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Dolia V, Balch HB, Dagli S, Abdollahramezani S, Carr Delgado H, Moradifar P, Chang K, Stiber A, Safir F, Lawrence M, Hu J, Dionne JA. Very-large-scale-integrated high quality factor nanoantenna pixels. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01697-z. [PMID: 38961248 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces precisely control the amplitude, polarization and phase of light, with applications spanning imaging, sensing, modulation and computing. Three crucial performance metrics of metasurfaces and their constituent resonators are the quality factor (Q factor), mode volume (Vm) and ability to control far-field radiation. Often, resonators face a trade-off between these parameters: a reduction in Vm leads to an equivalent reduction in Q, albeit with more control over radiation. Here we demonstrate that this perceived compromise is not inevitable: high quality factor, subwavelength Vm and controlled dipole-like radiation can be achieved simultaneously. We design high quality factor, very-large-scale-integrated silicon nanoantenna pixels (VINPix) that combine guided mode resonance waveguides with photonic crystal cavities. With optimized nanoantennas, we achieve Q factors exceeding 1,500 with Vm less than 0.1( λ / n air ) 3 . Each nanoantenna is individually addressable by free-space light and exhibits dipole-like scattering to the far-field. Resonator densities exceeding a million nanoantennas per cm2 can be achieved. As a proof-of-concept application, we show spectrometer-free, spatially localized, refractive-index sensing, and fabrication of an 8 mm × 8 mm VINPix array. Our platform provides a foundation for compact, densely multiplexed devices such as spatial light modulators, computational spectrometers and in situ environmental sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dolia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Halleh B Balch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sahil Dagli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Hamish Carr Delgado
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kai Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ariel Stiber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jack Hu
- Pumpkinseed Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Choi W, Shin S, Do J, Son J, Kim K, Lee JS. Influence of Surface Treatments on Urea Detection Using Si Electrolyte-Gated Transistors with Different Gate Electrodes. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:621. [PMID: 38793194 PMCID: PMC11123436 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of surface treatments on Si-based electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) for detecting urea. Three types of EGTs were fabricated with distinct gate electrodes (Ag, Au, Pt) using a top-down method. These EGTs exhibited exceptional intrinsic electrical properties, including a low subthreshold swing of 80 mV/dec, a high on/off current ratio of 106, and negligible hysteresis. Three surface treatment methods ((3-amino-propyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde (GA), 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA)) were individually applied to the EGTs with different gate electrodes (Ag, Au, Pt). Gold nanoparticle binding tests were performed to validate the surface functionalization. We compared their detection performance of urea and found that APTES and GA exhibited the most superior detection characteristics, followed by 11-MUA and 3-MPA, regardless of the gate metal. APTES and GA, with the highest pKa among the three surface treatment methods, did not compromise the activity of urease, making it the most suitable surface treatment method for urea sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyeong Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Seonghwan Shin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jeonghyeon Do
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jongmin Son
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Division of Electronics Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
- Innovative General Electronic Sensor Technology (i-GEST) Co., Ltd., Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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3
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Song J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Lin P, Yan F. Flexible Organic Transistors for Biosensing: Devices and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300034. [PMID: 36853083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable biosensors can offer seamless and conformable biological-electronic interfaces for continuously acquiring high-fidelity signals, permitting numerous emerging applications. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are ideal transducers for flexible and stretchable biosensing due to their soft nature, inherent amplification function, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, low cost, and device diversity. In consideration of the rapid advances in flexible-OTFT-based biosensors and their broad applications, herein, a timely and comprehensive review is provided. It starts with a detailed introduction to the features of various OTFTs including organic field-effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors, and the functionalization strategies for biosensing, with a highlight on the seminal work and up-to-date achievements. Then, the applications of flexible-OTFT-based biosensors in wearable, implantable, and portable electronics, as well as neuromorphic biointerfaces are detailed. Subsequently, special attention is paid to emerging stretchable organic transistors including planar and fibrous devices. The routes to impart stretchability, including structural engineering and material engineering, are discussed, and the implementations of stretchable organic transistors in e-skin and smart textiles are included. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future opportunities in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials and Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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4
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Song Y, Chen N, Curk T, Katz HE. A Study of the Drift Phenomena of Gate-Functionalized Biosensors and Dual-Gate-Functionalized Biosensors in Human Serum. Molecules 2024; 29:1459. [PMID: 38611739 PMCID: PMC11013244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we study the drift behavior of organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensors in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution and human serum. Theoretical and experimental methods are illustrated in this paper to understand the origin of the drift phenomenon and the mechanism of ion diffusion in the sensing layer. The drift phenomenon is explained using a first-order kinetic model of ion adsorption into the gate material and shows very good agreement with experimental data on drift in OECTs. We show that the temporal current drift can be largely mitigated using a dual-gate OECT architecture and that dual-gate-based biosensors can increase the accuracy and sensitivity of immuno-biosensors compared to a standard single-gate design. Specific binding can be detected at a relatively low limit of detection, even in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tine Curk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (Y.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (Y.S.); (N.C.)
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Catacchio M, Caputo M, Sarcina L, Scandurra C, Tricase A, Marchianò V, Macchia E, Bollella P, Torsi L. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Challenges and prospects in organic photonics and electronics. Faraday Discuss 2024; 250:9-42. [PMID: 38380468 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00152k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
While a substantial amount of research activity has been conducted in fields related to organic photonics and electronics, including the development of devices such as organic field-effect transistors, organic photovoltaics, and organic light-emitting diodes for applications encompassing organic thermoelectrics, organic batteries, excitonic organic materials for photochemical and optoelectronic applications, and organic thermoelectrics, this perspective review will primarily concentrate on the emerging and rapidly expanding domain of organic bioelectronics and neuromorphics. Here we present the most recent research findings on organic transistors capable of sensing biological biomarkers down at the single-molecule level (i.e., oncoproteins, genomes, etc.) for the early diagnosis of pathological states and to mimic biological synapses, paving the way to neuromorphic applications that surpass the limitations of the traditional von Neumann computing architecture. Both organic bioelectronics and neuromorphics exhibit several challenges but will revolutionize human life, considering the development of artificial synapses to counteract neurodegenerative disorders and the development of ultrasensitive biosensors for the early diagnosis of cancer to prevent its development. Moreover, organic bioelectronics for sensing applications have also triggered the development of several wearable, flexible and stretchable biodevices for continuous biomarker monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Catacchio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariapia Caputo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Verdiana Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Macchia E, Torricelli F, Caputo M, Sarcina L, Scandurra C, Bollella P, Catacchio M, Piscitelli M, Di Franco C, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Point-Of-Care Ultra-Portable Single-Molecule Bioassays for One-Health. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309705. [PMID: 38108547 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Screening asymptomatic organisms (humans, animals, plants) with a high-diagnostic accuracy using point-of-care-testing (POCT) technologies, though still visionary holds great potential. Convenient surveillance requires easy-to-use, cost-effective, ultra-portable but highly reliable, in-vitro-diagnostic devices that are ready for use wherever they are needed. Currently, there are not yet such devices available on the market, but there are a couple more promising technologies developed at readiness-level 5: the Clustered-Regularly-Interspaced-Short-Palindromic-Repeats (CRISPR) lateral-flow-strip tests and the Single-Molecule-with-a-large-Transistor (SiMoT) bioelectronic palmar devices. They both hold key features delineated by the World-Health-Organization for POCT systems and an occurrence of false-positive and false-negative errors <1-5% resulting in diagnostic-selectivity and sensitivity >95-99%, while limit-of-detections are of few markers. CRISPR-strip is a molecular assay that, can detect down to few copies of DNA/RNA markers in blood while SiMoT immunometric and molecular test can detect down to a single oligonucleotide, protein marker, or pathogens in 0.1mL of blood, saliva, and olive-sap. These technologies can prospectively enable the systematic and reliable surveillance of asymptomatic ones prior to worsening/proliferation of illnesses allowing for timely diagnosis and swift prognosis. This could establish a proactive healthcare ecosystem that results in effective treatments for all living organisms generating diffuse and well-being at efficient costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Mariapia Caputo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Michele Catacchio
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Matteo Piscitelli
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70125, Italy
- CNR IFN, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70125, Italy
- CNR IFN, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
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Shin S, Kim S, Choi W, Do J, Son J, Kim K, Jang S, Lee JS. Sensing Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Using Aptamer-Functionalized Si-Based Electrolyte-Gated Field-Effect Transistor (EGT). BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:124. [PMID: 38534231 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The sensing responses of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using top-down-fabricated Si-based electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) have been investigated. An aptamer was employed as a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The EGT demonstrated excellent intrinsic characteristics and higher sensitivity in the subthreshold regime compared to the linear regime. The limit of detection (LOD) was achieved as low as 0.94 pg/mL and 20 pg/mL for the current and voltage sensitivity, respectively. To analyze the sensing responses of EGT in detecting the aptamer-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein conjugate, a lumped-capacitive model with the presence of an effective dipole potential and an effective capacitance of the functionalized layer component was employed. The aptamer-functionalized EGT showed high sensitivity even in 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. These results suggest that Si-based EGTs are a highly promising method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghwan Shin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyeong Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyeon Do
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Son
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Division of Electronics Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkey Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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8
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Scandurra C, Björkström K, Caputo M, Sarcina L, Genco E, Modena F, Viola FA, Brunetti C, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Franco CD, Haeberle L, Larizza P, Mancini MT, Österbacka R, Reeves W, Scamarcio G, Wheeler M, Caironi M, Cantatore E, Torricelli F, Esposito I, Macchia E, Torsi L. Analysis of Clinical Samples of Pancreatic Cyst's Lesions with A Multi-Analyte Bioelectronic Simot Array Benchmarked Against Ultrasensitive Chemiluminescent Immunoassay. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2308141. [PMID: 38234100 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, ranking as the third factor in cancer-related deaths, necessitates enhanced diagnostic measures through early detection. In response, SiMoT-Single-molecule with a large Transistor multiplexing array, achieving a Technology Readiness Level of 5, is proposed for a timely identification of pancreatic cancer precursor cysts and is benchmarked against the commercially available chemiluminescent immunoassay SIMOA (Single molecule array) SP-X System. A cohort of 39 samples, comprising 33 cyst fluids and 6 blood plasma specimens, undergoes detailed examination with both technologies. The SiMoT array targets oncoproteins MUC1 and CD55, and oncogene KRAS, while the SIMOA SP-X planar technology exclusively focuses on MUC1 and CD55. Employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for multivariate data processing, the SiMoT array demonstrates effective discrimination of malignant/pre-invasive high-grade or potentially malignant low-grade pancreatic cysts from benign non-mucinous cysts. Conversely, PCA analysis applied to SIMOA assay reveals less effective differentiation ability among the three cyst classes. Notably, SiMoT unique capability of concurrently analyzing protein and genetic markers with the threshold of one single molecule in 0.1 mL positions it as a comprehensive and reliable diagnostic tool. The electronic response generated by the SiMoT array facilitates direct digital data communication, suggesting potential applications in the development of field-deployable liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Kim Björkström
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | - Mariapia Caputo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Enrico Genco
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | | | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | | | - Lena Haeberle
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Piero Larizza
- Masmec Biomed - Masmec SpA division, Modugno (BA), 70026, Italy
| | | | - Ronald Österbacka
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | | | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - May Wheeler
- FlexEnable Technology Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FX, UK
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Eugenio Cantatore
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
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10
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Di Franco C, Piscitelli M, Macchia E, Scandurra C, Catacchio M, Torsi L, Scamarcio G. Kelvin probe force microscopy on patterned large-area biofunctionalized surfaces: a reliable ultrasensitive platform for biomarker detection. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 12:73-79. [PMID: 38143451 PMCID: PMC10734678 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc03110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) allows the detection of single binding events between immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG) and their cognate antibodies (anti-IgM, anti-IgG). Here an insight into the reliability and robustness of the methodology is provided. Our method is based on imaging the surface potential shift occurring on a dense layer of ∼5 × 107 antibodies physisorbed on a 50 μm × 90 μm area when assayed with increasing concentrations of antigens in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) standard solutions, in air and at a fixed scanning location. A comprehensive investigation of the influence of the main experimental parameters that may interfere with the outcomes of KPFM immune-assay is provided, showing the robustness and reliability of our approach. The data are supported also by a thorough polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) analysis of the physisorbed biolayer, in the spectral region of the amide I, amide II and amide A bands. Our findings demonstrate that a 10 min incubation in 500 μL PBS encompassing ≈ 30 antigens (100 zM) triggers an extended surface potential shift that involves the whole investigated area. Such a shift quickly saturates at increasing ligand concentration, showing that the developed sensing platform works as an OFF/ON detector, capable of assessing the presence of a few specific biomarkers in a given assay volume. The reliability of the developed methodology KPFM is an important asset in single molecule detections at a wide electrode interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Di Franco
- CNR - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Via Amendola 173 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Matteo Piscitelli
- CNR - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Via Amendola 173 70126 Bari Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ''M. Merlin'', Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro 70126 Bari Italy
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University 20500 Turku Finland
| | - Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Michele Catacchio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CNR - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Via Amendola 173 70126 Bari Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ''M. Merlin'', Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro 70126 Bari Italy
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11
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Tanwar S, Millan-Solsona R, Ruiz-Molina S, Mas-Torrent M, Kyndiah A, Gomila G. Nanoscale Operando Characterization of Electrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors Reveals Charge Transport Bottlenecks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2309767. [PMID: 38110297 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport in electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) is governed by the microstructural property of the semiconducting thin film that is in direct contact with the electrolyte. Therefore, a comprehensive nanoscale operando characterization of the active channel is crucial to pinpoint various charge transport bottlenecks for rational and targeted optimization of the devices. Here, the local electrical properties of EGOFETs are systematically probed by in-liquid scanning dielectric microscopy (in-liquid SDM) and a direct picture of their functional mechanism at the nanoscale is provided across all operational regimes, starting from subthreshold, linear to saturation, until the onset of pinch-off. To this end, a robust interpretation framework of in-liquid SDM is introduced that enables quantitative local electric potential mapping directly from raw experimental data without requiring calibration or numerical simulations. Based on this development, a straightforward nanoscale assessment of various charge transport bottlenecks is performed, like contact access resistances, inter- and intradomain charge transport, microstructural inhomogeneities, and conduction anisotropy, which have been inaccessible earlier. Present results contribute to the fundamental understanding of charge transport in electrolyte-gated transistors and promote the development of direct structure-property-function relationships to guide future design rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Tanwar
- Nanoscale Bioelectrical Characterization Group, Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Ruben Millan-Solsona
- Nanoscale Bioelectrical Characterization Group, Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Department d'Enginyeria Electrònica i Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Sara Ruiz-Molina
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Adrica Kyndiah
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
| | - Gabriel Gomila
- Nanoscale Bioelectrical Characterization Group, Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Department d'Enginyeria Electrònica i Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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12
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Genco E, Modena F, Sarcina L, Björkström K, Brunetti C, Caironi M, Caputo M, Demartis VM, Di Franco C, Frusconi G, Haeberle L, Larizza P, Mancini MT, Österbacka R, Reeves W, Scamarcio G, Scandurra C, Wheeler M, Cantatore E, Esposito I, Macchia E, Torricelli F, Viola FA, Torsi L. A Single-Molecule Bioelectronic Portable Array for Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer Precursors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304102. [PMID: 37452695 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A cohort of 47 patients is screened for pancreatic cancer precursors with a portable 96-well bioelectronic sensing-array for single-molecule assay in cysts fluid and blood plasma, deployable at point-of-care (POC). Pancreatic cancer precursors are mucinous cysts diagnosed with a sensitivity of at most 80% by state-of-the-art cytopathological molecular analyses (e.g., KRASmut DNA). Adding the simultaneous assay of proteins related to malignant transformation (e.g., MUC1 and CD55) is deemed essential to enhance diagnostic accuracy. The bioelectronic array proposed here, based on single-molecule-with-a-large-transistor (SiMoT) technology, can assay both nucleic acids and proteins at the single-molecule limit-of-identification (LOI) (1% of false-positives and false-negatives). It comprises an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-like 8 × 12-array organic-electronics disposable cartridge with an electrolyte-gated organic transistor sensor array, and a reusable reader, integrating a custom Si-IC chip, operating via software installed on a USB-connected smart device. The cartridge is complemented by a 3D-printed sensing gate cover plate. KRASmut , MUC1, and CD55 biomarkers either in plasma or cysts-fluid from 5 to 6 patients at a time, are multiplexed at single-molecule LOI in 1.5 h. The pancreatic cancer precursors are classified via a machine-learning analysis resulting in at least 96% diagnostic-sensitivity and 100% diagnostic-specificity. This preliminary study opens the way to POC liquid-biopsy-based early diagnosis of pancreatic-cancer precursors in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Genco
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Kim Björkström
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | | | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Mariapia Caputo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Virginia Maria Demartis
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Frusconi
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Lena Haeberle
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Piero Larizza
- Masmec Biomed - Masmec SpA division, Modugno (BA), 70026, Italy
| | | | - Ronald Österbacka
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | | | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CNR IFN, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - May Wheeler
- FlexEnable Technology Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FX, UK
| | - Eugenio Cantatore
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
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13
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Chen S, Bashir R. Advances in field-effect biosensors towards point-of-use. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:492002. [PMID: 37625391 PMCID: PMC10523595 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf3f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The future of medical diagnostics calls for portable biosensors at the point of care, aiming to improve healthcare by reducing costs, improving access, and increasing quality-what is called the 'triple aim'. Developing point-of-care sensors that provide high sensitivity, detect multiple analytes, and provide real time measurements can expand access to medical diagnostics for all. Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have several advantages, including ultrahigh sensitivity, label-free and amplification-free detection, reduced cost and complexity, portability, and large-scale multiplexing. They can also be integrated into wearable or implantable devices and provide continuous, real-time monitoring of analytesin vivo, enabling early detection of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and management. This review analyzes advances in the sensitivity, parallelization, and reusability of FET biosensors, benchmarks the limit of detection of the state of the art, and discusses the challenges and opportunities of FET biosensors for future healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Chen
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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14
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Wang X, Xia B, Hao Z, Kang H, Liu W, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Liu J, Gou J, Dong B, Wee ATS, Liu Y, Wei D. A closed-loop catalytic nanoreactor system on a transistor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj0839. [PMID: 37729411 PMCID: PMC10511191 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Precision chemistry demands miniaturized catalytic systems for sophisticated reactions with well-defined pathways. An ideal solution is to construct a nanoreactor system functioning as a chemistry laboratory to execute a full chemical process with molecular precision. However, existing nanoscale catalytic systems fail to in situ control reaction kinetics in a closed-loop manner, lacking the precision toward ultimate reaction efficiency. We find an inter-electrochemical gating effect when operating DNA framework-constructed enzyme cascade nanoreactors on a transistor, enabling in situ closed-loop reaction monitoring and modulation electrically. Therefore, a comprehensive system is developed, encapsulating nanoreactors, analyzers, and modulators, where the gate potential modulates enzyme activity and switches cascade reaction "ON" or "OFF." Such electric field-effect property enhances catalytic efficiency of enzyme by 343.4-fold and enables sensitive sarcosine assay for prostate cancer diagnoses, with a limit of detection five orders of magnitude lower than methodologies in clinical laboratory. By coupling with solid-state electronics, this work provides a perspective to construct intelligent nano-systems for precision chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Binbin Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhuang Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hua Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qunfeng Jiang
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Global Clinical Operation, Johnson & Johnson, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jian Gou
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Baijun Dong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Andrew Thye Shen Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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15
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Sensi M, de Oliveira RF, Berto M, Palmieri M, Ruini E, Livio PA, Conti A, Pinti M, Salvarani C, Cossarizza A, Cabot JM, Ricart J, Casalini S, González-García MB, Fanjul-Bolado P, Bortolotti CA, Samorì P, Biscarini F. Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrolyte-Gated Transistor Immunosensor with Highly Selective Multiparametric Detection of Anti-Drug Antibodies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211352. [PMID: 37435994 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapies with biological drugs has revolutionized the treatment of cancers and auto-immune diseases. However, in some patients, the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) hampers the drug efficacy. The concentration of ADAs is typically in the range of 1-10 pm; hence their immunodetection is challenging. ADAs toward Infliximab (IFX), a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other auto-immune diseases, are focussed. An ambipolar electrolyte-gated transistor (EGT) immunosensor is reported based on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) channel and IFX bound to the gate electrode as the specific probe. The rGO-EGTs are easy to fabricate and exhibit low voltage operations (≤ 0.3 V), a robust response within 15 min, and ultra-high sensitivity (10 am limit of detection). A multiparametric analysis of the whole rGO-EGT transfer curves based on the type-I generalized extreme value distribution is proposed. It is demonstrated that it allows to selectively quantify ADAs also in the co-presence of its antagonist tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the natural circulating target of IFX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Sensi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Rafael Furlan de Oliveira
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcello Berto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Marina Palmieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Emilio Ruini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Pietro Antonio Livio
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Andrea Conti
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical, and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Medical School Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Joan M Cabot
- Leitat Technology Center, Innovació 2, Barcelona, 08225, Spain
| | - Jordi Ricart
- Leitat Technology Center, Innovació 2, Barcelona, 08225, Spain
| | - Stefano Casalini
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | | | - Pablo Fanjul-Bolado
- Metrohm DropSens, S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, Oviedo, 33010, Spain
| | - Carlo Augusto Bortolotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
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16
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Yao Y, Huang W, Chen J, Liu X, Bai L, Chen W, Cheng Y, Ping J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209906. [PMID: 36808773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Libing Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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17
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Zhang C, Parichenko A, Choi W, Shin S, Panes-Ruiz LA, Belyaev D, Custódio TF, Löw C, Lee JS, Ibarlucea B, Cuniberti G. Sybodies as Novel Bioreceptors toward Field-Effect Transistor-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40191-40200. [PMID: 37603713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has increased the demand for low-cost, portable, and rapid biosensors, driving huge research efforts toward new nanomaterial-based approaches with high sensitivity. Many of them employ antibodies as bioreceptors, which have a costly development process that requires animal facilities. Recently, sybodies emerged as a new alternative class of synthetic binders and receptors with high antigen binding efficiency, improved chemical stability, and lower production costs via animal-free methods. Their smaller size is an important asset to consider in combination with ultrasensitive field-effect transistors (FETs) as transducers, which respond more intensely when biorecognition occurs near their surface. This work demonstrates the immobilization of sybodies against the spike protein of the virus on silicon surfaces, which are often integral parts of the semiconducting channel of FETs. Immobilized sybodies maintain the capability to capture antigens, even at low concentrations in the femtomolar range, as observed by fluorescence microscopy. Finally, the first proof of concept of sybody-modified FET sensing is provided using a nanoscopic silicon net as the sensitive area where the sybodies are immobilized. The future development of further sybodies against other biomarkers and their generalization in biosensors could be critical to decrease the cost of biodetection platforms in future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Alexandra Parichenko
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Wonyeong Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seonghwan Shin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Luis Antonio Panes-Ruiz
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Dmitry Belyaev
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Keramische Technologien und Systeme IKTS, Dresden 01109, Germany
| | - Tânia Filipa Custódio
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
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18
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Shao W, Zeng Z, Star A. An Ultrasensitive Norfentanyl Sensor Based on a Carbon Nanotube-Based Field-Effect Transistor for the Detection of Fentanyl Exposure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37784-37793. [PMID: 37523478 PMCID: PMC10416144 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The opioid crisis is a worldwide public health crisis that has affected millions of people. In recent years, synthetic opioids, primarily illicit fentanyl, have become the primary driver of overdose deaths. There is a great need for a highly sensitive, portable, and inexpensive analytical tool that can quickly indicate the presence and relative threat of fentanyl. In this work, we develop a semiconductor enriched (sc-) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor functionalized with norfentanyl antibodies for the sensitive detection of norfentanyl, the primary inactive metabolite of fentanyl, in urine samples. Different sensor configurations were explored in order to obtain the most optimized sensing results. Moreover, by employing the "reduced" antibody, we achieved orientated immobilization of the norfentanyl antibody and thus brought the antigen-antibody interaction closer to the sensor surface, further improving the sensitivity. The reported norfentanyl biosensors have a limit of detection in the fg/mL region in both calibration samples and synthetic urine samples, showing ultrasensitivity and high reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Shao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zidao Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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19
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Sarcina L, Scandurra C, Di Franco C, Caputo M, Catacchio M, Bollella P, Scamarcio G, Macchia E, Torsi L. A stable physisorbed layer of packed capture antibodies for high-performance sensing applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 11:9093-9106. [PMID: 37457868 PMCID: PMC10341389 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc01123b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibody physisorption at a solid interface is a very interesting phenomenon that has important effects on applications such as the development of novel biomaterials and the rational design and fabrication of high-performance biosensors. The strategy selected to immobilize biorecognition elements can determine the performance level of a device and one of the simplest approaches is physical adsorption, which is cost-effective, fast, and compatible with printing techniques as well as with green-chemistry processes. Despite its huge advantages, physisorption is very seldom adopted, as there is an ingrained belief that it does not lead to high performance because of its lack of uniformity and long-term stability, which, however, have never been systematically investigated, particularly for bilayers of capture antibodies. Herein, the homogeneity and stability of an antibody layer against SARS-CoV-2-Spike1 (S1) protein physisorbed onto a gold surface have been investigated by means of multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance (MP-SPR). A surface coverage density of capture antibodies as high as (1.50 ± 0.06) × 1012 molecules per cm-2 is measured, corresponding to a thickness of 12 ± 1 nm. This value is compatible with a single monolayer of homogeneously deposited antibodies. The effect of the ionic strength (is) of the antibody solution in controlling physisorption of the protein was thoroughly investigated, demonstrating an enhancement in surface coverage at lower ionic strength. An atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation shows a globular structure attributed to is-related aggregations of antibodies. The long-term stability over two weeks of the physisorbed proteins was also assessed. High-performance sensing was proven by evaluating figures of merit, such as the limit of detection (2 nM) and the selectivity ratio between a negative control and the sensing experiment (0.04), which is the best reported performance for an SPR S1 protein assay. These figures of merit outmatch those measured with more sophisticated biofunctionalization procedures involving chemical bonding of the capture antibodies to the gold surface. The present study opens up interesting new pathways toward the achievement of a cost-effective and scalable biofunctionalization protocol, which could guarantee the prolonged stability of the biolayer and easy handling of the biosensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CNR - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Mariapia Caputo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Michele Catacchio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro 70126 Bari Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro 70126 Bari Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University 20500 Turku Finland
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University 20500 Turku Finland
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20
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Wu Y, Fu Y, Guo J, Guo J. Single-molecule immunoassay technology: Recent advances. Talanta 2023; 265:124903. [PMID: 37418954 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Detecting diseases at the molecular level aids in early diagnosis and treatment. However, traditional immunological detection techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescence, have detection sensitivities between 10-16 and 10-12 mol/L, which are inadequate for early diagnosis. Single-molecule immunoassays can reach detection sensitivities of 10-18 mol/L and can detect biomarkers that are difficult to measure using conventional detection techniques. It can confine molecules to be detected in a small spatial area and provide absolute counting of the detected signal, offering the advantage of high efficiency and accuracy. Herein, we demonstrate the principles and equipment of two single-molecule immunoassay techniques and discuss their applications. It is shown that the detection sensitivity can be improved by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to common chemiluminescence or ELISA assays. The microarray-based single-molecule immunoassay technique can test 66 samples in 1 h, which is more efficient than conventional immunological detection techniques. In contrast, microdroplet-based single-molecule immunoassay techniques can generate 107 droplets in 10 min, which is more than 100 times faster than a single droplet generator. By comparing the two single-molecule immunoassay techniques, we highlight our personal perspectives on the current limitations of point-of-care applications and future development trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusheng Fu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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21
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Xiao M, Ren X, Ji K, Chung S, Shi X, Han J, Yao Z, Tao X, Zelewski SJ, Nikolka M, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Jay N, Jacobs I, Wu W, Yu H, Abdul Samad Y, Stranks SD, Kang B, Cho K, Xie J, Yan H, Chen S, Sirringhaus H. Achieving ideal transistor characteristics in conjugated polymer semiconductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8659. [PMID: 37267357 PMCID: PMC10413658 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with ideal behavior are highly desired, because nonideal devices may overestimate the intrinsic property and yield inferior performance in applications. In reality, most polymer OTFTs reported in the literature do not exhibit ideal characteristics. Supported by a structure-property relationship study of several low-disorder conjugated polymers, here, we present an empirical selection rule for polymer candidates for textbook-like OTFTs with high reliability factors (100% for ideal transistors). The successful candidates should have low energetic disorder along their backbones and form thin films with spatially uniform energetic landscapes. We demonstrate that these requirements are satisfied in the semicrystalline polymer PffBT4T-2DT, which exhibits a reliability factor (~100%) that is exceptionally high for polymer devices, rendering it an ideal candidate for OTFT applications. Our findings broaden the selection of polymer semiconductors with textbook-like OTFT characteristics and would shed light upon the molecular design criteria for next-generation polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Xiao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Kangyu Ji
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - Zefan Yao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. of China
| | - Xudong Tao
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Szymon J. Zelewski
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zichen Wang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Nathan Jay
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ian Jacobs
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Weijing Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. of China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. of China
| | - Yarjan Abdul Samad
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Boseok Kang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. of China
| | - Shangshang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. of China
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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22
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Li L, Liu X, Wei T, Wang K, Zhao Z, Cao J, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor with an Enlarged Gate Area for Ultra-Sensitive Detection of a Lung Cancer Biomarker. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37235561 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a recognized biomarker for lung cancer and can be used for early detection. However, the clinical value of CEA is not fully realized due to the rigorous requirement for high-sensitivity and wide-range detection methods. Field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors, as one of the potentially powerful platforms, may detect CEA with a significantly higher sensitivity than conventional clinical testing equipment, while their sensitivity and detection range for CEA are far below the requirement for early detection. Here, we construct a floating gate FET biosensor to detect CEA based on a semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT) film combined with an undulating yttrium oxide (Y2O3) dielectric layer as the biosensing interface. Utilizing an undulating biosensing interface, the proposed device showed a wider detection range and optimized sensitivity and detection limit, which benefited from an increase of probe-binding sites on the sensing interface and an increase of electric double-layer capacitance, respectively. The outcomes of analytical studies confirm that the undulating Y2O3 provided the desired biosensing surface for probe immobilization and performance optimization of a CNT-FET biosensor toward CEA including a wide detection range from 1 fg/mL to 1 ng/mL, good linearity, and high sensitivity of 72 ag/mL. More crucially, the sensing platform can function normally in the complicated environment of fetal bovine serum, indicating its great promise for early lung cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Li
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Tongye Wei
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Kemin Wang
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Juexian Cao
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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23
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Choi W, Jin B, Shin S, Do J, Son J, Kim K, Lee JS. Highly Sensitive Detection of Urea Using Si Electrolyte-Gated Transistor with Low Power Consumption. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050565. [PMID: 37232926 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate Si-based electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) for detecting urea. The top-down-fabricated device exhibited excellent intrinsic characteristics, including a low subthreshold swing (SS) (~80 mV/dec) and a high on/off current ratio (~107). The sensitivity, which varied depending on the operation regime, was analyzed with the urea concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 316 mM. The current-related response could be enhanced by reducing the SS of the devices, whereas the voltage-related response remained relatively constant. The urea sensitivity in the subthreshold regime was as high as 1.9 dec/pUrea, four times higher than the reported value. The extracted power consumption of 0.3 nW was extremely low compared to other FET-type sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyeong Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Jin
- Zhejiang RockerStone Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. (Defeng Electronic Technology), Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Seonghwan Shin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyeon Do
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Son
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Division of Electronics Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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24
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Sun C, Wang T. Organic thin-film transistors and related devices in life and health monitoring. NANO RESEARCH 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37359073 PMCID: PMC10102697 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The early determination of disease-related biomarkers can significantly improve the survival rate of patients. Thus, a series of explorations for new diagnosis technologies, such as optical and electrochemical methods, have been devoted to life and health monitoring. Organic thin-film transistor (OTFT), as a state-of-the-art nano-sensing technology, has attracted significant attention from construction to application owing to the merits of being label-free, low-cost, facial, and rapid detection with multi-parameter responses. Nevertheless, interference from non-specific adsorption is inevitable in complex biological samples such as body liquid and exhaled gas, so the reliability and accuracy of the biosensor need to be further improved while ensuring sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Herein, we overviewed the composition, mechanism, and construction strategies of OTFTs for the practical determination of disease-related biomarkers in both body fluids and exhaled gas. The results show that the realization of bio-inspired applications will come true with the rapid development of high-effective OTFTs and related devices. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-023-5606-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfang Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Tie Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384 China
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25
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Zhang X, Pu Z, Su X, Li C, Zheng H, Li D. Flexible organic field-effect transistors-based biosensors: progress and perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1607-1625. [PMID: 36719440 PMCID: PMC9888355 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been proposed beyond three decades while becoming a research hotspot again in recent years because of the fast development of flexible electronics. Many novel flexible OFETs-based devices have been reported in these years. Among these devices, flexible OFETs-based sensors made great strides because of the extraordinary sensing capability of FET. Most of these flexible OFETs-based sensors were designed for biological applications due to the advantages of flexibility, reduced complexity, and lightweight. This paper reviews the materials, fabrications, and applications of flexible OFETs-based biosensors. Besides, the challenges and opportunities of the flexible OFETs-based biosensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihua Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dachao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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26
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Preziosi V, Barra M, Villella VR, Esposito S, D'Angelo P, Marasso SL, Cocuzza M, Cassinese A, Guido S. Immuno-Sensing at Ultra-Low Concentration of TG2 Protein by Organic Electrochemical Transistors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040448. [PMID: 37185523 PMCID: PMC10136445 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family with Ca2+-dependent protein crosslinking activity. Its subcellular localization is crucial in determining its function, and indeed, TG2 is found in the extracellular matrix, mitochondria, recycling endosomes, plasma membrane, cytosol, and nucleus because it is associated with cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. It is involved in several pathologies, such as celiac disease, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and fibrosis diseases, carrying out opposite functions of up and down regulation in the progression of the same pathology. Therefore, this fine regulation requires a very sensitive and specific method of identification of TG2, which is to be detected in very small quantities in a deregulated condition. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of detecting TG2 down to attomolar concentration by using organic electrochemical transistors driven by gold electrodes functionalized with anti-TG2 antibodies. In particular, a direct correlation between the TG2 concentration and the transistor transconductance values, as extracted from typical transfer curves, was found. Overall, our findings highlight the potentialities of this new biosensing approach for the detection of TG2 in the context of pathological diseases, offering a rapid and cost-effective alternative to traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Preziosi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Rachela Villella
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Speranza Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- ChiLab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- ChiLab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassinese
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145 Naples, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), I-50121 Firenze, Italy
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27
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Hao R, Liu L, Yuan J, Wu L, Lei S. Recent Advances in Field Effect Transistor Biosensors: Designing Strategies and Applications for Sensitive Assay. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040426. [PMID: 37185501 PMCID: PMC10136430 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In comparison with traditional clinical diagnosis methods, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have the advantages of fast response, easy miniaturization and integration for high-throughput screening, which demonstrates their great technical potential in the biomarker detection platform. This mini review mainly summarizes recent advances in FET biosensors. Firstly, the review gives an overview of the design strategies of biosensors for sensitive assay, including the structures of devices, functionalization methods and semiconductor materials used. Having established this background, the review then focuses on the following aspects: immunoassay based on a single biosensor for disease diagnosis; the efficient integration of FET biosensors into a large-area array, where multiplexing provides valuable insights for high-throughput testing options; and the integration of FET biosensors into microfluidics, which contributes to the rapid development of lab-on-chip (LOC) sensing platforms and the integration of biosensors with other types of sensors for multifunctional applications. Finally, we summarize the long-term prospects for the commercialization of FET sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisha Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiangyan Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lingli Wu
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shengbin Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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28
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Huetter L, Kyndiah A, Gomila G. Analytical Physical Model for Electrolyte Gated Organic Field Effect Transistors in the Helmholtz Approximation. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Huetter
- Nanoscale Bioelectric Characterization Group Institute for Bioengineering of Catalunya Baldiri i Reixac 15‐21 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Adrica Kyndiah
- Center for Nano Science and Technology Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Pascoli, 70/3 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Gabriel Gomila
- Nanoscale Bioelectric Characterization Group Institute for Bioengineering of Catalunya Baldiri i Reixac 15‐21 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering University of Barcelona Martí i Franqués 1 Barcelona 08028 Spain
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29
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Parmeggiani M, Ballesio A, Battistoni S, Carcione R, Cocuzza M, D’Angelo P, Erokhin VV, Marasso SL, Rinaldi G, Tarabella G, Vurro D, Pirri CF. Organic Bioelectronics Development in Italy: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:460. [PMID: 36838160 PMCID: PMC9966652 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, studies concerning Organic Bioelectronics have had a constant growth due to the interest in disciplines such as medicine, biology and food safety in connecting the digital world with the biological one. Specific interests can be found in organic neuromorphic devices and organic transistor sensors, which are rapidly growing due to their low cost, high sensitivity and biocompatibility. This trend is evident in the literature produced in Italy, which is full of breakthrough papers concerning organic transistors-based sensors and organic neuromorphic devices. Therefore, this review focuses on analyzing the Italian production in this field, its trend and possible future evolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parmeggiani
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Ballesio
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Battistoni
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Rocco Carcione
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Pasquale D’Angelo
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Victor V. Erokhin
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rinaldi
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tarabella
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Vurro
- Camlin Italy Srl, Via Budellungo 2, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Chilab–Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Via Lungo Piazza d’Armi 6, 10034 Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
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30
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Saha S, Sachdev M, Mitra SK. Recent advances in label-free optical, electrochemical, and electronic biosensors for glioma biomarkers. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:011502. [PMID: 36844882 PMCID: PMC9949901 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most commonly occurring primary brain tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Currently, the diagnostic and monitoring options for glioma mainly revolve around imaging techniques, which often provide limited information and require supervisory expertise. Liquid biopsy is a great alternative or complementary monitoring protocol that can be implemented along with other standard diagnosis protocols. However, standard detection schemes for sampling and monitoring biomarkers in different biological fluids lack the necessary sensitivity and ability for real-time analysis. Lately, biosensor-based diagnostic and monitoring technology has attracted significant attention due to several advantageous features, including high sensitivity and specificity, high-throughput analysis, minimally invasive, and multiplexing ability. In this review article, we have focused our attention on glioma and presented a literature survey summarizing the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers associated with glioma. Further, we discussed different biosensory approaches reported to date for the detection of specific glioma biomarkers. Current biosensors demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used for point-of-care devices or liquid biopsies. However, for real clinical applications, these biosensors lack high-throughput and multiplexed analysis, which can be achieved via integration with microfluidic systems. We shared our perspective on the current state-of-the-art different biosensor-based diagnostic and monitoring technologies reported and the future research scopes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focusing on biosensors for glioma detection, and it is anticipated that the review will offer a new pathway for the development of such biosensors and related diagnostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoj Sachdev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sushanta K. Mitra
- Micro and Nanoscale Transport Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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31
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Sensitive organic electrochemical transistor biosensors: Comparing single and dual gate functionalization and different COOH-functionalized bioreceptor layers. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114691. [PMID: 36113388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We developed new measurement configurations based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Three types of COOH-functionalized bioreceptor layers were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates and their performance was tested using single gate functionalization organic electrochemical transistor (S-OECT) and dual gate functionalization organic electrochemical transistor (D-OECT) configurations. The three layers included one p-type semiconductor, one insulator, and one self-assembled layer, and the dual gates were connected in series through buffer solutions, so the solution-electrode interfaces had the opposite polarities. We investigated the sensitivities of these systems using the human IgG antigen-human IgG antibody receptor pair for main experiments, and drifts of antibody-functionalized gates without analytes as control experiments. Drifts without analyte can obscure the real sensitivity. We show that the D-OECT has the capability to cancel the drifts, and is also beneficial for showing the sensitivity more exactly. This configuration has the ability to increase the accuracy of antibody-antigen interaction detection, and further decrease or eliminate the effect of ions in the buffer solution. We also prove that the D-OECT can work well with different bioreceptor materials, which indicates that the system can be further applied to different conditions.
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32
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Runfang H, Yangfan Y, Leilei L, Jianlong J, Qiang Z, Lifeng D, Shengbo S, Qiang L. P3HT-based organic field effect transistor for low-cost, label-free detection of immunoglobulin G. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Sarcina L, Macchia E, Loconsole G, D'Attoma G, Bollella P, Catacchio M, Leonetti F, Di Franco C, Elicio V, Scamarcio G, Palazzo G, Boscia D, Saldarelli P, Torsi L. Fast and Reliable Electronic Assay of a Xylella fastidiosa Single Bacterium in Infected Plants Sap. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203900. [PMID: 36031404 PMCID: PMC9596825 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens ultra-sensitive detection is vital for early diagnosis and provision of restraining actions and/or treatments. Among plant pathogens, Xylella fastidiosa is among the most threatening as it can infect hundreds of plant species worldwide with consequences on agriculture and the environment. An electrolyte-gated transistor is here demonstrated to detect X. fastidiosa at a limit-of-quantification (LOQ) of 2 ± 1 bacteria in 0.1 mL (20 colony-forming-unit per mL). The assay is carried out with a millimeter-wide gate functionalized with Xylella-capturing antibodies directly in saps recovered from naturally infected plants. The proposed platform is benchmarked against the quantitave polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) gold standard, whose LOQ turns out to be at least one order of magnitude higher. Furthermore, the assay selectivity is proven against the Paraburkholderia phytofirmans bacterium (negative-control experiment). The proposed label-free, fast (30 min), and precise (false-negatives, false-positives below 1%) electronic assay, lays the ground for an ultra-high performing immunometric point-of-care platform potentially enabling large-scale screening of asymptomatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | | | - Giusy D'Attoma
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection CNRBari70125Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | - Michele Catacchio
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie CNRc/o Dipartimento Interateneo di FisicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari Aldo MoroBari70125Italy
| | - Vito Elicio
- Agritest SrlTecnopolisCasamassimaBA70010Italy
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie CNRc/o Dipartimento Interateneo di FisicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari Aldo MoroBari70125Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di FisicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari Aldo MoroBari70125Italy
| | - Gerardo Palazzo
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection CNRBari70125Italy
| | | | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
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34
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Demuru S, Kim J, El Chazli M, Bruce S, Dupertuis M, Binz PA, Saubade M, Lafaye C, Briand D. Antibody-Coated Wearable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Cortisol Detection in Human Sweat. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2721-2731. [PMID: 36054907 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of the hormone cortisol is related to several pathological states, and its monitoring could help prevent severe stress, fatigue, and mental diseases. While wearable antibody-based biosensors could allow real-time and simple monitoring of antigens, an accurate and low-cost antibody-based cortisol detection through electrochemical methods is considerably challenging due to its low concentration and the high ionic strength of real biofluids. Here, a label-free and fast sensor for cortisol detection is proposed based on antibody-coated organic electrochemical transistors. The developed devices show unprecedented high sensitivities of 50 μA/dec for cortisol sensing in high-ionic-strength solutions with effective cortisol detection demonstrated with real human sweat. The sensing mechanism is analyzed through impedance spectroscopy and confirmed with electrical models. Compared to existing methods requiring bulky and expensive laboratory equipment, these wearable devices enable point-of-care cortisol detection in 5 min with direct sweat collection for personalized well-being monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Demuru
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Jaemin Kim
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Marwan El Chazli
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Bruce
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dupertuis
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Binz
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Saubade
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lafaye
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Danick Briand
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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35
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Koklu A, Wustoni S, Guo K, Silva R, Salvigni L, Hama A, Diaz-Galicia E, Moser M, Marks A, McCulloch I, Grünberg R, Arold ST, Inal S. Convection Driven Ultrarapid Protein Detection via Nanobody-Functionalized Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202972. [PMID: 35772173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional biosensors rely on the diffusion-dominated transport of the target analyte to the sensor surface. Consequently, they require an incubation step that may take several hours to allow for the capture of analyte molecules by sensor biorecognition sites. This incubation step is a primary cause of long sample-to-result times. Here, alternating current electrothermal flow (ACET) is integrated in an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based sensor to accelerate the device operation. ACET is applied to the gate electrode functionalized with nanobody-SpyCatcher fusion proteins. Using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human saliva as an example target, it is shown that ACET enables protein recognition within only 2 min of sample exposure, supporting its use in clinical practice. The ACET integrated sensor exhibits better selectivity, higher sensitivity, and lower limit of detection than the equivalent sensor with diffusion-dominated operation. The performance of ACET integrated sensors is compared with two types of organic semiconductors in the channel and grounds for device-to-device variations are investigated. The results provide guidelines for the channel material choice in OECT-based biochemical sensors, and demonstrate that ACET integration substantially decreases the detection speed while increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of transistor-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keying Guo
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raphaela Silva
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luca Salvigni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Hama
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Escarlet Diaz-Galicia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Raik Grünberg
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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36
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Phan TL, Seo S, Cho Y, An Vu Q, Lee YH, Duong DL, Lee H, Yu WJ. CNT-molecule-CNT (1D-0D-1D) van der Waals integration ferroelectric memory with 1-nm 2 junction area. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4556. [PMID: 35961959 PMCID: PMC9374722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The device’s integration of molecular electronics is limited regarding the large-scale fabrication of gap electrodes on a molecular scale. The van der Waals integration (vdWI) of a vertically aligned molecular layer (0D) with 2D or 3D electrodes indicates the possibility of device’s integration; however, the active junction area of 0D-2D and 0D-3D vdWIs remains at a microscale size. Here, we introduce the robust fabrication of a vertical 1D-0D-1D vdWI device with the ultra-small junction area of 1 nm2 achieved by cross-stacking top carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on molecularly assembled bottom CNTs. 1D-0D-1D vdWI memories are demonstrated through ferroelectric switching of azobenzene molecules owing to the cis-trans transformation combined with the permanent dipole moment of the end-tail -CF3 group. In this work, our 1D-0D-1D vdWI memory exhibits a retention performance above 2000 s, over 300 cycles with an on/off ratio of approximately 105 and record current density (3.4 × 108 A/cm2), which is 100 times higher than previous study through the smallest junction area achieved in a vdWI. The simple stacking of aligned CNTs (4 × 4) allows integration of memory arrays (16 junctions) with high device operational yield (100%), offering integration guidelines for future molecular electronics. The van der Waals integration of molecular layer (0D) with 2D or 3D electrodes is limited at microscale junction. Here, the authors introduce 1D-0D-1D vdWI memory with 1 nm2 junction achieved by cross-stacking t-CNT on molecularly assembled b-CNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Luan Phan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Quoc An Vu
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Loc Duong
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyoyoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Jong Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Macchia E, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Loconsole D, Sarcina L, Redolfi M, Chironna M, Torricelli F, Torsi L. A handheld intelligent single-molecule binary bioelectronic system for fast and reliable immunometric point-of-care testing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0881. [PMID: 35857467 PMCID: PMC9258948 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular tests are highly reliable and sensitive but lack portability and are not simple to use; conversely, easy-to-use antigenic tests still lack high performance. BioScreen combines single-molecule sensitivity and outstanding reliability with ultraportability and simplicity of use. This digital platform is capable of artificial intelligence-based binary classification at the limit of identification of a single marker/virus in 0.1 ml. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy reach 99.2% as validated through 240 assays, including a pilot clinical trial. The versatile immunometric system can detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, spike S1, and immunoglobulin G antigen proteins in saliva, blood serum, and swab. BioScreen has a small footprint comprising a disposable cartridge and a handheld electronic reader connected to a smart device. The sample handling is minimal, and the assay time to result is 21 min. Reliable and sensitive self-testing with an ultraportable and easy-to-use diagnostic system operated directly by a patient holds the potential to revolutionize point-of-care testing and early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Universit. degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,” 70125 Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Zsolt M. Kovács-Vajna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,” 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,” 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Chironna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,” 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Corrresponding author. (F.T.); (L.T.)
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,” 70125 Bari, Italy
- Corrresponding author. (F.T.); (L.T.)
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38
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Macchia E, De Caro L, Torricelli F, Franco CD, Mangiatordi GF, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Why a Diffusing Single-Molecule can be Detected in Few Minutes by a Large Capturing Bioelectronic Interface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104381. [PMID: 35522000 PMCID: PMC9284160 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule detection at a nanometric interface in a femtomolar solution, can take weeks as the encounter rate between the diffusing molecule to be detected and the transducing nanodevice is negligibly small. On the other hand, several experiments prove that macroscopic label-free sensors based on field-effect-transistors, engaging micrometric or millimetric detecting interfaces are capable to assay a single-molecule in a large volume within few minutes. The present work demonstrates why at least a single molecule out of a few diffusing in a 100 µL volume has a high probability to hit a large capturing and detecting electronic interface. To this end, sensing data, measured with an electrolyte-gated FET whose gate is functionalized with 1012 capturing anti-immunoglobulin G, are here provided along with a Brownian diffusion-based modeling. The EG-FET assays solutions down to some tens of zM in concentrations with volumes ranging from 25 µL to 1 mL in which the functionalized gates are incubated for times ranging from 30 s to 20 min. The high level of accordance between the experimental data and a model based on the Einstein's diffusion-theory proves how the single-molecule detection process at large-capturing interfaces is controlled by Brownian diffusion and yet is highly probable and fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi UniversityTurku20500Finland
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
| | - Liberato De Caro
- Institute of CrystallographyNational Research Councilvia Amendola 122/OBari70126Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'InformazioneUniversità degli Studi di Bresciavia Branze 38Brescia25123Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”Bari70125Italy
- CNRIstituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologieSede di BariBari70125Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
- CNRIstituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologieSede di BariBari70125Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica “M. Merlin,”Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”Bari70125Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”Bari70125Italy
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Sarcina L, Viola F, Modena F, Picca RA, Bollella P, Di Franco C, Cioffi N, Caironi M, Österbacka R, Esposito I, Scamarcio G, Torsi L, Torricelli F, Macchia E. A large-area organic transistor with 3D-printed sensing gate for noninvasive single-molecule detection of pancreatic mucinous cyst markers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5657-5669. [PMID: 35410389 PMCID: PMC9242948 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis in a premalignant (or pre-invasive) state represents the only chance for cure in neoplastic diseases such as pancreatic-biliary cancer, which are otherwise detected at later stages and can only be treated using palliative approaches, with no hope for a cure. Screening methods for the purpose of secondary prevention are not yet available for these cancers. Current diagnostic methods mostly rely on imaging techniques and conventional cytopathology, but they do not display adequate sensitivity to allow valid early diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing can be used to detect DNA markers down to the physical limit; however, this assay requires labeling and is time-consuming. The additional determination of a protein marker that is a predictor of aggressive behavior is a promising innovative approach, which holds the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, the possibility to detect biomarkers in blood serum offers the advantage of a noninvasive diagnosis. In this study, both the DNA and protein markers of pancreatic mucinous cysts were analyzed in human blood serum down to the single-molecule limit using the SiMoT (single-molecule assay with a large transistor) platform. The SiMoT device proposed herein, which exploits an inkjet-printed organic semiconductor on plastic foil, comprises an innovative 3D-printed sensing gate module, consisting of a truncated cone that protrudes from a plastic substrate and is compatible with standard ELISA wells. This 3D gate concept adds tremendous control over the biosensing system stability, along with minimal consumption of the capturing molecules and body fluid samples. The 3D sensing gate modules were extensively characterized from both a material and electrical perspective, successfully proving their suitability as detection interfaces for biosensing applications. KRAS and MUC1 target molecules were successfully analyzed in diluted human blood serum with the 3D sensing gate functionalized with b-KRAS and anti-MUC1, achieving a limit of detection of 10 zM and 40 zM, respectively. These limits of detection correspond to (1 ± 1) KRAS and (2 ± 1) MUC1 molecules in the 100 μL serum sample volume. This study provides a promising application of the 3D SiMoT platform, potentially facilitating the timely, noninvasive, and reliable identification of pancreatic cancer precursor cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Infomazione e Bioingegneria; Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosaria Anna Picca
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500, Turku, Finland.
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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Rahman M, Islam KR, Islam MR, Islam MJ, Kaysir MR, Akter M, Rahman MA, Alam SMM. A Critical Review on the Sensing, Control, and Manipulation of Single Molecules on Optofluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:968. [PMID: 35744582 PMCID: PMC9229244 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule techniques have shifted the paradigm of biological measurements from ensemble measurements to probing individual molecules and propelled a rapid revolution in related fields. Compared to ensemble measurements of biomolecules, single-molecule techniques provide a breadth of information with a high spatial and temporal resolution at the molecular level. Usually, optical and electrical methods are two commonly employed methods for probing single molecules, and some platforms even offer the integration of these two methods such as optofluidics. The recent spark in technological advancement and the tremendous leap in fabrication techniques, microfluidics, and integrated optofluidics are paving the way toward low cost, chip-scale, portable, and point-of-care diagnostic and single-molecule analysis tools. This review provides the fundamentals and overview of commonly employed single-molecule methods including optical methods, electrical methods, force-based methods, combinatorial integrated methods, etc. In most single-molecule experiments, the ability to manipulate and exercise precise control over individual molecules plays a vital role, which sometimes defines the capabilities and limits of the operation. This review discusses different manipulation techniques including sorting and trapping individual particles. An insight into the control of single molecules is provided that mainly discusses the recent development of electrical control over single molecules. Overall, this review is designed to provide the fundamentals and recent advancements in different single-molecule techniques and their applications, with a special focus on the detection, manipulation, and control of single molecules on chip-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmudur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Kazi Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Jahirul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Rejvi Kaysir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Masuma Akter
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Arifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - S. M. Mahfuz Alam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
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An aptamer-assisted biological nanopore biosensor for ultra-sensitive detection of ochratoxin A with a portable single-molecule measuring instrument. Talanta 2022; 248:123619. [PMID: 35671547 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biological nanopore-based single-molecule detection technology has shown ultrahigh sensitivity to various target analyte. But the detection scope of interesting targets is limited due to the lack of effective signal conversion strategies. In addition, conventional nanopore detection instruments are cumbersome, resulting nanopore detection can only be performed in laboratory. Herein, a customizable nanopore current amplifier is constructed to lower the cost and increase the portability of the nanopore instrument, and then an immobilized aptamer-based signal conversion strategy is proposed for α-hemolysin (α-HL) nanopore to detect small molecules (ochratoxin A, OTA). The presence of OTA in sample would trigger the release of probe single-strand DNA (ssDNA) from magnetic beads, which could subsequently cause current blockage in nanopore. The results show that the signal frequency of probe ssDNA has a linear relationship with the OTA concentration in the range of 2 × 101~2 × 103 pmol/L. Compared to other methods, our sensing system has achieved an ultra-sensitive detection of OTA with the detection limit as low as 1.697 pmol/L. This strategy could broaden the scope of nanopore detection and have the potential for rapid and in-situ detection of other food contaminants in the future.
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Abstract
Healthcare is undergoing large transformations, and it is imperative to leverage new technologies to support the advent of personalized medicine and disease prevention. It is now well accepted that the levels of certain biological molecules found in blood and other bodily fluids, as well as in exhaled breath, are an indication of the onset of many human diseases and reflect the health status of the person. Blood, urine, sweat, or saliva biomarkers can therefore serve in early diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, but also in monitoring disease progression, detecting metabolic disfunctions, and predicting response to a given therapy. For most point-of-care sensors, the requirement that patients themselves can use and apply them is crucial not only regarding the diagnostic part, but also at the sample collection level. This has stimulated the development of such diagnostic approaches for the non-invasive analysis of disease-relevant analytes. Considering these timely efforts, this review article focuses on novel, sensitive, and selective sensing systems for the detection of different endogenous target biomarkers in bodily fluids as well as in exhaled breath, which are associated with human diseases.
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43
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Sun C, Feng G, Song Y, Cheng S, Lei S, Hu W. Single Molecule Level and Label-Free Determination of Multibiomarkers with an Organic Field-Effect Transistor Platform in Early Cancer Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6615-6620. [PMID: 35446018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The single molecule level determination with a transistor (SiMoT) platform has attracted considerable attention in the recognition of various ultralow abundance biomolecules, while complicated labeling and testing processes limit its further applications. Recently, organic field-effect transistor (OFET)-based biosensors are good candidates for constructing an advanced label-free SiMoT platform due to their facile fabrication process, rapid response time, and low sample volume with a wide range of detection. However, the sensitivity of most OFET-based biosensors is in the order of nM and pM, which cannot meet the detection requirements of ultralow abundance protein. Herein, a label-free SiMoT platform is demonstrated by integrating pillar[n]arene as a signal amplifier, and the detection limit can reach 4.75 aM. Besides, by simultaneous determination of α-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and prostate antigen, the proposed multiplexed OFET-based SiMoT platform provides a key step in reliable early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfang Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyuan Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaru Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shengbin Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Poimanova EY, Shaposhnik PA, Anisimov DS, Zavyalova EG, Trul AA, Skorotetcky MS, Borshchev OV, Vinnitskiy DZ, Polinskaya MS, Krylov VB, Nifantiev NE, Agina EV, Ponomarenko SA. Biorecognition Layer Based On Biotin-Containing [1]Benzothieno[3,2- b][1]benzothiophene Derivative for Biosensing by Electrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16462-16476. [PMID: 35357127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Requirements of speed and simplicity in testing stimulate the development of modern biosensors. Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) are a promising platform for ultrasensitive, fast, and reliable detection of biological molecules for low-cost, point-of-care bioelectronic sensing. Biosensitivity of the EGOFET devices can be achieved by modification with receptors of one of the electronic active interfaces of the transistor gate or organic semiconductor surface. Functionalization of the latter gives the advantage in the creation of a planar architecture and compact devices for lab-on-chip design. Herein, we propose a universal, fast, and simple technique based on doctor blading and Langmuir-Schaefer methods for functionalization of the semiconducting surface of C8-BTBT-C8, allowing the fabrication of a large-scale biorecognition layer based on the novel functional derivative of BTBT-containing biotin fragments as a foundation for further biomodification. The fabricated devices are very efficient and operate stably in phosphate-buffered saline solution with high reproducibility of electrical properties in the EGOFET regime. The development of biorecognition properties of the proposed biolayer is based on the streptavidin-biotin interactions between the consecutive layers and can be used for a wide variety of receptors. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the specific response of the BTBT-based biorecognition layer in EGOFETs to influenza A virus (H7N1 strain). The elaborated approach to biorecognition layer formation is appropriate but not limited to aptamer-based receptor molecules and can be further applied for fabricating several biosensors for various analytes on one substrate and paves the way for "electronic tongue" creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Poimanova
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Polina A Shaposhnik
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Daniil S Anisimov
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena G Zavyalova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Askold A Trul
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim S Skorotetcky
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V Borshchev
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Z Vinnitskiy
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina S Polinskaya
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim B Krylov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Agina
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Ponomarenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Tong J, Doumbia A, Khan RU, Rahmanudin A, Turner ML, Casiraghi C. Electrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors for Quantitative Monitoring of the Molecular Dynamics of Crystallization at the Solid-Liquid Interface. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2643-2649. [PMID: 35324207 PMCID: PMC9098175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative measurements of molecular dynamics at the solid-liquid interface are of crucial importance in a wide range of fields, such as heterogeneous catalysis, energy storage, nanofluidics, biosensing, and crystallization. In particular, the molecular dynamics associated with nucleation and crystal growth is very challenging to study because of the poor sensitivity or limited spatial/temporal resolution of the most widely used analytical techniques. We demonstrate that electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) are able to monitor in real-time the crystallization process in an evaporating droplet. The high sensitivity of these devices at the solid-liquid interface, through the electrical double layer and signal amplification, enables the quantification of changes in solute concentration over time and the transport rate of molecules at the solid-liquid interface during crystallization. Our results show that EGOFETs offer a highly sensitive and powerful, yet simple approach to investigate the molecular dynamics of compounds crystallizing from water.
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46
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Lin XC, Chen F, Zhang K, Li J, Jiang JH, Yu RQ. Single Molecule-Level Detection via Liposome-Based Signal Amplification Mass Spectrometry Counting Assay. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6120-6129. [PMID: 35412803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Because of the low atomization and/or ionization efficiencies of many biological macromolecules, the application of mass spectrometry to the direct quantitative detection of low-abundance proteins and nucleic acids remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report mass spectrum tags (MS-tags) based upon gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-templated phosphatidylcholine phospholipid (DSPC) liposomes, which exhibit high and reliable signals via electrospray ionization (ESI). Using these MS-tags, we constructed a liposome signal amplification-based mass spectrometric (LSAMS) "digital" counting assay to enable ultrasensitive detection of target nucleic acids. The LSAMS system consists of liposomes modified with a gold nanoparticle core and surface-anchored photocleavable DNA. In the presence of target nucleic acids, the modified liposome and a magnetic bead simultaneously hybridize with the target nucleic acid. After magnetic separation and photolysis, the MS-tag is released and can be analyzed by ESI-MS. At very low target concentrations, one liposome particle corresponds to one target molecule; thus, the concentration of the target can be estimated by counting the number of liposomes. With this assay, hepatitis C (HCV) virus RNA was successfully analyzed in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jishan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ru-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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47
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Chauhan N, Saxena K, Jain U. Single molecule detection; from microscopy to sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1389-1401. [PMID: 35413320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule detection is necessary to find out physical, chemical properties and their mechanism involved in the normal functioning of body cells. In this way, they can provide a new direction to the healthcare system. Various techniques have been developed and employed for their successful detection. Herein, we have emphasized various traditional methods as well as biosensing technology which offer single molecule sensitivity. The various methods including plasmonic resonance, nanopores, whispering gallery mode, Simoa assay and recognition tunneling are discussed in the initial part which has been followed by a discussion about biosensor-based detection. Plasmonic, SERS, CRISPR/Cas, and other types of biosensors are focused in this review and found to be highly sensitive for single molecule detection. This review provides an overview of progression in different techniques employed for single molecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida 201313, U.P., India
| | - Kirti Saxena
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida 201313, U.P., India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida 201313, U.P., India.
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48
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Electrochemical and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Surface Characterization of Interchain-Driven Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) Reorganization. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050867. [PMID: 35269355 PMCID: PMC8912756 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a combined strategy encompassing electrochemical and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments to investigate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) conformational reorganization onto an electrode surface due to the application of an electrical field. In particular, 3-mercaptopriopionic acid SAM (3MPA SAM) modified gold electrodes are activated with a 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS) (EDC-NHSS) mixture by shortening the activation time, from 2 h to 15/20 min, labelled as Protocol-A, -B and -C, respectively. This step, later followed by a deactivation process with ethanolamine (EA), plays a key role in the reaction yields (formation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-mercaptopropanamide, NMPA) but also in the conformational rearrangement observed during the application of the electrical field. This study aims at explaining the high performance (i.e., single-molecule detection at a large electrode interface) of bioelectronic devices, where the 3MPA-based SAM structure is pivotal in achieving extremely high sensing performance levels due to its interchain interaction. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments performed in K4Fe(CN)6:K3Fe(CN)6 for 3MPA SAMs that are activated/deactivated show similar trends of anodic peak current (IA) over time, mainly related to the presence of interchain hydrogen bonds, driving the conformational rearrangements (tightening of SAMs structure) while applying an electrical field. In addition, XPS analysis allows correlation of the deactivation yield with electrochemical data (conformational rearrangements), identifying the best protocol in terms of high reaction yield, mainly related to the shorter reaction time, and not triggering any side reactions. Finally, Protocol-C’s SAM surface coverage, determined by CV in H2SO4 and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in NaOH, was 1.29 * 1013 molecules cm−2, being similar to the bioreceptor surface coverage in single-molecule detection at a large electrode interface.
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Hasler R, Reiner-Rozman C, Fossati S, Aspermair P, Dostalek J, Lee S, Ibáñez M, Bintinger J, Knoll W. Field-Effect Transistor with a Plasmonic Fiber Optic Gate Electrode as a Multivariable Biosensor Device. ACS Sens 2022; 7:504-512. [PMID: 35134289 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel multivariable system, combining a transistor with fiber optic-based surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy with the gate electrode simultaneously acting as the fiber optic sensor surface, is reported. The dual-mode sensor allows for discrimination of mass and charge contributions for binding assays on the same sensor surface. Furthermore, we optimize the sensor geometry by investigating the influence of the fiber area to transistor channel area ratio and distance. We show that larger fiber optic tip diameters are favorable for electronic and optical signals and demonstrate the reversibility of plasmon resonance wavelength shifts after electric field application. As a proof of principle, a layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes is performed to benchmark the system against multivariable sensing platforms with planar surface plasmon resonance configurations. Furthermore, the biosensing performance is assessed using a thrombin binding assay with surface-immobilized aptamers as receptors, allowing for the detection of medically relevant thrombin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hasler
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ciril Reiner-Rozman
- Danube Private University, Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Stefan Fossati
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Patrik Aspermair
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Jakub Dostalek
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- FZU-Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Seungho Lee
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Maria Ibáñez
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Bintinger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Danube Private University, Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Danube Private University, Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
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Sarcina L, Macchia E, Tricase A, Scandurra C, Imbriano A, Torricelli F, Cioffi N, Torsi L, Bollella P. Enzyme based field effect transistor: State‐of‐the‐art and future perspectives. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Anna Imbriano
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science ‐ Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione Università degli Studi di Brescia Brescia Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science ‐ Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science ‐ Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science ‐ Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
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