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Kumar P, Tomita T, Gerken TA, Ballard CJ, Lee YS, Weiss LM, Samara NL. A Toxoplasma gondii O-glycosyltransferase that modulates bradyzoite cyst wall rigidity is distinct from host homologues. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3792. [PMID: 38710711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with the apicomplexan protozoan Toxoplasma gondii can be life-threatening in immunocompromised hosts. Transmission frequently occurs through the oral ingestion of T. gondii bradyzoite cysts, which transition to tachyzoites, disseminate, and then form cysts containing bradyzoites in the central nervous system, resulting in latent infection. Encapsulation of bradyzoites by a cyst wall is critical for immune evasion, survival, and transmission. O-glycosylation of the protein CST1 by the mucin-type O-glycosyltransferase T. gondii (Txg) GalNAc-T3 influences cyst wall rigidity and stability. Here, we report X-ray crystal structures of TxgGalNAc-T3, revealing multiple features that are strictly conserved among its apicomplexan homologues. This includes a unique 2nd metal that is coupled to substrate binding and enzymatic activity in vitro and cyst wall O-glycosylation in T. gondii. The study illustrates the divergence of pathogenic protozoan GalNAc-Ts from their host homologues and lays the groundwork for studying apicomplexan GalNAc-Ts as therapeutic targets in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kumar
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tadakimi Tomita
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Collin J Ballard
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yong Sok Lee
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Disease), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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2
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Tian E, Rothermel C, Michel Z, de Castro LF, Lee J, Kilts T, Kent T, Collins MT, Ten Hagen KG. Loss of the glycosyltransferase Galnt11 affects vitamin D homeostasis and bone composition. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107164. [PMID: 38484798 PMCID: PMC11001633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
O-glycosylation is a conserved posttranslational modification that impacts many aspects of organismal viability and function. Recent studies examining the glycosyltransferase Galnt11 demonstrated that it glycosylates the endocytic receptor megalin in the kidneys, enabling proper binding and reabsorption of ligands, including vitamin D-binding protein (DBP). Galnt11-deficient mice were unable to properly reabsorb DBP from the urine. Vitamin D plays an essential role in mineral homeostasis and its deficiency is associated with bone diseases such as rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. We therefore set out to examine the effects of the loss of Galnt11 on vitamin D homeostasis and bone composition. We found significantly decreased levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, consistent with decreased reabsorption of DBP. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in blood calcium levels and a physiologic increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) in Galnt11-deficient mice. Bones in Galnt11-deficient mice were smaller and displayed a decrease in cortical bone accompanied by an increase in trabecular bone and an increase in a marker of bone formation, consistent with PTH-mediated effects on bone. These results support a unified model for the role of Galnt11 in bone and mineral homeostasis, wherein loss of Galnt11 leads to decreased reabsorption of DBP by megalin, resulting in a cascade of disrupted mineral and bone homeostasis including decreased circulating vitamin D and calcium levels, a physiological increase in PTH, an overall loss of cortical bone, and an increase in trabecular bone. Our study elucidates how defects in O-glycosylation can influence vitamin D and mineral homeostasis and the integrity of the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Rothermel
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary Michel
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Fernandez de Castro
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeeyoung Lee
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tina Kilts
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tristan Kent
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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3
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Zhang L, Muirhead KJ, Syed ZA, Dimitriadis EK, Ten Hagen KG. A novel cysteine-rich adaptor protein is required for mucin packaging and secretory granule stability in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314309121. [PMID: 38285943 PMCID: PMC10861859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314309121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucins are large, highly glycosylated extracellular matrix proteins that line and protect epithelia of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts. Previous work has shown that mucins form large, interconnected polymeric networks that mediate their biological functions once secreted. However, how these large matrix molecules are compacted and packaged into much smaller secretory granules within cells prior to secretion is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a small cysteine-rich adaptor protein is essential for proper packaging of a secretory mucin in vivo. This adaptor acts via cysteine bonding between itself and the cysteine-rich domain of the mucin. Loss of this adaptor protein disrupts mucin packaging in secretory granules, alters the mobile fraction within granules, and results in granules that are larger, more circular, and more fragile. Understanding the factors and mechanisms by which mucins and other highly glycosylated matrix proteins are properly packaged and secreted may provide insight into diseases characterized by aberrant mucin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892-4370
| | - Kayla J. Muirhead
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892-4370
- Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA92656
| | - Zulfeqhar A. Syed
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892-4370
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Emilios K. Dimitriadis
- Trans-NIH Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Kelly G. Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892-4370
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4
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Bonanno SL, Krantz DE. Transcriptional changes in specific subsets of Drosophila neurons following inhibition of the serotonin transporter. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:226. [PMID: 37355701 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional effects of SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs remain unclear, in part due to the heterogeneity of postsynaptic cells, which may respond differently to changes in serotonergic signaling. Relatively simple model systems such as Drosophila afford more tractable microcircuits in which to investigate these changes in specific cell types. Here, we focus on the mushroom body, an insect brain structure heavily innervated by serotonin and comprised of multiple different but related subtypes of Kenyon cells. We use fluorescence-activated cell sorting of Kenyon cells, followed by either bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing to explore the transcriptomic response of these cells to SERT inhibition. We compared the effects of two different Drosophila Serotonin Transporter (dSERT) mutant alleles as well as feeding the SSRI citalopram to adult flies. We find that the genetic architecture associated with one of the mutants contributed to significant artefactual changes in expression. Comparison of differential expression caused by loss of SERT during development versus aged, adult flies, suggests that changes in serotonergic signaling may have relatively stronger effects during development, consistent with behavioral studies in mice. Overall, our experiments revealed limited transcriptomic changes in Kenyon cells, but suggest that different subtypes may respond differently to SERT loss-of-function. Further work exploring the effects of SERT loss-of-function in other circuits may be used help to elucidate how SSRIs differentially affect a variety of different neuronal subtypes both during development and in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivan L Bonanno
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David E Krantz
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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5
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Calle B, Gonzalez-Rodriguez E, Mahoney KE, Cioce A, Bineva-Todd G, Tastan OY, Roustan C, Flynn H, Malaker SA, Schumann B. Bump-and-hole engineering of human polypeptide N-acetylgalactosamine transferases to dissect their protein substrates and glycosylation sites in cells. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:101974. [PMID: 36633947 PMCID: PMC9843269 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the known disease relevance of glycans, the biological function and substrate specificities of individual glycosyltransferases are often ill-defined. Here, we describe a protocol to develop chemical, bioorthogonal reporters for the activity of the GalNAc-T family of glycosyltransferases using a tactic termed bump-and-hole engineering. This allows identification of the protein substrates and glycosylation sites of single GalNAc-Ts. Despite requiring transfection of cells with the engineered transferases and enzymes for biosynthesis of bioorthogonal substrates, the tactic complements methods in molecular biology. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Schumann et al. (2020)1, Cioce et al. (2021)2, and Cioce et al. (2022)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Calle
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK; Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Edgar Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK; Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Keira E Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Anna Cioce
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK; Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ganka Bineva-Todd
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Omur Y Tastan
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Helen Flynn
- Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stacy A Malaker
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK; Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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6
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Bonanno SL, Krantz DE. Transcriptional changes in specific subsets of Drosophila neurons following inhibition of the serotonin transporter. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2626506. [PMID: 36993644 PMCID: PMC10055553 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2626506/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional effects of SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs remain unclear, in part due to the heterogeneity of postsynaptic cells, which may respond differently to changes in serotonergic signaling. Relatively simple model systems such as Drosophila afford more tractable microcircuits in which to investigate these changes in specific cell types. Here, we focus on the mushroom body, an insect brain structure heavily innervated by serotonin and comprised of multiple different but related subtypes of Kenyon cells. We use fluorescence activated cell sorting of Kenyon cells, followed by either or bulk or single cell RNA sequencing to explore the transcriptomic response of these cells to SERT inhibition. We compared the effects of two different Drosophila Serotonin Transporter (dSERT) mutant alleles as well as feeding the SSRI citalapram to adult flies. We find that the genetic architecture associated with one of the mutants contributed to significant artefactual changes in expression. Comparison of differential expression caused by loss of SERT during development versus aged, adult flies, suggests that changes in serotonergic signaling may have relatively stronger effects during development, consistent with behavioral studies in mice. Overall, our experiments revealed limited transcriptomic changes in Kenyon cells, but suggest that different subtypes may respond differently to SERT loss-of-function. Further work exploring the effects of SERT loss-of-function in other Drosophila circuits may be used help to elucidate how SSRIs differentially affect a variety of different neuronal subtypes both during development and in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivan L. Bonanno
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David E. Krantz
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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7
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Park SY, Muschalik N, Chadwick J, Munro S. In vivo characterization of Drosophila golgins reveals redundancy and plasticity of vesicle capture at the Golgi apparatus. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4549-4564.e6. [PMID: 36103876 PMCID: PMC9849145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi is the central sorting station in the secretory pathway and thus the destination of transport vesicles arriving from the endoplasmic reticulum and endosomes and from within the Golgi itself. Cell viability, therefore, requires that the Golgi accurately receives multiple classes of vesicle. One set of proteins proposed to direct vesicle arrival at the Golgi are the golgins, long coiled-coil proteins localized to specific parts of the Golgi stack. In mammalian cells, three of the golgins, TMF, golgin-84, and GMAP-210, can capture intra-Golgi transport vesicles when placed in an ectopic location. However, the individual golgins are not required for cell viability, and mouse knockout mutants only have defects in specific tissues. To further illuminate this system, we examine the Drosophila orthologs of these three intra-Golgi golgins. We show that ectopic forms can capture intra-Golgi transport vesicles, but strikingly, the cargo present in the vesicles captured by each golgin varies between tissues. Loss-of-function mutants show that the golgins are individually dispensable, although the loss of TMF recapitulates the male fertility defects observed in mice. However, the deletion of multiple golgins results in defects in glycosylation and loss of viability. Examining the vesicles captured by a particular golgin when another golgin is missing reveals that the vesicle content in one tissue changes to resemble that of a different tissue. This reveals a plasticity in Golgi organization between tissues, providing an explanation for why the Golgi is sufficiently robust to tolerate the loss of many of the individual components of its membrane traffic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yun Park
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Nadine Muschalik
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jessica Chadwick
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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8
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Regulated Restructuring of Mucins During Secretory Granule Maturation In Vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209750119. [PMID: 36252017 PMCID: PMC9618048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209750119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins are large, highly glycosylated transmembrane and secreted proteins that line and protect epithelial surfaces. However, the details of mucin biosynthesis and packaging in vivo are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that multiple distinct mucins undergo intragranular restructuring during secretory granule maturation in vivo, forming unique structures that are spatially segregated within the same granule. We further identify temporally-regulated genes that influence mucin restructuring, including those controlling pH (Vha16-1), Ca2+ ions (fwe) and Cl- ions (Clic and ClC-c). Finally, we show that altered mucin glycosylation influences the dimensions of these structures, thereby affecting secretory granule morphology. This study elucidates key steps and factors involved in intragranular, rather than intergranular segregation of mucins through regulated restructuring events during secretory granule maturation. Understanding how multiple distinct mucins are efficiently packaged into and secreted from secretory granules may provide insight into diseases resulting from defects in mucin secretion.
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9
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Monier M, Courtier-Orgogozo V. Drosophila Glue: A Promising Model for Bioadhesion. INSECTS 2022; 13:734. [PMID: 36005360 PMCID: PMC9409817 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The glue produced by Drosophila larvae to attach themselves to a substrate for several days and resist predation until the end of metamorphosis represents an attractive model to develop new adhesives for dry environments. The adhesive properties of this interesting material have been investigated recently, and it was found that it binds as well as strongly adhesive commercial tapes to various types of substrates. This glue hardens rapidly after excretion and is made of several proteins. In D. melanogaster, eight glue proteins have been identified: four are long glycosylated mucoproteins containing repeats rich in prolines, serines and threonines, and four others are shorter proteins rich in cysteines. This protein mix is produced by the salivary glands through a complex packaging process that is starting to be elucidated. Drosophila species have adapted to stick to various substrates in diverse environmental conditions and glue genes appear to evolve rapidly in terms of gene number, number of repeats and sequence of the repeat motifs. Interestingly, besides its adhesive properties, the glue may also have antimicrobial activities. We discuss future perspectives and avenues of research for the development of new bioadhesives mimicking Drosophila fly glue.
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10
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Syed ZA, Zhang L, Ten Hagen KG. In vivo models of mucin biosynthesis and function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114182. [PMID: 35278522 PMCID: PMC9068269 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The secreted mucus layer that lines and protects epithelial cells is conserved across diverse species. While the exact composition of this protective layer varies between organisms, certain elements are conserved, including proteins that are heavily decorated with N-acetylgalactosamine-based sugars linked to serines or threonines (O-linked glycosylation). These heavily O-glycosylated proteins, known as mucins, exist in many forms and are able to form hydrated gel-like structures that coat epithelial surfaces. In vivo studies in diverse organisms have highlighted the importance of both the mucin proteins as well as their constituent O-glycans in the protection and health of internal epithelia. Here, we summarize in vivo approaches that have shed light on the synthesis and function of these essential components of mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfeqhar A Syed
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, United States
| | - Liping Zhang
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, United States
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, United States.
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11
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Zhang L, Mann M, Syed ZA, Reynolds HM, Tian E, Samara NL, Zeldin DC, Tabak LA, Ten Hagen KG. Furin cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike is modulated by O-glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109905118. [PMID: 34732583 PMCID: PMC8617502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109905118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus responsible for the global pandemic contains a novel furin cleavage site in the spike protein (S) that increases viral infectivity and syncytia formation in cells. Here, we show that O-glycosylation near the furin cleavage site is mediated by members of the GALNT enzyme family, resulting in decreased furin cleavage and decreased syncytia formation. Moreover, we show that O-glycosylation is dependent on the novel proline at position 681 (P681). Mutations of P681 seen in the highly transmissible alpha and delta variants abrogate O-glycosylation, increase furin cleavage, and increase syncytia formation. Finally, we show that GALNT family members capable of glycosylating S are expressed in human respiratory cells that are targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results suggest that host O-glycosylation may influence viral infectivity/tropism by modulating furin cleavage of S and provide mechanistic insight into the role of the P681 mutations found in the highly transmissible alpha and delta variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370
| | - Matthew Mann
- Section on Biological Chemistry, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370
| | - Zulfeqhar A Syed
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370
| | - Hayley M Reynolds
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370
| | - E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27514
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370;
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12
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Gao X, Li R, Yourick JJ, Sprando RL. Transcriptomic and proteomic responses of silver nanoparticles in hepatocyte-like cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105274. [PMID: 34798274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been increasingly used in a variety of consumer products over the last decades. However, their potential adverse effects have not been fully understood. In a previous study, we characterized transcriptomic changes in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) in response to AgNP exposure. Here, we report findings of a follow-up proteomic study that evaluated alternations at the protein level in the same cell after being exposed to 10 μg/ml AgNPs for 24 h. In total, 6287 proteins were identified across two groups of samples (n = 3). Among these proteins, 665 were found to be differentially regulated (fold change ≥1.25, p < 0.01) between the AgNP-treated group and the untreated control group, including 264 upregulated and 401 downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis of the proteomics data, in side-by-side comparison to the transcriptomics data, confirms and substantiates previous findings on AgNP-induced alterations in metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and potential association with cancer. A mechanism of action was proposed based on these results. Collectively, the findings of the current proteomic study are consistent with those of the previous transcriptomic study and further demonstrate the usefulness of iPSC-derived HLCs as an in vitro model for liver nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiugong Gao
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - Rong Li
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Yourick
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Robert L Sprando
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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13
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Cid E, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto F. Mixed-Up Sugars: Glycosyltransferase Cross-Reactivity in Cancerous Tissues and Their Therapeutic Targeting. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100460. [PMID: 34726327 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The main categories of glycan changes in cancer are: (1) decreased expression of histo-blood group A and/or B antigens and increased Lewis-related antigens, (2) appearance of cryptic antigens, such as Tn and T, (3) emergence of genetically incompatible glycans, such as A antigen expressed in tumors of individuals of group B or O and heterophilic expression of Forssman antigen (FORS1), and (4) appearance of neoglycans. This review focuses on the expression of genetically incompatible A/B/FORS1 antigens in cancer. Several possible molecular mechanisms are exemplified, including missense mutations that alter the sugar specificity of A and B glycosyltransferases (AT and BT, respectively), restoration of the correct codon reading frame of O alleles, and modification of acceptor specificity of AT to synthesize the FORS1 antigen by missense mutations and/or altered splicing. Taking advantage of pre-existing natural immunity, the potential uses of these glycans for immunotherapeutic targeting will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emili Cid
- Immunohematology and Glycobiology, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Ctra de Can Ruti, Cami de les Escoles s/n, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Miyako Yamamoto
- Immunohematology and Glycobiology, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Ctra de Can Ruti, Cami de les Escoles s/n, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology and Glycobiology, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Ctra de Can Ruti, Cami de les Escoles s/n, Badalona, 08916, Spain
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14
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Fujinami D, Garcia de Gonzalo CV, Biswas S, Hao Y, Wang H, Garg N, Lukk T, Nair SK, van der Donk WA. Structural and mechanistic investigations of protein S-glycosyltransferases. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1740-1749.e6. [PMID: 34283964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of sugars to nitrogen and oxygen in peptides is ubiquitous in biology, but glycosylation of sulfur atoms has only been recently described. Here, we characterize two S-glycosyltransferases SunS and ThuS that selectively glycosylate one of five Cys residues in their substrate peptides; substitution of this Cys with Ser results in a strong decrease in glycosylation activity. Crystal structures of SunS and ThuS in complex with UDP-glucose or a derivative reveal an unusual architecture in which a glycosyltransferase type A (GTA) fold is decorated with additional domains to support homodimerization. Dimer formation creates an extended cavity for the substrate peptide, drawing functional analogy with O-glycosyltransferases involved in cell wall biosynthesis. This extended cavity contains a sharp bend that may explain the site selectivity of the glycosylation because the target Cys is in a Gly-rich stretch that can accommodate the bend. These studies establish a molecular framework for understanding the unusual S-glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujinami
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chantal V Garcia de Gonzalo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Subhanip Biswas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yue Hao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tiit Lukk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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15
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Ma CIJ, Burgess J, Brill JA. Maturing secretory granules: Where secretory and endocytic pathways converge. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100807. [PMID: 33866198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Secretory granules (SGs) are specialized organelles responsible for the storage and regulated release of various biologically active molecules from the endocrine and exocrine systems. Thus, proper SG biogenesis is critical to normal animal physiology. Biogenesis of SGs starts at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where immature SGs (iSGs) bud off and undergo maturation before fusing with the plasma membrane (PM). How iSGs mature is unclear, but emerging studies have suggested an important role for the endocytic pathway. The requirement for endocytic machinery in SG maturation blurs the line between SGs and another class of secretory organelles called lysosome-related organelles (LROs). Therefore, it is important to re-evaluate the differences and similarities between SGs and LROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-I Jonathan Ma
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, Room 15.9716, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 2374, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jason Burgess
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, Room 15.9716, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4396, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, Room 15.9716, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 2374, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4396, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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16
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Zhang L, Mann M, Syed Z, Reynolds HM, Tian E, Samara NL, Zeldin DC, Tabak LA, Ten Hagen KG. Furin cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike is modulated by O-glycosylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33564758 PMCID: PMC7872346 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.05.429982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus responsible for the global pandemic contains a unique furin cleavage site in the spike protein (S) that increases viral infectivity and syncytia formation. Here, we show that O-glycosylation near the furin cleavage site is mediated by specific members of the GALNT enzyme family and is dependent on the novel proline at position 681 (P681). We further demonstrate that O-glycosylation of S decreases furin cleavage. Finally, we show that GALNT family members capable of glycosylating S are expressed in human respiratory cells that are targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results suggest that O-glycosylation may influence viral infectivity/tropism by modulating furin cleavage of S and provide mechanistic insight into the potential role of P681 mutations in the recently identified, highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - Matthew Mann
- Section on Biological Chemistry, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - Zulfeqhar Syed
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - Hayley M Reynolds
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27514
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
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17
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Daniel EJP, las Rivas M, Lira-Navarrete E, García-García A, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Clausen H, Gerken TA. Ser and Thr acceptor preferences of the GalNAc-Ts vary among isoenzymes to modulate mucin-type O-glycosylation. Glycobiology 2020; 30:910-922. [PMID: 32304323 PMCID: PMC7581654 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases (GalNAc-Ts) initiates mucin-type O-glycosylation, transferring GalNAc onto hydroxyl groups of Ser and Thr residues of target substrates. The 20 GalNAc-T isoenzymes in humans are classified into nine subfamilies according to sequence similarity. GalNAc-Ts select their sites of glycosylation based on weak and overlapping peptide sequence motifs, as well prior substrate O-GalNAc glycosylation at sites both remote (long-range) and neighboring (short-range) the acceptor. Together, these preferences vary among GalNAc-Ts imparting each isoenzyme with its own unique specificity. Studies on the first identified GalNAc-Ts showed Thr acceptors were preferred over Ser acceptors; however studies comparing Thr vs. Ser glycosylation across the GalNAc-T family are lacking. Using a series of identical random peptide substrates, with single Thr or Ser acceptor sites, we determined the rate differences (Thr/Ser rate ratio) between Thr and Ser substrate glycosylation for 12 isoenzymes (representing 7 GalNAc-T subfamilies). These Thr/Ser rate ratios varied across subfamilies, ranging from ~2 to ~18 (for GalNAc-T4/GalNAc-T12 and GalNAc-T3/GalNAc-T6, respectively), while nearly identical Thr/Ser rate ratios were observed for isoenzymes within subfamilies. Furthermore, the Thr/Ser rate ratios did not appreciably vary over a series of fixed sequence substrates of different relative activities, suggesting the ratio is a constant for each isoenzyme against single acceptor substrates. Finally, based on GalNAc-T structures, the different Thr/Ser rate ratios likely reflect differences in the strengths of the Thr acceptor methyl group binding to the active site pocket. With this work, another activity that further differentiates substrate specificity among the GalNAc-Ts has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matilde las Rivas
- BIFI and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzada (LMA), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Erandi Lira-Navarrete
- BIFI and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzada (LMA), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Ana García-García
- BIFI and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzada (LMA), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Ramon Hurtado-Guerrero
- BIFI and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzada (LMA), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics (CCG), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics (CCG), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
- Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics (CCG), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics (CCG), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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18
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May C, Ji S, Syed ZA, Revoredo L, Paul Daniel EJ, Gerken TA, Tabak LA, Samara NL, Ten Hagen KG. Differential splicing of the lectin domain of an O-glycosyltransferase modulates both peptide and glycopeptide preferences. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12525-12536. [PMID: 32669364 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is an essential post-translational modification required for protein secretion, extracellular matrix formation, and organ growth. O-Glycosylation is initiated by a large family of enzymes (GALNTs in mammals and PGANTs in Drosophila) that catalyze the addition of GalNAc onto the hydroxyl groups of serines or threonines in protein substrates. These enzymes contain two functional domains: a catalytic domain and a C-terminal ricin-like lectin domain comprised of three potential GalNAc recognition repeats termed α, β, and γ. The catalytic domain is responsible for binding donor and acceptor substrates and catalyzing transfer of GalNAc, whereas the lectin domain recognizes more distant extant GalNAc on previously glycosylated substrates. We previously demonstrated a novel role for the α repeat of lectin domain in influencing charged peptide preferences. Here, we further interrogate how the differentially spliced α repeat of the PGANT9A and PGANT9B O-glycosyltransferases confers distinct preferences for a variety of endogenous substrates. Through biochemical analyses and in silico modeling using preferred substrates, we find that a combination of charged residues within the α repeat and charged residues in the flexible gating loop of the catalytic domain distinctively influence the peptide substrate preferences of each splice variant. Moreover, PGANT9A and PGANT9B also display unique glycopeptide preferences. These data illustrate how changes within the noncatalytic lectin domain can alter the recognition of both peptide and glycopeptide substrates. Overall, our results elucidate a novel mechanism for modulating substrate preferences of O-glycosyltransferases via alternative splicing within specific subregions of functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn May
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suena Ji
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zulfeqhar A Syed
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie Revoredo
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Earnest James Paul Daniel
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Schumann B, Malaker SA, Wisnovsky SP, Debets MF, Agbay AJ, Fernandez D, Wagner LJS, Lin L, Li Z, Choi J, Fox DM, Peh J, Gray MA, Pedram K, Kohler JJ, Mrksich M, Bertozzi CR. Bump-and-Hole Engineering Identifies Specific Substrates of Glycosyltransferases in Living Cells. Mol Cell 2020. [PMID: 32325029 DOI: 10.1016/jmolcel.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Studying posttranslational modifications classically relies on experimental strategies that oversimplify the complex biosynthetic machineries of living cells. Protein glycosylation contributes to essential biological processes, but correlating glycan structure, underlying protein, and disease-relevant biosynthetic regulation is currently elusive. Here, we engineer living cells to tag glycans with editable chemical functionalities while providing information on biosynthesis, physiological context, and glycan fine structure. We introduce a non-natural substrate biosynthetic pathway and use engineered glycosyltransferases to incorporate chemically tagged sugars into the cell surface glycome of the living cell. We apply the strategy to a particularly redundant yet disease-relevant human glycosyltransferase family, the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases. This approach bestows a gain-of-chemical-functionality modification on cells, where the products of individual glycosyltransferases can be selectively characterized or manipulated to understand glycan contribution to major physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schumann
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Fernandez
- Stanford ChEM-H Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Liang Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Junwon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Jessie Peh
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Anne Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Jean Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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20
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Schumann B, Malaker SA, Wisnovsky SP, Debets MF, Agbay AJ, Fernandez D, Wagner LJS, Lin L, Li Z, Choi J, Fox DM, Peh J, Gray MA, Pedram K, Kohler JJ, Mrksich M, Bertozzi CR. Bump-and-Hole Engineering Identifies Specific Substrates of Glycosyltransferases in Living Cells. Mol Cell 2020; 78:824-834.e15. [PMID: 32325029 PMCID: PMC7276986 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studying posttranslational modifications classically relies on experimental strategies that oversimplify the complex biosynthetic machineries of living cells. Protein glycosylation contributes to essential biological processes, but correlating glycan structure, underlying protein, and disease-relevant biosynthetic regulation is currently elusive. Here, we engineer living cells to tag glycans with editable chemical functionalities while providing information on biosynthesis, physiological context, and glycan fine structure. We introduce a non-natural substrate biosynthetic pathway and use engineered glycosyltransferases to incorporate chemically tagged sugars into the cell surface glycome of the living cell. We apply the strategy to a particularly redundant yet disease-relevant human glycosyltransferase family, the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases. This approach bestows a gain-of-chemical-functionality modification on cells, where the products of individual glycosyltransferases can be selectively characterized or manipulated to understand glycan contribution to major physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schumann
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Fernandez
- Stanford ChEM-H Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Liang Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Junwon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Jessie Peh
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Anne Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Jean Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Hasegawa S, Imai M, Yamasaki M, Takahashi N. Isolation and characterization of human acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase splice variants. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Tirta Ismaya W, Tjandrawinata RR, Rachmawati H. Lectins from the Edible Mushroom Agaricus bisporus and Their Therapeutic Potentials. Molecules 2020; 25:E2368. [PMID: 32443732 PMCID: PMC7287795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mushroom Agaricus bisporus secretes biologically active compounds and proteins with benefits for human health. Most reported proteins from A. bisporus are tyrosinases and lectins. Lectins are of therapeutic or pharmaceutical interest. To date, only limited information is available on A. bisporus lectins and lectin-like proteins. No therapeutic products derived from A. bisporus lectin (ABL) are available on the market despite its extensive exploration. Recently, A. bisporus mannose-binding protein (Abmb) was discovered. Its discovery enriches the information and increases the interest in proteins with therapeutic potential from this mushroom. Furthermore, the A. bisporus genome reveals the possible occurrence of other lectins in this mushroom that may also have therapeutic potential. Most of these putative lectins belong to the same lectin groups as ABL and Abmb. Their relationship is discussed. Particular attention is addressed to ABL and Abmb, which have been explored for their potential in medicinal or pharmaceutical applications. ABL and Abmb have anti-proliferative activities toward cancer cells and a stimulatory effect on the immune system. Possible scenarios for their use in therapy and modification are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsa Tirta Ismaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V PP-7, Jababeka 2, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia; (W.T.I.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V PP-7, Jababeka 2, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia; (W.T.I.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Heni Rachmawati
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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23
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Righino B, Bozzi M, Pirolli D, Sciandra F, Bigotti MG, Brancaccio A, De Rosa MC. Identification and Modeling of a GT-A Fold in the α-Dystroglycan Glycosylating Enzyme LARGE1. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3145-3156. [PMID: 32356985 PMCID: PMC7340341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The
acetylglucosaminyltransferase-like protein LARGE1 is an enzyme
that is responsible for the final steps of the post-translational
modifications of dystroglycan (DG), a membrane receptor that links
the cytoskeleton with the extracellular matrix in the skeletal muscle
and in a variety of other tissues. LARGE1 acts by adding the repeating
disaccharide unit [-3Xyl-α1,3GlcAβ1-] to the extracellular
portion of the DG complex (α-DG); defects in the LARGE1 gene result in an aberrant glycosylation of α-DG and consequent
impairment of its binding to laminin, eventually affecting the connection
between the cell and the extracellular environment. In the skeletal
muscle, this leads to degeneration of the muscular tissue and muscular
dystrophy. So far, a few missense mutations have been identified within
the LARGE1 protein and linked to congenital muscular dystrophy, and
because no structural information is available on this enzyme, our
understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologies
is still very limited. Here, we generated a 3D model structure of
the two catalytic domains of LARGE1, combining different molecular
modeling approaches. Furthermore, by using molecular dynamics simulations,
we analyzed the effect on the structure and stability of the first
catalytic domain of the pathological missense mutation S331F that
gives rise to a severe form of muscle–eye–brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Righino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Bozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Pirolli
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sciandra
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Bigotti
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, BS2 8HW Bristol, U.K.,School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, U.K
| | - Andrea Brancaccio
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.,School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, U.K
| | - Maria Cristina De Rosa
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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24
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Functional analysis of glycosylation using Drosophila melanogaster. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Galnt11 regulates kidney function by glycosylating the endocytosis receptor megalin to modulate ligand binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25196-25202. [PMID: 31740596 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909573116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 20 million Americans and ∼10% of the population worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of kidney functional decline have identified genes associated with CKD, but the precise mechanisms by which they influence kidney function remained largely unexplored. Here, we examine the role of 1 GWAS-identified gene by creating mice deficient for Galnt11, which encodes a member of the enzyme family that initiates protein O-glycosylation, an essential posttranslational modification known to influence protein function and stability. We find that Galnt11-deficient mice display low-molecular-weight proteinuria and have specific defects in proximal tubule-mediated resorption of vitamin D binding protein, α1-microglobulin, and retinol binding protein. Moreover, we identify the endocytic receptor megalin (LRP2) as a direct target of Galnt11 in vivo. Megalin in Galnt11-deficient mice displays reduced ligand binding and undergoes age-related loss within the kidney. Differential mass spectrometry revealed specific sites of Galnt11-mediated glycosylation within mouse kidney megalin/LRP2 that are known to be involved in ligand binding, suggesting that O-glycosylation directly influences the ability to bind ligands. In support of this, recombinant megalin containing these sites displayed reduced albumin binding in cells deficient for Galnt11 Our results provide insight into the association between GALNT11 and CKD, and identify a role for Galnt11 in proper kidney function.
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26
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Reynolds HM, Zhang L, Tran DT, Ten Hagen KG. Tango1 coordinates the formation of endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi docking sites to mediate secretory granule formation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19498-19510. [PMID: 31690624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated secretion is a conserved process occurring across diverse cells and tissues. Current models suggest that the conserved cargo receptor Tango1 mediates the packaging of collagen into large coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles that move from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. However, how Tango1 regulates the formation of COPII carriers and influences the secretion of other cargo remains unknown. Here, through high-resolution imaging of Tango1, COPII, Golgi, and secretory cargo (mucins) in Drosophila larval salivary glands, we found that Tango1 forms ring-like structures that mediate the formation of COPII rings rather than vesicles. These COPII rings act as docking sites for the cis-Golgi. Moreover, we observed nascent secretory mucins emerging from the Golgi side of these Tango1-COPII-Golgi complexes, suggesting that these structures represent functional docking sites/fusion points between the ER exit sites and the Golgi. Loss of Tango1 disrupted the formation of COPII rings, the association of COPII with the cis-Golgi, mucin O-glycosylation, and secretory granule biosynthesis. Additionally, we identified a Tango1 self-association domain that is essential for formation of this structure. Our results provide evidence that Tango1 organizes an interaction site where secretory cargo is efficiently transferred from the ER to Golgi and then to secretory vesicles. These findings may explain how the loss of Tango1 can influence Golgi/ER morphology and affect the secretion of diverse proteins across many tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley M Reynolds
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - Liping Zhang
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - Duy T Tran
- NIDCR Imaging Core, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
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27
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Fernandez AJ, Daniel EJP, Mahajan SP, Gray JJ, Gerken TA, Tabak LA, Samara NL. The structure of the colorectal cancer-associated enzyme GalNAc-T12 reveals how nonconserved residues dictate its function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20404-20410. [PMID: 31548401 PMCID: PMC6789641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902211116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases (GalNAc-Ts) initiate mucin type O-glycosylation by catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to Ser or Thr on a protein substrate. Inactive and partially active variants of the isoenzyme GalNAc-T12 are present in subsets of patients with colorectal cancer, and several of these variants alter nonconserved residues with unknown functions. While previous biochemical studies have demonstrated that GalNAc-T12 selects for peptide and glycopeptide substrates through unique interactions with its catalytic and lectin domains, the molecular basis for this distinct substrate selectivity remains elusive. Here we examine the molecular basis of the activity and substrate selectivity of GalNAc-T12. The X-ray crystal structure of GalNAc-T12 in complex with a di-glycosylated peptide substrate reveals how a nonconserved GalNAc binding pocket in the GalNAc-T12 catalytic domain dictates its unique substrate selectivity. In addition, the structure provides insight into how colorectal cancer mutations disrupt the activity of GalNAc-T12 and illustrates how the rules dictating GalNAc-T12 function are distinct from those for other GalNAc-Ts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Fernandez
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Sai Pooja Mahajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Jeffrey J Gray
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
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28
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Stewart TJ, Takahashi K, Whitaker RH, Raska M, Placzek WJ, Novak J, Renfrow MB. IgA1 hinge-region clustered glycan fidelity is established early during semi-ordered glycosylation by GalNAc-T2. Glycobiology 2019; 29:543-556. [PMID: 30759204 PMCID: PMC6583770 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
GalNAc-type O-glycans are often added to proteins post-translationally in a clustered manner in repeat regions of proteins, such as mucins and IgA1. Observed IgA1 glycosylation patterns show that glycans occur at similar sites with similar structures. It is not clear how the sites and number of glycans added to IgA1, or other proteins, can follow a conservative process. GalNAc-transferases initiate GalNAc-type glycosylation. In IgA nephropathy, an autoimmune disease, the sites and O-glycan structures of IgA1 hinge-region are altered, giving rise to a glycan autoantigen. To better understand how GalNAc-transferases determine sites and densities of clustered O-glycans, we used IgA1 hinge-region (HR) segment as a probe. Using LC-MS, we demonstrated a semi-ordered process of glycosylation by GalNAc-T2 towards the IgA1 HR. The catalytic domain was responsible for selection of four initial sites based on amino-acid sequence recognition. Both catalytic and lectin domains were involved in multiple second site-selections, each dependent on initial site-selection. Our data demonstrated that multiple start-sites and follow-up pathways were key to increasing the number of glycans added. The lectin domain predominately enhanced IgA1 HR glycan density by increasing synthesis pathway exploration by GalNAc-T2. Our data indicated a link between site-specific glycan addition and clustered glycan density that defines a mechanism of how conserved clustered O-glycosylation patterns and glycoform populations of IgA1 can be controlled by GalNAc-T2. Together, these findings characterized a correlation between glycosylation pathway diversity and glycosylation density, revealing mechanisms by which a single GalNAc-T isozyme can limit and define glycan heterogeneity in a disease-relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Stewart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Robert H Whitaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - William J Placzek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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29
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de Las Rivas M, Lira-Navarrete E, Gerken TA, Hurtado-Guerrero R. Polypeptide GalNAc-Ts: from redundancy to specificity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:87-96. [PMID: 30703750 PMCID: PMC6656595 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that is predicted to occur in more than the 80% of the proteins that pass through the Golgi apparatus. This PTM is initiated by a family of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases (GalNAc-Ts) that modify Ser and Thr residues of proteins through the addition of a GalNAc moiety. These enzymes are type II membrane proteins that consist of a Golgi luminal catalytic domain connected by a flexible linker to a ricin type lectin domain. Together, both domains account for the different glycosylation preferences observed among isoenzymes. Although it is well accepted that most of the family members share some degree of redundancy toward their protein and glycoprotein substrates, it has been recently found that several GalNAc-Ts also possess activity toward specific targets. Despite the high similarity between isoenzymes, structural differences have recently been reported that are key to understanding the molecular basis of both their redundancy and specificity. The present review focuses on the molecular aspects of the protein substrate recognition and the different glycosylation preferences of these enzymes, which in turn will serve as a roadmap to the rational design of specific modulators of mucin-type O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde de Las Rivas
- BIFI, University of Zaragoza, BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) Joint Unit, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Erandi Lira-Navarrete
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Ramon Hurtado-Guerrero
- BIFI, University of Zaragoza, BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) Joint Unit, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, Zaragoza, Spain; Fundación ARAID, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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30
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Li W, De Schutter K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Synthesis and biological roles of O-glycans in insects. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:47-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Zhang L, Ten Hagen KG. O-Linked glycosylation in Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:139-145. [PMID: 30852302 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation, or the addition of sugars to proteins, is a highly conserved protein modification defined by both the monosaccharide initially added as well as the amino acid to which it is attached. O-Linked glycosylation represents a diverse group of protein modifications occurring on the hydroxyl groups of serine and/or threonine residues. O-Glycosylation can have wide-ranging effects on protein stability and function, which translate into crucial consequences at the organismal level. This review will summarize structural and biological insights into the major O-glycans formed within the secretory apparatus (O-GalNAc, O-Man, O-Fuc, O-Glc and extracellular O-GlcNAc) from studies in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila has many advantages for investigating these complex modifications, boasting reduced functional redundancy within gene families, reduced length/complexity of glycan chains and sophisticated genetic tools. Gaining an understanding of the normal cellular and developmental roles of these conserved modifications in Drosophila will provide insight into how changes in O-glycans are involved in human disease and disease susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, United States
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 426, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, United States.
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