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Cuttoli RDD, Issler O, Yakubov B, Jahan N, Abid A, Kasparov S, Granizo K, Ahmed S, Russo SJ, Nestler EJ, Sweis BM. Sex differences in change-of-mind neuroeconomic decision-making is modulated by LINC00473 in medial prefrontal cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.592609. [PMID: 39005412 PMCID: PMC11244910 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.592609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Changing one's mind is a complex cognitive phenomenon involving a continuous re-appraisal of the trade-off between past costs and future value. Recent work modeling this behavior across species has established associations between aspects of this choice process and their contributions to altered decision-making in psychopathology. Here, we investigated the actions in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons of long intergenic non-coding RNA, LINC00473, known to induce stress resilience in a striking sex-dependent manner, but whose role in cognitive function is unknown. We characterized complex decision-making behavior in male and female mice longitudinally in our neuroeconomic foraging paradigm, Restaurant Row, following virus-mediated LINC00473 expression in mPFC neurons. On this task, mice foraged for their primary source of food among varying costs (delays) and subjective value (flavors) while on a limited time-budget during which decisions to accept and wait for rewards were separated into discrete stages of primary commitments and secondary re-evaluations. We discovered important differences in decision-making behavior between female and male mice. LINC00473 expression selectively influenced multiple features of re-evaluative choices, without affecting primary decisions, in female mice only. These behavioral effects included changing how mice (i) cached the value of the passage of time and (ii) weighed their history of economically disadvantageous choices. Both processes were uniquely linked to change-of-mind decisions and underlie the computational bases of distinct aspects of counterfactual thinking. These findings reveal a key bridge between a molecular driver of stress resilience and psychological mechanisms underlying sex-specific decision-making proclivities.
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Durand-de Cuttoli R, Martínez-Rivera FJ, Li L, Minier-Toribio A, Dong Z, Cai DJ, Russo SJ, Nestler EJ, Sweis BM. A Double Hit of Social and Economic Stress in Mice Precipitates Changes in Decision-Making Strategies. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 96:67-78. [PMID: 38141911 PMCID: PMC11168892 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Economic stress can serve as a second hit for people who have already accumulated a history of adverse life experiences. How one recovers from a setback is a core feature of resilience but is seldom captured in animal studies. METHODS We challenged mice in a novel 2-hit stress model by first exposing them to chronic social defeat stress and then testing adaptations to increasing reward scarcity on a neuroeconomic task. Mice were tested across months on the Restaurant Row task, during which they foraged daily for their primary source of food while on a limited time budget in a closed-economy system. An abrupt transition into a reward-scarce environment elicits an economic challenge, precipitating a drop in food intake and body weight to which mice must respond to survive. RESULTS We found that mice with a history of social stress mounted a robust behavioral response to this economic challenge that was achieved through a complex redistribution of time allocation among competing opportunities. Interestingly, we found that mice with a history of social defeat displayed changes in the development of decision-making policies during the recovery process that are important not only for ensuring food security necessary for survival but also prioritizing subjective value and that these changes emerged only for certain types of choices. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that an individual's capacity to recover from economic challenges depends on that person's prior history of stress and can affect multiple decision-making aspects of subjective well-being, thus highlighting a motivational balance that may be altered in stress-related disorders such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Long Li
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Angélica Minier-Toribio
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Zhe Dong
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Denise J Cai
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Scott J Russo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Brian M Sweis
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Cuttoli RDD, Sweis BM. Ketamine reverses stress-induced hypersensitivity to sunk costs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.12.593597. [PMID: 38798536 PMCID: PMC11118454 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.12.593597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
How mood interacts with information processing in the brain is thought to mediate the maladaptive behaviors observed in depressed individuals. However, the neural mechanisms underlying impairments in emotion-cognition interactions are poorly understood. This includes influencing the balance between how past-sensitive vs. future-looking one is during decision-making. Recent insights from the field of neuroeconomics offer novel approaches to study changes in such valuation processes in a manner that is biologically tractable and readily translatable across species. We recently discovered that rodents are sensitive to "sunk costs" - a feature of higher cognition previously thought to be unique to humans. The sunk costs bias describes the phenomenon in which an individual overvalues and escalates commitment to continuing an ongoing endeavor, even if suboptimal, as a function of irrecoverable past (sunk) losses - information that, according to classic economic theory, should be ignored. In the present study, mice were exposed to chronic social defeat stress paradigm, a well-established animal model used for the study of depression. Mice were then tested on our longitudinal neuroeconomic foraging task, Restaurant Row. We found mice exposed to this severe stressor displayed an increased sensitivity to sunk costs, without altering overall willingness to wait. Mice were then randomly assigned to receive a single intraperitoneal injection of either saline or ketamine (20 mg/kg). We discovered that stress-induced hypersensitivity to sunk costs was renormalized following a single dose of ketamine. Interestingly, in non-defeated mice, ketamine treatment completely abolished sunk cost sensitivity, causing mice to no longer value irrecoverable losses during re-evaluation decisions who instead based choices solely on the future investment required to obtain a goal. These findings suggest that the antidepressant effects of ketamine may be mediated in part through changes in the processing of past-sensitive information during on-going decision-making, reducing its weight as a potential source of cognitive dissonance that could modulate behavior and instead promoting more future-thinking behavior.
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Wang Y, Ke J, Li S, Kong Q, Zhang M, Li M, Gu J, Chi M. Analysis and study of the mechanism of narcotic addiction and withdrawal. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26957. [PMID: 38449641 PMCID: PMC10915384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Narcotic drugs refer to drugs that have anesthetic effects on the central nervous system, and they easily produce physical dependence and mental dependence and can be addictive due to continuous use, abuse or unreasonable use. In this paper, bioinformatics and data analysis and mining techniques were used to analyze the methylation differences in transcriptional and clinical data of narcotic addiction in public databases, to explore the mechanism of narcotic addiction, and to mine some norepinephrine drugs. This study confirmed the possibility of using norepinephrine as an auxiliary drug for drug addiction rehabilitation. In addition, we also conducted a similar analysis on the addiction of three drugs. The results showed that the differences in the body caused by the ingestion of opiates and cocaine were significantly greater than those caused by the ingestion of methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jiawei Ke
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medical, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Qingling Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Meng Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
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5
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Diehl GW, Redish AD. Measuring excitation-inhibition balance through spectral components of local field potentials. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577086. [PMID: 38328057 PMCID: PMC10849740 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The balance between excitation and inhibition is critical to brain functioning, and dysregulation of this balance is a hallmark of numerous psychiatric conditions. Measuring this excitation-inhibition (E:I) balance in vivo has remained difficult, but theoretical models have proposed that characteristics of local field potentials (LFP) may provide an accurate proxy. To establish a conclusive link between LFP and E:I balance, we recorded single units and LFP from the prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats during decision making. Dynamic measures of synaptic coupling strength facilitated direct quantification of E:I balance and revealed a strong inverse relationship to broadband spectral power of LFP. These results provide a critical link between LFP and underlying network properties, opening the door for non-invasive recordings to measure E:I balance in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W Diehl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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6
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Nwakama CA, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Oketokoun ZM, Brown SO, Haller JE, Méndez A, Farshbaf MJ, Cho YZ, Ahmed S, Leng S, Ables JL, Sweis BM. Diabetes alters neuroeconomically dissociable forms of mental accounting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.04.574210. [PMID: 38260368 PMCID: PMC10802482 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.04.574210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Those with diabetes mellitus are at high-risk of developing psychiatric disorders, yet the link between hyperglycemia and alterations in motivated behavior has not been explored in detail. We characterized value-based decision-making behavior of a streptozocin-induced diabetic mouse model on a naturalistic neuroeconomic foraging paradigm called Restaurant Row. Mice made self-paced choices while on a limited time-budget accepting or rejecting reward offers as a function of cost (delays cued by tone-pitch) and subjective value (flavors), tested daily in a closed-economy system across months. We found streptozocin-treated mice disproportionately undervalued less-preferred flavors and inverted their meal-consumption patterns shifted toward a more costly strategy that overprioritized high-value rewards. We discovered these foraging behaviors were driven by impairments in multiple decision-making systems, including the ability to deliberate when engaged in conflict and cache the value of the passage of time in the form of sunk costs. Surprisingly, diabetes-induced changes in behavior depended not only on the type of choice being made but also the salience of reward-scarcity in the environment. These findings suggest complex relationships between glycemic regulation and dissociable valuation algorithms underlying unique cognitive heuristics and sensitivity to opportunity costs can disrupt fundamentally distinct computational processes and could give rise to psychiatric vulnerabilities.
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7
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Halbout B, Hutson C, Agrawal S, Springs ZA, Ostlund SB. Differential effects of acute and prolonged morphine withdrawal on motivational and goal-directed control over reward-seeking behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557822. [PMID: 37745601 PMCID: PMC10515939 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Opioid addiction is a relapsing disorder marked by uncontrolled drug use and reduced interest in normally rewarding activities. The current study investigated the impact of spontaneous withdrawal from chronic morphine exposure on emotional, motivational, and cognitive processes involved in regulating the pursuit and consumption of natural food rewards in male rats. In Experiment 1, rats experiencing acute morphine withdrawal lost weight and displayed somatic signs of drug dependence. However, hedonically-driven sucrose consumption was significantly elevated, suggesting intact and potentially heightened emotional reward processing. In Experiment 2, rats undergoing acute morphine withdrawal displayed reduced motivation when performing an effortful response for palatable food reward. Subsequent reward devaluation testing revealed that acute withdrawal also disrupted their ability to exert flexible goal-directed control over their reward-seeking behavior. Specifically, morphine-withdrawn rats displayed insensitivity to reward devaluation both when relying on prior action-outcome learning and when given direct feedback about the consequences of their actions. In Experiment 3, rats tested after prolonged morphine withdrawal displayed heightened rather than diminished motivation for food rewards and retained their ability to engage in flexible goal-directed action selection. However, brief re-exposure to morphine was sufficient to impair motivation and disrupt goal-directed action selection, though in this case insensitivity to reward devaluation was only observed in the presence of morphine-paired context cues and in the absence of response-contingent feedback. We suggest that these opioid-withdrawal induced deficits in motivation and goal-directed control may contribute to addiction by interfering with the pursuit of adaptive alternatives to drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briac Halbout
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Collin Hutson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Stuti Agrawal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Zachary A. Springs
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sean B. Ostlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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8
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Diehl GW, Redish AD. Differential processing of decision information in subregions of rodent medial prefrontal cortex. eLife 2023; 12:82833. [PMID: 36652289 PMCID: PMC9848391 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision-making involves multiple cognitive processes requiring different aspects of information about the situation at hand. The rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been hypothesized to be central to these abilities. Functional studies have sought to link specific processes to specific anatomical subregions, but past studies of mPFC have yielded controversial results, leaving the precise nature of mPFC function unclear. To settle this debate, we recorded from the full dorso-ventral extent of mPFC in each of 8 rats, as they performed a complex economic decision task. These data revealed four distinct functional domains within mPFC that closely mirrored anatomically identified subregions, including novel evidence to divide prelimbic cortex into dorsal and ventral components. We found that dorsal aspects of mPFC (ACC, dPL) were more involved in processing information about active decisions, while ventral aspects (vPL, IL) were more engaged in motivational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W Diehl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
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9
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Redish AD, Abram SV, Cunningham PJ, Duin AA, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Kazinka R, Kocharian A, MacDonald AW, Schmidt B, Schmitzer-Torbert N, Thomas MJ, Sweis BM. Sunk cost sensitivity during change-of-mind decisions is informed by both the spent and remaining costs. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1337. [PMID: 36474069 PMCID: PMC9726928 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunk cost sensitivity describes escalating decision commitment with increased spent resources. On neuroeconomic foraging tasks, mice, rats, and humans show similar escalations from sunk costs while quitting an ongoing countdown to reward. In a new analysis taken across computationally parallel foraging tasks across species and laboratories, we find that these behaviors primarily occur on choices that are economically inconsistent with the subject's other choices, and that they reflect not only the time spent, but also the time remaining, suggesting that these are change-of-mind re-evaluation processes. Using a recently proposed change-of-mind drift-diffusion model, we find that the sunk cost sensitivity in this model arises from decision-processes that directly take into account the time spent (costs sunk). Applying these new insights to experimental data, we find that sensitivity to sunk costs during re-evaluation decisions depends on the information provided to the subject about the time spent and the time remaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. David Redish
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Samantha V. Abram
- grid.410372.30000 0004 0419 2775San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA
| | - Paul J. Cunningham
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Anneke A. Duin
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ,grid.466656.10000 0004 0523 9811Present Address: Epic Systems, 1979 Milky Way, Verona, WI 53593 USA
| | - Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Rebecca Kazinka
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA
| | - Adrina Kocharian
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Angus W. MacDonald
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Brandy Schmidt
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Neil Schmitzer-Torbert
- grid.267959.60000 0000 9886 0607Department of Psychology, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, IN 47933 USA
| | - Mark J. Thomas
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Brian M. Sweis
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
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10
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Durand-de Cuttoli R, Martínez-Rivera FJ, Li L, Minier-Toribio A, Holt LM, Cathomas F, Yasmin F, Elhassa SO, Shaikh JF, Ahmed S, Russo SJ, Nestler EJ, Sweis BM. Distinct forms of regret linked to resilience versus susceptibility to stress are regulated by region-specific CREB function in mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd5579. [PMID: 36260683 PMCID: PMC9581472 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Regret describes recognizing alternative actions could have led to better outcomes. It remains unclear whether regret derives from generalized mistake appraisal or instead comprises dissociable, action-specific processes. Using a neuroeconomic task, we found that mice were sensitive to fundamentally distinct types of regret following exposure to chronic social defeat stress or manipulations of CREB, a transcription factor implicated in stress action. Bias to make compensatory decisions after rejecting high-value offers (regret type I) was unique to stress-susceptible mice. Bias following the converse operation, accepting low-value offers (regret type II), was enhanced in stress-resilient mice and absent in stress-susceptible mice. CREB function in either the prefrontal cortex or nucleus accumbens was required to suppress regret type I but bidirectionally regulated regret type II. We provide insight into how maladaptive stress response traits relate to distinct forms of counterfactual thinking, which could steer therapy for mood disorders, such as depression, toward circuit-specific computations through a careful description of decision narrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Freddyson J. Martínez-Rivera
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Long Li
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Angélica Minier-Toribio
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Leanne M. Holt
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Flurin Cathomas
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Farzana Yasmin
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Salma O. Elhassa
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jasmine F. Shaikh
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sanjana Ahmed
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Scott J. Russo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brian M. Sweis
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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11
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Ott T, Masset P, Gouvêa TS, Kepecs A. Apparent sunk cost effect in rational agents. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabi7004. [PMID: 35148186 PMCID: PMC8836799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rational decision makers aim to maximize their gains, but humans and other animals often fail to do so, exhibiting biases and distortions in their choice behavior. In a recent study of economic decisions, humans, mice, and rats were reported to succumb to the sunk cost fallacy, making decisions based on irrecoverable past investments to the detriment of expected future returns. We challenge this interpretation because it is subject to a statistical fallacy, a form of attrition bias, and the observed behavior can be explained without invoking a sunk cost-dependent mechanism. Using a computational model, we illustrate how a rational decision maker with a reward-maximizing decision strategy reproduces the reported behavioral pattern and propose an improved task design to dissociate sunk costs from fluctuations in decision valuation. Similar statistical confounds may be common in analyses of cognitive behaviors, highlighting the need to use causal statistical inference and generative models for interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Ott
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Masset
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thiago S. Gouvêa
- German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Adam Kepecs
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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12
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Chou T, D’Orsogna MR. A mathematical model of reward-mediated learning in drug addiction. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:021102. [PMID: 35232044 PMCID: PMC8816520 DOI: 10.1063/5.0082997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Substances of abuse are known to activate and disrupt neuronal circuits in the brain reward system. We propose a simple and easily interpretable dynamical systems model to describe the neurobiology of drug addiction that incorporates the psychiatric concepts of reward prediction error, drug-induced incentive salience, and opponent process theory. Drug-induced dopamine releases activate a biphasic reward response with pleasurable, positive "a-processes" (euphoria, rush) followed by unpleasant, negative "b-processes" (cravings, withdrawal). Neuroadaptive processes triggered by successive intakes enhance the negative component of the reward response, which the user compensates for by increasing drug dose and/or intake frequency. This positive feedback between physiological changes and drug self-administration leads to habituation, tolerance, and, eventually, to full addiction. Our model gives rise to qualitatively different pathways to addiction that can represent a diverse set of user profiles (genetics, age) and drug potencies. We find that users who have, or neuroadaptively develop, a strong b-process response to drug consumption are most at risk for addiction. Finally, we include possible mechanisms to mitigate withdrawal symptoms, such as through the use of methadone or other auxiliary drugs used in detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Chou
- Department of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1766, USA
| | - Maria R. D’Orsogna
- Department of Mathematics, California State University at Northridge, Los Angeles, California 91130-8313, USA
- Also at: Department of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1766, USA. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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13
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Computational Mechanisms of Addiction: Recent Evidence and Its Relevance to Addiction Medicine. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Whyte AJ, Trinoskey-Rice G, Davies RA, Woon EP, Foster SL, Shapiro LP, Li DC, Srikanth KD, Gil-Henn H, Gourley SL. Cell Adhesion Factors in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Control Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking and Amygdala-Dependent Goal Seeking. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5923-5936. [PMID: 34074735 PMCID: PMC8265806 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0781-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated cocaine exposure causes dendritic spine loss in the orbitofrontal cortex, which might contribute to poor orbitofrontal cortical function following drug exposure. One challenge, however, has been verifying links between neuronal structural plasticity and behavior, if any. Here we report that cocaine self-administration triggers the loss of dendritic spines on excitatory neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex of male and female mice (as has been reported in rats). To understand functional consequences, we locally ablated neuronal β1-integrins, cell adhesion receptors that adhere cells to the extracellular matrix and thus support dendritic spine stability. Degradation of β1-integrin tone: (1) caused dendritic spine loss, (2) exaggerated cocaine-seeking responses in a cue-induced reinstatement test, and (3) impaired the ability of mice to integrate new learning into familiar routines, a key function of the orbitofrontal cortex. Stimulating Abl-related gene kinase, overexpressing Proline-rich tyrosine kinase, and inhibiting Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase corrected response strategies, uncovering a β1-integrin-mediated signaling axis that controls orbitofrontal cortical function. Finally, use of a combinatorial gene silencing/chemogenetic strategy revealed that β1-integrins support the ability of mice to integrate new information into established behaviors by sustaining orbitofrontal cortical connections with the basolateral amygdala.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cocaine degenerates dendritic spines in the orbitofrontal cortex, a region of the brain involved in interlacing new information into established behaviors. One challenge has been verifying links between cellular structural stability and behavior, if any. In this second of two related investigations, we study integrin family receptors, which adhere cells to the extracellular matrix and thereby stabilize dendritic spines (see also DePoy et al., 2019). We reveal that β1-integrins in the orbitofrontal cortex control food- and cocaine-seeking behaviors. For instance, β1-integrin loss amplifies cocaine-seeking behavior and impairs the ability of mice to integrate new learning into familiar routines. We identify likely intracellular signaling partners by which β1-integrins support orbitofrontal cortical function and connectivity with the basolateral amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo J Whyte
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Gracy Trinoskey-Rice
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Rachel A Davies
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Ellen P Woon
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Stephanie L Foster
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Lauren P Shapiro
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Dan C Li
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | | | - Hava Gil-Henn
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Shannon L Gourley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
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15
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-second consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2019 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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16
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Huynh T, Alstatt K, Abram SV, Schmitzer-Torbert N. Vicarious Trial-and-Error Is Enhanced During Deliberation in Human Virtual Navigation in a Translational Foraging Task. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:586159. [PMID: 33912018 PMCID: PMC8072010 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.586159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foraging tasks provide valuable insights into decision-making as animals decide how to allocate limited resources (such as time). In rodents, vicarious trial-and-error (back and forth movements), or VTE, is an important behavioral measure of deliberation which is enhanced early in learning and when animals are presented with difficult decisions. Using new translational versions of a rodent foraging task (the "Movie Row" and "Candy Row"), humans navigated a virtual maze presented on standard computers to obtain rewards (either short videos or candy) offered after a variable delay. Decision latencies were longer when participants were presented with difficult offers, overrode their preferences, and when they accepted an offer after rejecting a previous offer. In these situations, humans showed VTE-like behavior, where they were more likely to pause and/or reorient one or more times before making a decision. Behavior on these tasks replicated previous results from the rodent foraging task ("Restaurant Row") and a human version lacking a navigation component ("Web-Surf") and revealed some species differences. Compared to survey measures of delay-discounting, willingness to wait for rewards in the foraging task was not related to willingness to wait for hypothetical rewards. And, smoking status (use of cigarettes or e-cigarettes) was associated with stronger discounting of hypothetical future rewards, but was not well-related to performance on the foraging tasks. In contrast, individuals with overweight or obese BMI (≥25) did not show stronger delay-discounting, but individuals with BMI ≥ 25, and especially females, showed reduced sensitivity to sunk-costs (where their decisions were less sensitive to irrecoverable investments of effort) and less deliberation when presented with difficult offers. These data indicate that VTE is a behavioral index of deliberation in humans, and further support the Movie and Candy Row as translational tools to study decision-making in humans with the potential to provide novel insights about decision-making that are relevant to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thach Huynh
- Department of Psychology, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, IN, United States
| | - Keanan Alstatt
- Department of Psychology, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, IN, United States
| | - Samantha V. Abram
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States
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17
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Kazinka R, MacDonald AW, Redish AD. Sensitivity to Sunk Costs Depends on Attention to the Delay. Front Psychol 2021; 12:604843. [PMID: 33692720 PMCID: PMC7937795 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.604843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the WebSurf task, humans forage for videos paying costs in terms of wait times on a time-limited task. A variant of the task in which demands during the wait time were manipulated revealed the role of attention in susceptibility to sunk costs. Consistent with parallel tasks in rodents, previous studies have found that humans (undergraduates measured in lab) preferred shorter delays, but waited longer for more preferred videos, suggesting that they were treating the delays economically. In an Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk) sample, we replicated these predicted economic behaviors for a majority of participants. In the lab, participants showed susceptibility to sunk costs in this task, basing their decisions in part on time they have already waited, which we also observed in the subset of the mTurk sample that behaved economically. In another version of the task, we added an attention check to the wait phase of the delay. While that attention check further increased the proportion of subjects with predicted economic behaviors, it also removed the susceptibility to sunk costs. These findings have important implications for understanding how cognitive processes, such as the deployment of attention, are key to driving re-evaluation and susceptibility to sunk costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kazinka
- Graduate Program in Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Angus W. MacDonald
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - A. David Redish
- Neuroscience Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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18
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Schneider NA, Ballintyn B, Katz D, Lisman J, Pi HJ. Parametric shift from rational to irrational decisions in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:480. [PMID: 33436782 PMCID: PMC7803778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the classical view of economic choices, subjects make rational decisions evaluating the costs and benefits of options in order to maximize their overall income. Nonetheless, subjects often fail to reach optimal outcomes. The overt value of an option drives the direction of decisions, but covert factors such as emotion and sensitivity to sunk cost are thought to drive the observed deviations from optimality. Many questions remain to be answered as to (1) which contexts contribute the most to deviation from an optimal solution; and (2) the extent of these effects. In order to tackle these questions, we devised a decision-making task for mice, in which cost and benefit parameters could be independently and flexibly adjusted and for which a tractable optimal solution was known. Comparing mouse behavior with this optimal solution across parameter settings revealed that the factor most strongly contributing to suboptimal performance was the cost parameter. The quantification of sensitivity to sunk cost, a covert factor implicated in our task design, revealed it as another contributor to reduced optimality. In one condition where the large reward option was particularly unattractive and the small reward cost was low, the sensitivity to sunk cost and the cost-led suboptimality almost vanished. In this regime and this regime only, mice could be viewed as close to rational (here, 'rational' refers to a state in which an animal makes decisions basing on objective valuation, not covert factors). Taken together, our results suggest that "rationality" is a task-specific construct even in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Schneider
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Neuroscience Program, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Benjamin Ballintyn
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Neuroscience Program, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Donald Katz
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - John Lisman
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Neuroscience Program, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Hyun-Jae Pi
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Neuroscience Program, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA.
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19
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Neural signatures underlying deliberation in human foraging decisions. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:1492-1508. [PMID: 31209734 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans have a remarkable capacity to mentally project themselves far ahead in time. This ability, which entails the mental simulation of events, is thought to be fundamental to deliberative decision making, as it allows us to search through and evaluate possible choices. Many decisions that humans make are foraging decisions, in which one must decide whether an available offer is worth taking, when compared to unknown future possibilities (i.e., the background). Using a translational decision-making paradigm designed to reveal decision preferences in rats, we found that humans engaged in deliberation when making foraging decisions. A key feature of this task is that preferences (and thus, value) are revealed as a function of serial choices. Like rats, humans also took longer to respond when faced with difficult decisions near their preference boundary, which was associated with prefrontal and hippocampal activation, exemplifying cross-species parallels in deliberation. Furthermore, we found that voxels within the visual cortices encoded neural representations of the available possibilities specifically following regret-inducing experiences, in which the subject had previously rejected a good offer only to encounter a low-valued offer on the subsequent trial.
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20
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Pitts EG, Barfield ET, Woon EP, Gourley SL. Action-Outcome Expectancies Require Orbitofrontal Neurotrophin Systems in Naïve and Cocaine-Exposed Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:165-177. [PMID: 31218603 PMCID: PMC7007486 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use during adolescence decreases the likelihood that individuals will seek treatment for recurrent drug use. In rodents, developmental cocaine exposure weakens action-consequence decision-making, causing a deferral to familiar, habit-like behavioral response strategies. Here, we aimed to improve action-outcome decision-making. We found that acute pharmacological stimulation of the tyrosine/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (trkB) via 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) blocked cocaine-induced habit biases by strengthening memory for action-outcome associations. We believe that MDMA acts by stimulating neurotrophin/trkB systems in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a region involved in prospectively evaluating the consequences of one's action, because 1) MDMA also increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the OFC, 2) MDMA corrected habit biases due to Bdnf loss in the OFC, and 3) overexpression of a truncated isoform of trkB occluded the memory-enhancing effects of MDMA. Thus, selecting actions based on their consequences requires BDNF-trkB in the OFC, the stimulation of which may improve goal attainment in both drug-naïve and cocaine-exposed individuals. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cocaine use during adolescence decreases the likelihood that individuals will seek treatment for recurrent drug use, even as adults. Understanding how early-life cocaine exposure impacts goal-oriented action and prospective decision-making in adulthood is thus important. One key aspect of goal-directed decision-making is anticipating the consequences of one's actions, a process that likely involves the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In rodents, developmental cocaine exposure weakens action-consequence decision-making, causing a deferral to familiar, habit-like behavioral response strategies. Here, we report that we can improve memory for action-consequence relationships by stimulating neurotrophic factors, which support cell survival, development, and plasticity in the brain. With strengthened action-consequence associations, cocaine-exposed mice regain the ability to optimally select actions based on their likely outcomes. Brain region-selective manipulations reveal that neurotrophin systems in the OFC are necessary for stable memory of action-consequence relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Pitts
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Barfield
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Ellen P Woon
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Shannon L Gourley
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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21
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Abram SV, Redish AD, MacDonald AW. Learning From Loss After Risk: Dissociating Reward Pursuit and Reward Valuation in a Naturalistic Foraging Task. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:359. [PMID: 31231252 PMCID: PMC6561235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental feature of addiction is continued use despite high-cost losses. One possible driver of this feature is a dissociation between reward pursuit and reward valuation. To test for this dissociation, we employed a foraging paradigm with real-time delays and video rewards. Subjects made stay/skip choices on risky and non-risky offers; risky losses were operationalized as receipt of the longer delay after accepting a risky deal. We found that reward likability following risky losses predicted reward pursuit (i.e., subsequent choices), while there was no effect on reward valuation or reward pursuit in the absence of such losses. Individuals with high trait externalizing, who may be vulnerable to addiction, showed a dissociation between these phenomena: they liked videos more after risky losses but showed no decrease in choosing to stay on subsequent risky offers. This suggests that the inability to learn from mistakes is a potential component of risk for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V. Abram
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, San Francisco VA Medical Center, and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - A. David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Angus W. MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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22
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Sweis BM, Thomas MJ, Redish AD. Beyond simple tests of value: measuring addiction as a heterogeneous disease of computation-specific valuation processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:501-512. [PMID: 30115772 PMCID: PMC6097760 DOI: 10.1101/lm.047795.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is considered to be a neurobiological disorder of learning and memory because addiction is capable of producing lasting changes in the brain. Recovering addicts chronically struggle with making poor decisions that ultimately lead to relapse, suggesting a view of addiction also as a neurobiological disorder of decision-making information processing. How the brain makes decisions depends on how decision-making processes access information stored as memories in the brain. Advancements in circuit-dissection tools and recent theories in neuroeconomics suggest that neurally dissociable valuation processes access distinct memories differently, and thus are uniquely susceptible as the brain changes during addiction. If addiction is to be considered a neurobiological disorder of memory, and thus decision-making, the heterogeneity with which information is both stored and processed must be taken into account in addiction studies. Addiction etiology can vary widely from person to person. We propose that addiction is not a single disease, nor simply a disorder of learning and memory, but rather a collection of symptoms of heterogeneous neurobiological diseases of distinct circuit-computation-specific decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Sweis
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Mark J Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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