1
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Timmer D, Gittinger M, Quenzel T, Cadore AR, Rosa BLT, Li W, Soavi G, Lünemann DC, Stephan S, Silies M, Schulz T, Steinhoff A, Jahnke F, Cerullo G, Ferrari AC, De Sio A, Lienau C. Ultrafast Coherent Exciton Couplings and Many-Body Interactions in Monolayer WS 2. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38901032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are quantum confined systems with interesting optoelectronic properties, governed by Coulomb interactions in the monolayer (1L) limit, where strongly bound excitons provide a sensitive probe for many-body interactions. Here, we use two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to investigate many-body interactions and their dynamics in 1L-WS2 at room temperature and with sub-10 fs time resolution. Our data reveal coherent interactions between the strongly detuned A and B exciton states in 1L-WS2. Pronounced ultrafast oscillations of the transient optical response of the B exciton are the signature of a coherent 50 meV coupling and coherent population oscillations between the two exciton states. Supported by microscopic semiconductor Bloch equation simulations, these coherent dynamics are rationalized in terms of Dexter-like interactions. Our work sheds light on the role of coherent exciton couplings and many-body interactions in the ultrafast temporal evolution of spin and valley states in TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Timmer
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Gittinger
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Quenzel
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alisson R Cadore
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara L T Rosa
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wenshan Li
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C Lünemann
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sven Stephan
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Silies
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tommy Schulz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinhoff
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Jahnke
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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2
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Khestanova E, Shahnazaryan V, Kozin VK, Kondratyev VI, Krizhanovskii DN, Skolnick MS, Shelykh IA, Iorsh IV, Kravtsov V. Electrostatic Control of Nonlinear Photonic-Crystal Polaritons in a Monolayer Semiconductor. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38855978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Integration of 2D semiconductors with photonic crystal slabs provides an attractive approach to achieving strong light-matter coupling and exciton-polariton formation in a chip-compatible geometry. However, for the development of practical devices, it is crucial that polariton excitations are easily tunable and exhibit a strong nonlinear response. Here we study neutral and charged exciton-polaritons in an electrostatically gated photonic crystal slab with an embedded monolayer semiconductor MoSe2 and experimentally demonstrate a novel approach to optical control based on polariton nonlinearity. We show that spatial modulation of the dielectric environment within the photonic crystal unit cell results in the formation of two distinct excitonic species with significantly different nonlinear responses of the corresponding charged exciton-polaritons under optical pumping. This behavior enables optical switching with ultrashort laser pulses and can be sensitively controlled via an electrostatic gate voltage. Our results open new avenues toward the development of active polaritonic devices in a compact chip-compatible implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Khestanova
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Vanik Shahnazaryan
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Valerii K Kozin
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valeriy I Kondratyev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | | | - Maurice S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Ivan A Shelykh
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ivan V Iorsh
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
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3
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Meng F, Cao L, Mangeney J, Roskos HG. Strong coupling of metamaterials with cavity photons: toward non-Hermitian optics. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:2443-2451. [PMID: 38836105 PMCID: PMC11147495 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of strong coupling between light and matter is an important field of research. Its significance arises not only from the emergence of a plethora of intriguing chemical and physical phenomena, often novel and unexpected, but also from its provision of important tool sets for the design of core components for novel chemical, electronic, and photonic devices such as quantum computers, lasers, amplifiers, modulators, sensors and more. Strong coupling has been demonstrated for various material systems and spectral regimes, each exhibiting unique features and applications. In this perspective, we will focus on a sub-field of this domain of research and discuss the strong coupling between metamaterials and photonic cavities at THz frequencies. The metamaterials, themselves electromagnetic resonators, serve as "artificial atoms". We provide a concise overview of recent advances and outline possible research directions in this vital and impactful field of interdisciplinary science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqi Meng
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lei Cao
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | | | - Hartmut G. Roskos
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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4
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Galimov AI, Kazanov DR, Poshakinskiy AV, Rakhlin MV, Eliseyev IA, Toropov AA, Remškar M, Shubina TV. Direct observation of split-mode exciton-polaritons in a single MoS 2 nanotube. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:968-975. [PMID: 38647350 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00052h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A single nanotube synthesized from a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) exhibits strong exciton resonances and, in addition, can support optical whispering gallery modes. This combination is promising for observing exciton-polaritons without an external cavity. However, traditional energy-momentum-resolved detection methods are unsuitable for this tiny object. Instead, we propose to use split optical modes in a twisted nanotube with the flattened cross-section, where a gradually decreasing gap between the opposite walls leads to a change in mode energy, similar to the effect of the barrier width on the eigenenergies in the double-well potential. Using micro-reflectance spectroscopy, we investigated the rich pattern of polariton branches in single MoS2 tubes with both variable and constant gaps. Observed Rabi splitting in the 40-60 meV range is comparable to that for a MoS2 monolayer in a microcavity. Our results, based on the polariton dispersion measurements and polariton dynamics analysis, present a single TMDC nanotube as a perfect polaritonic structure for nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Galimov
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - D R Kazanov
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - A V Poshakinskiy
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - M V Rakhlin
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - I A Eliseyev
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - A A Toropov
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - M Remškar
- Jozef Stefan Institute, 39 Jamova cesta, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - T V Shubina
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
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5
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Zulkifli B, Ahmad Khushaini MA, Azeman NH, Md Jamil MS, Tg Abdul Aziz TH, Md Zain AR. Strong coupling between plasmonic nanocavity gold nanorods and quantum dots emitter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:19676-19683. [PMID: 38859097 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of hybrid states in strong coupling interaction has gained growing attention in cavity-quantum electrodynamics research owing to its fundamental directives and potential in advanced optical applications. The ultra-confined mode volume of plasmonic cavity gold nanorods (AuNRs), particularly at the nanorod tip "hotspot" provides a large coupling strength, a prerequisite for a coherent energy exchange in the strong coupling regime. Here, we reported a remarkable Rabi splitting of ∼231 meV between gold nanorods longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (LLSPR) mode and quantum dots (QDs) at ambient conditions, monitored by dielectric medium tuning. Numerical simulations confirmed the result, displaying absorption spectral splitting.
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6
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Yuan X, Jiang G, Liu P, Fu Q, Zhang Z, Liu T, Jiang Y, Zhao W, Wang W, Zhao B, Li Z, Liu D, Ni Z, Lu J. Validated enhancement and temperature modulated absorbance of a WS 2 monolayer based on a planar structure. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2401-2404. [PMID: 38691729 DOI: 10.1364/ol.522089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), as emerging optoelectronic materials, necessitate the establishment of an experimentally viable system to study their interaction with light. In this study, we propose and analyze a WS2/PMMA/Ag planar Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity, enabling the direct experimental measurement of WS2 absorbance. By optimizing the structure, the absorbance of A exciton of WS2 up to 0.546 can be experimentally achieved, which matches well with the theoretical calculations. Through temperature and thermal expansion strain induced by temperature, the absorbance of the A exciton can be tuned in situ. Furthermore, temperature-dependent photocurrent measurements confirmed the consistent absorbance of the A exciton under varying temperatures. This WS2/PMMA/Ag planar structure provides a straightforward and practical platform for investigating light interaction in TMDCs, laying a solid foundation for future developments of TMDC-based optoelectronic devices.
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7
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Song S, Rahaman M, Jariwala D. Can 2D Semiconductors Be Game-Changers for Nanoelectronics and Photonics? ACS NANO 2024; 18:10955-10978. [PMID: 38625032 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
2D semiconductors have interesting physical and chemical attributes that have led them to become one of the most intensely investigated semiconductor families in recent history. They may play a crucial role in the next technological revolution in electronics as well as optoelectronics or photonics. In this Perspective, we explore the fundamental principles and significant advancements in electronic and photonic devices comprising 2D semiconductors. We focus on strategies aimed at enhancing the performance of conventional devices and exploiting important properties of 2D semiconductors that allow fundamentally interesting device functionalities for future applications. Approaches for the realization of emerging logic transistors and memory devices as well as photovoltaics, photodetectors, electro-optical modulators, and nonlinear optics based on 2D semiconductors are discussed. We also provide a forward-looking perspective on critical remaining challenges and opportunities for basic science and technology level applications of 2D semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunguk Song
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mahfujur Rahaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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8
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Greten L, Salzwedel R, Göde T, Greten D, Reich S, Hughes S, Selig M, Knorr A. Strong Coupling of Two-Dimensional Excitons and Plasmonic Photonic Crystals: Microscopic Theory Reveals Triplet Spectra. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1396-1411. [PMID: 38645994 PMCID: PMC11027155 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are direct-gap semiconductors with strong light-matter interactions featuring tightly bound excitons, while plasmonic crystals (PCs), consisting of metal nanoparticles that act as meta-atoms, exhibit collective plasmon modes and allow one to tailor electric fields on the nanoscale. Recent experiments show that TMDC-PC hybrids can reach the strong-coupling limit between excitons and plasmons, forming new quasiparticles, so-called plexcitons. To describe this coupling theoretically, we develop a self-consistent Maxwell-Bloch theory for TMDC-PC hybrid structures, which allows us to compute the scattered light in the near- and far-fields explicitly and provide guidance for experimental studies. One of the key findings of the developed theory is the necessity to differentiate between bright and originally momentum-dark excitons. Our calculations reveal a spectral splitting signature of strong coupling of more than 100 meV in gold-MoSe2 structures with 30 nm nanoparticles, manifesting in a hybridization of the plasmon mode with momentum-dark excitons into two effective plexcitonic bands. The semianalytical theory allows us to directly infer the characteristic asymmetric line shape of the hybrid spectra in the strong coupling regime from the energy distribution of the momentum-dark excitons. In addition to the hybridized states, we find a remaining excitonic mode with significantly smaller coupling to the plasmonic near-field, emitting directly into the far-field. Thus, hybrid spectra in the strong coupling regime can contain three emission peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Greten
- Institut
für Theoretische Physik, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Salzwedel
- Institut
für Theoretische Physik, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Göde
- Institut
für Theoretische Physik, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Greten
- Institut
für Theoretische Physik, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Experimentelle
Festkörperphysik, Freie Universität
Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Hughes
- Department
of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Malte Selig
- Institut
für Theoretische Physik, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Knorr
- Institut
für Theoretische Physik, Technische
Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Nakamoto T, Matsuyama K, Sakai M, Chen CT, Cheuch YL, Mouri S, Yoshimura T, Fujimura N, Kiriya D. Selective Isolation of Mono- to Quadlayered 2D Materials via Sonication-Assisted Micromechanical Exfoliation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2455-2463. [PMID: 38196098 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical exfoliation methods of two-dimensional materials have been an essential process for advanced devices and fundamental sciences. However, the exfoliation method usually generates various thick flakes, and a bunch of thick bulk flakes usually covers an entire substrate. Here, we developed a method to selectively isolate mono- to quadlayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) by sonication in organic solvents. The analysis reveals the importance of low interface energies between solvents and TMDCs, leading to the effective removal of bulk flakes under sonication. Importantly, a monolayer adjacent to bulk flakes shows cleavage at the interface, and the monolayer can be selectively isolated on the substrate. This approach can extend to preparing a monolayer device with crowded 17 electrode fingers surrounding the monolayer and for the measurement of electrostatic device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nakamoto
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Keigo Matsuyama
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Chieh-Ting Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Cheuch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shinichiro Mouri
- College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Norifumi Fujimura
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kiriya
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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10
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Kang H, Ma J, Li J, Zhang X, Liu X. Exciton Polaritons in Emergent Two-Dimensional Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24449-24467. [PMID: 38051774 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The "marriage" of light (i.e., photon) and matter (i.e., exciton) in semiconductors leads to the formation of hybrid quasiparticles called exciton polaritons with fascinating quantum phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and photon blockade. The research of exciton polaritons has been evolving into an era with emergent two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and photonic structures for their tremendous potential to break the current limitations of quantum fundamental study and photonic applications. In this Perspective, the basic concepts of 2D excitons, optical resonators, and the strong coupling regime are introduced. The research progress of exciton polaritons is reviewed, and important discoveries (especially the recent ones of 2D exciton polaritons) are highlighted. Subsequently, the emergent 2D exciton polaritons are discussed in detail, ranging from the realization of the strong coupling regime in various photonic systems to the discoveries of attractive phenomena with interesting physics and extensive applications. Moreover, emerging 2D semiconductors, such as 2D perovskites (2DPK) and 2D antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductors, are surveyed for the manipulation of exciton polaritons with distinct control degrees of freedom (DOFs). Finally, the outlook on the 2D exciton polaritons and their nonlinear interactions is presented with our initial numerical simulations. This Perspective not only aims to provide an in-depth overview of the latest fundamental findings in 2D exciton polaritons but also attempts to serve as a valuable resource to prospect explorations of quantum optics and topological photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Junyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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11
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Prokhorov AV, Gubin MY, Shesterikov AV, Arsenin AV, Volkov VS, Evlyukhin AB. Lasing Effect in Symmetrical van der Waals Heterostructured Metasurfaces Due to Lattice-Induced Multipole Coupling. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11105-11111. [PMID: 38029331 PMCID: PMC10880088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
New practical ways to reach the lasing effect in symmetrical metasurfaces have been developed and theoretically demonstrated. Our approach is based on excitation of the resonance of an octupole quasi-trapped mode (OQTM) in heterostructured symmetrical metasurfaces composed of monolithic disk-shaped van der Waals meta-atoms featured by thin photoluminescent layers and placed on a substrate. We revealed that the coincidence of the photoluminescence spectrum maximum of these layers with the wavelength of high-quality OQTM resonance leads to the lasing effect. Based on the solution of laser rate equations and direct full-wave simulation, it was shown that lasing is normally oriented to the metasurface plane and occurs from the entire area of metasurface consisting of MoS2/hBN/MoTe2 disks with line width of generated emission of only about 1.4 nm near the wavelength 1140 nm. This opens up new practical possibilities for creating surface emitting laser devices in subwavelength material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V. Prokhorov
- Emerging
Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mikhail Yu. Gubin
- Emerging
Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Aleksey V. Arsenin
- Emerging
Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Valentyn S. Volkov
- Emerging
Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Andrey B. Evlyukhin
- Institute
of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
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12
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Sahu TK, Kumar N, Chahal S, Jana R, Paul S, Mukherjee M, Tavabi AH, Datta A, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Valov I, Nayak A, Kumar P. Microwave synthesis of molybdenene from MoS 2. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1430-1438. [PMID: 37666941 PMCID: PMC10716048 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Dirac materials are characterized by the emergence of massless quasiparticles in their low-energy excitation spectrum that obey the Dirac Hamiltonian. Known examples of Dirac materials are topological insulators, d-wave superconductors, graphene, and Weyl and Dirac semimetals, representing a striking range of fundamental properties with potential disruptive applications. However, none of the Dirac materials identified so far shows metallic character. Here, we present evidence for the formation of free-standing molybdenene, a two-dimensional material composed of only Mo atoms. Using MoS2 as a precursor, we induced electric-field-assisted molybdenene growth under microwave irradiation. We observe the formation of millimetre-long whiskers following screw-dislocation growth, consisting of weakly bonded molybdenene sheets, which, upon exfoliation, show metallic character, with an electrical conductivity of ~940 S m-1. Molybdenene when hybridized with two-dimensional h-BN or MoS2, fetch tunable optical and electronic properties. As a proof of principle, we also demonstrate applications of molybdenene as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy platform for molecular sensing, as a substrate for electron imaging and as a scanning probe microscope cantilever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tumesh Kumar Sahu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India
- Department of Physics, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sumit Chahal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Rajkumar Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association of Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumana Paul
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association of Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Moumita Mukherjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association of Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Amir H Tavabi
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association of Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ilia Valov
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Alpana Nayak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India.
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Fang J, Yao K, Wang M, Yu Z, Zhang T, Jiang T, Huang S, Korgel BA, Terrones M, Alù A, Zheng Y. Observation of Room-Temperature Exciton-Polariton Emission from Wide-Ranging 2D Semiconductors Coupled with a Broadband Mie Resonator. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9803-9810. [PMID: 37879099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional exciton-polaritons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit practical advantages in valley coherence, optical nonlinearities, and even bosonic condensation owing to their light-emission capability. To achieve robust exciton-polariton emission, strong photon-exciton couplings are required at the TMD monolayer, which is challenging due to its atomic thickness. High-quality (Q) factor optical cavities with narrowband resonances are an effective approach but typically limited to a specific excitonic state of a certain TMD material. Herein, we achieve on-demand exciton-polariton emission from a wide range of TMDs at room temperature by hybridizing excitons with broadband Mie resonances spanning the whole visible spectrum. By confining broadband light at the TMD monolayer, our one type of Mie resonator on different TMDs enables enhanced light-matter interactions with multiple excitonic states simultaneously. We demonstrate multi-Rabi splittings and robust polaritonic photoluminescence in monolayer WSe2, WS2, and MoS2. The hybrid system also shows the potential to approach the ultrastrong coupling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kan Yao
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mingsong Wang
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Zhuohang Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Taizhi Jiang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Suichu Huang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Brian A Korgel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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14
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Ruggenthaler M, Sidler D, Rubio A. Understanding Polaritonic Chemistry from Ab Initio Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11191-11229. [PMID: 37729114 PMCID: PMC10571044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the theoretical foundations and first-principles frameworks to describe quantum matter within quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the low-energy regime, with a focus on polaritonic chemistry. By starting from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, we first review in great detail ab initio nonrelativistic QED. The resulting Pauli-Fierz quantum field theory serves as a cornerstone for the development of (in principle exact but in practice) approximate computational methods such as quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory, QED coupled cluster, or cavity Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. These methods treat light and matter on equal footing and, at the same time, have the same level of accuracy and reliability as established methods of computational chemistry and electronic structure theory. After an overview of the key ideas behind those ab initio QED methods, we highlight their benefits for understanding photon-induced changes of chemical properties and reactions. Based on results obtained by ab initio QED methods, we identify open theoretical questions and how a so far missing detailed understanding of polaritonic chemistry can be established. We finally give an outlook on future directions within polaritonic chemistry and first-principles QED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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15
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Kondratyev VI, Permyakov DV, Ivanova TV, Iorsh IV, Krizhanovskii DN, Skolnick MS, Kravtsov V, Samusev AK. Probing and Control of Guided Exciton-Polaritons in a 2D Semiconductor-Integrated Slab Waveguide. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7876-7882. [PMID: 37638634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Guided 2D exciton-polaritons, resulting from the strong coupling of excitons in semiconductors with nonradiating waveguide modes, provide an attractive approach toward developing novel on-chip optical devices. These quasiparticles are characterized by long propagation distances and efficient nonlinear interactions but cannot be directly accessed from the free space. Here we demonstrate a powerful approach for probing and manipulating guided polaritons in a Ta2O5 slab integrated with a WS2 monolayer using evanescent coupling through a high-index solid immersion lens. Tuning the nanoscale lens-sample gap allows for extracting all of the intrinsic parameters of the system. We also demonstrate the transition from weak to strong coupling accompanied by the onset of the motional narrowing effect: with the increase of exciton-photon coupling strength, the inhomogeneous contribution to polariton line width, inherited from the exciton resonance, becomes fully lifted. Our results enable the development of integrated optics employing room-temperature exciton-polaritons in 2D semiconductor-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy I Kondratyev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Permyakov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Ivanova
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Ivan V Iorsh
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | | | - Maurice S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Anton K Samusev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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16
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Liu B, Lynch J, Zhao H, Conran BR, McAleese C, Jariwala D, Forrest SR. Long-Range Propagation of Exciton-Polaritons in Large-Area 2D Semiconductor Monolayers. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37489978 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), a subclass of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, have numerous fascinating properties that make them a promising platform for photonic and optoelectronic devices. In particular, excited state transport by TMDs is important in energy harvesting and photonic switching; however, long-range transport in TMDs is challenging due to the lack of availability of large area films. Whereas most previous studies have focused on small, exfoliated monolayer flakes, in this work we demonstrate metal-organic chemical vapor deposition grown centimeter-scale monolayers of WS2 that support polariton propagation lengths of up to 60 μm. The polaritons form through the strong coupling of excitons with Bloch surface waves (BSWs) supported by all-dielectric photonic structures. We observe that the propagation length increases with the number of dielectric pairs due to the increased quality factor of the supporting distributed Bragg reflector. Furthermore, a longer propagation length is observed as the guided or BSW content of the polariton is increased. Our results provide a practical approach for the systematic engineering of long-range energy transport mediated by exciton-polaritons in TMD layers. Along with the accessibility of large area TMDs, our work enables applications for practical TMD-based polaritonic devices that operate at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jason Lynch
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Haonan Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ben R Conran
- AIXTRON Ltd, Swavesey, Cambridge CB24 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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17
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Jin Y, Wu K, Sheng B, Ma W, Chen Z, Li X. Plasmonic Bound States in the Continuum to Tailor Exciton Emission of MoTe 2. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1987. [PMID: 37446502 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon resonances can greatly enhance light-matter interactions of two-dimensional van der Waals materials. However, the quality factor of plasmonic resonances is limited. Here, we demonstrate a plasmonic quasi-bound state in the continuum (quasi-BIC), which is composed of gold nanorod pairs. Through controlling the rotation angle of the nanorods, the quality factor of the plasmonic BIC mode can be tuned. Simulation results show that the plasmonic BIC combines the advantages of high-quality factor from the BIC effect and small mode volume from plasmonic resonance. Experiment results show that the designed plasmonic BIC mode exhibits a quality factor higher than 15 at the wavelength of around 1250 nm. Through integrating the plasmonic bound state structure with monolayer molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2), the exciton emission of MoTe2 in the PL spectrum split into two exciton-polariton modes, which is attributed to the high Q factor and strong interaction between the BIC mode and excitons of MoTe2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Jin
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Kai Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Bining Sheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zefeng Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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18
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Lu H, Li D, Shi S, Li Y, Zhao J. Exciton-induced Fano resonance in metallic nanocavity with tungsten disulfide atomic layer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20761-20768. [PMID: 37381192 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Photon-exciton coupling behaviors in optical nanocavities attract broad attention due to their crucial applications in light manipulation and emission. Herein, we experimentally observed a Fano-like resonance with asymmetrical spectral response in an ultrathin metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) cavity integrated with an atomic-layer tungsten disulfide (WS2). The resonance wavelength of an MDM nanocavity can be flexibly controlled by adjusting dielectric layer thickness. The results measured by the home-made microscopic spectrometer agree well with the numerical simulations. A temporal coupled-mode theoretical model was established to analyze the formation mechanism of Fano resonance in the ultrathin cavity. The theoretical analysis reveals that the Fano resonance is attributed to a weak coupling between the resonance photons in the nanocavity and excitons in the WS2 atomic layer. The results will pave a new way for exciton-induced generation of Fano resonance and light spectral manipulation at the nanoscale.
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19
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Bhatt P, Dutta J, Kaur K, George J. Long-Range Energy Transfer in Strongly Coupled Donor-Acceptor Phototransistors. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37235844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling offers a way to tailor the optoelectronic properties of materials. Energy transfer between strongly coupled donor-acceptor pairs shows remarkable efficiency beyond the Förster distance via coupling through a confined photon. This long-range energy transfer is facilitated through the collective nature of polaritonic states. Here, the cooperative, strong coupling of a donor (MoS2 monolayer) and an acceptor (BRK) generates mixed polaritonic states. The photocurrent spectrum of the MoS2 monolayer is measured in a field effect transistor while coupling the two oscillators to the confined cavity mode. The strongly coupled system shows efficient energy transfer, which is observed through the photoresponsivity even the donor and acceptor are physically separated by 500 Å. These studies are further correlated with the Hopfield coefficients and the overlap integral of the lower polaritonic and uncoupled/dark states. Cavity detuning and distance-dependent studies support the above evidence. These observations open new avenues for using long-range interaction of polaritonic states in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhatt
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Jhuma Dutta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Kuljeet Kaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Jino George
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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20
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Jo K, Marino E, Lynch J, Jiang Z, Gogotsi N, Darlington TP, Soroush M, Schuck PJ, Borys NJ, Murray CB, Jariwala D. Direct nano-imaging of light-matter interactions in nanoscale excitonic emitters. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2649. [PMID: 37156799 PMCID: PMC10167231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter interactions in localized nano-emitters placed near metallic mirrors have been widely reported via spectroscopic studies in the optical far-field. Here, we report a near-field nano-spectroscopic study of localized nanoscale emitters on a flat Au substrate. Using quasi 2-dimensional CdSe/CdxZn1-xS nanoplatelets, we observe directional propagation on the Au substrate of surface plasmon polaritons launched from the excitons of the nanoplatelets as wave-like fringe patterns in the near-field photoluminescence maps. These fringe patterns were confirmed via extensive electromagnetic wave simulations to be standing-waves formed between the tip and the edge-up assembled nano-emitters on the substrate plane. We further report that both light confinement and in-plane emission can be engineered by tuning the surrounding dielectric environment of the nanoplatelets. Our results lead to renewed understanding of in-plane, near-field electromagnetic signal transduction from the localized nano-emitters with profound implications in nano and quantum photonics as well as resonant optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emanuele Marino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jason Lynch
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhiqiao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Natalie Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thomas P Darlington
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mohammad Soroush
- Departement of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicholas J Borys
- Departement of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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21
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Guo X, Lyu W, Chen T, Luo Y, Wu C, Yang B, Sun Z, García de Abajo FJ, Yang X, Dai Q. Polaritons in Van der Waals Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2201856. [PMID: 36121344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
2D monolayers supporting a wide variety of highly confined plasmons, phonon polaritons, and exciton polaritons can be vertically stacked in van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) with controlled constituent layers, stacking sequence, and even twist angles. vdWHs combine advantages of 2D material polaritons, rich optical structure design, and atomic scale integration, which have greatly extended the performance and functions of polaritons, such as wide frequency range, long lifetime, ultrafast all-optical modulation, and photonic crystals for nanoscale light. Here, the state of the art of 2D material polaritons in vdWHs from the perspective of design principles and potential applications is reviewed. Some fundamental properties of polaritons in vdWHs are initially discussed, followed by recent discoveries of plasmons, phonon polaritons, exciton polaritons, and their hybrid modes in vdWHs. The review concludes with a perspective discussion on potential applications of these polaritons such as nanophotonic integrated circuits, which will benefit from the intersection between nanophotonics and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tinghan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering and QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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22
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Rong R, Liu Y, Nie X, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Guo W. The Interaction of 2D Materials With Circularly Polarized Light. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206191. [PMID: 36698292 PMCID: PMC10074140 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
2D materials (2DMs), due to spin-valley locking degree of freedom, exhibit strongly bound exciton and chiral optical selection rules and become promising material candidates for optoelectronic and spin/valleytronic devices. Over the last decade, the manifesting of 2D materials by circularly polarized lights expedites tremendous fascinating phenomena, such as valley/exciton Hall effect, Moiré exciton, optical Stark effect, circular dichroism, circularly polarized photoluminescence, and spintronic property. In this review, recent advance in the interaction of circularly polarized light with 2D materials covering from graphene, black phosphorous, transition metal dichalcogenides, van der Waals heterostructures as well as small proportion of quasi-2D perovskites and topological materials, is overviewed. The confronted challenges and theoretical and experimental opportunities are also discussed, attempting to accelerate the prosperity of chiral light-2DMs interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Xuchen Nie
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Yanpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
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23
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Phonon-driven intra-exciton Rabi oscillations in CsPbBr 3 halide perovskites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1047. [PMID: 36828818 PMCID: PMC9958027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling electromagnetic radiation with matter, e.g., by resonant light fields in external optical cavities, is highly promising for tailoring the optoelectronic properties of functional materials on the nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate that even internal fields induced by coherent lattice motions can be used to control the transient excitonic optical response in CsPbBr3 halide perovskite crystals. Upon resonant photoexcitation, two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy reveals an excitonic peak structure oscillating persistently with a 100-fs period for up to ~2 ps which does not match the frequency of any phonon modes of the crystals. Only at later times, beyond 2 ps, two low-frequency phonons of the lead-bromide lattice dominate the dynamics. We rationalize these findings by an unusual exciton-phonon coupling inducing off-resonant 100-fs Rabi oscillations between 1s and 2p excitons driven by the low-frequency phonons. As such, prevailing models for the electron-phonon coupling in halide perovskites are insufficient to explain these results. We propose the coupling of characteristic low-frequency phonon fields to intra-excitonic transitions in halide perovskites as the key to control the anharmonic response of these materials in order to establish new routes for enhancing their optoelectronic properties.
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24
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Patra A, Caligiuri V, Zappone B, Krahne R, De Luca A. In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Investigation of Resonant Tunneling Polaritons in Metal-Dielectric-Metal Cavities. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1489-1495. [PMID: 36745481 PMCID: PMC9951238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons can be generated by tuning the optical transitions of a light emitter to the resonances of a photonic cavity. We show that a dye-doped cavity generates resonant tunneling polaritons with Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) effective permittivity. We studied the polariton spectral dispersion in dye-doped metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) cavities as a function of the in-plane (k||) and out-of-plane (k⊥) components of the incident wavevector. The dependence on k|| was investigated through ellipsometry, revealing the ENZ modes. The k⊥ dependence was measured by varying the cavity thickness under normal incidence using a Surface Force Apparatus (SFA). Both methods revealed a large Rabi splitting well exceeding 100 meV. The SFA-based investigation highlighted the collective nature of strong coupling by producing a splitting proportional to the square root of the involved photons. This study demonstrates the possibility of generating ENZ polaritons and introduces the SFA as a powerful tool for the characterization of strong light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Patra
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci 33b, 87036 Rende CS, Italy
- Optoelectronics
Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caligiuri
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci 33b, 87036 Rende CS, Italy
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche−Istituto di Nanotecnologia (CNR-Nanotec), via P. Bucci 33c, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Zappone
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche−Istituto di Nanotecnologia (CNR-Nanotec), via P. Bucci 33c, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Roman Krahne
- Optoelectronics
Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci 33b, 87036 Rende CS, Italy
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche−Istituto di Nanotecnologia (CNR-Nanotec), via P. Bucci 33c, 87036 Rende, Italy
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25
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Nie X, Wu X, Wang Y, Ban S, Lei Z, Yi J, Liu Y, Liu Y. Surface acoustic wave induced phenomena in two-dimensional materials. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:158-175. [PMID: 36448884 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00458e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-matter interaction provides a fascinating key for inducing and manipulating novel phenomena and functionalities in two-dimensional (2D) materials. The dynamic strain field and piezo-electric field associated with propagating SAWs determine the coherent manipulation and transduction between 2D excitons and phonons. Over the past decade, many intriguing acoustic-induced effects, including the acousto-electric effect, acousto-galvanic effect, acoustic Stark effect, acoustic Hall effect and acoustic exciton transport, have been reported experimentally. However, many more phenomena, such as the valley acousto-electric effect, valley acousto-electric Hall effect and acoustic spin Hall effect, were only theoretically proposed, the experimental verification of which are yet to be achieved. In this minireview, we attempt to overview the recent breakthrough of SAW-induced phenomena covering acoustic charge transport, acoustic exciton transport and modulation, and coherent acoustic phonons. Perspectives on the opportunities of the proposed SAW-induced phenomena, as well as open experimental challenges, are also discussed, attempting to offer some guidelines for experimentalists and theorists to explore the desired exotic properties and boost practical applications of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Nie
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Wu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Siyuan Ban
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Zhihao Lei
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jiabao Yi
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Jincheng, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211156, China.
| | - Yanpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China.
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26
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Vadia S, Scherzer J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Högele A. Magneto-Optical Chirality in a Coherently Coupled Exciton-Plasmon System. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:614-618. [PMID: 36617344 PMCID: PMC9881169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a fundamental asymmetry phenomenon, with chiral optical elements exhibiting asymmetric response in reflection or absorption of circularly polarized light. Recent realizations of such elements include nanoplasmonic systems with broken-mirror symmetry and polarization-contrasting optical absorption known as circular dichroism. An alternative route to circular dichroism is provided by spin-valley polarized excitons in atomically thin semiconductors. In the presence of magnetic fields, they exhibit an imbalanced coupling to circularly polarized photons and thus circular dichroism. Here, we demonstrate that polarization-contrasting optical transitions associated with excitons in monolayer WSe2 can be transferred to proximal plasmonic nanodisks by coherent coupling. The coupled exciton-plasmon system exhibits magneto-induced circular dichroism in a spectrally narrow window of Fano interference, which we model in a master equation framework. Our work motivates the use of exciton-plasmon interfaces as building blocks of chiral metasurfaces for applications in information processing, nonlinear optics, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth Vadia
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz
1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
- attocube
systems AG, Eglfinger
Weg 2, 85540 Haar, Germany
| | - Johannes Scherzer
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz
1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultät
für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience
(CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz
1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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27
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Cilibrizzi P, Liu X, Zhang P, Wang C, Li Q, Yang S, Zhang X. Self-Induced Valley Bosonic Stimulation of Exciton Polaritons in a Monolayer Semiconductor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:036902. [PMID: 36763375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.036902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The newly discovered valley degree of freedom in atomically thin two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides offers a promising platform to explore rich nonlinear physics, such as spinor Bose-Einstein condensate and novel valleytronics applications. However, the critical nonlinear effect, such as valley polariton bosonic stimulation, has long remained an unresolved challenge due to the generation of limited polariton ground state densities necessary to induce the stimulated scattering of polaritons in specific valleys. Here, we report the self-induced valley bosonic stimulation of exciton polaritons via spin-valley locking in a WS_{2} monolayer microcavity. This is achieved by the resonant injection of valley polaritons at specific energy and wave vector, which allows spin-polarized polaritons to efficiently populate their ground state and induce a valley-dependent bosonic stimulation. As a result, we observe the nonlinear self-amplification of polariton emission from the valley-dependent ground state. Our finding paves the way for the investigation of spin ordering and phase transitions in transition metal dichalcogenides polariton Bose-Einstein condensate, offering a promising route for the realization of polariton spin lattices in moiré polariton systems and spin lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cilibrizzi
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoze Liu
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peiyao Zhang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chenzhe Wang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Quanwei Li
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sui Yang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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28
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Wurdack M, Estrecho E, Todd S, Schneider C, Truscott AG, Ostrovskaya EA. Enhancing Ground-State Population and Macroscopic Coherence of Room-Temperature WS_{2} Polaritons through Engineered Confinement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:147402. [PMID: 36240404 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.147402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons (polaritons herein) in transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers have attracted significant attention due to their potential for polariton-based optoelectronics. Many of the proposed applications rely on the ability to trap polaritons and to reach macroscopic occupation of their ground energy state. Here, we engineer a trap for room-temperature polaritons in an all-dielectric optical microcavity by locally increasing the interactions between the WS_{2} excitons and cavity photons. The resulting confinement enhances the population and the first-order coherence of the polaritons in the ground state, with the latter effect related to dramatic suppression of disorder-induced inhomogeneous dephasing. We also demonstrate efficient population transfer into the trap when optically injecting free polaritons outside of its periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wurdack
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E Estrecho
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S Todd
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - C Schneider
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26126 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - A G Truscott
- Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E A Ostrovskaya
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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29
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Choi MS, Ali N, Ngo TD, Choi H, Oh B, Yang H, Yoo WJ. Recent Progress in 1D Contacts for 2D-Material-Based Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202408. [PMID: 35594170 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have intensively examined 2D materials (2DMs) as promising materials for use in future quantum devices due to their atomic thinness. However, a major limitation occurs when 2DMs are in contact with metals: a van der Waals (vdW) gap is generated at the 2DM-metal interfaces, which induces metal-induced gap states that are responsible for an uncontrollable Schottky barrier (SB), Fermi-level pinning (FLP), and high contact resistance (RC ), thereby substantially lowering the electronic mobility of 2DM-based devices. Here, vdW-gap-free 1D edge contact is reviewed for use in 2D devices with substantially suppressed carrier scattering of 2DMs with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) encapsulation. The 1D contact further enables uniform carrier transport across multilayered 2DM channels, high-density transistor integration independent of scaling, and the fabrication of double-gate transistors suitable for demonstrating unique quantum phenomena of 2DMs. The existing 1D contact methods are reviewed first. As a promising technology toward the large-scale production of 2D devices, seamless lateral contacts are reviewed in detail. The electronic, optoelectronic, and quantum devices developed via 1D contacts are subsequently discussed. Finally, the challenges regarding the reliability of 1D contacts are addressed, followed by an outlook of 1D contact methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sup Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Nasir Ali
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Tien Dat Ngo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Hyungyu Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Byungdu Oh
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Heejun Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Won Jong Yoo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
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30
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Room-temperature electrical control of polarization and emission angle in a cavity-integrated 2D pulsed LED. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4884. [PMID: 35985999 PMCID: PMC9391484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Devices based on two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors hold promise for the realization of compact and versatile on-chip interconnects between electrical and optical signals. Although light emitting diodes (LEDs) are fundamental building blocks for integrated photonics, the fabrication of light sources made of bulk materials on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits is challenging. While LEDs based on van der Waals heterostructures have been realized, the control of the emission properties necessary for information processing remains limited. Here, we show room-temperature electrical control of the location, directionality and polarization of light emitted from a 2D LED operating at MHz frequencies. We integrate the LED in a planar cavity to couple the polariton emission angle and polarization to the in-plane exciton momentum, controlled by a lateral voltage. These findings demonstrate the potential of TMDCs as fast, compact and tunable light sources, promising for the realization of electrically driven polariton lasers. 2D semiconductors offer a promising platform for the realization of compact and CMOS-compatible optoelectronic components. Here, the authors report the realization of light-emitting diodes based on 2D WSe2 integrated with a planar cavity, showing the electrical control of the emission angle and polarization at room temperature.
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31
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Rahaman M, Zahn DRT. Plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of two-dimensional semiconductors. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:333001. [PMID: 35671747 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac7689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have grown fast into an extraordinary research field due to their unique physical properties compared to other semiconducting materials. The class of materials proved extremely fertile for both fundamental studies and a wide range of applications from electronics/spintronics/optoelectronics to photocatalysis and CO2reduction. 2D materials are highly confined in the out-of-plane direction and often possess very good environmental stability. Therefore, they have also become a popular material system for the manipulation of optoelectronic properties via numerous external parameters. Being a versatile characterization technique, Raman spectroscopy is used extensively to study and characterize various physical properties of 2D materials. However, weak signals and low spatial resolution hinder its application in more advanced systems where decoding local information plays an important role in advancing our understanding of these materials for nanotechnology applications. In this regard, plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been introduced in recent time to investigate local heterogeneous information of 2D semiconductors. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of 2D semiconductors. We discuss the current state-of-art and provide future perspectives on this specific branch of Raman spectroscopy applied to 2D semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfujur Rahaman
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104 Pennsilvania, United States of America
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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32
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Guimbao J, Sanchis L, Weituschat L, Manuel Llorens J, Song M, Cardenas J, Aitor Postigo P. Numerical Optimization of a Nanophotonic Cavity by Machine Learning for Near-Unity Photon Indistinguishability at Room Temperature. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1926-1935. [PMID: 35726240 PMCID: PMC9205277 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature (RT), on-chip deterministic generation of indistinguishable photons coupled to photonic integrated circuits is key for quantum photonic applications. Nevertheless, high indistinguishability (I) at RT is difficult to obtain due to the intrinsic dephasing of most deterministic single-photon sources (SPS). Here, we present a numerical demonstration of the design and optimization of a hybrid slot-Bragg nanophotonic cavity that achieves a theoretical near-unity I and a high coupling efficiency (β) at RT for a variety of single-photon emitters. Our numerical simulations predict modal volumes in the order of 10-3(λ/2n)3, allowing for strong coupling of quantum photonic emitters that can be heterogeneously integrated. We show that high I and β should be possible by fine-tuning the quality factor (Q) depending on the intrinsic properties of the single-photon emitter. Furthermore, we perform a machine learning optimization based on the combination of a deep neural network and a genetic algorithm (GA) to further decrease the modal volume by almost 3 times while relaxing the tight dimensions of the slot width required for strong coupling. The optimized device has a slot width of 20 nm. The design requires fabrication resolution in the limit of the current state-of-the-art technology. Also, the condition for high I and β requires a positioning accuracy of the quantum emitter at the nanometer level. Although the proposal is not a scalable technology, it can be suitable for experimental demonstration of single-photon operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Guimbao
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM,
CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Madrid E-28760, Spain
| | - L. Sanchis
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM,
CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Madrid E-28760, Spain
| | - L. Weituschat
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM,
CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Madrid E-28760, Spain
| | - J. Manuel Llorens
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM,
CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Madrid E-28760, Spain
| | - M. Song
- The
Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - J. Cardenas
- The
Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - P. Aitor Postigo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM,
CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Madrid E-28760, Spain
- The
Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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33
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Qian C, Villafañe V, Soubelet P, Hötger A, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Wilson NP, Stier AV, Holleitner AW, Finley JJ. Nonlocal Exciton-Photon Interactions in Hybrid High-Q Beam Nanocavities with Encapsulated MoS_{2} Monolayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:237403. [PMID: 35749182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.237403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin semiconductors can be readily integrated into a wide range of nanophotonic architectures for applications in quantum photonics and novel optoelectronic devices. We report the observation of nonlocal interactions of "free" trions in pristine hBN/MoS_{2}/hBN heterostructures coupled to single mode (Q>10^{4}) quasi 0D nanocavities. The high excitonic and photonic quality of the interaction system stems from our integrated nanofabrication approach simultaneously with the hBN encapsulation and the maximized local cavity field amplitude within the MoS_{2} monolayer. We observe a nonmonotonic temperature dependence of the cavity-trion interaction strength, consistent with the nonlocal light-matter interactions in which the extent of the center-of-mass (c.m.) wave function is comparable to the cavity mode volume in space. Our approach can be generalized to other optically active 2D materials, opening the way toward harnessing novel light-matter interaction regimes for applications in quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjiang Qian
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Viviana Villafañe
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Pedro Soubelet
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Hötger
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Nathan P Wilson
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas V Stier
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander W Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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34
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Fitzgerald JM, Thompson JJP, Malic E. Twist Angle Tuning of Moiré Exciton Polaritons in van der Waals Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4468-4474. [PMID: 35594200 PMCID: PMC9185750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Twisted atomically thin semiconductors are characterized by moiré excitons. Their optical signatures and selection rules are well understood. However, their hybridization with photons in the strong coupling regime for heterostructures integrated in an optical cavity has not been the focus of research yet. Here, we combine an excitonic density matrix formalism with a Hopfield approach to provide microscopic insights into moiré exciton polaritons. In particular, we show that exciton-light coupling, polariton energy, and even the number of polariton branches can be controlled via the twist angle. We find that these new hybrid light-exciton states become delocalized relative to the constituent excitons due to the mixing with light and higher-energy excitons. The system can be interpreted as a natural quantum metamaterial with a periodicity that can be engineered via the twist angle. Our study presents a significant advance in microscopic understanding and control of moiré exciton polaritons in twisted atomically thin semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Fitzgerald
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Ermin Malic
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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35
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Brightening of a dark monolayer semiconductor via strong light-matter coupling in a cavity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3001. [PMID: 35637218 PMCID: PMC9151642 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering the properties of quantum materials via strong light-matter coupling is a compelling research direction with a multiplicity of modern applications. Those range from modifying charge transport in organic molecules, steering particle correlation and interactions, and even controlling chemical reactions. Here, we study the modification of the material properties via strong coupling and demonstrate an effective inversion of the excitonic band-ordering in a monolayer of WSe2 with spin-forbidden, optically dark ground state. In our experiments, we harness the strong light-matter coupling between cavity photon and the high energy, spin-allowed bright exciton, and thus creating two bright polaritonic modes in the optical bandgap with the lower polariton mode pushed below the WSe2 dark state. We demonstrate that in this regime the commonly observed luminescence quenching stemming from the fast relaxation to the dark ground state is prevented, which results in the brightening of this intrinsically dark material. We probe this effective brightening by temperature-dependent photoluminescence, and we find an excellent agreement with a theoretical model accounting for the inversion of the band ordering and phonon-assisted polariton relaxation. Here, the authors show brightening of dark excitons by strong coupling between cavity photons and high energy, spin-allowed, bright excitons in monolayer WSe2. In this regime, the commonly observed photoluminescence quenching stemming from the fast relaxation to the dark ground state is prevented.
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36
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Scott Z, Muhammad S, Shahbazyan TV. Plasmon-induced coherence, exciton-induced transparency, and Fano interference for hybrid plasmonic systems in strong coupling regime. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194702. [PMID: 35597643 DOI: 10.1063/5.0083197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We present an analytical model describing the transition to a strong coupling regime for an ensemble of emitters resonantly coupled to a localized surface plasmon in a metal-dielectric structure. The response of a hybrid system to an external field is determined by two distinct mechanisms involving collective states of emitters interacting with the plasmon mode. The first mechanism is the near-field coupling between the bright collective state and the plasmon mode, which underpins the energy exchange between the system components and gives rise to exciton-induced transparency minimum in scattering spectra in the weak coupling regime and to emergence of polaritonic bands as the system transitions to the strong coupling regime. The second mechanism is the Fano interference between the plasmon dipole moment and the plasmon-induced dipole moment of the bright collective state as the hybrid system interacts with the radiation field. The latter mechanism is greatly facilitated by plasmon-induced coherence in a system with the characteristic size below the diffraction limit as the individual emitters comprising the collective state are driven by the same alternating plasmon near field and, therefore, all oscillate in phase. This cooperative effect leads to scaling of the Fano asymmetry parameter and of the Fano function amplitude with the ensemble size, and therefore, it strongly affects the shape of scattering spectra for large ensembles. Specifically, with increasing emitter numbers, the Fano interference leads to a spectral weight shift toward the lower energy polaritonic band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Scott
- Department of Physics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
| | - Shafi Muhammad
- Department of Physics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
| | - Tigran V Shahbazyan
- Department of Physics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
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37
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Deng WM, Chen ZM, Li MY, Guo CH, Tian ZT, Sun KX, Chen XD, Chen WJ, Dong JW. Ideal nodal rings of one-dimensional photonic crystals in the visible region. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:134. [PMID: 35551174 PMCID: PMC9098453 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) artificial metacrystals host rich topological phases, such as Weyl points, nodal rings, and 3D photonic topological insulators. These topological states enable a wide range of applications, including 3D robust waveguides, one-way fiber, and negative refraction of the surface wave. However, these carefully designed metacrystals are usually very complex, hindering their extension to nanoscale photonic systems. Here, we theoretically proposed and experimentally realized an ideal nodal ring in the visible region using a simple 1D photonic crystal. The π-Berry phase around the ring is manifested by a 2π reflection phase's winding and the resultant drumhead surface states. By breaking the inversion symmetry, the nodal ring can be gapped and the π-Berry phase would diffuse into a toroidal-shaped Berry flux, resulting in photonic ridge states (the 3D extension of quantum valley Hall states). Our results provide a simple and feasible platform for exploring 3D topological physics and its potential applications in nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Deng
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Ming Chen
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yu Li
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Heng Guo
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Tao Tian
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Xin Sun
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jie Chen
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian-Wen Dong
- School of Physics & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
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Li J, Liu J, Guo Z, Chang Z, Guo Y. Engineering Plasmonic Environments for 2D Materials and 2D-Based Photodetectors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092807. [PMID: 35566157 PMCID: PMC9100532 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional layered materials are considered ideal platforms to study novel small-scale optoelectronic devices due to their unique electronic structures and fantastic physical properties. However, it is urgent to further improve the light–matter interaction in these materials because their light absorption efficiency is limited by the atomically thin thickness. One of the promising approaches is to engineer the plasmonic environment around 2D materials for modulating light–matter interaction in 2D materials. This method greatly benefits from the advances in the development of nanofabrication and out-plane van der Waals interaction of 2D materials. In this paper, we review a series of recent works on 2D materials integrated with plasmonic environments, including the plasmonic-enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield, strong coupling between plasmons and excitons, nonlinear optics in plasmonic nanocavities, manipulation of chiral optical signals in hybrid nanostructures, and the improvement of the performance of optoelectronic devices based on composite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jingyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zirui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zeyu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yang Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.G.)
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39
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Zhou H, Sun C, Xin W, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhu H. Spatiotemporally Coupled Electron-Hole Dynamics in Two Dimensional Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2547-2553. [PMID: 35285224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coulomb interactions play a crucial role in low-dimensional semiconductor materials, e.g., 2D layered semiconductors, dictating their electronic and optical properties. However, fundamental questions remain as to whether and how Coulomb interactions affect the charge or energy flow in 2D heterostructures, which is essential for their light-electricity conversions. Herein, using ultrafast spectroscopy, we report real space coupled electron-hole dynamics in 2D heterostructures. We show in (WSe2/)WS2/MoTe2 with a controlled energy gradient for the hole and a near flat band for electron transfer, the fate of the electron is controlled by the hole in coupled dynamics. The interfacial electron transfer from WS2 to MoTe2 follows the hole closely and can be facilitated or suppressed by dynamic Coulomb interaction. In parallel to the band alignment, this study reveals the critical role of Coulomb interactions on the fate of photogenerated charges in 2D heterostructures, providing experimental evidence for coupled electron-hole dynamics and a new knob for steering nanoscale charge or energy transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Wei Xin
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Yujie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yuzhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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Huang L, Krasnok A, Alú A, Yu Y, Neshev D, Miroshnichenko AE. Enhanced light-matter interaction in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:046401. [PMID: 34939940 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac45f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials, such as MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2, have received extensive attention in the past decade due to their extraordinary electronic, optical and thermal properties. They evolve from indirect bandgap semiconductors to direct bandgap semiconductors while their layer number is reduced from a few layers to a monolayer limit. Consequently, there is strong photoluminescence in a monolayer (1L) TMDC due to the large quantum yield. Moreover, such monolayer semiconductors have two other exciting properties: large binding energy of excitons and valley polarization. These properties make them become ideal materials for various electronic, photonic and optoelectronic devices. However, their performance is limited by the relatively weak light-matter interactions due to their atomically thin form factor. Resonant nanophotonic structures provide a viable way to address this issue and enhance light-matter interactions in 2D TMDCs. Here, we provide an overview of this research area, showcasing relevant applications, including exotic light emission, absorption and scattering features. We start by overviewing the concept of excitons in 1L-TMDC and the fundamental theory of cavity-enhanced emission, followed by a discussion on the recent progress of enhanced light emission, strong coupling and valleytronics. The atomically thin nature of 1L-TMDC enables a broad range of ways to tune its electric and optical properties. Thus, we continue by reviewing advances in TMDC-based tunable photonic devices. Next, we survey the recent progress in enhanced light absorption over narrow and broad bandwidths using 1L or few-layer TMDCs, and their applications for photovoltaics and photodetectors. We also review recent efforts of engineering light scattering, e.g., inducing Fano resonances, wavefront engineering in 1L or few-layer TMDCs by either integrating resonant structures, such as plasmonic/Mie resonant metasurfaces, or directly patterning monolayer/few layers TMDCs. We then overview the intriguing physical properties of different van der Waals heterostructures, and their applications in optoelectronic and photonic devices. Finally, we draw our opinion on potential opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Huang
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Alex Krasnok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States of America
| | - Andrea Alú
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States of America
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Yiling Yu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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Triana JF, Arias M, Nishida J, Muller EA, Wilcken R, Johnson SC, Delgado A, Raschke MB, Herrera F. Semi-empirical Quantum Optics for Mid-Infrared Molecular Nanophotonics. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:124110. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0075894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale infrared (IR) resonators with sub-diffraction limited mode volumes and open geome- tries have emerged as new platforms for implementing cavity QED at room temperature. The use of infrared (IR) nano-antennas and tip nanoprobes to study strong light-matter coupling of molecular vibrations with the vacuum field can be exploited for IR quantum control with nanometer and femtosecond resolution. To accelerate the development of molecule-based quantum nano-photonic devices in the mid-IR, we propose a generally applicable semi-empirical methodology based on quantum optics to describe light-matter interaction in systems driven by femtosecond laser pulses. The theory is shown to reproduce recent experiments on the acceleration of the vibrational relaxation rate in infrared nanostructures, and also provide phys- ical insights for the implementation of coherent phase rotations of the near-field using broadband nanotips. We then apply the quantum framework to develop general tip-design rules for the exper- imental manipulation of vibrational strong coupling and Fano interference effects in open infrared resonators. We finally propose the possibility of transferring the natural anharmonicity of molecular vibrational levels to the resonator near-field in the weak coupling regime to implement intensity-dependent phase shifts of the coupled system response with strong pulses, and develop a vibrational chirping model to understand the effect. The semi-empirical quantum theory is equivalent to first- principles techniques based on Maxwell's equations, but its lower computational cost suggests its use a rapid design tool for the development of strongly-coupled infrared nanophotonic hardware for applications ranging from quantum control of materials to quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan F Triana
- Region Metropolitana, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Jun Nishida
- University of Colorado Boulder, United States of America
| | - Eric A Muller
- Chemistry, Colgate University Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, United States of America
| | - Roland Wilcken
- University of Colorado at Boulder, United States of America
| | | | | | - Markus B. Raschke
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, United States of America
| | - Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
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42
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Li D, Shan H, Rupprecht C, Knopf H, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Qin Y, Tongay S, Nuß M, Schröder S, Eilenberger F, Höfling S, Schneider C, Brixner T. Hybridized Exciton-Photon-Phonon States in a Transition Metal Dichalcogenide van der Waals Heterostructure Microcavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:087401. [PMID: 35275663 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.087401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excitons in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been established as an attractive platform to explore polaritonic physics, owing to their enormous binding energies and giant oscillator strength. Basic spectral features of exciton polaritons in TMD microcavities, thus far, were conventionally explained via two-coupled-oscillator models. This ignores, however, the impact of phonons on the polariton energy structure. Here we establish and quantify the threefold coupling between excitons, cavity photons, and phonons. For this purpose, we employ energy-momentum-resolved photoluminescence and spatially resolved coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy to investigate the spectral properties of a high-quality-factor microcavity with an embedded WSe_{2} van der Waals heterostructure at room temperature. Our approach reveals a rich multibranch structure which thus far has not been captured in previous experiments. Simulation of the data reveals hybridized exciton-photon-phonon states, providing new physical insight into the exciton polariton system based on layered TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Li
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Hangyong Shan
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rupprecht
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Knopf
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Max Planck School of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ying Qin
- Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Matthias Nuß
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Schröder
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Max Planck School of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Garg S, Fix JP, Krayev AV, Flanery C, Colgrove M, Sulkanen AR, Wang M, Liu GY, Borys NJ, Kung P. Nanoscale Raman Characterization of a 2D Semiconductor Lateral Heterostructure Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:340-350. [PMID: 34936762 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the interface in lateral heterostructures of 2D monolayer semiconductors including its composition, size, and heterogeneity critically impacts the functionalities it engenders on the 2D system for next-generation optoelectronics. Here, we use tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) to characterize the interface in a single-layer MoS2/WS2 lateral heterostructure with a spatial resolution of 50 nm. Resonant and nonresonant TERS spectroscopies reveal that the interface is alloyed with a size that varies over an order of magnitude─from 50 to 600 nm─within a single crystallite. Nanoscale imaging of the continuous interfacial evolution of the resonant and nonresonant Raman spectra enables the deconvolution of defect activation, resonant enhancement, and material composition for several vibrational modes in single-layer MoS2, MoxW1-xS2, and WS2. The results demonstrate the capabilities of nanoscale TERS spectroscopy to elucidate macroscopic structure-property relationships in 2D materials and to characterize lateral interfaces of 2D systems on length scales that are imperative for devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Garg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - J Pierce Fix
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | | | - Connor Flanery
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Michael Colgrove
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Audrey R Sulkanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Minyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gang-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nicholas J Borys
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Patrick Kung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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Choi YK, Kern NR, Kim S, Kanhaiya K, Afshar Y, Jeon SH, Jo S, Brooks BR, Lee J, Tadmor EB, Heinz H, Im W. CHARMM-GUI Nanomaterial Modeler for Modeling and Simulation of Nanomaterial Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:479-493. [PMID: 34871001 PMCID: PMC8752518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modeling and simulation are invaluable tools for nanoscience that predict mechanical, physicochemical, and thermodynamic properties of nanomaterials and provide molecular-level insight into underlying mechanisms. However, building nanomaterial-containing systems remains challenging due to the lack of reliable and integrated cyberinfrastructures. Here we present Nanomaterial Modeler in CHARMM-GUI, a web-based cyberinfrastructure that provides an automated process to generate various nanomaterial models, associated topologies, and configuration files to perform state-of-the-art molecular dynamics simulations using most simulation packages. The nanomaterial models are based on the interface force field, one of the most reliable force fields (FFs). The transferability of nanomaterial models among the simulation programs was assessed by single-point energy calculations, which yielded 0.01% relative absolute energy differences for various surface models and equilibrium nanoparticle shapes. Three widely used Lennard-Jones (LJ) cutoff methods are employed to evaluate the compatibility of nanomaterial models with respect to conventional biomolecular FFs: simple truncation at r = 12 Å (12 cutoff), force-based switching over 10 to 12 Å (10-12 fsw), and LJ particle mesh Ewald with no cutoff (LJPME). The FF parameters with these LJ cutoff methods are extensively validated by reproducing structural, interfacial, and mechanical properties. We find that the computed density and surface energies are in good agreement with reported experimental results, although the simulation results increase in the following order: 10-12 fsw <12 cutoff < LJPME. Nanomaterials in which LJ interactions are a major component show relatively higher deviations (up to 4% in density and 8% in surface energy differences) compared with the experiment. Nanomaterial Modeler's capability is also demonstrated by generating complex systems of nanomaterial-biomolecule and nanomaterial-polymer interfaces with a combination of existing CHARMM-GUI modules. We hope that Nanomaterial Modeler can be used to carry out innovative nanomaterial modeling and simulations to acquire insight into the structure, dynamics, and underlying mechanisms of complex nanomaterial-containing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeol Kyo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Nathan R. Kern
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Seonghan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Krishan Kanhaiya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Yaser Afshar
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sun Hee Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Sunhwan Jo
- Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Bernard R. Brooks
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jumin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Ellad B. Tadmor
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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45
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Shan H, Lackner L, Han B, Sedov E, Rupprecht C, Knopf H, Eilenberger F, Beierlein J, Kunte N, Esmann M, Yumigeta K, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Klembt S, Höfling S, Kavokin AV, Tongay S, Schneider C, Antón-Solanas C. Spatial coherence of room-temperature monolayer WSe 2 exciton-polaritons in a trap. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6406. [PMID: 34737328 PMCID: PMC8569157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of spatial and temporal coherence of light emitted from solid-state systems is a fundamental phenomenon intrinsically aligned with the control of light-matter coupling. It is canonical for laser oscillation, emerges in the superradiance of collective emitters, and has been investigated in bosonic condensates of thermalized light, as well as exciton-polaritons. Our room temperature experiments show the strong light-matter coupling between microcavity photons and excitons in atomically thin WSe2. We evidence the density-dependent expansion of spatial and temporal coherence of the emitted light from the spatially confined system ground-state, which is accompanied by a threshold-like response of the emitted light intensity. Additionally, valley-physics is manifested in the presence of an external magnetic field, which allows us to manipulate K and K' polaritons via the valley-Zeeman-effect. Our findings validate the potential of atomically thin crystals as versatile components of coherent light-sources, and in valleytronic applications at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyong Shan
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Lukas Lackner
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bo Han
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Evgeny Sedov
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Vladimir State University named after A. G. and N. G. Stoletovs, Gorky str. 87, 600000, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Christoph Rupprecht
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Heiko Knopf
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Max Planck School of Photonics, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Max Planck School of Photonics, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Beierlein
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Nils Kunte
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Esmann
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kentaro Yumigeta
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sebastian Klembt
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Alexey V Kavokin
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO171BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA.
| | - Christian Schneider
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
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46
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Han X, Wang K, Jiang Y, Xing X, Li S, Hu H, Liu W, Wang B, Lu P. Controllable Plexcitonic Coupling in a WS 2-Ag Nanocavity with Solvents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43554-43561. [PMID: 34465088 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between emitters and cavities underlies many of the current strategies aiming at generating and controlling quantum states at room temperature. Recent experiments reveal strong coupling between two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and individual plasmonic structures; however, the coupling strength is quite limited (<200 meV), and the active control of the coupling strength is challenging. Here, we demonstrate the active tuning of plexcitonic coupling in monolayer WS2 coupled to a plasmonic nanocavity by immersing into a mixed solution of dichloromethane (DCM) and ethanol. By adjusting the mixture ratio, continuous tuning of the Rabi splitting energy ranged from 183 meV (in ethanol) to 273 meV (in DCM) is achieved. The results are mainly attributed to the remarkable increase of the neutral exciton density in monolayer WS2 as the concentration of DCM is increased. It offers an important stepping stone toward a further study on plexcitonic coupling in layered materials, along with potential applications in quantum information processing and nonlinear optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangyuan Xing
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shujin Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huatian Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Guangdong Intelligent Robotics Institute, Dongguan 523808, China
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47
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Motional narrowing, ballistic transport, and trapping of room-temperature exciton polaritons in an atomically-thin semiconductor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5366. [PMID: 34508084 PMCID: PMC8433169 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide crystals (TMDCs) hold great promise for semiconductor optoelectronics because their bound electron-hole pairs (excitons) are stable at room temperature and interact strongly with light. When TMDCs are embedded in an optical microcavity, excitons can hybridise with cavity photons to form exciton polaritons, which inherit useful properties from their constituents. The ability to manipulate and trap polaritons on a microchip is critical for applications. Here, we create a non-trivial potential landscape for polaritons in monolayer WS2, and demonstrate their trapping and ballistic propagation across tens of micrometers. We show that the effects of dielectric disorder, which restrict the diffusion of WS2 excitons and broaden their spectral resonance, are dramatically reduced for polaritons, leading to motional narrowing and preserved partial coherence. Linewidth narrowing and coherence are further enhanced in the trap. Our results demonstrate the possibility of long-range dissipationless transport and efficient trapping of TMDC polaritons in ambient conditions.
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48
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Anton-Solanas C, Waldherr M, Klaas M, Suchomel H, Harder TH, Cai H, Sedov E, Klembt S, Kavokin AV, Tongay S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Höfling S, Schneider C. Bosonic condensation of exciton-polaritons in an atomically thin crystal. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1233-1239. [PMID: 33958772 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of two-dimensional crystals has revolutionized modern solid-state physics. From a fundamental point of view, the enhancement of charge carrier correlations has sparked much research activity in the transport and quantum optics communities. One of the most intriguing effects, in this regard, is the bosonic condensation and spontaneous coherence of many-particle complexes. Here we find compelling evidence of bosonic condensation of exciton-polaritons emerging from an atomically thin crystal of MoSe2 embedded in a dielectric microcavity under optical pumping at cryogenic temperatures. The formation of the condensate manifests itself in a sudden increase of luminescence intensity in a threshold-like manner, and a notable spin-polarizability in an externally applied magnetic field. Spatial coherence is mapped out via highly resolved real-space interferometry, revealing a spatially extended condensate. Our device represents a decisive step towards the implementation of coherent light-sources based on atomically thin crystals, as well as non-linear, valleytronic coherent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Anton-Solanas
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Waldherr
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Klaas
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Suchomel
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hui Cai
- University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Evgeny Sedov
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletovs, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Sebastian Klembt
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexey V Kavokin
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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49
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Anantharaman SB, Jo K, Jariwala D. Exciton-Photonics: From Fundamental Science to Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12628-12654. [PMID: 34310122 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductors in all dimensionalities ranging from 0D quantum dots and molecules to 3D bulk crystals support bound electron-hole pair quasiparticles termed excitons. Over the past two decades, the emergence of a variety of low-dimensional semiconductors that support excitons combined with advances in nano-optics and photonics has burgeoned an advanced area of research that focuses on engineering, imaging, and modulating the coupling between excitons and photons, resulting in the formation of hybrid quasiparticles termed exciton-polaritons. This advanced area has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in quantum optics, as well as classical optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a review on the coupling of light in excitonic semiconductors and previous investigations of the optical properties of these hybrid quasiparticles via both far-field and near-field imaging and spectroscopy techniques. Special emphasis is given to recent advances with critical evaluation of the bottlenecks that plague various materials toward practical device implementations including quantum light sources. Our review highlights a growing need for excitonic material development together with optical engineering and imaging techniques to harness the utility of excitons and their host materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Anantharaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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50
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Bhatt P, Kaur K, George J. Enhanced Charge Transport in Two-Dimensional Materials through Light-Matter Strong Coupling. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13616-13622. [PMID: 34347448 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strong light-matter interaction of functional materials is emerging as a promising area of research. Recent experiments suggest that material properties like charge transport can be controlled by coupling to a vacuum electromagnetic field. Here, we explored the design of a Fabry-Perot cavity in a field-effect transistor configuration and studied the charge transport in two-dimensional materials. The optical and electrical measurements of strongly coupled WS2 suggest an enhancement of electron transport at room temperature. Electron mobility is enhanced more than 50 times at ON resonance conditions. Similarly, Ion/Ioff ratio of the device increased by 2 orders of magnitude without chemical modification of the active layer. Cavity tuning and coupling strength-dependent studies support the evidence of modifying the electronic properties of the coupled system. A clear correlation in the effective mass of the polaritonic state and Schottky barrier height indicates a collective nature of light-matter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhatt
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Kuljeet Kaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Jino George
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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