domains, which recognize the NLS and NES of NIb, respectively, to mediate the nucleocytoplasmic transport of NIb and promote viral infection. Taken together, these data suggest that the nucleocytoplasmic transport of NIb is modulated by XPO1 through its interactions with the functional NLS and NES of NIb to promote viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Zhaoyang Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yang Y, Xiang Y, Niu Y. An Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms and Functions of Autophagic Pathways in Plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1977527. [PMID: 34617497 PMCID: PMC9208794 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1977527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for the degradation of damaged or toxic components. Under normal conditions, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis. It can be triggered by senescence and various stresses. In the process of autophagy, autophagy-related (ATG) proteins not only function as central signal regulators but also participate in the development of complex survival mechanisms when plants suffer from adverse environments. Therefore, ATGs play significant roles in metabolism, development and stress tolerance. In the past decade, both the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and a large number of components involved in the assembly of autophagic vesicles have been identified. In recent studies, an increasing number of components, mechanisms, and receptors have appeared in the autophagy pathway. In this paper, we mainly review the recent progress of research on the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy, as well as its function under biotic stress and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Niu
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang M, Gong P, Ge L, Chang Z, Cheng X, Zhou X, Wang A, Li F. Nuclear exportin 1 facilitates turnip mosaic virus infection by exporting the sumoylated viral replicase and by repressing plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1382-1398. [PMID: 34327705 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exportin 1/XPO1 is an important nuclear export receptor that binds directly to cargo proteins and translocates the cargo proteins to the cytoplasm. To understand XPO1 protein functions during potyvirus infections, we investigated the nuclear export of the NIb protein encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Previously, we found that NIb is transported to the nucleus after translation and sumoylated by the sumoylation (small ubiquitin-like modifier) pathway to support viral infection. Here, we report that XPO1 interacts with NIb to facilitate translocation from the nucleus to the viral replication complexes (VRCs) that accumulate in the perinuclear regions of TuMV-infected cells. XPO1 contains two NIb-binding domains that recognize and interact with NIb in the nucleus and in the perinuclear regions, respectively, which facilitates TuMV replication. Moreover, XPO1 is involved in nuclear export of the sumoylated NIb and host factors tagged with SUMO3 that is essential for suppression of plant immunity in the nucleus. Deficiencies of XPO1 in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants inhibit TuMV replication and infection. These data demonstrate that XPO1 functions as a host factor in TuMV infection by regulating NIb nucleocytoplasmic transport and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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45
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Niu E, Liu H, Zhou H, Luo L, Wu Y, Andika IB, Sun L. Autophagy Inhibits Intercellular Transport of Citrus Leaf Blotch Virus by Targeting Viral Movement Protein. Viruses 2021; 13:2189. [PMID: 34834995 PMCID: PMC8619118 DOI: 10.3390/v13112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular-degradation mechanism implicated in antiviral defense in plants. Studies have shown that autophagy suppresses virus accumulation in cells; however, it has not been reported to specifically inhibit viral spread in plants. This study demonstrated that infection with citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV; genus Citrivirus, family Betaflexiviridae) activated autophagy in Nicotiana benthamiana plants as indicated by the increase of autophagosome formation. Impairment of autophagy through silencing of N. benthamiana autophagy-related gene 5 (NbATG5) and NbATG7 enhanced cell-to-cell and systemic movement of CLBV; however, it did not affect CLBV accumulation when the systemic infection had been fully established. Treatment using an autophagy inhibitor or silencing of NbATG5 and NbATG7 revealed that transiently expressed movement protein (MP), but not coat protein, of CLBV was targeted by selective autophagy for degradation. Moreover, we identified that CLBV MP directly interacted with NbATG8C1 and NbATG8i, the isoforms of autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8), which are key factors that usually bind cargo receptors for selective autophagy. Our results present a novel example in which autophagy specifically targets a viral MP to limit the intercellular spread of the virus in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Modern Agriculture and Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China;
| | - Hongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
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Modulation of Expression of PVY NTN RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NIb) and Heat Shock Cognate Host Protein HSC70 in Susceptible and Hypersensitive Potato Cultivars. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111254. [PMID: 34835185 PMCID: PMC8619674 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) belongs to the genus Potyvirus and is considered to be one of the most harmful and important plant pathogens. Its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is known as nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb). The recent findings show that the genome of PVY replicates in the cytoplasm of the plant cell by binding the virus replication complex to the membranous structures of different organelles. In some potyviruses, NIb has been found to be localized in the nucleus and associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Moreover, NIb has been shown to interact with other host proteins that are particularly involved in promoting the virus infection cycle, such as the heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSP70 is the most conserved among the five major HSP families that are known to affect the plant-pathogen interactions. Some plant viruses can induce the production of HSP70 during the development of infection. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactive response to PVYNTN (necrotic tuber necrosis strain of PVY), the present study focused on StHSC70-8 and PVYNTN-NIb gene expression via localization of HSC70 and NIb proteins during compatible (susceptible) and incompatible (hypersensitive) potato-PVYNTN interactions. Our results demonstrate that NIb and HSC70 are involved in the response to PVYNTN infections and probably cooperate at some stages of the virus infection cycle. Enhanced deposition of HSC70 proteins during the infection cycle was associated with the dynamic induction of PVYNTN-NIb gene expression and NIb localization during susceptible infections. In hypersensitive response (HR), a significant increase in HSC70 expression was observed up to 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) in the nucleus and chloroplasts. Thereafter, between 3 and 21 dpi, the deposition of NIb decreased, which can be attributed to a reduction in the levels of both virus accumulation and PVYNTN-NIb gene expression. Therefore, we postulate that increase in the expression of both StHSC70-8 and PVYNTN-NIb induces the PVY infection during susceptible infections. In contrast, during HRs, HSC70 cooperates with PVYNTN only at the early stages of interaction and mediates the defense response signaling pathway at the later stages of infection.
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Luo X, Wu W, Feng L, Treves H, Ren M. Short Peptides Make a Big Difference: The Role of Botany-Derived AMPs in Disease Control and Protection of Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11363. [PMID: 34768793 PMCID: PMC8583512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botany-derived antimicrobial peptides (BAMPs), a class of small, cysteine-rich peptides produced in plants, are an important component of the plant immune system. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated their powerful antimicrobial activity. Besides in plants, BAMPs have cross-kingdom applications in human health, with toxic and/or inhibitory effects against a variety of tumor cells and viruses. With their diverse molecular structures, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, multiple mechanisms of action, and low cytotoxicity, BAMPs provide ideal backbones for drug design, and are potential candidates for plant protection and disease treatment. Lots of original research has elucidated the properties and antimicrobial mechanisms of BAMPs, and characterized their surface receptors and in vivo targets in pathogens. In this paper, we review and introduce five kinds of representative BAMPs belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein family, dissect their antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer mechanisms, and forecast their prospects in agriculture and global human health. Through the deeper understanding of BAMPs, we provide novel insights for their applications in broad-spectrum and durable plant disease prevention and control, and an outlook on the use of BAMPs in anticancer and antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Haim Treves
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
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Cheng DJ, Xu XJ, Yan ZY, Tettey CK, Fang L, Yang GL, Geng C, Tian YP, Li XD. The chloroplast ribosomal protein large subunit 1 interacts with viral polymerase and promotes virus infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:174-186. [PMID: 34618134 PMCID: PMC8418413 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play an indispensable role in the arms race between plant viruses and hosts. Chloroplast proteins are often recruited by plant viruses to support viral replication and movement. However, the mechanism by which chloroplast proteins regulate potyvirus infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we observed that Nicotiana benthamiana ribosomal protein large subunit 1 (NbRPL1), a chloroplast ribosomal protein, localized to the chloroplasts via its N-terminal 61 amino acids (transit peptide), and interacted with tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV) nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Upon TVBMV infection, NbRPL1 was recruited into the 6K2-induced viral replication complexes in chloroplasts. Silencing of NbRPL1 expression reduced TVBMV replication. NbRPL1 competed with NbBeclin1 to bind NIb, and reduced the NbBeclin1-mediated degradation of NIb. Therefore, our results suggest that NbRPL1 interacts with NIb in the chloroplasts, reduces NbBeclin1-mediated NIb degradation, and enhances TVBMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Jie Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Carlos Kwesi Tettey
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Le Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guang-Ling Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chao Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
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Zhang X, Yin Y, Su Y, Jia Z, Jiang L, Lu Y, Zheng H, Peng J, Rao S, Wu G, Chen J, Yan F. eIF4A, a target of siRNA derived from rice stripe virus, negatively regulates antiviral autophagy by interacting with ATG5 in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009963. [PMID: 34587220 PMCID: PMC8504976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is induced by viral infection and has antiviral functions in plants, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. We previously identified a viral small interfering RNA (vsiRNA) derived from rice stripe virus (RSV) RNA4 that contributes to the leaf-twisting and stunting symptoms caused by this virus by targeting the host eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) mRNA for silencing. In addition, autophagy plays antiviral roles by degrading RSV p3 protein, a suppressor of RNA silencing. Here, we demonstrate that eIF4A acts as a negative regulator of autophagy in Nicotiana benthamiana. Silencing of NbeIF4A activated autophagy and inhibited RSV infection by facilitating autophagic degradation of p3. Further analysis showed that NbeIF4A interacts with NbATG5 and interferes with its interaction with ATG12. Overexpression of NbeIF4A suppressed NbATG5-activated autophagy. Moreover, expression of vsiRNA-4A, which targets NbeIF4A mRNA for cleavage, induced autophagy by silencing NbeIF4A. Finally, we demonstrate that eIF4A from rice, the natural host of RSV, also interacts with OsATG5 and suppresses OsATG5-activated autophagy, pointing to the conserved function of eIF4A as a negative regulator of antiviral autophagy. Taken together, these results reveal that eIF4A negatively regulates antiviral autophagy by interacting with ATG5 and that its mRNA is recognized by a virus-derived siRNA, resulting in its silencing, which induces autophagy against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yueyan Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunhe Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Zhou T, Zhang M, Gong P, Li F, Zhou X. Selective autophagic receptor NbNBR1 prevents NbRFP1-mediated UPS-dependent degradation of βC1 to promote geminivirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009956. [PMID: 34570833 PMCID: PMC8496818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, lysosomal/vacuolar degradation mechanism that targets cell organelles and macromolecules. Autophagy and autophagy-related genes have been studied for their antiviral and pro-viral roles in virus-infected plants. Here, we demonstrate the pro-viral role of a selective autophagic receptor NbNBR1 in geminivirus-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The βC1 protein encoded by tomato yellow leaf curl China betasatellite (TYLCCNB) that is associated with tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) enhanced the expression level of NbNBR1. Then NbNBR1 interacted with βC1 to form cytoplasmic granules. Interaction of NbNBR1 with βC1 could prevent degradation of βC1 by the NbRFP1, an E3 ligase. Overexpression of NbNBR1 in N. benthamiana plants increased βC1 accumulation and promoted virus infection. In contrast, silencing or knocking out NbNBR1 expression in N. benthamiana suppressed βC1 accumulation and inhibited virus infection. A single amino acid substitution in βC1 (βC1K4A) abolished its interaction with NbNBR1, leading to a reduced level of βC1K4A. The TYLCCNV/TYLCCNBK4A mutant virus caused milder disease symptoms and accumulated much less viral genomic DNAs in the infected plants. Collectively, the results presented here show how a viral satellite-encoded protein hijacks host autophagic receptor NbNBR1 to form cytoplasmic granules to protect itself from NbRFP1-mediated degradation and facilitate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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