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Kawa S, Kaur J, Knorke H, Warneke Z, Wadsack M, Rohdenburg M, Nierstenhöfer M, Jenne C, Kenttämaa H, Warneke J. Generation and reactivity of the fragment ion [B 12I 8S(CN)] - in the gas phase and on surfaces. Analyst 2024; 149:2573-2585. [PMID: 38469706 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02175k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Gaseous fragment ions generated in mass spectrometers may be employed as "building blocks" for the synthesis of novel molecules on surfaces using ion soft-landing. A fundamental understanding of the reactivity of the fragment ions is required to control bond formation of deposited fragments in surface layers. The fragment ion [B12X11]- (X = halogen) is formed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) from the precursor [B12X12]2- dianion. [B12X11]- is highly reactive and ion soft-landing experiments have shown that this ion binds to the alkyl chains of organic molecules on surfaces. In this work we investigate whether specific modifications of the precursor ion affect the chemical properties of the fragment ions to such an extent that attachment to functional groups of organic molecules on surfaces occurs and binding of alkyl chains is prevented. Therefore, a halogen substituent was replaced by a thiocyanate substituent. CID of the precursor [B12I11(SCN)]2- ion preferentially yields the fragment ion [B12I8S(CN)]-, which shows significantly altered reactivity compared to the fragment ions of [B12I12]2-. [B12I8S(CN)]- has a previously unknown structural element, wherein a sulfur atom bridges three boron atoms. Gas-phase reactions with different neutral reactants (cyclohexane, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl amine) accompanied by theoretical studies indicate that [B12I8S(CN)]- binds with higher selectivity to functional groups of organic molecules than fragment ions of [B12I12]2- (e.g., [B12I11]- and [B12I9]-). These findings were further confirmed by ion soft-landing experiments, which showed that [B12I8S(CN)]- ions attacked ester groups of adipates and phthalates, whereas [B12I11]- ions only bound to alkyl chains of the same reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Myriam Wadsack
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marc Nierstenhöfer
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hilkka Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Das A, Samayoa-Oviedo HY, Mohapatra M, Basu S, Laskin J. Enhancing Energy Storage Capacity of 3D Carbon Electrodes Using Soft Landing of Molecular Redox Mediators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311585. [PMID: 38576110 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of redox-active species into the electric double layer is a powerful strategy for enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors. Polyoxometalates (POM) are a class of stable, redox-active species with multielectron activity, which is often used to tailor the properties of electrochemical interfaces. Traditional synthetic methods often result in interfaces containing a mixture of POM anions, unreactive counter ions, and neutral species. This leads to degradation in electrochemical performance due to aggregation and increased interfacial resistance. Another significant challenge is achieving the uniform and stable anchoring of POM anions on substrates to ensure the long-term stability of the electrochemical interface. These challenges are addressed by developing a mass spectrometry-based subambient deposition strategy for the selective deposition of POM anions onto engineered 3D porous carbon electrodes. Furthermore, positively charged functional groups are introduced on the electrode surface for efficient trapping of POM anions. This approach enables the deposition of purified POM anions uniformly through the pores of the 3D porous carbon electrode, resulting in unprecedented increase in the energy storage capacity of the electrodes. The study highlights the critical role of well-defined electrochemical interfaces in energy storage applications and offers a powerful method to achieve this through selective ion deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Das
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013, India
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | | | - Mamata Mohapatra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013, India
| | - Suddhasatwa Basu
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013, India
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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3
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Lee JY, Li A, Prabhakaran V, Zhang X, Harrilal CPP, Kovarik L, Ibrahim YM, Smith RD, Garimella SV. Mobility Selective Ion Soft-Landing and Characterization Enabled Using Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3373-3381. [PMID: 38345945 PMCID: PMC11191849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
While conventional ion-soft landing uses the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio to achieve molecular selection for deposition, here we demonstrate the use of Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulation (SLIM) for mobility-based ion selection and deposition. The dynamic rerouting capabilities of SLIM were leveraged to enable the rerouting of a selected range of mobilities to a different SLIM path (rather than MS) that terminated at a deposition surface. A selected mobility range from a phosphazene ion mixture was rerouted and deposited with a current pulse (∼150 pA) resembling its mobility peak. In addition, from a mixture of tetra-alkyl ammonium (TAA) ions containing chain lengths of C5-C8, selected chains (C6, C7) were collected on a surface, reconstituted into solution-phase, and subsequently analyzed with a SLIM-qToF to obtain an IMS/MS spectrum, confirming the identity of the selected species. Further, this method was used to characterize triply charged tungsten-polyoxometalate anions, PW12O403- (WPOM). The arrival time distribution of the IMS/MS showed multiple peaks associated with the triply charged anion (PW12O403-), of which a selected ATD was deposited and imaged using TEM. Additionally, the identity of the deposited WPOM was ascertained using energy-dispersive (EDS) spectroscopy. Further, we present theory and computations that reveal ion landing energies, the ability to modulate the energies, and deposition spot sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Y. Lee
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | - Ailin Li
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | | | - Libor Kovarik
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | - Yehia M. Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
| | - Sandilya V.B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 99354
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4
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Yang F, Urban RD, Lorenz J, Griebel J, Koohbor N, Rohdenburg M, Knorke H, Fuhrmann D, Charvat A, Abel B, Azov VA, Warneke J. Control of Intermediates and Products by Combining Droplet Reactions and Ion Soft-Landing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314784. [PMID: 37917653 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite being recognized primarily as an analytical technique, mass spectrometry also has a large potential as a synthetic tool, enabling access to advanced synthetic routes by reactions in charged microdroplets or ionic thin layers. Such reactions are special and proceed primarily at surfaces of droplets and thin layers. Partial solvation of the reactants is usually considered to play an important role for reducing the activation barrier, but many mechanistic details still need to be clarified. In our study, we showcase the synergy between two sequentially applied "preparative mass spectrometry" methods: initiating accelerated reactions within microdroplets during electrospray ionization to generate gaseous ionic intermediates in high abundance, which are subsequently mass-selected and soft-landed to react with a provided reagent on a substrate. This allows the generation of products at a nanomolar scale, amenable to further characterization. In this proof-of-concept study, the contrasting reaction pathways between intrinsically neutral and pre-charged reagents, respectively, both in microdroplets and in layers generated by ion soft-landing are investigated. This provides new insights into the role of partially solvated reagents at microdroplet surfaces for increased reaction rates. Additionally, further insights into reactions of ions of the same polarity under various conditions is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshun Yang
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raphael D Urban
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Lorenz
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nima Koohbor
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Fuhrmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ales Charvat
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Azov
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Rohdenburg M, Warneke Z, Knorke H, Icker M, Warneke J. Chemical Synthesis with Gaseous Molecular Ions: Harvesting [B 12 Br 11 N 2 ] - from a Mass Spectrometer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308600. [PMID: 37531598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry frequently reveals the existence of transient gas phase ions that have not been synthesized in solution or in bulk. These elusive ions are, therefore, often considered to be primarily of analytical value in fundamental gas phase studies. Here, we provide proof-of-concept that the products of ion-molecule reactions in mass spectrometers may be collected on surfaces to generate condensed matter and thus serve as building blocks to synthesize new compounds. The highly reactive fragment anion [B12 Br11 ]- was generated in a mass spectrometer and converted to [B12 Br11 N2 ]- in the presence of molecular nitrogen followed by its mass-selection and soft-landing on surfaces. The molecular structure of [B12 Br11 N2 ]- , which has not been synthetically obtained before, was confirmed by conventional methods of molecular analysis, including nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The [B12 Br11 N2 ]- ion is stable on surfaces and in solution at room temperature, but thermal annealing induces elimination of N2 and provides access to the highly reactive intermediate [B12 Br11 ]- in the condensed phase, which can be further used as a reagent, for example, for electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Thus, isolation of [B12 Br11 N2 ]- expands the repertoire of the available diazo ions that can be employed as versatile intermediates in various chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Icker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Gholipour-Ranjbar H, Samayoa-Oviedo HY, Laskin J. Controlled Formation of Fused Metal Chalcogenide Nanoclusters Using Soft Landing of Gaseous Fragment Ions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17427-17435. [PMID: 37638846 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The complete ligation of nanoclusters significantly reduces their chemical reactivity, catalytic activity, and charge transfer properties. Therefore, in applications, nanoclusters are activated through partial ligand removal to take advantage of their full potential. However, the precise control of ligand removal in the condensed phase is challenging. In this study, we examine the reactivity of well-defined activated nanoclusters on surfaces prepared through controlled ligand removal in the gas phase. To accomplish this, we utilized a specially designed ion soft-landing instrument equipped with a collision cell to prepare mass-selected fragment ions, which were then deposited onto self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces. Specifically, we generated fragment ions by selectively removing one or two ligands from a series of atomically precise ligated metal sulfide clusters, Co5MS8(L1)6+ (M = Co, Mn, Fe, or Ni, L1 = PEt3). Removal of one ligand from Co5MS8(L1)6+ (M = Co, Mn, Ni) generates Co5MS8(L1)5+ species, which undergo selective dimerization on SAMs. Meanwhile, Co5FeS8(L1)5+ is unreactive and remains intact when it is deposited onto a SAM surface. In contrast, fragments formed by the removal of two ligands, Co5MS8(L1)4+, undergo several nonselective reactions and generate larger fused clusters. We found that the reactivity of the Co5MS8(L1)5+ fragment ions is correlated with the gas phase stability of the corresponding precursor ion toward ligand loss. Specifically, the relatively unstable precursor ion, Co5FeS8(L1)6+, generates the least reactive fragment. Meanwhile, the more stable precursor ions generate more reactive Co5MS8(L1)5+ fragments that dimerize on surfaces. This observation was also confirmed by co-deposition of fragment ions with two different ligands, Co5MS8(L1)5+ and Co5MS8(L2)5+ (L1 = PEt3 and L2 = PEt2Ph), where fragments generated from more stable precursor ions tend to dimerize and generate dimers with mixed ligands. This study unveils the previously unrecognized potential of fragment ions in generating compounds that are difficult to synthesize using conventional methods. Additionally, it provides a mechanistic understanding of the observed reactivity. Mass-selected deposition of well-defined fragment ions emerges as a powerful approach for designing materials by precisely activating and depositing undercoordinated ligated nanoclusters onto surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Y Samayoa-Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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7
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Gholipour-Ranjbar H, Hu H, Su P, Samayoa Oviedo HY, Gilpin C, Wang H, Zhang Y, Laskin J. Soft landing of polyatomic anions onto three-dimensional semiconductive and conductive substrates. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1672-1680. [PMID: 36926574 PMCID: PMC10012853 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soft landing of well-characterized polyoxometalate anions, PW12O40 3- (WPOM) and PMo12O40 3- (MoPOM), was carried out to explore the distribution of anions in the semiconducting 10 and 6 μm-long vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes as well as 300 μm-long conductive vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs). The distribution of soft-landed anions on the surfaces and their penetration into the nanotubes were studied using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We observe that soft landed anions generate microaggregates on the TiO2 nanotubes and only reside in the top 1.5 μm of the nanotube height. Meanwhile, soft landed anions are uniformly distributed on top of VACNTs and penetrate into the top 40 μm of the sample. We propose that both the aggregation and limited penetration of POM anions into TiO2 nanotubes is attributed to the lower conductivity of this substrate as compared to VACNTs. This study provides first insights into the controlled modification of three dimensional (3D) semiconductive and conductive interfaces using soft landing of mass-selected polyatomic ions, which is of interest to the rational design of 3D interfaces for electronics and energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | - Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | | | - Christopher Gilpin
- Life Science Microscopy Facility, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
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8
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Su P, Warneke Z, Volke D, Espenship MF, Hu H, Kawa S, Kirakci K, Hoffmann R, Laskin J, Wiebeler C, Warneke J. Gas Phase Reactivity of [Mo 6X 14] 2- Dianions (X = Cl - I). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:161-170. [PMID: 36630296 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [Mo6X14]2- (X = Cl, Br, I) and the reactivity of fragment ions of these precursors with background gases. Ion mobility measurements and theoretical calculations provide structural information for some of the observed ions. Sequential losses of MoX2 units dominate the dissociation pathways of [Mo6Cl14]2-. Meanwhile, loss of X radicals is the main channel for X = Br and I. Ion mobility measurements and computational investigations indicate minor structural changes in the octahedral Mo6 unit for [Mo6Im]- (m = 6-13) fragments. We observe that mass spectra obtained using CID substantially vary among mass spectrometers: Specifically, ions with molecular formula [Mo6Xm(O2)n]- (X = Br and I) are observed as dominant species produced through reactions with O2 in several mass spectrometers, but also adduct free fragment ions were observed in other instruments, depending on the background conditions. Ion-trap fragmentation combined with theoretical investigations indicates that spontaneous losses of X radicals occur upon binding of O2 to [Mo6Im]- fragments (m ≤ 12). Theoretical investigations indicate that both oxygen atoms are bound to the vacant sites of the Mo6 units. This study opens up a new vista to generate and study a large variety of hexanuclear Mo6Xm(O2)n anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Volke
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig04103Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael F Espenship
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Husinec-R̆ez̆ 1001, 250 68R̆ez̆, Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig04103Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Christian Wiebeler
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Yang T, Li Z, Wang XB, Hou GL. Quantitative Descriptions of Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson Bonding Model: A Case Study of Zeise and Its Family Ions. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200835. [PMID: 36622739 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Historically, Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson (DCD) model is a heuristic device to advance the development of organometallic chemistry and deepen our understanding of the metal-ligand bonding nature. Zeise's ion, the first man-made organometallic compound and a quintessential transition metal-olefin complex, was qualitatively explained using the DCD bonding scheme in 1950s. In this work, we quantified the explicit contributions of the σ donation and π back-donation to the metal-ligand bonding in Zeise and its family ions, [PtX3 L]- (X=F, Cl, Br, I, and At; L=C2 H4 , CO, and N2 ), using state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations and energy decomposition analysis. The relative importance of the σ donation and π back-donation depends on both X and L, with [PtCl3 (C2 H4 )]- being a critical case in which the σ donation is marginally weaker than the π back-donation. The changes along this series are controlled by the energy levels of the correlated molecular orbitals of PtX3 - and ligand L. This study deepens our understanding of the bonding properties for transition metal complexes beyond the qualitative description of the DCD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Yang F, Behrend KA, Knorke H, Rohdenburg M, Charvat A, Jenne C, Abel B, Warneke J. Anion-Anion Chemistry with Mass-Selected Molecular Fragments on Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24910-24914. [PMID: 34523217 PMCID: PMC9293123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
While reactions between ions and neutral molecules in the gas phase have been studied extensively, reactions between molecular ions of same polarity remain relatively unexplored. Herein we show that reactions between fragment ions generated in the gas phase and molecular ions of the same polarity are possible by soft-landing of both reagents on surfaces. The reactive [B12 I11 ]1- anion was deposited on a surface layer built up by landing the generally unreactive [B12 I12 ]2- . Ex-situ analysis of the generated material shows that [B24 I23 ]3- was formed. A computational study shows that the product is metastable in the gas phase, but a charge-balanced environment of a grounded surface may stabilize the triply charged product, as suggested by model calculations. This opens new opportunities for the generation of highly charged clusters using unconventional building blocks from the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshun Yang
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - K. Antonio Behrend
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische ChemieFachbereich 2-Biologie/ChemieUniversität Bremen28359BremenGermany
| | - Ales Charvat
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und NaturwissenschaftenAnorganische Chemie, BergischeUniversität WuppertalGaußstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstrasse 204103LeipzigGermany
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11
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Yang F, Behrend KA, Knorke H, Rohdenburg M, Charvat A, Jenne C, Abel B, Warneke J. Anionen‐Anionen‐Chemie mit massenselektierten Fragmentionen auf Oberflächen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangshun Yang
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - K. Antonio Behrend
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie Universität Bremen 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Ales Charvat
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Anorganische Chemie Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Deutschland
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
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12
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Samayoa-Oviedo HY, Behrend KA, Kawa S, Knorke H, Su P, Belov ME, Anderson G, Warneke J, Laskin J. Design and Performance of a Soft-Landing Instrument for Fragment Ion Deposition. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14489-14496. [PMID: 34672519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a new high-flux electrospray ionization-based instrument for soft landing of mass-selected fragment ions onto surfaces. Collision-induced dissociation is performed in a collision cell positioned after the dual electrodynamic ion funnel assembly. The high duty cycle of the instrument enables high-coverage deposition of mass-selected fragment ions onto surfaces at a defined kinetic energy. This capability facilitates the investigation of the reactivity of gaseous fragment ions in the condensed phase. We demonstrate that the observed reactions of deposited fragment ions are dependent on the structure of the ion and the composition of either ionic or neutral species codeposited onto a surface. The newly developed instrument provides access to high-purity ion fragments as building blocks for the preparation of unique ionic layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Y Samayoa-Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kay-Antonio Behrend
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mikhail E Belov
- Spectroglyph, LLC, Kennewick, Washington 99338, United States
| | - Gordon Anderson
- GAA Custom Electronics, LLC, POB 335, Benton City, Washington 99338, United States
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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13
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Dyubo D, Tsybin OY. Computer Simulation of a Surface Charge Nanobiosensor with Internal Signal Integration. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11100397. [PMID: 34677353 PMCID: PMC8533784 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ionized states of molecular analytes located on solid surfaces require profound investigation and better understanding for applications in the basic sciences in general, and in the design of nanobiosensors, in particular. Such ionized states are induced by the interactions of molecules between them in the analyzed substance and with the target surface. Here, computer simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics software show the effect of surface charge density and distribution on the output generation in a dynamic PIN diode with gate control. This device, having built-in potential barriers, has a unique internal integration of output signal generation. The identified interactions showed the possibility of a new design for implementing a nanobiosensor based on a dynamic PIN diode in a mode with surface charge control.
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14
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Hankins K, Prabhakaran V, Wi S, Shutthanandan V, Johnson GE, Roy S, Wang H, Shao Y, Thevuthasan S, Balbuena PB, Mueller KT, Murugesan V. Role of Polysulfide Anions in Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation at the Lithium Metal Surface in Li-S Batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9360-9367. [PMID: 34550703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Delineating intricate interactions between highly reactive Li-metal electrodes and the diverse constituents of battery electrolytes has been a long-standing scientific challenge in materials design for advanced energy storage devices. Here, we isolated lithium polysulfide anions (LiS4-) from an electrolyte solution based on their mass-to-charge ratio and deposited them on Li-metal electrodes under clean vacuum conditions using ion soft landing (ISL), a highly controlled interface preparation technique. The molecular level precision in the construction of these model interfaces with ISL, coupled with in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio theoretical calculations, allowed us to obtain unprecedented insight into the parasitic reactions of well-defined polysulfides on Li-metal electrodes. Our study revealed that the oxide-rich surface layer, which is amenable to direct electron exchange, drives multielectron sulfur oxidation (S0 → S6+) processes. Our results have substantial implications for the rational design of future Li-S batteries with improved efficiency and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kie Hankins
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Venkateshkumar Prabhakaran
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sungun Wi
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Grant E Johnson
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swadipta Roy
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Perla B Balbuena
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Karl T Mueller
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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15
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Moors M, Warneke J, López X, de Graaf C, Abel B, Monakhov KY. Insights from Adsorption and Electron Modification Studies of Polyoxometalates on Surfaces for Molecular Memory Applications. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3377-3389. [PMID: 34427081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This Account highlights recent experimental and theoretical work focusing on the development of polyoxometalates (POMs) as possible active switching units in what may be called "molecule-based memory cells". Herein, we critically discuss how multiply charged vanadium-containing POMs, which exhibit stable metal-oxo bonds and are characterized by the excellent ability to change their redox states without significant structural distortions of the central polyoxoanion core, can be immobilized best and how they may work optimally at appropriate surfaces. Furthermore, we critically discuss important issues and challenges on the long way toward POM-based nanoelectronics. This Account is divided into four sections shedding light on POM interplay in solution and on surfaces, ion soft-landing of mass-selected POMs on surfaces, electronic modification of POMs on surfaces, and computational modeling of POMs on surfaces. The sections showcase the complex nature of far-reaching POM interactions with the chemical surroundings in solution and the properties of POMs in the macroscopic environment of electrode surfaces. Section 2 describes complex relationships of POMs with their counter-cations, solvent molecules, and water impurities, which have been shown to exhibit a direct impact on the resulting surface morphology, where a concentration-dependent formation of micellar structures can be potentially observed. Section 3 gives insights into the ion soft-landing deposition of mass-selected POMs on electrode surfaces, which emerges as an appealing method because the simultaneous deposition of agglomeration-stimulating counter-cations can be avoided. Section 4 provides details of electronic properties of POMs and their modification by external electronic stimuli toward the development of multiple-state resistive (memristive) switches. Section 5 sheds light on issues of the determination of the electronic structure properties of POMs across their interfaces, which is difficult to address by experiment. The studies summarized in these four sections have employed various X-ray-scattering, microscopy, spectroscopy, and computational techniques for imaging of POM interfaces in solution and on surfaces to determine the adsorption type, agglomeration tendency, distribution, and oxidation state of deposited molecules. The presented research findings and conceptual ideas may assist experimentalists and theoreticians to advance the exploration of POM electrical conductivity as a function of metal redox and spin states and to pave the way for a realization of ("brain-inspired") POM-based memory devices, memristive POM-surface device engineering, and energy efficient nonvolatile data storage and processing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Moors
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xavier López
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Coen de Graaf
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kirill Yu. Monakhov
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Wöhner K, Wulf T, Vankova N, Heine T. Strong Binding of Noble Gases to [B 12X 11] -: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4760-4765. [PMID: 34036781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We systematically explore the stability and properties of [B12X11NG]- adducts resulting from the binding of noble gas atoms to anionic [B12X11]- clusters in the gas phase of mass spectrometers. [B12X11]- can be obtained by stripping one X- off the icosahedral closo-dodecaborate dianion [B12X12]2-. We study the binding of the noble gas atoms He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe to [B12X11]- with substituents X = F, Cl, Br, I, and CN. While He cannot be captured by these clusters and Ne only binds at low temperatures, the complexes with the heavier noble gas atoms Ar, Kr, and Xe show appreciable complexation energies and exceed 1 eV at room temperature in the case of [B12(CN)11Xe]-. The predicted B-NG equilibrium distance in the complexes with Ar, Kr, and Xe is only 0.10-0.25 Å longer than the sum of the covalent radii of the two corresponding atoms, and a significant charge transfer from the noble gas atom to the icosahedral B12 cage is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wöhner
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Wilhelm Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty for Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toshiki Wulf
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Wilhelm Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty for Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nina Vankova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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17
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Exner RM, Jenne C, Wegener B. Electrochemical Synthesis of Triphenylphosphine Coinage Metal Complexes stabilized by
closo
‐Dodecaborates [B
12
X
12
]
2−
(X=H, F, Cl, Br, I). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger M. Exner
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Bianca Wegener
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
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18
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Rohdenburg M, Azov VA, Warneke J. New Perspectives in the Noble Gas Chemistry Opened by Electrophilic Anions. Front Chem 2020; 8:580295. [PMID: 33282830 PMCID: PMC7691601 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.580295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of noble gases (NGs) is commonly considered to be the realm of highly reactive electophiles with cationic or at least non-charged character. Herein, we summarize our latest results evidencing that the incorporation of a strongly electrophilic site within a rigid cage-like anionic structure offers several advantages that facilitate the binding of noble gases and stabilize the formed NG adducts. The anionic superelectrophiles investigated by us are based on the closo-dodecaborate dianion scaffold. The record holder [B12(CN)11]− binds spontaneously almost all members of the NG family, including the very inert argon at room temperature and neon at 50 K in the gas phase of mass spectrometers. In this perspective, we summarize the argumentation for the advantages of anionic electrophiles in binding of noble gases and explain them in detail using several examples. Then we discuss the next steps necessary to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the binding properties of electrophilic anions with NGs. Finally, we discuss the perspective to prepare bulk ionic materials containing NG derivatives of the anionic superelectophiles. In particular, we explore the role of counterions using computational methods and discuss the methodology, which may be used for the actual preparation of such salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rohdenburg
- Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Azov
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Alkanes and [B12X12]2- (X = Cl, Br) are both stable compounds which are difficult to functionalize. Here we demonstrate the formation of a boron-carbon bond between these substances in a two-step process. Fragmentation of [B12X12]2- in the gas phase generates highly reactive [B12X11]- ions which spontaneously react with alkanes. The reaction mechanism was investigated using tandem mass spectrometry and gas-phase vibrational spectroscopy combined with electronic structure calculations. [B12X11]- reacts by an electrophilic substitution of a proton in an alkane resulting in a B-C bond formation. The product is a dianionic [B12X11CnH2n+1]2- species, to which H+ is electrostatically bound. High-flux ion soft landing was performed to codeposit [B12X11]- and complex organic molecules (phthalates) in thin layers on surfaces. Molecular structure analysis of the product films revealed that C-H functionalization by [B12X11]- occurred in the presence of other more reactive functional groups. This observation demonstrates the utility of highly reactive fragment ions for selective bond formation processes and may pave the way for the use of gas-phase ion chemistry for the generation of complex molecular structures in the condensed phase.
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20
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Su P, Espenship MF, Laskin J. Principles of Operation of a Rotating Wall Mass Analyzer for Preparative Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1875-1884. [PMID: 32809825 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we describe the principles of operation of a rotating wall mass analyzer (RWMA), a mass-dispersive device for preparative mass spectrometry. Ions of different m/z are spatially separated by RWMA and deposited onto ring-shaped areas of distinct radii on a surface. We use a combination of an analytical equation for predicting the radius of the deposition ring and SIMION simulations to understand how to optimize the experimental conditions for the separation of multicomponent mixtures. The results of these simulations are compared with the experimental data. We introduce a universal mass calibration procedure, based on a series of polyacrylamide ions, which is subsequently used to predict the deposition radii of unknown analytes. The calibration is independent of the polarity, kinetic energy, and charge state of the ion as demonstrated by assigning m/z values of different analytes including multiply charged ubiquitin ions. We demonstrate that mass resolution of the RWMA is affected by the width and kinetic energy distribution of the ion beam. The best mass resolution obtained in this study is m/Δm = ∼20. Preparative mass spectrometry using RWMA provides the advantages of simplicity, compactness, and low fabrication cost, which are particularly promising for the development of miniaturized instrumentation. The results presented in this work can be readily adapted to preparative separation of a variety of charged species of interest to the broad scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael F Espenship
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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21
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Su P, Hu H, Unsihuay D, Zhang D, Dainese T, Diaz RE, Lee J, Gunaratne DK, Wang H, Maran F, Mei J, Laskin J. Preparative Mass Spectrometry Using a Rotating‐Wall Mass Analyzer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Daisy Unsihuay
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering Purdue University 701 W. Stadium Avenue West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Tiziano Dainese
- Department of Chemistry University of Padova 1, Via Marzolo Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Rosa E. Diaz
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park Purdue University 1205 W. State St. West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jongsu Lee
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Don K. Gunaratne
- Physical Science Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88 Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering Purdue University 701 W. Stadium Avenue West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University 465 Northwestern Avenue West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Flavio Maran
- Department of Chemistry University of Padova 1, Via Marzolo Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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22
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Mayer M, Rohdenburg M, van Lessen V, Nierstenhöfer MC, Aprà E, Grabowsky S, Asmis KR, Jenne C, Warneke J. First steps towards a stable neon compound: observation and bonding analysis of [B 12(CN) 11Ne] . Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4591-4594. [PMID: 32207481 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01423k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Noble gas (Ng) containing molecular anions are much scarcer than Ng containing cations. No neon containing anion has been reported so far. Here, the experimental observation of the molecular anion [B12(CN)11Ne]- and a theoretical analysis of the boron-neon bond is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mayer
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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23
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Su P, Hu H, Unsihuay D, Zhang D, Dainese T, Diaz RE, Lee J, Gunaratne DK, Wang H, Maran F, Mei J, Laskin J. Preparative Mass Spectrometry Using a Rotating‐Wall Mass Analyzer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7711-7716. [PMID: 32109333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Daisy Unsihuay
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering Purdue University 701 W. Stadium Avenue West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Tiziano Dainese
- Department of Chemistry University of Padova 1, Via Marzolo Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Rosa E. Diaz
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park Purdue University 1205 W. State St. West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jongsu Lee
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Don K. Gunaratne
- Physical Science Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88 Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering Purdue University 701 W. Stadium Avenue West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University 465 Northwestern Avenue West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Flavio Maran
- Department of Chemistry University of Padova 1, Via Marzolo Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Liu R, Cao K, Clark AH, Lu P, Anjass M, Biskupek J, Kaiser U, Zhang G, Streb C. Top-down synthesis of polyoxometalate-like sub-nanometer molybdenum-oxo clusters as high-performance electrocatalysts. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1043-1051. [PMID: 34084360 PMCID: PMC8146420 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05469c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The top-down fabrication of catalytically active molecular metal oxide anions, or polyoxometalates, is virtually unexplored, although these materials offer unique possibilities, for catalysis, energy conversion and storage. Here, we report a novel top-down route, which enables the scalable synthesis and deposition of sub-nanometer molybdenum-oxo clusters on electrically conductive mesoporous carbon. The new approach uses a unique redox-cycling process to convert crystalline MoIVO2 particles into sub-nanometer molecular molybdenum-oxo clusters with a nuclearity of ∼1-20. The resulting molybdenum-oxo cluster/carbon composite shows outstanding, stable electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction with catalyst characteristics comparable to those of commercial Pt/C. This new material design could give access to a new class of highly reactive polyoxometalate-like metal oxo clusters as high-performance, earth abundant (electro-)catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongji Liu
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing China
| | - Kecheng Cao
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Adam H Clark
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111 Villigen CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Peilong Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
| | - Montaha Anjass
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm, Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtzstr. 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm, Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtzstr. 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Guangjin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing China
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm, Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtzstr. 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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Su P, Smith AJ, Warneke J, Laskin J. Gas-Phase Fragmentation of Host-Guest Complexes of Cyclodextrins and Polyoxometalates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1934-1945. [PMID: 31414375 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase fragmentation pathways of host-guest complexes of cyclodextrins (CDs) and polyoxometalates (POMs) were examined using collision-induced dissociation (CID). The host-guest complexes studied here were composed of two different classes of POMs-Keggin (PW12O403-) and Lindqvist (M6O192-, M = Mo, W)-and three types of CDs (α-, β-, and γ-CD) differing in the diameter of the inner cavity. The CD-POM complexes were generated either by mixing methanol solutions of POM and CD or through a one-step acidic condensation of tetraoxometalates MO42- (M = Mo, W) with CDs for complexes with Keggin and Lindqvist anions, respectively, and introduced into the gas phase using electrospray ionization (ESI). We observe distinct differences in fragmentation pathways of the complexes of Keggin and Lindqvist POMs under high- and low-energy CID conditions. Specifically, direct dissociation and proton transfer from CD to POM accompanied by the separation of fragments is observed in CID of Keggin CD-POM complexes. In contrast, dissociation of CD complexes with Lindqvist POMs is dominated by the simultaneous loss of multiple water molecules. This unusual fragmentation channel is attributed to dissociation of the POM cluster inside the CD cavity accompanied by covalent bond formation between the fragments and CD and elimination of multiple water molecules. The observed covalent coupling of metal oxide clusters opens up opportunities for derivatization of macrocyclic host molecules using collisional excitation of gaseous non-covalent complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andrew J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnestr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Henry MR, Kim S, Fedorov AG. Non-equilibrium adatom thermal state enables rapid additive nanomanufacturing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10449-10456. [PMID: 31069358 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01478k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new state of radical thermal non-equilibrium in surface adsorbed molecules is discovered that enables rapid surface diffusion of energized adatoms with a negligible effect on the substrate surface temperature. Due to enhanced surface diffusion, growth rates can be achieved that improve the feasibility of many nanofabrication techniques. Since the adatom temperature cannot be directly measured without disturbing its thermodynamic state, the first principle hard-cube model is used to predict both the adatom effective temperature and the surface temperature in response to gaseous particle impingement in a vacuum. The validity of the approach is supported by local, spatially-resolved surface temperature measurements of the thermal response to supersonic microjet gas impingement. The ability to determine and control the adatom effective temperature, and therefore the surface diffusion rate, opens new degrees of freedom in controlling a wide range of nanofabrication processes that critically depend on surface diffusion of precursor molecules. This fundamental understanding has the potential to accelerate research into nanoscale fabrication and to yield the new materials with unique properties that are only accessible with nanoscale features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Henry
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Songkil Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Andrei G Fedorov
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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27
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Su P, Hu H, Warneke J, Belov ME, Anderson GA, Laskin J. Design and Performance of a Dual-Polarity Instrument for Ion Soft Landing. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5904-5912. [PMID: 30999743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnestr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Gordon A. Anderson
- GAA Custom Engineering, LLC, POB 335, Benton City, Washington 99320, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Abstract
Chemically binding to argon (Ar) at room temperature has remained the privilege of the most reactive electrophiles, all of which are cationic (or even dicationic) in nature. Herein, we report a concept for the rational design of anionic superelectrophiles that are composed of a strong electrophilic center firmly embedded in a negatively charged framework of exceptional stability. To validate our concept, we synthesized the percyano-dodecoborate [B12(CN)12]2-, the electronically most stable dianion ever investigated experimentally. It serves as a precursor for the generation of the monoanion [B12(CN)11]-, which indeed spontaneously binds Ar at 298 K. Our mass spectrometric and spectroscopic studies are accompanied by high-level computational investigations including a bonding analysis of the exceptional B-Ar bond. The detection and characterization of this highly reactive, structurally stable anionic superelectrophile starts another chapter in the metal-free activation of particularly inert compounds and elements.
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29
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Warneke J, Konieczka SZ, Hou GL, Aprà E, Kerpen C, Keppner F, Schäfer TC, Deckert M, Yang Z, Bylaska EJ, Johnson GE, Laskin J, Xantheas SS, Wang XB, Finze M. Properties of perhalogenated {closo-B10} and {closo-B11} multiply charged anions and a critical comparison with {closo-B12} in the gas and the condensed phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5903-5915. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05313h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dependence of electronic properties and reactivity of closo-borates with size and halogen substituent was investigated.
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Laskin J, Johnson GE, Warneke J, Prabhakaran V. Von isolierten Ionen zu mehrschichtigen funktionellen Materialien durch sanfte Landung von Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
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31
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Laskin J, Johnson GE, Warneke J, Prabhakaran V. From Isolated Ions to Multilayer Functional Materials Using Ion Soft Landing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16270-16284. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
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32
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Assaf KI, Nau WM. The Chaotropic Effect as an Assembly Motif in Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13968-13981. [PMID: 29992706 PMCID: PMC6220808 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following up on scattered reports on interactions of conventional chaotropic ions (for example, I- , SCN- , ClO4- ) with macrocyclic host molecules, biomolecules, and hydrophobic neutral surfaces in aqueous solution, the chaotropic effect has recently emerged as a generic driving force for supramolecular assembly, orthogonal to the hydrophobic effect. The chaotropic effect becomes most effective for very large ions that extend beyond the classical Hofmeister scale and that can be referred to as superchaotropic ions (for example, borate clusters and polyoxometalates). In this Minireview, we present a continuous scale of water-solute interactions that includes the solvation of kosmotropic, chaotropic, and hydrophobic solutes, as well as the creation of void space (cavitation). Recent examples for the association of chaotropic anions to hydrophobic synthetic and biological binding sites, lipid bilayers, and surfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleel I. Assaf
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University BremenCampus Ring 128759BremenGermany
| | - Werner M. Nau
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University BremenCampus Ring 128759BremenGermany
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleel I. Assaf
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry; Jacobs University Bremen; Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Werner M. Nau
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry; Jacobs University Bremen; Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Deutschland
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