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Laurent R, Gineau L, Utge J, Lafosse S, Phoeung CL, Hegay T, Olaso R, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Toupance B, Heyer E, Leutenegger AL, Chaix R. Measuring the Efficiency of Purging by non-random Mating in Human Populations. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae094. [PMID: 38839045 PMCID: PMC11184347 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Human populations harbor a high concentration of deleterious genetic variants. Here, we tested the hypothesis that non-random mating practices affect the distribution of these variants, through exposure in the homozygous state, leading to their purging from the population gene pool. To do so, we produced whole-genome sequencing data for two pairs of Asian populations exhibiting different alliance rules and rates of inbreeding, but with similar effective population sizes. The results show that populations with higher rates of inbred matings do not purge deleterious variants more efficiently. Purging therefore has a low efficiency in human populations, and different mating practices lead to a similar mutational load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Laurent
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Laure Gineau
- IRD, MERIT, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - José Utge
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lafosse
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75016 Paris, France
| | | | - Tatyana Hegay
- Laboratory of Genome-cell technology, Institute of Immunology and Human genomics, Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Robert Olaso
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Bruno Toupance
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75016 Paris, France
- Eco-Anthropologie, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75016 Paris, France
| | | | - Raphaëlle Chaix
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75016 Paris, France
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Guyon L, Guez J, Toupance B, Heyer E, Chaix R. Patrilineal segmentary systems provide a peaceful explanation for the post-Neolithic Y-chromosome bottleneck. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3243. [PMID: 38658560 PMCID: PMC11043392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have found a pronounced decline in male effective population sizes worldwide around 3000-5000 years ago. This bottleneck was not observed for female effective population sizes, which continued to increase over time. Until now, this remarkable genetic pattern was interpreted as the result of an ancient structuring of human populations into patrilineal groups (gathering closely related males) violently competing with each other. In this scenario, violence is responsible for the repeated extinctions of patrilineal groups, leading to a significant reduction in male effective population size. Here, we propose an alternative hypothesis by modelling a segmentary patrilineal system based on anthropological literature. We show that variance in reproductive success between patrilineal groups, combined with lineal fission (i.e., the splitting of a group into two new groups of patrilineally related individuals), can lead to a substantial reduction in the male effective population size without resorting to the violence hypothesis. Thus, a peaceful explanation involving ancient changes in social structures, linked to global changes in subsistence systems, may be sufficient to explain the reported decline in Y-chromosome diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Guyon
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France.
| | - Jérémy Guez
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRIA, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Bruno Toupance
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France
- Université Paris Cité, Eco-anthropologie, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France
| | - Raphaëlle Chaix
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France.
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3
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Richerson PJ, Boyd RT, Efferson C. Agentic processes in cultural evolution: relevance to Anthropocene sustainability. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220252. [PMID: 37952614 PMCID: PMC10645076 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have evolved culturally and perhaps genetically to be unsustainable. We exhibit a deep and consistent pattern of short-term resource exploitation behaviours and institutions. We distinguish agentic and naturally selective forces in cultural evolution. Agentic forces are quite important compared to the blind forces (random variation and natural selection) in cultural evolution and gene-culture coevolution. We need to use the agentic policy-making processes to evade the impact of blind natural selection. We argue that agentic forces became important during our Pleistocene history and into the Anthropocene present. Human creativity in the form of deliberate innovations and the deliberate selective diffusion of technical and social advances drove this process forward for a long time before planetary limits became a serious issue. We review models with multiple positive feedbacks that roughly fit this observed pattern. Policy changes in the case of large-scale existential threats like climate change are made by political and diplomatic agents grasping and moving levers of institutional power in order to avoid the operation of blind natural selection and agentic forces driven by narrow or short-term goals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Richerson
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Robert T. Boyd
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85281, AZ, USA
| | - Charles Efferson
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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García-Olivares V, Muñoz-Barrera A, Rubio-Rodríguez LA, Jáspez D, Díaz-de Usera A, Iñigo-Campos A, Veeramah KR, Alonso S, Thomas MG, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, González-Montelongo R, Flores C. Benchmarking of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup classifiers with whole-genome and whole-exome sequence data. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4613-4618. [PMID: 37817776 PMCID: PMC10560978 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In anthropological, medical, and forensic studies, the nonrecombinant region of the human Y chromosome (NRY) enables accurate reconstruction of pedigree relationships and retrieval of ancestral information. Using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data, we present a benchmarking analysis of command-line tools for NRY haplogroup classification. The evaluation was performed using paired Illumina data from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) experiments from 50 unrelated donors. Additionally, as a validation, we also used paired WGS/WES datasets of 54 individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project. Finally, we evaluated the tools on data from third-generation HTS obtained from a subset of donors and one reference sample. Our results show that WES, despite typically offering less genealogical resolution than WGS, is an effective method for determining the NRY haplogroup. Y-LineageTracker and Yleaf showed the highest accuracy for WGS data, classifying precisely 98% and 96% of the samples, respectively. Yleaf outperforms all benchmarked tools in the WES data, classifying approximately 90% of the samples. Yleaf, Y-LineageTracker, and pathPhynder can correctly classify most samples (88%) sequenced with third-generation HTS. As a result, Yleaf provides the best performance for applications that use WGS and WES. Overall, our study offers researchers with a guide that allows them to select the most appropriate tool to analyze the NRY region using both second- and third-generation HTS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor García-Olivares
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Plataforma Genómica de Alto Rendimiento para el Estudio de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Adrián Muñoz-Barrera
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis A. Rubio-Rodríguez
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - David Jáspez
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Díaz-de Usera
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio Iñigo-Campos
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Krishna R. Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, United States
| | - Santos Alonso
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- María Goyri Building, Biotechnology Center, Human Molecular Evolution Lab 2.08 UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mark G. Thomas
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London (UCL), Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rafaela González-Montelongo
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Plataforma Genómica de Alto Rendimiento para el Estudio de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Plataforma Genómica de Alto Rendimiento para el Estudio de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando de Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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5
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Townsend C, Ferraro JV, Habecker H, Flinn MV. Human cooperation and evolutionary transitions in individuality. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210414. [PMID: 36688393 PMCID: PMC9869453 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A major evolutionary transition in individuality involves the formation of a cooperative group and the transformation of that group into an evolutionary entity. Human cooperation shares principles with those of multicellular organisms that have undergone transitions in individuality: division of labour, communication, and fitness interdependence. After the split from the last common ancestor of hominoids, early hominins adapted to an increasingly terrestrial niche for several million years. We posit that new challenges in this niche set in motion a positive feedback loop in selection pressure for cooperation that ratcheted coevolutionary changes in sociality, communication, brains, cognition, kin relations and technology, eventually resulting in egalitarian societies with suppressed competition and rapid cumulative culture. The increasing pace of information innovation and transmission became a key aspect of the evolutionary niche that enabled humans to become formidable cooperators with explosive population growth, the ability to cooperate and compete in groups of millions, and emergent social norms, e.g. private property. Despite considerable fitness interdependence, the rise of private property, in concert with population explosion and socioeconomic inequality, subverts potential transition of human groups into evolutionary entities due to resurgence of latent competition and conflict. This article is part of the theme issue 'Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn Townsend
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7334, USA
| | - Joseph V. Ferraro
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7334, USA
| | - Heather Habecker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7334, USA
| | - Mark V. Flinn
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7334, USA
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6
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Larsen M. An evolutionary case for polygyny to counter demographic collapse. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1062950. [PMID: 36814655 PMCID: PMC9939451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1062950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex ratio theory suggests why mating practices have become dysfunctional in the West and other regions. Spain, Japan, and over 20 other nations are on course to have their populations halved by 2100, dramatically aging their citizenry. Experts and opinion makers warn that a demographic collapse cannot be absorbed by our current social order; Elon Musk proclaims this to be "the biggest threat to human civilization." Statistics from the Nordic countries-the world's most gender-equal region-indicate that subjective perceptions of the sex ratio in modern environments drive singledom and low reproduction. Scandinavia has the world's highest occurrence of one-person households: 43-46%. In the past decade, the Norwegian fertility rate dropped from 2.0 to 1.5. Sex ratio studies suggest that women's perception of there being few acceptable partners activates a polygynous mindset, which in prosperous, monogamous societies drives promiscuity to the detriment of pair-bonding. More than 6 million years of hominin evolution under promiscuous, polygynous, and monogamous regimes shaped mate preferences that evoke different cultural and behavioral responses as environments change. The Church's imposition of lifelong monogamy contributed to the emergence of the modern world, but if this world's gender-equal societies no longer motivate reproduction, being more open to polygyny could be worth considering as a means for increasing fertility. This article makes this case by exploring hominin mating from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees-through the genus Homo's forager and agricultural periods-to modern Scandinavians. In the past millennium, mating practices have coevolved with the emergence of modernity, necessitating frequent cultural updates. An evolutionary analysis of Nordic works of literature illuminates the ways in which ideological narratives influence reproductive norms. The insights gleaned are considered in the context of people's perceived sex ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Larsen
- Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Historical and hunter-gatherer perspectives on fast-slow life history strategies. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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8
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Kinship practices in the early state El Argar society from Bronze Age Iberia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22415. [PMID: 36575206 PMCID: PMC9794729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Early Bronze Age in Europe is characterized by social and genetic transformations, starting in the early 3rd millennium BCE. New settlement and funerary structures, artifacts and techniques indicate times of change with increasing economic asymmetries and political hierarchization. Technological advances in metallurgy also played an important role, facilitating trade and exchange networks, which became tangible in higher levels of mobility and connectedness. Archeogenetic studies have revealed a substantial transformation of the genetic ancestry around this time, ultimately linked to the expansion of steppe- and forest steppe pastoralists from Eastern Europe. Evidence for emerging infectious diseases such as Yersinia pestis adds further complexity to these tumultuous and transformative times. The El Argar complex in southern Iberia marks the genetic turnover in southwestern Europe ~ 2200 BCE that accompanies profound changes in the socio-economic structure of the region. To answer the question of who was buried in the emblematic double burials of the El Argar site La Almoloya, we integrated results from biological relatedness analyses and archaeological funerary contexts and refined radiocarbon-based chronologies from 68 individuals. We find that the El Argar society was virilocally and patrilineally organized and practiced reciprocal female exogamy, supported by pedigrees that extend up to five generations along the paternal line. Synchronously dated adult males and females from double tombs were found to be unrelated mating partners, whereby the incoming females reflect socio-political alliances among El Argar groups. In three cases these unions had common offspring, while paternal half-siblings also indicate serial monogamy or polygyny.
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Song M, Wang Z, Lyu Q, Ying J, Wu Q, Jiang L, Wang F, Zhou Y, Song F, Luo H, Hou Y, Song X, Ying B. Paternal genetic structure of the Qiang ethnic group in China revealed by high-resolution Y-chromosome STRs and SNPs. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2022; 61:102774. [PMID: 36156385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Qiang population mainly lived in Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County of Sichuan Province. It is one of the nomads in China, distributed along the Minjiang River. The Qiang population was assumed to have great affinity with the Han, the largest ethnic group in China, when it refers to the genetic origin. Whereas, it is deeply understudied, especially from the Y chromosome. Here in this study, we used validated high-resolution Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) and short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) panels to study the Qiang ethnic group to unravel their paternal genetic, forensic and phylogenetic characteristics. A total of 422 male samples of the Qiang ethnic group were genotyped by 233 Y-SNPs and 29 Y-STRs. Haplogroup O-M175 (N = 312) was the most predominant haplogroup in the Qiang ethnic group, followed by D-M174 (N = 32) and C-M130 (N = 32), N-M231 (N = 27), and Q-M242 (N = 15). After further subdivision, O2a-M324 (N = 213) accounted for the majority of haplogroup O. Haplogroup C2b-Z1338 (N = 29), D1a-CTS11577 (N = 30). O2a2b1a1a1-F42 (N = 48), O2a1b1a1a1a-F11 (N = 35), and O2a2b1a1-M117 (N = 21) represented other large terminal haplogroups. The results unveiled that Qiang ethnic group was a population with a high percentage of haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1-F42 (48/422) and O2a1b1a1a1a-F11 (35/422), and O2a2b1a1-M117 (21/422), which has never been reported. Its haplogroup distribution pattern was different from any of the Han populations, implying that the Qiang ethnic group had its unique genetic pattern. Mismatch analysis indicated that the biggest mismatch number in haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1-F42 was 21, while that of haplogroup O2a1b1a1a1a-F11 was 20. The haplotype diversity of the Qiang ethnic group equaled 0.999788, with 392 haplotypes observed, of which 367 haplotypes were unique. The haplogroup diversity of the Qiang ethnic group reached 0.9767, and 53 terminal haplogroups were observed (The haplogroup diversity of the Qiang ethnic group was the highest among Qiang and all Han subgroups, indicating the larger genetic diversity of the Qiang ethnic group.). Haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1-F42 was the most predominant haplogroup, including 11.37 % of the Qiang individuals. Median-joining trees showed gene flow between the Qiang and Han individuals. Our results indicated that 1) the highest genetic diversity was observed in the Qiang ethnic group compared to any of the former studied Chinese population, suggesting that the Qiang might be an older paternal branch; 2) the haplogroup D-M174 individuals of Qiang, Tibetans and Japanese distributed in three different subclades, which was unable to identify through low-resolution Y-SNP panel; and 3) the Qiang had lower proportion of haplogroup D compared to Yi and Tibetan ethnic groups, showing that the Qiang had less genetic communication with them than with Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zefei Wang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Lyu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County, Beichuan 622750, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Santai People's Hospital, Santai 621100, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Lanrui Jiang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhou
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Song
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Haibo Luo
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiping Hou
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xingbo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. Substantial but Misunderstood Human Sexual Dimorphism Results Mainly From Sexual Selection on Males and Natural Selection on Females. Front Psychol 2022; 13:859931. [PMID: 35664212 PMCID: PMC9156798 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human sexual dimorphism has been widely misunderstood. A large literature has underestimated the effect of differences in body composition and the role of male contest competition for mates. It is often assumed that sexually dimorphic traits reflect a history of sexual selection, but natural selection frequently builds different phenotypes in males and females. The relatively small sex difference in stature (∼7%) and its decrease during human evolution have been widely presumed to indicate decreased male contest competition for mates. However, females likely increased in stature relative to males in order to successfully deliver large-brained neonates through a bipedally-adapted pelvis. Despite the relatively small differences in stature and body mass (∼16%), there are marked sex differences in body composition. Across multiple samples from groups with different nutrition, males typically have 36% more lean body mass, 65% more muscle mass, and 72% more arm muscle than women, yielding parallel sex differences in strength. These sex differences in muscle and strength are comparable to those seen in primates where sexual selection, arising from aggressive male mating competition, has produced high levels of dimorphism. Body fat percentage shows a reverse pattern, with females having ∼1.6 times more than males and depositing that fat in different body regions than males. We argue that these sex differences in adipose arise mainly from natural selection on women to accumulate neurodevelopmental resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J. C. Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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11
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Papac L, Ernée M, Dobeš M, Langová M, Rohrlach AB, Aron F, Neumann GU, Spyrou MA, Rohland N, Velemínský P, Kuna M, Brzobohatá H, Culleton B, Daněček D, Danielisová A, Dobisíková M, Hložek J, Kennett DJ, Klementová J, Kostka M, Krištuf P, Kuchařík M, Hlavová JK, Limburský P, Malyková D, Mattiello L, Pecinovská M, Petriščáková K, Průchová E, Stránská P, Smejtek L, Špaček J, Šumberová R, Švejcar O, Trefný M, Vávra M, Kolář J, Heyd V, Krause J, Pinhasi R, Reich D, Schiffels S, Haak W. Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/35/eabi6941. [PMID: 34433570 PMCID: PMC8386934 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi6941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Europe's prehistory oversaw dynamic and complex interactions of diverse societies, hitherto unexplored at detailed regional scales. Studying 271 human genomes dated ~4900 to 1600 BCE from the European heartland, Bohemia, we reveal unprecedented genetic changes and social processes. Major migrations preceded the arrival of "steppe" ancestry, and at ~2800 BCE, three genetically and culturally differentiated groups coexisted. Corded Ware appeared by 2900 BCE, were initially genetically diverse, did not derive all steppe ancestry from known Yamnaya, and assimilated females of diverse backgrounds. Both Corded Ware and Bell Beaker groups underwent dynamic changes, involving sharp reductions and complete replacements of Y-chromosomal diversity at ~2600 and ~2400 BCE, respectively, the latter accompanied by increased Neolithic-like ancestry. The Bronze Age saw new social organization emerge amid a ≥40% population turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Papac
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Michal Ernée
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Dobeš
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Langová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Franziska Aron
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gunnar U Neumann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Cirkusová 1740, Prague 9, Horní Počernice, CZ 193 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuna
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Brzobohatá
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Brendan Culleton
- Institutes of Energy and the Environments, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - David Daněček
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
- Central Bohemian Museum in Roztoky u Prahy, Zámek 1, Roztoky, CZ 252 63, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Danielisová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Miluše Dobisíková
- Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Cirkusová 1740, Prague 9, Horní Počernice, CZ 193 00, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Hložek
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Sedláčkova 38, Pilsen, CZ 301 00, Czech Republic
| | - Douglas J Kennett
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jana Klementová
- Central Bohemian Museum in Roztoky u Prahy, Zámek 1, Roztoky, CZ 252 63, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kostka
- The City of Prague Museum, Kožná 1/475, Prague 1, CZ 110 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Krištuf
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Sedláčkova 38, Pilsen, CZ 301 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kuchařík
- Labrys o.p.s., Hloubětínská 16/11, Prague 9, CZ 198 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kuljavceva Hlavová
- Institute of Preservation of Archaeological Heritage of Northwest Bohemia, Jana Žižky 835, Most, CZ 434 01, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Limburský
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Drahomíra Malyková
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Mattiello
- Central Bohemian Archaeological Heritage Institute, Nad Olšinami 3/448, Prague 10, CZ 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Pecinovská
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | | | - Erika Průchová
- Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 31a, CZ 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Stránská
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Lubor Smejtek
- Central Bohemian Archaeological Heritage Institute, Nad Olšinami 3/448, Prague 10, CZ 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Špaček
- The Municipal Museum in Čelákovice (formerly), Komenského 1646, Čelákovice, CZ 250 88, Czech Republic (private)
| | - Radka Šumberová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Švejcar
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, Prague 1, CZ 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Trefný
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nürnberg, Kochstrasse 4/18, DE 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miloš Vávra
- Central Bohemian Archaeological Heritage Institute, Nad Olšinami 3/448, Prague 10, CZ 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kolář
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
- Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Arne Nováka 1, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Volker Heyd
- Department of Cultures/Archaeology, P.O. Box 59, Unioninkatu 38, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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12
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Rohrlach AB, Papac L, Childebayeva A, Rivollat M, Villalba-Mouco V, Neumann GU, Penske S, Skourtanioti E, van de Loosdrecht M, Akar M, Boyadzhiev K, Boyadzhiev Y, Deguilloux MF, Dobeš M, Erdal YS, Ernée M, Frangipane M, Furmanek M, Friederich S, Ghesquière E, Hałuszko A, Hansen S, Küßner M, Mannino M, Özbal R, Reinhold S, Rottier S, Salazar-García DC, Diaz JS, Stockhammer PW, de Togores Muñoz CR, Yener KA, Posth C, Krause J, Herbig A, Haak W. Using Y-chromosome capture enrichment to resolve haplogroup H2 shows new evidence for a two-path Neolithic expansion to Western Europe. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15005. [PMID: 34294811 PMCID: PMC8298398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of the Y chromosome (NRY), have been used for the past 30 years to investigate the history of humans from a maternal and paternal perspective. Researchers have preferred mtDNA due to its abundance in the cells, and comparatively high substitution rate. Conversely, the NRY is less susceptible to back mutations and saturation, and is potentially more informative than mtDNA owing to its longer sequence length. However, due to comparatively poor NRY coverage via shotgun sequencing, and the relatively low and biased representation of Y-chromosome variants on capture assays such as the 1240 k, ancient DNA studies often fail to utilize the unique perspective that the NRY can yield. Here we introduce a new DNA enrichment assay, coined YMCA (Y-mappable capture assay), that targets the "mappable" regions of the NRY. We show that compared to low-coverage shotgun sequencing and 1240 k capture, YMCA significantly improves the mean coverage and number of sites covered on the NRY, increasing the number of Y-haplogroup informative SNPs, and allowing for the identification of previously undiscovered variants. To illustrate the power of YMCA, we show that the analysis of ancient Y-chromosome lineages can help to resolve Y-chromosomal haplogroups. As a case study, we focus on H2, a haplogroup associated with a critical event in European human history: the Neolithic transition. By disentangling the evolutionary history of this haplogroup, we further elucidate the two separate paths by which early farmers expanded from Anatolia and the Near East to western Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Luka Papac
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ainash Childebayeva
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maïté Rivollat
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA-UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gunnar U Neumann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Penske
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Eirini Skourtanioti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Marieke van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Murat Akar
- Department of Archaeology, Mustafa Kemal University, 31060, Alahan-Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Kamen Boyadzhiev
- National Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yavor Boyadzhiev
- National Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Miroslav Dobeš
- Department of Prehistory, Institute of Archaeology CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yilmaz S Erdal
- Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michal Ernée
- Department of Prehistory, Institute of Archaeology CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Susanne Friederich
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ghesquière
- Inrap Grand Ouest, Bourguébus, France.,Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, CReAAH-UMR, 6566, Rennes, France
| | - Agata Hałuszko
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,Archeolodzy.org Foundation, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Svend Hansen
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Küßner
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archeology, Weimar, Germany
| | - Marcello Mannino
- Department of Archaeology, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, 8270, Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Rana Özbal
- Department of Archaeology and History of Art, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabine Reinhold
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stéphane Rottier
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA-UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Domingo Carlos Salazar-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria IT-1223-19 (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain.,Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Philipp W Stockhammer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | | | - K Aslihan Yener
- Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW), New York University, New York, NY, 10028, USA
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics Group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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13
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Geary DC. Evolution and Sex Differences in Political Engagement. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.1930766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Geary
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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14
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Geary DC. Now you see them, and now you don't: An evolutionarily informed model of environmental influences on human sex differences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:26-32. [PMID: 33609571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The contributions of evolutionary processes to human sex differences are vigorously debated. One counterargument is that the magnitude of many sex differences fluctuates from one context to the next, implying an environment origin. Sexual selection provides a framework for integrating evolutionary processes and environmental influences on the origin and magnitude of sex differences. The dynamics of sexual selection involve competition for mates and discriminative mate choices. The associated traits are typically exaggerated and condition-dependent, that is, their development and expression are very sensitive to social and ecological conditions. The magnitude of sex differences in sexually selected traits should then be largest under optimal social and ecological conditions and shrink as conditions deteriorate. The basics of this framework are described, and its utility is illustrated with discussion of fluctuations in the magnitude of human physical, behavioral, and cognitive sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Geary
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-2500, United States.
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15
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Geary DC. Mitochondrial Functions, Cognition, and the Evolution of Intelligence: Reply to Commentaries and Moving Forward. J Intell 2020; 8:E42. [PMID: 33302466 PMCID: PMC7768403 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence8040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to commentaries, I address questions regarding the proposal that general intelligence (g) is a manifestation of the functioning of intramodular and intermodular brain networks undergirded by the efficiency of mitochondrial functioning (Geary 2018). The core issues include the relative contribution of mitochondrial functioning to individual differences in g; studies that can be used to test associated hypotheses; and, the adaptive function of intelligence from an evolutionary perspective. I attempt to address these and related issues, as well as note areas in which other issues remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Geary
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-2500, USA
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16
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Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241278. [PMID: 33196640 PMCID: PMC7668604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a high-resolution cross-disciplinary analysis of kinship structure and social institutions in two Late Copper Age Bell Beaker culture cemeteries of South Germany containing 24 and 18 burials, of which 34 provided genetic information. By combining archaeological, anthropological, genetic and isotopic evidence we are able to document the internal kinship and residency structure of the cemeteries and the socially organizing principles of these local communities. The buried individuals represent four to six generations of two family groups, one nuclear family at the Alburg cemetery, and one seemingly more extended at Irlbach. While likely monogamous, they practiced exogamy, as six out of eight non-locals are women. Maternal genetic diversity is high with 23 different mitochondrial haplotypes from 34 individuals, whereas all males belong to one single Y-chromosome haplogroup without any detectable contribution from Y-chromosomes typical of the farmers who had been the sole inhabitants of the region hundreds of years before. This provides evidence for the society being patrilocal, perhaps as a way of protecting property among the male line, while in-marriage from many different places secured social and political networks and prevented inbreeding. We also find evidence that the communities practiced selection for which of their children (aged 0–14 years) received a proper burial, as buried juveniles were in all but one case boys, suggesting the priority of young males in the cemeteries. This is plausibly linked to the exchange of foster children as part of an expansionist kinship system which is well attested from later Indo-European-speaking cultural groups.
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17
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The genetic legacy of legendary and historical Siberian chieftains. Commun Biol 2020; 3:581. [PMID: 33067556 PMCID: PMC7567834 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventeen years of archaeological and anthropological expeditions in North-Eastern Siberia (in the Sakha Republic, Yakutia) have permitted the genetic analysis of 150 ancient (15th-19th century) and 510 modern individuals. Almost all males were successfully analysed (Y-STR) and this allowed us to identify paternal lineages and their geographical expansion through time. This genetic data was confronted with mythological, historical and material evidence to establish the sequence of events that built the modern Yakut genetic diversity. We show that the ancient Yakuts recovered from this large collection of graves are not representative of an ancient population. Uncommonly, we were also able to demonstrate that the funerary preference observed here involved three specific male lineages, especially in the 18th century. Moreover, this dominance was likely caused by the Russian conquest of Siberia which allowed some male clans to rise to new levels of power. Finally, we give indications that some mythical and historical figures might have been the actors of those genetic changes. These results help us reconsider the genetic dynamics of colonization in some regions, question the distinction between fact and myth in national histories and provide a rare insight into a funerary ensemble by revealing the biased process of its composition.
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18
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Abstract
Humans are an ultrasocial species. This sociality, however, cannot be fully explained by the canonical approaches found in evolutionary biology, psychology, or economics. Understanding our unique social psychology requires accounting not only for the breadth and intensity of human cooperation but also for the variation found across societies, over history, and among behavioral domains. Here, we introduce an expanded evolutionary approach that considers how genetic and cultural evolution, and their interaction, may have shaped both the reliably developing features of our minds and the well-documented differences in cultural psychologies around the globe. We review the major evolutionary mechanisms that have been proposed to explain human cooperation, including kinship, reciprocity, reputation, signaling, and punishment; we discuss key culture-gene coevolutionary hypotheses, such as those surrounding self-domestication and norm psychology; and we consider the role of religions and marriage systems. Empirically, we synthesize experimental and observational evidence from studies of children and adults from diverse societies with research among nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Henrich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;
| | - Michael Muthukrishna
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom;
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19
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Pattabiraman K, Muchnik SK, Sestan N. The evolution of the human brain and disease susceptibility. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:91-97. [PMID: 32629339 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary perspective is critical for understanding human biology, human medicine, and the traits that make human beings unique. One of the crucial characteristics that sets humans apart from other extant species is our cognitive ability, which allows for complex processes including symbolic thought, theory of mind, and syntactical-grammatical language, and is thought to arise from the expansion and specialization of the human nervous system. It has been hypothesized that the same evolutionary changes that allowed us to develop these valuable skills made humans susceptible to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease. Unfortunately, our lack of access to our extinct ancestors makes this a difficult hypothesis to test, but recent collaborations between the fields of evolution, genetics, genomics, neuroscience, neurology and psychiatry have begun to provide some clues. Here, we will outline recent work in those fields that have utilized our growing knowledge of disease risk genes and loci, identified by wide-scale genetic studies, and nervous system development and function to draw conclusions about the impact of human-specific aspects of evolution. We will discuss studies that assess evolution at a variety of scales including at the levels of whole brain regions, cell types, synapses, metabolic processes, gene expression patterns, and gene regulation. At all of these levels, there is preliminary evidence that human-specific brain features are linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Pattabiraman
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sydney Keaton Muchnik
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Comparative Medicine, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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20
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von Rueden C. Making and unmaking egalitarianism in small-scale human societies. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 33:167-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Linderholm A, Kılınç GM, Szczepanek A, Włodarczak P, Jarosz P, Belka Z, Dopieralska J, Werens K, Górski J, Mazurek M, Hozer M, Rybicka M, Ostrowski M, Bagińska J, Koman W, Rodríguez-Varela R, Storå J, Götherström A, Krzewińska M. Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6885. [PMID: 32303690 PMCID: PMC7165176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During the Final Eneolithic the Corded Ware Complex (CWC) emerges, chiefly identified by its specific burial rites. This complex spanned most of central Europe and exhibits demographic and cultural associations to the Yamnaya culture. To study the genetic structure and kin relations in CWC communities, we sequenced the genomes of 19 individuals located in the heartland of the CWC complex region, south-eastern Poland. Whole genome sequence and strontium isotope data allowed us to investigate genetic ancestry, admixture, kinship and mobility. The analysis showed a unique pattern, not detected in other parts of Poland; maternally the individuals are linked to earlier Neolithic lineages, whereas on the paternal side a Steppe ancestry is clearly visible. We identified three cases of kinship. Of these two were between individuals buried in double graves. Interestingly, we identified kinship between a local and a non-local individual thus discovering a novel, previously unknown burial custom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Linderholm
- The BiG lab (Bioarchaeology and Genomics Laboratory), Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
| | - Gülşah Merve Kılınç
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anita Szczepanek
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Włodarczak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Paweł Jarosz
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - Zdzislaw Belka
- Isotope Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Werens
- School of Archaeology 34-36 Beaumont Street, Oxford, OX1 2PG, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Górski
- Department of History and Cultural Heritage, University of Pope Jan Paweł II, Cracow, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wiesław Koman
- Provincial Office for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, Zamość, Poland
| | | | - Jan Storå
- Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Hrnčíř V, Duda P, Šaffa G, Květina P, Zrzavý J. Identifying post-marital residence patterns in prehistory: A phylogenetic comparative analysis of dwelling size. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229363. [PMID: 32092129 PMCID: PMC7039508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-marital residence patterns are an important aspect of human social organization. However, identifying such patterns in prehistoric societies is challenging since they leave almost no direct traces in archaeological records. Cross-cultural researchers have attempted to identify correlates of post-marital residence through the statistical analysis of ethnographic data. Several studies have demonstrated that, in agricultural societies, large dwellings (over ca. 65 m2) are associated with matrilocality (spouse resides with or near the wife’s family), whereas smaller dwellings are associated with patrilocality (spouse resides with or near the husband’s family). In the present study, we tested the association between post-marital residence and dwelling size (average house floor area) using phylogenetic comparative methods and a global sample of 86 pre-industrial societies, 22 of which were matrilocal. Our analysis included the presence of agriculture, sedentism, and durability of house construction material as additional explanatory variables. The results confirm a strong association between matrilocality and dwelling size, although very large dwellings (over ca. 200 m2) were found to be associated with all types of post-marital residence. The best model combined dwelling size, post-marital residence pattern, and sedentism, the latter being the single best predictor of house size. The effect of agriculture on dwelling size becomes insignificant once the fixity of settlement is taken into account. Our results indicate that post-marital residence and house size evolve in a correlated fashion, namely that matrilocality is a predictable response to an increase in dwelling size. As such, we suggest that reliable inferences about the social organization of prehistoric societies can be made from archaeological records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Hrnčíř
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- * E-mail:
| | - Pavel Duda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Gabriel Šaffa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Petr Květina
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Zrzavý
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
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Progovac L, Benítez-Burraco A. From Physical Aggression to Verbal Behavior: Language Evolution and Self-Domestication Feedback Loop. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2807. [PMID: 31920850 PMCID: PMC6930236 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that human self-domestication favored the emergence of a less aggressive phenotype in our species, more precisely phenotype prone to replace (reactive) physical aggression with verbal aggression. In turn, the (gradual) transition to verbal aggression and to more sophisticated forms of verbal behavior favored self-domestication, with the two processes engaged in a mutually reinforcing feedback loop, considering that verbal behavior entails not only less violence and better survival but also more opportunities to interact longer and socialize with more conspecifics, ultimately enabling the emergence of more complex forms of language. Whereas in the case of self-domestication, sexual selection has been proposed to work against physical aggression traits, in the case of verbal insult, the selection has been proposed to work in favor of verbal aggression. The tension between these two seemingly opposing forces gets resolved/alleviated by a tendency to replace physical aggression with verbal aggression and with verbal behavior more generally. This also helps solve the paradox of the Self-Domestication Hypothesis regarding aggression, more precisely why aggression in humans has been reduced only when it comes to reactive aggression, but not when it comes to proactive aggression, the latter exhibiting an increase in the advent of modern language. We postulate that this feedback loop was particularly important during the time period arguably between 200 and 50 kya, when humans were not fully modern, neither in terms of their skull/brain morphology and their behavior/culture nor in terms of their self-domestication. The novelty of our approach lies in (1) giving an active role to early forms of language in interacting with self-domestication processes; (2) providing specific linguistic details and functions of this early stage of grammar (including insult and humor); (3) supplying neurobiological, ontogenetic, and clinical evidence of a link between (reactive) aggression and (reactive) verbal behavior; (4) identifying proxies of the earlier stages in evolution among cognitive disorders; and (5) identifying specific points of contact and mutual reinforcement between these two processes (self-domestication and early language evolution), including reduction in physical aggression and stress/tension, as well as sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Progovac
- Linguistics Program, Department of English, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Antonio Benítez-Burraco
- Department of Spanish Language, Linguistics and Literary Theory (Linguistics), Faculty of Philology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Chung NN, Jacobs GS, Sudoyo H, Malik SG, Chew LY, Lansing JS, Cox MP. Sex-linked genetic diversity originates from persistent sociocultural processes at microgeographic scales. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190733. [PMID: 31598251 PMCID: PMC6731738 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Population genetics has been successful at identifying the relationships between human groups and their interconnected histories. However, the link between genetic demography inferred at large scales and the individual human behaviours that ultimately generate that demography is not always clear. While anthropological and historical context are routinely presented as adjuncts in population genetic studies to help describe the past, determining how underlying patterns of human sociocultural behaviour impact genetics still remains challenging. Here, we analyse patterns of genetic variation in village-scale samples from two islands in eastern Indonesia, patrilocal Sumba and a matrilocal region of Timor. Adopting a 'process modelling' approach, we iteratively explore combinations of structurally different models as a thinking tool. We find interconnected socio-genetic interactions involving sex-biased migration, lineage-focused founder effects, and on Sumba, heritable social dominance. Strikingly, founder ideology, a cultural model derived from anthropological and archaeological studies at larger regional scales, has both its origins and impact at the scale of villages. Process modelling lets us explore these complex interactions, first by circumventing the complexity of formal inference when studying large datasets with many interacting parts, and then by explicitly testing complex anthropological hypotheses about sociocultural behaviour from a more familiar population genetic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ning Chung
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Centre for University Core, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore
| | - Guy S. Jacobs
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Herawati Sudoyo
- Genome Diversity and Diseases Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Safarina G. Malik
- Genome Diversity and Diseases Laboratory, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lock Yue Chew
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - J. Stephen Lansing
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Stockholm Resilience Center, Kräftriket, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Murray P. Cox
- Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
- Te Pūnaha Matatini, Centre of Research Excellence for Complex Systems, Aukland, New Zealand
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Isern N, Fort J. Assessing the importance of cultural diffusion in the Bantu spread into southeastern Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215573. [PMID: 31067220 PMCID: PMC6506142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The subsistence of Neolithic populations is based on agriculture, whereas that of previous populations was based on hunting and gathering. Neolithic spreads due to dispersal of populations are called demic, and those due to the incorporation of hunter-gatherers are called cultural. It is well-known that, after agriculture appeared in West Africa, it spread across most of subequatorial Africa. It has been proposed that this spread took place alongside with that of Bantu languages. In eastern and southeastern Africa, it is also linked to the Early Iron Age. From the beginning of the last millennium BC, cereal agriculture spread rapidly from the Great Lakes area eastwards to the East African coast, and southwards to northeastern South Africa. Here we show that the southwards spread took place substantially more rapidly (1.50–2.27 km/y) than the eastwards spread (0.59–1.27 km/y). Such a faster southwards spread could be the result of a stronger cultural effect. To assess this possibility, we compare these observed ranges to those obtained from a demic-cultural wave-of-advance model. We find that both spreads were driven by demic diffusion, in agreement with most archaeological, linguistic and genetic results. Nonetheless, the southwards spread seems to have indeed a stronger cultural component, which could lead support to the hypothesis that, at the southern areas, the interaction with pastoralist people may have played a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Isern
- Complex Systems Laboratory, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Fort
- Complex Systems Laboratory, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9469-9474. [PMID: 30988179 PMCID: PMC6511028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818037116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new phenomenon of constructing distinctive funerary monuments, collectively known as megalithic tombs, emerged around 4500 BCE along the Atlantic façade. The megalithic phenomenon has attracted interest and speculation since medieval times. In particular, the origin, dispersal dynamics, and the role of these constructions within the societies that built them have been debated. We generate genome sequence data from 24 individuals buried in five megaliths and investigate the population history and social dynamics of the groups that buried their dead in megalithic monuments across northwestern Europe in the fourth millennium BCE. Our results show kin relations among the buried individuals and an overrepresentation of males, suggesting that at least some of these funerary monuments were used by patrilineal societies. Paleogenomic and archaeological studies show that Neolithic lifeways spread from the Fertile Crescent into Europe around 9000 BCE, reaching northwestern Europe by 4000 BCE. Starting around 4500 BCE, a new phenomenon of constructing megalithic monuments, particularly for funerary practices, emerged along the Atlantic façade. While it has been suggested that the emergence of megaliths was associated with the territories of farming communities, the origin and social structure of the groups that erected them has remained largely unknown. We generated genome sequence data from human remains, corresponding to 24 individuals from five megalithic burial sites, encompassing the widespread tradition of megalithic construction in northern and western Europe, and analyzed our results in relation to the existing European paleogenomic data. The various individuals buried in megaliths show genetic affinities with local farming groups within their different chronological contexts. Individuals buried in megaliths display (past) admixture with local hunter-gatherers, similar to that seen in other Neolithic individuals in Europe. In relation to the tomb populations, we find significantly more males than females buried in the megaliths of the British Isles. The genetic data show close kin relationships among the individuals buried within the megaliths, and for the Irish megaliths, we found a kin relation between individuals buried in different megaliths. We also see paternal continuity through time, including the same Y-chromosome haplotypes reoccurring. These observations suggest that the investigated funerary monuments were associated with patrilineal kindred groups. Our genomic investigation provides insight into the people associated with this long-standing megalith funerary tradition, including their social dynamics.
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Oliveira S, Hübner A, Fehn AM, Aço T, Lages F, Pakendorf B, Stoneking M, Rocha J. The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:475-483. [PMID: 30467412 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Southwestern Angola is a region characterized by contact between indigenous foragers and incoming food-producers, involving genetic and cultural exchanges between peoples speaking Kx'a, Khoe-Kwadi, and Bantu languages. Although present-day Bantu speakers share a patrilocal residence pattern and matrilineal principle of clan and group membership, a highly stratified social setting divides dominant pastoralists from marginalized groups that subsist on alternative strategies and have previously been thought to have pre-Bantu origins. Here, we compare new high-resolution sequence data from 2.3 Mb of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) from 170 individuals with previously reported mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes, to investigate the population history of seven representative southwestern Angolan groups (Himba, Kuvale, Kwisi, Kwepe, Twa, Tjimba, !Xun), and to study the causes and consequences of sex-biased processes in their genetic variation. We found no clear link between the formerly Kwadi-speaking Kwepe and pre-Bantu eastern African migrants, and no pre-Bantu MSY lineages among Bantu-speaking groups, except for small amounts of "Khoisan" introgression. We therefore propose that irrespective of their subsistence strategies, all Bantu-speaking groups of the area share a male Bantu origin. Additionally, we show that in Bantu-speaking groups, the levels of among-group and between-group variation are higher for mtDNA than for MSY. These results, together with our previous demonstration that the matriclanic systems of southwestern Angolan Bantu groups are genealogically consistent, suggest that matrilineality strongly enhances both female population sizes and interpopulation mtDNA variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Oliveira
- CIBIO/InBIO: Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexander Hübner
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne-Maria Fehn
- CIBIO/InBIO: Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 00745, Jena, Germany.,Institute for African Studies, Goethe University, 60323, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Teresa Aço
- Centro de Estudos do Deserto (CEDO), Namibe, Angola
| | - Fernanda Lages
- ISCED/Huíla-Instituto Superior de Ciências da Educação, Lubango, Angola
| | - Brigitte Pakendorf
- Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, UMR5596, CNRS & Univ Lyon, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jorge Rocha
- CIBIO/InBIO: Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,ISCED/Huíla-Instituto Superior de Ciências da Educação, Lubango, Angola
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Tambets K, Yunusbayev B, Hudjashov G, Ilumäe AM, Rootsi S, Honkola T, Vesakoski O, Atkinson Q, Skoglund P, Kushniarevich A, Litvinov S, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Saag L, Rantanen T, Karmin M, Parik J, Zhadanov SI, Gubina M, Damba LD, Bermisheva M, Reisberg T, Dibirova K, Evseeva I, Nelis M, Klovins J, Metspalu A, Esko T, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E, Khusnutdinova EK, Osipova LP, Voevoda M, Villems R, Kivisild T, Metspalu M. Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations. Genome Biol 2018; 19:139. [PMID: 30241495 PMCID: PMC6151024 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic origins of Uralic speakers from across a vast territory in the temperate zone of North Eurasia have remained elusive. Previous studies have shown contrasting proportions of Eastern and Western Eurasian ancestry in their mitochondrial and Y chromosomal gene pools. While the maternal lineages reflect by and large the geographic background of a given Uralic-speaking population, the frequency of Y chromosomes of Eastern Eurasian origin is distinctively high among European Uralic speakers. The autosomal variation of Uralic speakers, however, has not yet been studied comprehensively. RESULTS Here, we present a genome-wide analysis of 15 Uralic-speaking populations which cover all main groups of the linguistic family. We show that contemporary Uralic speakers are genetically very similar to their local geographical neighbours. However, when studying relationships among geographically distant populations, we find that most of the Uralic speakers and some of their neighbours share a genetic component of possibly Siberian origin. Additionally, we show that most Uralic speakers share significantly more genomic segments identity-by-descent with each other than with geographically equidistant speakers of other languages. We find that correlated genome-wide genetic and lexical distances among Uralic speakers suggest co-dispersion of genes and languages. Yet, we do not find long-range genetic ties between Estonians and Hungarians with their linguistic sisters that would distinguish them from their non-Uralic-speaking neighbours. CONCLUSIONS We show that most Uralic speakers share a distinct ancestry component of likely Siberian origin, which suggests that the spread of Uralic languages involved at least some demic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Tambets
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Bayazit Yunusbayev
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Ufa Scientific Center of RAS, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Georgi Hudjashov
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Anne-Mai Ilumäe
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Siiri Rootsi
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Terhi Honkola
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Estonian and General Linguistics, University of Tartu, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Outi Vesakoski
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Quentin Atkinson
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Pontus Skoglund
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alena Kushniarevich
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - Sergey Litvinov
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of RAS, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Maere Reidla
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lehti Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Timo Rantanen
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Monika Karmin
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jüri Parik
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sergey I Zhadanov
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Radiology, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Marina Gubina
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Larisa D Damba
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Research Institute of Medical and Social Problems and Control of the Healthcare Department of Tuva Republic, Kyzyl, 667003, Russia
| | - Marina Bermisheva
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of RAS, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Tuuli Reisberg
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Khadizhat Dibirova
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Irina Evseeva
- Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russia
- Anthony Nolan, London, NW3 2NU, UK
| | - Mari Nelis
- Research Centre of Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Research Centre of Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Research Centre of Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oleg Balanovsky
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 115478, Russia
- Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena Balanovska
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Elza K Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of RAS, Ufa, 450054, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Ludmila P Osipova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail Voevoda
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Richard Villems
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
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