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Ramkissoon NK, Macey MC, Kucukkilic-Stephens E, Barton T, Steele A, Johnson DN, Stephens BP, Schwenzer SP, Pearson VK, Olsson-Francis K. Experimental Identification of Potential Martian Biosignatures in Open and Closed Systems. ASTROBIOLOGY 2024; 24:538-558. [PMID: 38648554 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2023.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
NASA's Perseverance and ESA's Rosalind Franklin rovers have the scientific goal of searching for evidence of ancient life on Mars. Geochemical biosignatures that form because of microbe-mineral interactions could play a key role in achieving this, as they can be preserved for millions of years on Earth, and the same could be true for Mars. Previous laboratory experiments have explored the formation of biosignatures under closed systems, but these do not represent the open systems that are found in natural martian environments, such as channels and lakes. In this study, we have conducted environmental simulation experiments using a global regolith simulant (OUCM-1), a thermochemically modelled groundwater, and an anaerobic microbial community to explore the formation of geochemical biosignatures within plausible open and closed systems on Mars. This initial investigation showed differences in the diversity of the microbial community developed after 28 days. In an open-system simulation (flow-through experiment), the acetogenic Acetobacterium (49% relative abundance) and the sulfate reducer Desulfosporomusa (43% relative abundance) were the dominant genera. Whereas in the batch experiment, the sulfate reducers Desulfovibrio, Desulfomicrobium, and Desulfuromonas (95% relative abundance in total) were dominant. We also found evidence of enhanced mineral dissolution within the flow-through experiment, but there was little evidence of secondary deposits in the presence of biota. In contrast, SiO2 and Fe deposits formed within the batch experiment with biota but not under abiotic conditions. The results from these initial experiments indicate that different geochemical biosignatures can be generated between open and closed systems, and therefore, biosignature formation in open systems warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C Macey
- AstrobiologyOU, STEM Faculty, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Timothy Barton
- AstrobiologyOU, STEM Faculty, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Andrew Steele
- Earth and Planetary Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David N Johnson
- AstrobiologyOU, STEM Faculty, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Ben P Stephens
- AstrobiologyOU, STEM Faculty, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
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2
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Nan J, Zhu K, Ren J, Yao W, Peng X. Assessing micrometer-scale contamination from organic materials in serpentinite analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166609. [PMID: 37657544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Serpentinization of peridotite provides a significant source of energy for the subseafloor biosphere and abiotic organic synthesis. The presence of diverse micrometer-scale organic matter in serpentinites offers insights into deep carbon cycling and the origin of life on Earth. It is critical to maintain stringent lab protocols in analyzing serpentinite samples, limiting the contact with organic materials that could contaminate serpentinites and cause misinterpretations. However, the extent to which these organic materials (e.g. latex gloves or nylon polishing disc) can introduce contamination remains unclear. Here we subject serpentinite samples from the Yap Trench in the western Pacific Ocean to multi-stage cutting and polishing procedures prior to analysis. Our findings from electron microscopy reveal that micrometer-scale organic matter in serpentinites is randomly distributed either on the sample surface or within Cr-spinel fractures. Further analysis using Raman spectroscopy indicates that the organic matter contains several hydrogen bonding moieties, similar to those found in the latex gloves or nylon polishing disc used during the treatment of serpentinite samples. Our results suggest that the detected organic matter is likely due to contamination from the organic materials involved during sample processing. Thus, future studies need to carefully assess micrometer-scale organic contamination and limit the use of organic materials when analyzing organic compounds hosted in serpentinites, not only on Earth but also on other rocky planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Nan
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 572000 Sanya, China; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Kechen Zhu
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jieji Ren
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Yao
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaotong Peng
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 572000 Sanya, China.
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3
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Schmitt-Kopplin P, Hertkorn N, Harir M, Moritz F, Lucio M, Bonal L, Quirico E, Takano Y, Dworkin JP, Naraoka H, Tachibana S, Nakamura T, Noguchi T, Okazaki R, Yabuta H, Yurimoto H, Sakamoto K, Yada T, Nishimura M, Nakato A, Miyazaki A, Yogata K, Abe M, Usui T, Yoshikawa M, Saiki T, Tanaka S, Terui F, Nakazawa S, Okada T, Watanabe SI, Tsuda Y. Soluble organic matter Molecular atlas of Ryugu reveals cold hydrothermalism on C-type asteroid parent body. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6525. [PMID: 37845217 PMCID: PMC10579312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sample from the near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu is analyzed in the context of carbonaceous meteorites soluble organic matter. The analysis of soluble molecules of samples collected by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft shines light on an extremely high molecular diversity on the C-type asteroid. Sequential solvent extracts of increasing polarity of Ryugu samples are analyzed using mass spectrometry with complementary ionization methods and structural information confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Here we show a continuum in the molecular size and polarity, and no organomagnesium molecules are detected, reflecting a low temperature and water-rich environment on the parent body approving earlier mineralogical and chemical data. High abundance of sulfidic and nitrogen rich compounds as well as high abundance of ammonium ions confirm the water processing. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also detected in a structural continuum of carbon saturations and oxidations, implying multiple origins of the observed organic complexity, thus involving generic processes such as earlier carbonization and serpentinization with successive low temperature aqueous alteration.
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Grants
- This research is partly supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) under KAKENHI grant numbers; JP20H00202, JP20H05846, JP20K20485, JP20K14549, JP21J00504, JP21H01203, and JP21H04501, and JP21KK0062. J.P.D., J.C.A., E.T.P., D.P.G., H.L.M., J.E.E., and H.V.G. are grateful to NASA for support of the Consortium for Hayabusa2 Analysis of Organic Solubles. Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project-ID 364653263 – TRR 235 (CRC 235)
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Technische Universität München, Analytische Lebensmittel Chemie, Maximus-von-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Gießebachstraße 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Helmholtz Munich, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lydie Bonal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CNES, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Quirico
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CNES, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Yoshinori Takano
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Jason P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, USA
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shogo Tachibana
- Tokyo Organization for Planetary and Space Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Earth Material Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takaaki Noguchi
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kanako Sakamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Toru Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Aiko Nakato
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yogata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Takanao Saiki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Fuyuto Terui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakazawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Okada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Environment Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
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4
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Runge EA, Mansor M, Kappler A, Duda JP. Microbial biosignatures in ancient deep-sea hydrothermal sulfides. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:355-377. [PMID: 36524457 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal systems provide ideal conditions for prebiotic reactions and ancient metabolic pathways and, therefore, might have played a pivotal role in the emergence of life. To understand this role better, it is paramount to examine fundamental interactions between hydrothermal processes, non-living matter, and microbial life in deep time. However, the distribution and diversity of microbial communities in ancient deep-sea hydrothermal systems are still poorly constrained, so evolutionary, and ecological relationships remain unclear. One important reason is an insufficient understanding of the formation of diagnostic microbial biosignatures in such settings and their preservation through geological time. This contribution centers around microbial biosignatures in Precambrian deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide deposits. Intending to provide a valuable resource for scientists from across the natural sciences whose research is concerned with the origins of life, we first introduce different types of biosignatures that can be preserved over geological timescales (rock fabrics and textures, microfossils, mineral precipitates, carbonaceous matter, trace metal, and isotope geochemical signatures). We then review selected reports of biosignatures from Precambrian deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide deposits and discuss their geobiological significance. Our survey highlights that Precambrian hydrothermal sulfide deposits potentially encode valuable information on environmental conditions, the presence and nature of microbial life, and the complex interactions between fluids, micro-organisms, and minerals. It further emphasizes that the geobiological interpretation of these records is challenging and requires the concerted application of analytical and experimental methods from various fields, including geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and microbiology. Well-orchestrated multidisciplinary studies allow us to understand the formation and preservation of microbial biosignatures in deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide systems and thus help unravel the fundamental geobiology of ancient settings. This, in turn, is critical for reconstructing life's emergence and early evolution on Earth and the search for life elsewhere in the universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Alexander Runge
- Sedimentology and Organic Geochemistry, Department of Geosciences, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Muammar Mansor
- Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kappler
- Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Duda
- Sedimentology and Organic Geochemistry, Department of Geosciences, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- Geobiology, Geoscience Center, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Rasmussen B, Muhling JR. Organic carbon generation in 3.5-billion-year-old basalt-hosted seafloor hydrothermal vent systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd7925. [PMID: 36724225 PMCID: PMC9891697 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add7925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon is the key element of life, and its origin in ancient sedimentary rocks is central to questions about the emergence and early evolution of life. The oldest well-preserved carbon occurs with fossil-like structures in 3.5-billion-year-old black chert. The carbonaceous matter, which is associated with hydrothermal chert-barite vent systems originating in underlying basaltic-komatiitic lavas, is thought to be derived from microbial life. Here, we show that 3.5-billion-year-old black chert vein systems from the Pilbara Craton, Australia contain abundant residues of migrated organic carbon. Using younger analogs, we argue that the black cherts formed during precipitation from silica-rich, carbon-bearing hydrothermal fluids in vein systems and vent-proximal seafloor sediments. Given the volcanic setting and lack of organic-rich sediments, we speculate that the vent-mound systems contain carbon derived from rock-powered organic synthesis in the underlying mafic-ultramafic lavas, providing a glimpse of a prebiotic world awash in terrestrial organic compounds.
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6
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Abstract
How simple abiotic organic compounds evolve toward more complex molecules of potentially prebiotic importance remains a missing key to establish where life possibly emerged. The limited variety of abiotic organics, their low concentrations and the possible pathways identified so far in hydrothermal fluids have long hampered a unifying theory of a hydrothermal origin for the emergence of life on Earth. Here we present an alternative road to abiotic organic synthesis and diversification in hydrothermal environments, which involves magmatic degassing and water-consuming mineral reactions occurring in mineral microcavities. This combination gathers key gases (N2, H2, CH4, CH3SH) and various polyaromatic materials associated with nanodiamonds and mineral products of olivine hydration (serpentinization). This endogenous assemblage results from re-speciation and drying of cooling C-O-S-H-N fluids entrapped below 600 °C-2 kbars in rocks forming the present-day oceanic lithosphere. Serpentinization dries out the system toward macromolecular carbon condensation, while olivine pods keep ingredients trapped until they are remobilized for further reactions at shallower levels. Results greatly extend our understanding of the forms of abiotic organic carbon available in hydrothermal environments and open new pathways for organic synthesis encompassing the role of minerals and drying. Such processes are expected in other planetary bodies wherever olivine-rich magmatic systems get cooled down and hydrated.
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7
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Debret B, Ménez B, Walter B, Bouquerel H, Bouilhol P, Mattielli N, Pisapia C, Rigaudier T, Williams HM. High-pressure synthesis and storage of solid organic compounds in active subduction zones. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2397. [PMID: 36112687 PMCID: PMC9481122 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent thermodynamic and experimental studies have suggested that volatile organic compounds (e.g., methane, formate, and acetate) can be produced and stabilized in subduction zones, potentially playing an important role in the deep carbon cycle. However, field evidence for the high-pressure production and storage of solid organic compounds is missing. Here, we examine forearc serpentinite clasts recovered by drilling mud volcanoes above the Mariana subduction zone. Notable correlations between carbon and iron stable-isotope signatures and fluid-mobile element (B, As and Sb) concentrations provide evidence for the percolation of slab-derived CO2-rich aqueous fluids through the forearc mantle. The presence of carbonaceous matter rich in aliphatic moieties within high-temperature clasts (>350°C) demonstrates that molecular hydrogen production associated with forearc serpentinization is an efficient mechanism for the reduction and conversion of slab-derived CO2-rich fluids into solid organic compounds. These findings emphasize the need to consider the forearc mantle as an important reservoir of organic carbon on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Debret
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Ménez
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Bastien Walter
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hélène Bouquerel
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Nadine Mattielli
- Laboratoire G-Time, DGES, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Pisapia
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
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8
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Takamiya H, Kouduka M, Furutani H, Mukai H, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto T, Kato S, Kodama Y, Tomioka N, Ito M, Suzuki Y. Copper-Nanocoated Ultra-Small Cells in Grain Boundaries Inside an Extinct Vent Chimney. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:864205. [PMID: 35747369 PMCID: PMC9209642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosynthetic organisms flourish around deep-sea hydrothermal vents where energy-rich fluids are emitted from metal sulfide chimneys. However, microbial life hosted in mineral assemblages in extinct chimneys lacking fluid venting remains largely unknown. The interior of extinct chimneys remains anoxic where the percolation of oxygenated seawater is limited within tightly packed metal sulfide grains. Given the scarcity of photosynthetic organics in deep seawater, anaerobic microbes might inhabit the grain boundaries energetically depending on substrates derived from rock-water interactions. In this study, we reported ultra-small cells directly visualized in grain boundaries of CuFeS2 inside an extinct metal sulfide chimney from the southern Mariana Trough. Nanoscale solid analyses reveal that ultra-small cells are coated with Cu2O nanocrystals in grain boundaries enriched with C, N, and P. In situ spectroscopic and spectrometric characterizations demonstrate the distribution of organics with amide groups and a large molecular organic compound in the grain boundaries. We inferred that the ultra-small cells are anaerobes because of the fast dissolution of Cu2O nanocrystals in oxygenated solution. This Cu2O property also excludes the possibility of microbial contamination from ambient seawater during sampling. It is shown by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis that the chimney interior is dominated by Pacearchaeota known to have anaerobic metabolisms and ultra-small cells. Our results support the potential existence of photosynthesis-independent microbial ecosystems in grain boundaries in submarine metal sulfides deposits on the early Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Takamiya
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Japan
| | - Mariko Kouduka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Furutani
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mukai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nakagawa
- Solutions COE, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takushi Yamamoto
- Solutions COE, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Kato
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Naotaka Tomioka
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Nankoku, Japan
| | - Motoo Ito
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Nankoku, Japan
| | - Yohey Suzuki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Japan
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9
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Decoupling of inorganic and organic carbon during slab mantle devolatilisation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:308. [PMID: 35031609 PMCID: PMC8760304 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serpentinites are an important sink for both inorganic and organic carbon, and their behavior during subduction is thought to play a fundamental role in the global cycling of carbon. Here we show that fluid-derived veins are preserved within the Zermatt-Saas ultra-high pressure serpentinites providing key evidence for carbonate mobility during serpentinite devolatilisation. We show through the O, C, and Sr isotope analyses of vein minerals and the host serpentinites that about 90% of the meta-serpentinite inorganic carbon is remobilized during slab devolatilisation. In contrast, graphite-like carbonaceous compounds remain trapped within the host rock as inclusions within metamorphic olivine while the bulk elemental and isotope composition of organic carbon remains relatively unchanged during the subduction process. This shows a decoupling behavior of carbon during serpentinite dehydration in subduction zones. This process will therefore facilitate the transfer of inorganic carbon to the mantle wedge and the preferential slab sequestration of organic carbon en route to the deep mantle. Hydrated mantle rocks store a significant amount of organic and inorganic carbon, impacting the geological cycle. During subduction the carbonate return to the upper plate while organic carbon remains trapped to be recycled in the deep earth.
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10
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Villafañe-Barajas SA, Ruiz-Bermejo M, Rayo-Pizarroso P, Gálvez-Martínez S, Mateo-Martí E, Colín-García M. A Lizardite-HCN Interaction Leading the Increasing of Molecular Complexity in an Alkaline Hydrothermal Scenario: Implications for Origin of Life Studies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070661. [PMID: 34357033 PMCID: PMC8305185 DOI: 10.3390/life11070661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is considered a fundamental molecule in chemical evolution. The named HCN polymers have been suggested as precursors of important bioorganics. Some novel researches have focused on the role of mineral surfaces in the hydrolysis and/or polymerization of cyanide species, but until now, their role has been unclear. Understanding the role of minerals in chemical evolution processes is crucial because minerals undoubtedly interacted with the organic molecules formed on the early Earth by different process. Therefore, we simulated the probable interactions between HCN and a serpentinite-hosted alkaline hydrothermal system. We studied the effect of serpentinite during the thermolysis of HCN at basic conditions (i.e., HCN 0.15 M, 50 h, 100 °C, pH > 10). The HCN-derived thermal polymer and supernatant formed after treatment were analyzed by several complementary analytical techniques. The results obtained suggest that: (I) the mineral surfaces can act as mediators in the mechanisms of organic molecule production such as the polymerization of HCN; (II) the thermal and physicochemical properties of the HCN polymer produced are affected by the presence of the mineral surface; and (III) serpentinite seems to inhibit the formation of bioorganic molecules compared with the control (without mineral).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl A. Villafañe-Barajas
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Marta Ruiz-Bermejo
- Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra, Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (E.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915206458; Fax: +34-915206410
| | - Pedro Rayo-Pizarroso
- Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra, Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (E.M.-M.)
| | - Santos Gálvez-Martínez
- Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra, Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (E.M.-M.)
| | - Eva Mateo-Martí
- Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra, Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (E.M.-M.)
| | - María Colín-García
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Cavalazzi B, Lemelle L, Simionovici A, Cady SL, Russell MJ, Bailo E, Canteri R, Enrico E, Manceau A, Maris A, Salomé M, Thomassot E, Bouden N, Tucoulou R, Hofmann A. Cellular remains in a ~3.42-billion-year-old subseafloor hydrothermal environment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf3963. [PMID: 34261651 PMCID: PMC8279515 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Subsurface habitats on Earth host an extensive extant biosphere and likely provided one of Earth's earliest microbial habitats. Although the site of life's emergence continues to be debated, evidence of early life provides insights into its early evolution and metabolic affinity. Here, we present the discovery of exceptionally well-preserved, ~3.42-billion-year-old putative filamentous microfossils that inhabited a paleo-subseafloor hydrothermal vein system of the Barberton greenstone belt in South Africa. The filaments colonized the walls of conduits created by low-temperature hydrothermal fluid. Combined with their morphological and chemical characteristics as investigated over a range of scales, they can be considered the oldest methanogens and/or methanotrophs that thrived in an ultramafic volcanic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cavalazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Alexandre Simionovici
- ISTerre, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Sherry L Cady
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, EMSL, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Michael J Russell
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Enrico
- INRiM, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy
| | - Alain Manceau
- ISTerre, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Assimo Maris
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician," Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Rémi Tucoulou
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Axel Hofmann
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Origins, transitions, and traces of life: Comment on "Mineral self-organization on a lifeless planet" by J.M. García-Ruiz et al. Phys Life Rev 2020; 34-35:83-85. [PMID: 32684434 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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do Nascimento Vieira A, Kleinermanns K, Martin WF, Preiner M. The ambivalent role of water at the origins of life. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2717-2733. [PMID: 32416624 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Life as we know it would not exist without water. However, water molecules not only serve as a solvent and reactant but can also promote hydrolysis, which counteracts the formation of essential organic molecules. This conundrum constitutes one of the central issues in origin of life. Hydrolysis is an important part of energy metabolism for all living organisms but only because, inside cells, it is a controlled reaction. How could hydrolysis have been regulated under prebiotic settings? Lower water activities possibly provide an answer: geochemical sites with less free and more bound water can supply the necessary conditions for protometabolic reactions. Such conditions occur in serpentinising systems, hydrothermal sites that synthesise hydrogen gas via rock-water interactions. Here, we summarise the parallels between biotic and abiotic means of controlling hydrolysis in order to narrow the gap between biochemical and geochemical reactions and briefly outline how hydrolysis could even have played a constructive role at the origin of molecular self-organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William F Martin
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Preiner
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Carbon Assimilation Strategies in Ultrabasic Groundwater: Clues from the Integrated Study of a Serpentinization-Influenced Aquifer. mSystems 2020; 5:5/2/e00607-19. [PMID: 32156795 PMCID: PMC7065513 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00607-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the potential metabolic pathways by which microbial communities in a serpentinite-influenced aquifer may produce biomass from the products of serpentinization. Serpentinization is a widespread geochemical process, taking place over large regions of the seafloor and at continental margins, where ancient seafloor has accreted onto the continents. Because of the difficulty in delineating abiotic and biotic processes in these environments, major questions remain related to microbial contributions to the carbon cycle and physiological adaptation to serpentinite habitats. This research explores multiple mechanisms of carbon fixation and assimilation in serpentinite-hosted microbial communities. Serpentinization is a low-temperature metamorphic process by which ultramafic rock chemically reacts with water. Such reactions provide energy and materials that may be harnessed by chemosynthetic microbial communities at hydrothermal springs and in the subsurface. However, the biogeochemistry mediated by microbial populations that inhabit these environments is understudied and complicated by overlapping biotic and abiotic processes. We applied metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and untargeted metabolomics techniques to environmental samples taken from the Coast Range Ophiolite Microbial Observatory (CROMO), a subsurface observatory consisting of 12 wells drilled into the ultramafic and serpentinite mélange of the Coast Range Ophiolite in California. Using a combination of DNA and RNA sequence data and mass spectrometry data, we found evidence for several carbon fixation and assimilation strategies, including the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, the reductive acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway, and methylotrophy, in the microbial communities inhabiting the serpentinite-hosted aquifer. Our data also suggest that the microbial inhabitants of CROMO use products of the serpentinization process, including methane and formate, as carbon sources in a hyperalkaline environment where dissolved inorganic carbon is unavailable. IMPORTANCE This study describes the potential metabolic pathways by which microbial communities in a serpentinite-influenced aquifer may produce biomass from the products of serpentinization. Serpentinization is a widespread geochemical process, taking place over large regions of the seafloor and at continental margins, where ancient seafloor has accreted onto the continents. Because of the difficulty in delineating abiotic and biotic processes in these environments, major questions remain related to microbial contributions to the carbon cycle and physiological adaptation to serpentinite habitats. This research explores multiple mechanisms of carbon fixation and assimilation in serpentinite-hosted microbial communities.
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White LM, Shibuya T, Vance SD, Christensen LE, Bhartia R, Kidd R, Hoffmann A, Stucky GD, Kanik I, Russell MJ. Simulating Serpentinization as It Could Apply to the Emergence of Life Using the JPL Hydrothermal Reactor. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:307-326. [PMID: 32125196 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The molecules feeding life's emergence are thought to have been provided through the hydrothermal interactions of convecting carbonic ocean waters with minerals comprising the early Hadean oceanic crust. Few laboratory experiments have simulated ancient hydrothermal conditions to test this conjecture. We used the JPL hydrothermal flow reactor to investigate CO2 reduction in simulated ancient alkaline convective systems over 3 days (T = 120°C, P = 100 bar, pH = 11). H2-rich hydrothermal simulant and CO2-rich ocean simulant solutions were periodically driven in 4-h cycles through synthetic mafic and ultramafic substrates and Fe>Ni sulfides. The resulting reductants included micromoles of HS- and formate accompanied possibly by micromoles of acetate and intermittent minor bursts of methane as ascertained by isotopic labeling. The formate concentrations directly correlated with the CO2 input as well as with millimoles of Mg2+ ions, whereas the acetate did not. Also, tens of micromoles of methane were drawn continuously from the reactor materials during what appeared to be the onset of serpentinization. These results support the hypothesis that formate may have been delivered directly to a branch of an emerging acetyl coenzyme-A pathway, thus obviating the need for the very first hydrogenation of CO2 to be made in a hydrothermal mound. Another feed to early metabolism could have been methane, likely mostly leached from primary CH4 present in the original Hadean crust or emanating from the mantle. That a small volume of methane was produced sporadically from the 13CO2-feed, perhaps from transient occlusions, echoes the mixed results and interpretations from other laboratories. As serpentinization and hydrothermal leaching can occur wherever an ocean convects within anhydrous olivine- and sulfide-rich crust, these results may be generalized to other wet rocky planets and moons in our solar system and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M White
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
- Project Systems Engineering, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Takazo Shibuya
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Project Team for Development of New-generation Research Protocol for Submarine Resources, and Research and Development (RandD), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
- Research and Development (RandD) Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Steven D Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Lance E Christensen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Rohit Bhartia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Richard Kidd
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Adam Hoffmann
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Galen D Stucky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
- Materials Department, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Isik Kanik
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Michael J Russell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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McLoughlin N, Grosch EG, Vullum PE, Guagliardo P, Saunders M, Wacey D. Critically testing olivine-hosted putative martian biosignatures in the Yamato 000593 meteorite-Geobiological implications. GEOBIOLOGY 2019; 17:691-707. [PMID: 31478592 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
On rocky planets such as Earth and Mars the serpentinization of olivine in ultramafic crust produces hydrogen that can act as a potential energy source for life. Direct evidence of fluid-rock interaction on Mars comes from iddingsite alteration veins found in martian meteorites. In the Yamato 000593 meteorite, putative biosignatures have been reported from altered olivines in the form of microtextures and associated organic material that have been compared to tubular bioalteration textures found in terrestrial sub-seafloor volcanic rocks. Here, we use a suite of correlative, high-sensitivity, in situ chemical, and morphological analyses to characterize and re-evaluate these microalteration textures in Yamato 000593, a clinopyroxenite from the shallow subsurface of Mars. We show that the altered olivine crystals have angular and micro-brecciated margins and are also highly strained due to impact-induced fracturing. The shape of the olivine microalteration textures is in no way comparable to microtunnels of inferred biological origin found in terrestrial volcanic glasses and dunites, and rather we argue that the Yamato 000593 microtextures are abiotic in origin. Vein filling iddingsite extends into the olivine microalteration textures and contains amorphous organic carbon occurring as bands and sub-spherical concentrations <300 nm across. We propose that a martian impact event produced the micro-brecciated olivine crystal margins that reacted with subsurface hydrothermal fluids to form iddingsite containing organic carbon derived from abiotic sources. These new data have implications for how we might seek potential biosignatures in ultramafic rocks and impact craters on both Mars and Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene G Grosch
- Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Per Erik Vullum
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Saunders
- Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Wacey
- Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Javaux EJ. Challenges in evidencing the earliest traces of life. Nature 2019; 572:451-460. [PMID: 31435057 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earth has been habitable for 4.3 billion years, and the earliest rock record indicates the presence of a microbial biosphere by at least 3.4 billion years ago-and disputably earlier. Possible traces of life can be morphological or chemical but abiotic processes that mimic or alter them, or subsequent contamination, may challenge their interpretation. Advances in micro- and nanoscale analyses, as well as experimental approaches, are improving the characterization of these biosignatures and constraining abiotic processes, when combined with the geological context. Reassessing the evidence of early life is challenging, but essential and timely in the quest to understand the origin and evolution of life, both on Earth and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle J Javaux
- Early Life Traces & Evolution-Astrobiology, UR Astrobiology, Department of Geology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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18
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Scribano V, Simakov SK, Finocchiaro C, Correale A, Scirè S. Pyrite and Organic Compounds Coexisting in Intrusive Mafic Xenoliths (Hyblean Plateau, Sicily): Implications for Subsurface Abiogenesis. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2019; 49:19-47. [PMID: 31302843 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-019-09581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrite and organic matter closely coexist in some hydrothermally-altered gabbroic xenoliths from the Hyblean Plateau, Sicily. The representative sample consists of plagioclase, Fe-oxides, clinopyroxene, pyrite and minor amounts of many other minerals. Plagioclase displays incipient albitization, clinopyroxene is deeply corroded. Pyrite grains are widely replaced by spongy-textured magnetite, which locally hosts Ca-(and Fe-)sulfate micrograins and blebs of condensed organic matter. Whole-rock trace element distribution evidences that incompatible elements, particularly the fluid-mobile Ba, U and Pb, are significantly enriched with respect to N-MORB values. The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the sample, and its U-Pb zircon age of 216.9 ± 6.7 MA, conform to the xenolith-based viewpoint that the unexposed Hyblean basement is a relict of the Ionian Tethys lithospheric domain, mostly consisting of abyssal-type serpentinized peridotites with small gabbroic intrusions. Circulating hydrothermal fluids there favored the formation of hydrocarbons trough Fischer-Tropsch-type organic synthesis, giving also rise to sulfidization episodes. Subsequent variations in temperature and redox conditions of the system induced partial de-sulfidization, Fe-oxides precipitation and sulfate-forming reactions, also promoting poly-condensation and aromatization of the already-formed hydrocarbons. Here we show organic matter adhering to a crystal face of a microscopic pyrite grain. Pyrite surfaces, as abiotic analogues of enzymes, can adsorb and concentrate organic molecules, also acting as catalysts for a broad range of proto-biochemical reactions. The present data therefore may support established abiogenesis models suggesting that pyrite surfaces carried out primitive metabolic cycles in suitable environments of the early Earth, such as endolithic recesses in mafic rocks permeated by hydrothermal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Scribano
- Department of Biological, Geological and Envirnonmental Sciences, University of Catania, Corso Italia 57, 95129, Catania, Italy.
| | - Sergei K Simakov
- LLC "ADAMANT" Skolkovo Participant, Harchenko 19-A-7H, St.Petersburg, Russian Federation, 194100
| | - Claudio Finocchiaro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Envirnonmental Sciences, University of Catania, Corso Italia 57, 95129, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Correale
- National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Scirè
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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