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Kettunen P, Koistinaho J, Rolova T. Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:152. [PMID: 38845026 PMCID: PMC11157808 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infections have been suggested as a possible cause for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly sporadic cases. They trigger neuroinflammation which is considered integrally involved in neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we will look at data linking a variety of viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infections to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and unspecified dementia. This narrative review aims to bring together a broad range of data currently supporting the involvement of central nervous system infections in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The idea that no single pathogen or pathogen group is responsible for neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Instead, we suggest that a wide range of susceptibility factors may make individuals differentially vulnerable to different infectious pathogens and subsequent pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Kettunen
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Kim HS, Jung H, Park YH, Heo SH, Kim S, Moon M. Skin-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease - Pathologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications: A Hypothetical Review. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0406. [PMID: 38739932 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The dynamic interaction between the brain and the skin is termed the 'skin-brain axis.' Changes in the skin not only reflect conditions in the brain but also exert direct and indirect effects on the brain. Interestingly, the connection between the skin and brain is crucial for understanding aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies have shown an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and various skin disorders, such as psoriasis, bullous pemphigoid, and skin cancer. Previous studies have shown a significantly increased risk of new-onset AD in patients with psoriasis. In contrast, skin cancer may reduce the risk of developing AD. Accumulating evidence suggests an interaction between skin disease and AD; however, AD-associated pathological changes mediated by the skin-brain axis are not yet clearly defined. While some studies have reported on the diagnostic implications of the skin-brain axis in AD, few have discussed its potential therapeutic applications. In this review, we address the pathological changes mediated by the skin-brain axis in AD. Furthermore, we summarize (1) the diagnostic implications elucidated through the role of the skin-brain axis in AD and (2) the therapeutic implications for AD based on the skin-brain axis. Our review suggests that a potential therapeutic approach targeting the skin-brain axis will enable significant advances in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Haram Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Su-Hak Heo
- Department of Medicinal Bioscience, Konkuk University (Glocal Campus), Chungcheongbuk-do 27478, Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
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Ali SA, Datusalia AK. Protective effects of Tinospora cordifolia miers extract against hepatic and neurobehavioral deficits in thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats via modulating hyperammonemia and glial cell activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117700. [PMID: 38176666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tinospora cordifolia (TC) a potential medicinal herb, has been ethnobotanically used as an eco-friendly supplement to manage various diseases, including cerebral fever. Earlier studies have shown that TC exhibits diverse beneficial effects, including hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects. However, the effects of TC remain unexplored in animal models of encephalopathy including hepatic encephalopathy (HE). AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effects of TC stem extract against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced behavioural and molecular alterations in HE rats. METHODS AND MATERIALS The extract was preliminarily screened through phytochemical and HR-LC/MS analysis. Animals were pre-treated with TC extract at doses 30 and 100 mg/kg, orally. Following 7 days of TC pre-treatment, HE was induced by administering TAA (300 mg/kg, i. p. thrice). Behavioural assessments were performed after 56 h of TAA first dose. The animals were then sacrificed to assess biochemical parameters in serum, liver and brain. Liver tissue was used for immunoblotting and histological studies to evaluate inflammatory and fibrotic signalling. Moreover, brain tissue was used to evaluate brain edema, activation of glial cells (GFAP, IBA-1) and NF-κB/NLRP3 downstream signalling via immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis in cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS The pre-treatment with TC extract effective mitigated TAA-induced behavioural alterations, lowered serum LFT (AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin) and oxidative stress markers in liver and brain. TC treatment significantly modulated hyperammonemia, cerebral edema and preserved the integrity of BBB proteins in HE animals. TC treatment attenuated TAA-induced histological changes, tissue inflammation (pNF-κB (p65), TNF-α, NLRP3) and fibrosis (collagen, α-SMA) in liver. In addition, immunoblotting analysis revealed TC pre-treatment inhibited fibrotic proteins such as vimentin, TGF-β1 and pSmad2/3 in the liver. Our study further showed that TC treatment downregulated the expression of MAPK/NF-κB inflammatory signalling, as well as GFAP and IBA-1 (glial cell markers) in cortex and hippocampus of TAA-intoxicated rats. Additionally, TC-treated animals exhibited reduced expression of caspase3/9 and BAX induced by TAA. CONCLUSION This study revealed promising insights on the protective effects of TC against HE. The findings clearly demonstrated that the significant inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB signalling and glial cell activation could be responsible for the observed beneficial effects of TC in TAA-induced HE rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Afroz Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroTherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroTherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India; Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India.
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Mei B, Xu X, Weng J, Yang Y, Wang P, Qiu G, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Lu Y, Liu X. Activating astrocytic α2A adrenoceptors in hippocampus reduces glutamate toxicity to attenuate sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:376-398. [PMID: 38320682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate metabolism disorder is an important mechanism of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Astrocytes regulate glutamate metabolism. In septic mice, α2A adrenoceptor (α2A-AR) activation in the central nervous system provides neuroprotection. α2A-ARs are expressed abundantly in hippocampal astrocytes. This study was performed to determine whether hippocampal astrocytic α2A-AR activation confers neuroprotection against SAE and whether this protective effect is astrocyte specific and achieved by the modulation of glutamate metabolism. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice with and without α2A-AR knockdown were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). They were treated with intrahippocampal guanfacine (an α2A-AR agonist) or intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine in the presence or absence of dihydrokainic acid [DHK; a glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) antagonist] and/or UCPH-101 [a glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) antagonist]. Hippocampal tissue was collected for the measurement of astrocyte reactivity, GLT-1 and GLAST expression, and glutamate receptor subunit 2B (GluN2B) phosphorylation. In vivo real-time extracellular glutamate concentrations in the hippocampus were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry combined with microdialysis, and in vivo real-time hippocampal glutamatergic neuron excitability was assessed by calcium imaging. The mice were subjected to the Barnes maze and fear conditioning tests to assess their learning and memory. Golgi staining was performed to assess changes in the hippocampal synaptic structure. In vitro, primary astrocytes with and without α2A-AR knockdown were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with guanfacine or dexmedetomidine in the presence or absence of 8-bromo- cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP, a cAMP analog). LPS-treated primary and BV2 microglia were also treated with guanfacine or dexmedetomidine. Astrocyte reactivity, PKA catalytic subunit, GLT-1 an GLAST expression were determined in primary astrocytes. Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the medium of microglia culture were measured. RESULTS CLP induced synaptic injury, impaired neurocognitive function, increased astrocyte reactivity and reduced GLT-1 and GLAST expression in the hippocampus of mice. The extracellular glutamate concentration, phosphorylation of GluN2B at Tyr-1472 and glutamatergic neuron excitability in the hippocampus were increased in the hippocampus of septic mice. Intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine or intrahippocampal guanfacine administration attenuated these effects. Hippocampal astrocytes expressed abundant α2A-ARs; expression was also detected in neurons but not microglia. Specific knockdown of α2A-ARs in hippocampal astrocytes and simultaneous intrahippocampal DHK and UCPH-101 administration blocked the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine and guanfacine. Intrahippocampal administration of DHK or UCPH-101 alone had no such effect. In vitro, guanfacine or dexmedetomidine inhibited astrocyte reactivity, reduced PKA catalytic subunit expression, and increased GLT-1 and GLAST expression in primary astrocytes but not in primary astrocytes that received α2A-AR knockdown or were treated with 8-Br-cAMP. Guanfacine or dexmedetomidine inhibited microglial reactivity in BV2 but not primary microglia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neurocognitive protection against SAE after hippocampal α2A-AR activation is astrocyte specific. This protection may involve the inhibition of astrocyte reactivity and alleviation of glutamate neurotoxicity, thereby reducing synaptic injury. The cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway is a potential cellular mechanism by which activating α2A-AR modulates astrocytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Juntao Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Yueyue Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Gaolin Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, China
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China
| | - Xuesheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230022, China.
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Lu J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhao R, Liu XY, Liu X, Zhuang W, Chen L, Cai L, Wang J. Nanopore sequencing of full rRNA operon improves resolution in mycobiome analysis and reveals high diversity in both human gut and environments. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6330-6344. [PMID: 35593386 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing has substantially improved our understanding of fungal diversity. However, the short read (<500 bp) length of current second-generation sequencing approaches provides limited taxonomic and phylogenetic resolution for species discrimination. Longer sequences containing more information are highly desired to provide greater taxonomic resolution. Here, we amplified full-length rRNA operons (~5.5 kb) and established a corresponding fungal rRNA operon database for ONT sequences (FRODO), which contains ONT sequences representing eight phyla, 41 classes, 109 orders, 256 families, 524 genera and 1116 species. We also benchmarked the optimal method for sequence classification and determined that the RDP classifier based on our FRODO database was capable of improving the classification of ONT reads, with an average of 98%-99% reads correctly classified at the genus or species level. We investigated the applicability of our approach in three representative mycobiomes, namely, the soil, marine and human gut mycobiomes, and found that the gut contains the largest number of unknown species (over 90%), followed by the marine (42%) and soil (33.8%) mycobiomes. We also observed a distinct difference in the composition of the marine and soil mycobiomes, with the highest richness and diversity detected in soils. Overall, our study provides a systematic approach for mycobiome studies and revealed that the previous methods might have underestimated the diversity of mycobiome species. Future application of this method will lead to a better understanding of the taxonomic and functional diversity of fungi in environmental and health-related mycobiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linqi Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinzhan Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Zhuang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Peixoto-Rodrigues MC, da Costa GL, Pinto TN, Adesse D, Oliveira MME, Hauser-Davis RA. A novel report on the emerging and zoonotic neurotropic fungus Trichosporon japonicum in the brain tissue of the endangered Brazilian guitarfish (Pseudobatos horkelii) off the southeastern coast of Brazil. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:367. [PMID: 38017412 PMCID: PMC10685615 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03128-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast infections have gained significant attention in the field of marine biology in recent years. Among the broad diversity of marine organisms affected by these infections, elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) have emerged as highly susceptible, due to climate change effects, such as increasing water temperatures and pollution, which can alter the composition and abundance of fungal communities. Additionally, injuries, or compromised immune systems resulting from pollution or disease may increase the likelihood of fungal infections in elasmobranchs. Studies are, however, still lacking for this taxonomic group. In this context, this study aimed to screen yeast species in cell cultures obtained from the brain of artisanally captured Pseudobatos horkelii, a cartilaginous fish that, although endangered, is highly captured and consumed worldwide. Fungi were isolated during an attempt to establish primary cultures of elasmobranch neural cells. Culture flasks were swabbed and investigated using morphological, phenotypic, and molecular techniques. Two isolates of the emerging opportunistic pathogen Trichosporon japonicum were identified, with high scores (1.80 and 1.85, respectively) by the MALDI-ToF technique. This is the first report of the basidiomycetous yeast T. japonicum in Pseudobatos horkelii in Brazil. This finding highlights the need for further research to determine the potential impact on elasmobranch health, ecology, as well as on commercial fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Peixoto-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, IInstituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisela Lara da Costa
- Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Nobre Pinto
- Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, IInstituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Meng L, Liu C, Liu M, Chen J, Liu C, Zhang Z, Chen G, Zhang Z. The yeast protein Ure2p triggers Tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113342. [PMID: 37897723 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that trigger Tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain elusive. Fungi, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), can be found in brain samples from patients with AD. Here, we show that the yeast protein Ure2p from S. cerevisiae interacts with Tau and facilitates its aggregation. The Ure2p-seeded Tau fibrils are more potent in seeding Tau and causing neurotoxicity in vitro. When injected into the hippocampus of Tau P301S transgenic mice, the Ure2p-seeded Tau fibrils show enhanced seeding activity compared with pure Tau fibrils. Strikingly, intracranial injection of Ure2p fibrils promotes the aggregation of Tau and cognitive impairment in Tau P301S mice. Furthermore, intranasal infection of S. cerevisiae in the nasal cavity of Tau P301S mice accelerates the aggregation of Tau. Together, these observations indicate that the yeast protein Ure2p initiates Tau pathology. Our results provide a conceptual advance that non-mammalian prions may cross-seed mammalian prion-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jiehui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Guiqin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China.
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8
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Wu Y, Du S, Bimler LH, Mauk KE, Lortal L, Kichik N, Griffiths JS, Osicka R, Song L, Polsky K, Kasper L, Sebo P, Weatherhead J, Knight JM, Kheradmand F, Zheng H, Richardson JP, Hube B, Naglik JR, Corry DB. Toll-like receptor 4 and CD11b expressed on microglia coordinate eradication of Candida albicans cerebral mycosis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113240. [PMID: 37819761 PMCID: PMC10753853 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans is linked to chronic brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the molecular basis of brain anti-Candida immunity remains unknown. We show that C. albicans enters the mouse brain from the blood and induces two neuroimmune sensing mechanisms involving secreted aspartic proteinases (Saps) and candidalysin. Saps disrupt tight junction proteins of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to permit fungal brain invasion. Saps also hydrolyze amyloid precursor protein (APP) into amyloid β (Aβ)-like peptides that bind to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and promote fungal killing in vitro while candidalysin engages the integrin CD11b (Mac-1) on microglia. Recognition of Aβ-like peptides and candidalysin promotes fungal clearance from the brain, and disruption of candidalysin recognition through CD11b markedly prolongs C. albicans cerebral mycosis. Thus, C. albicans is cleared from the brain through innate immune mechanisms involving Saps, Aβ, candidalysin, and CD11b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shuqi Du
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lynn H Bimler
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kelsey E Mauk
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Léa Lortal
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Nessim Kichik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - James S Griffiths
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lizhen Song
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Katherine Polsky
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jill Weatherhead
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Morgan Knight
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), 07737 Jena, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07737 Jena, Germany.
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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9
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Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Rashid F, Dahourou DL, Ouedraogo AS, Chen Y. Influence of HIV infection on cognition and overall intelligence in HIV-infected individuals: advances and perspectives. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1261784. [PMID: 37953826 PMCID: PMC10637382 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1261784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well understood that HIV-positive individuals, even those under effective ART, tend to develop a spectrum of cognitive, motor, and/or mood conditions which are contemporarily referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), and which is directly related to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system (CNS). As HAND is known to induce difficulties associated with attention, concentration, and memory, it is thus legitimate and pertinent to speculate upon the possibility that HIV infection may well influence human cognition and intelligence. We therefore propose herein to review the concept of intelligence, the concept of cells of intelligence, the influence of HIV on these particular cells, and the evidence pointing to differences in observed intelligence quotient (IQ) scores between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. Additionally, cumulative research evidence continues to draw attention to the influence of the gut on human intelligence. Up to now, although it is known that HIV infection profoundly alters both the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota and the structural integrity of the gut, the influence of the gut on intelligence in the context of HIV infection remains poorly described. As such, we also provide herein a review of the different ways in which HIV may influence human intelligence via the gut-brain axis. Finally, we provide a discourse on perspectives related to HIV and human intelligence which may assist in generating more robust evidence with respect to this issue in future studies. Our aim is to provide insightful knowledge for the identification of novel areas of investigation, in order to reveal and explain some of the enigmas related to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D. Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Désiré Lucien Dahourou
- Département Biomédical/Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Souro Sanou University Hospital, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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10
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Zhu H, Guan A, Liu J, Peng L, Zhang Z, Wang S. Noteworthy perspectives on microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:223. [PMID: 37794488 PMCID: PMC10548593 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are so versatile that they not only provide immune surveillance for central nervous system, but participate in neural circuitry development, brain blood vessels formation, blood-brain barrier architecture, and intriguingly, the regulation of emotions and behaviors. Microglia have a profound impact on neuronal survival, brain wiring and synaptic plasticity. As professional phagocytic cells in the brain, they remove dead cell debris and neurotoxic agents via an elaborate mechanism. The functional profile of microglia varies considerately depending on age, gender, disease context and other internal or external environmental factors. Numerous studies have demonstrated a pivotal involvement of microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders, including negative affection, social deficit, compulsive behavior, fear memory, pain and other symptoms associated with major depression disorder, anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. In this review, we summarized the latest discoveries regarding microglial ontogeny, cell subtypes or state spectrum, biological functions and mechanistic underpinnings of emotional and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of microglia-targeted therapies of neuropsychiatric disorders, and propose outstanding questions to be addressed in future research of human microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Ao Guan
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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11
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Li R, Sterling K, Song W. Amyloid β-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease: challenges, successes and future. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:248. [PMID: 37386015 PMCID: PMC10310781 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β protein (Aβ) is the main component of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its accumulation has been considered as the molecular driver of Alzheimer's pathogenesis and progression. Aβ has been the prime target for the development of AD therapy. However, the repeated failures of Aβ-targeted clinical trials have cast considerable doubt on the amyloid cascade hypothesis and whether the development of Alzheimer's drug has followed the correct course. However, the recent successes of Aβ targeted trials have assuaged those doubts. In this review, we discussed the evolution of the amyloid cascade hypothesis over the last 30 years and summarized its application in Alzheimer's diagnosis and modification. In particular, we extensively discussed the pitfalls, promises and important unanswered questions regarding the current anti-Aβ therapy, as well as strategies for further study and development of more feasible Aβ-targeted approaches in the optimization of AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Huaqiu Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Ennerfelt H, Holliday C, Shapiro D, Zengeler K, Bolte A, Ulland T, Lukens J. CARD9 attenuates Aβ pathology and modifies microglial responses in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303760120. [PMID: 37276426 PMCID: PMC10268238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303760120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have highlighted the importance of several innate immune receptors expressed by microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, mounting evidence from AD patients and experimental models indicates pivotal roles for TREM2, CD33, and CD22 in neurodegenerative disease progression. While there is growing interest in targeting these microglial receptors to treat AD, we still lack knowledge of the downstream signaling molecules used by these receptors to orchestrate immune responses in AD. Notably, TREM2, CD33, and CD22 have been described to influence signaling associated with the intracellular adaptor molecule CARD9 to mount downstream immune responses outside of the brain. However, the role of CARD9 in AD remains poorly understood. Here, we show that genetic ablation of CARD9 in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD results in exacerbated amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, increased neuronal loss, worsened cognitive deficits, and alterations in microglial responses. We further show that pharmacological activation of CARD9 promotes improved clearance of Aβ deposits from the brains of 5xFAD mice. These results help to establish CARD9 as a key intracellular innate immune signaling molecule that regulates Aβ-mediated disease and microglial responses. Moreover, these findings suggest that targeting CARD9 might offer a strategy to improve Aβ clearance in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ennerfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Coco Holliday
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Daniel A. Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Kristine E. Zengeler
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Ashley C. Bolte
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53705
| | - John R. Lukens
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
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13
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Prasad P, Tippana M. Morphogenic plasticity: the pathogenic attribute of Candida albicans. Curr Genet 2023; 69:77-89. [PMID: 36947241 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal organism of the human gastrointestinal tract and a prevalent opportunistic pathogen. It exhibits different morphogenic forms to survive in different host niches with distinct environmental conditions (pH, temperature, oxidative stress, nutrients, serum, chemicals, radiation, etc.) and genetic factors (transcription factors and genes). The different morphogenic forms of C. albicans are yeast, hyphal, pseudohyphal, white, opaque, and transient gray cells, planktonic and biofilm forms of cells. These forms differ in the parameters like cellular phenotype, colony morphology, adhesion to solid surfaces, gene expression profile, and the virulent traits. Each form is functionally distinct and responds discretely to the host immune system and antifungal drugs. Hence, morphogenic plasticity is the key to virulence. In this review, we address the characteristics, the pathogenic potential of the different morphogenic forms and the conditions required for morphogenic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, India.
| | - Meena Tippana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, India
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14
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Yeung CWS, Periayah MH, Teo JYQ, Goh ETL, Chee PL, Loh WW, Loh XJ, Lakshminarayanan R, Lim JYC. Transforming Polyethylene into Water-Soluble Antifungal Polymers. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Celine W. S. Yeung
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Mercy Halleluyah Periayah
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), The Academia, 20 College Road, Level 6 Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Jerald Y. Q. Teo
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Eunice Tze Leng Goh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), The Academia, 20 College Road, Level 6 Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Pei Lin Chee
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Wei Wei Loh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), The Academia, 20 College Road, Level 6 Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Jason Y. C. Lim
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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15
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Ganmaidazao Decoction Alleviated Cognitive Impairment on Alzheimer's Disease Rats by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Their Corresponding Metabolites. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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16
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Wu C, Jiang ML, Jiang R, Pang T, Zhang CJ. The roles of fungus in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1077335. [PMID: 36776399 PMCID: PMC9910218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1077335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infection or proliferation in our body is capable of initiation of strong inflammation and immune responses that result in different consequences, including infection-trigged organ injury and inflammation-related remote organ dysfunction. Fungi associated infectious diseases have been well recognized in the clinic. However, whether fungi play an important role in non-infectious central nervous system disease is still to be elucidated. Recently, a growing amount of evidence point to a non-negligible role of peripheral fungus in triggering unique inflammation, immune response, and exacerbation of a range of non-infectious CNS disorders, including Multiple sclerosis, Neuromyelitis optica, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis et al. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in recognizing patterns and inflammatory signaling of fungi in different subsets of immune cells, with a specific focus on its function in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration diseases. In conclusion, the fungus is capable of triggering unique inflammation by multiple mechanisms in the progression of a body of CNS non-infectious diseases, suggesting it serves as a key factor and critical novel target for the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu Wu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Cun-Jin Zhang, ; Mei-Ling Jiang, ; Tao Pang,
| | - Runqui Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Cun-Jin Zhang, ; Mei-Ling Jiang, ; Tao Pang,
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Institute of Brain Sciences, Institute of Brain Disorder Translational Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Cun-Jin Zhang, ; Mei-Ling Jiang, ; Tao Pang,
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17
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Wei T, Du Y, Hou T, Zhai C, Li Y, Xiao W, Liu K. Association between adverse oral conditions and cognitive impairment: A literature review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1147026. [PMID: 37089515 PMCID: PMC10117837 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1147026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral environment deterioration results from a lack of self-cleaning ability in patients with cognitive dysfunction but is also a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. Adverse oral conditions can be alleviated and improved through a self-management and medical examination. In this review, the epidemiological evidence of previous studies is integrated to highlight the relationship between periodontitis, tooth loss, oral flora, oral dysfunction and cognitive dysfunction, emphasizing the importance of oral health for cognition. The results show that poor oral condition is associated with cognitive impairment. Although many previous studies have been conducted, there is a lack of higher-level research evidence, different judgment criteria, and conflicting research results. There is a bidirectional relationship between oral health and cognitive dysfunction. A comprehensive analysis of the relationship between oral health and cognitive dysfunction that explores the relationship and takes measures to prevent cognitive dysfunction and control the progression of such diseases is warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Wei
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunjuan Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Keke Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Infection Control, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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18
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Bou Zerdan M, Hebbo E, Hijazi A, El Gemayel M, Nasr J, Nasr D, Yaghi M, Bouferraa Y, Nagarajan A. The Gut Microbiome and Alzheimer's Disease: A Growing Relationship. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:CAR-EPUB-128458. [PMID: 36578263 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221227090125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence that the gut microbiota plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is already un-ravelling. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that is not fully understood but includes neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways. The progression of Alzheimer's disease is supported by mechanisms related to the imbalance in the gut microbiota and the development of amyloid plaques in the brain, which are at the origin of Alzheimer's disease. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome led to dysregulation in the pathways governing this system. This leads to neurodegeneration through neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter dysregulation. Neurodegeneration and disruption of the blood-brain barrier are frontiers at the origin of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, bacteria populating the gut microbiota can secrete large amounts of amyloid proteins and lipopolysaccharides, which modulate signaling pathways and alter the production of proinflammatory cytokines associated with the pathogenesis of Alz-heimer's disease. Importantly, through molecular mimicry, bacterial amyloids may elicit cross-seeding of misfolding and induce microglial priming at different levels of the brain-gut-microbiota axis. The potential mechanisms of amyloid spreading include neuron-to-neuron or distal neuron spreading, direct blood-brain barrier crossing, or via other cells such as astrocytes, fibroblasts, microglia, and immune system cells. Gut microbiota metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, pro-inflammatory factors, and neurotransmitters may also affect AD pathogenesis and associated cognitive decline. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the current findings that may elucidate the role of gut microbiota in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the underlying mechanisms may provide new insights into novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease, such as probiotics and targeted oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Zerdan
- Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Elsa Hebbo
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 2020, Lebanon
| | - Ali Hijazi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 2020, Lebanon
| | - Maria El Gemayel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Janane Nasr
- Saint George Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Beirut 1100, Lebanon
| | - Dayana Nasr
- Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
| | - Marita Yaghi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Youssef Bouferraa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Arun Nagarajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Vojtechova I, Machacek T, Kristofikova Z, Stuchlik A, Petrasek T. Infectious origin of Alzheimer’s disease: Amyloid beta as a component of brain antimicrobial immunity. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010929. [PMCID: PMC9671327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis, focusing on pathological proteins aggregation, has so far failed to uncover the root cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), or to provide an effective therapy. This traditional paradigm essentially explains a mechanism involved in the development of sporadic AD rather than its cause. The failure of an overwhelming majority of clinical studies (99.6%) demonstrates that a breakthrough in therapy would be difficult if not impossible without understanding the etiology of AD. It becomes more and more apparent that the AD pathology might originate from brain infection. In this review, we discuss a potential role of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites as triggers of AD pathology. We show evidence from the current literature that amyloid beta, traditionally viewed as pathological, actually acts as an antimicrobial peptide, protecting the brain against pathogens. However, in case of a prolonged or excessive activation of a senescent immune system, amyloid beta accumulation and aggregation becomes damaging and supports runaway neurodegenerative processes in AD. This is paralleled by the recent study by Alam and colleagues (2022) who showed that alpha-synuclein, the protein accumulating in synucleinopathies, also plays a critical physiological role in immune reactions and inflammation, showing an unforeseen link between the 2 unrelated classes of neurodegenerative disorders. The multiplication of the amyloid precursor protein gene, recently described by Lee and collegues (2018), and possible reactivation of human endogenous retroviruses by pathogens fits well into the same picture. We discuss these new findings from the viewpoint of the infection hypothesis of AD and offer suggestions for future research. More than a century after its discovery, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains incurable and mysterious. The dominant hypothesis of amyloid cascade has succeeded in explaining the key pathological mechanism, but not its trigger. Amyloid beta has been traditionally considered a pathological peptide, and its physiological functions remain poorly known. These knowledge gaps have contributed to repeated failures of clinical studies. The emerging infectious hypothesis of AD considers central nervous system (CNS) infection the primary trigger of sporadic AD. A closely connected hypothesis claims that amyloid beta is an antimicrobial peptide. In this review, we discuss the available evidence for the involvement of infections in AD, coming from epidemiological studies, post mortem analyses of brain tissue, and experiments in vitro and in vivo. We argue there is no unique “Alzheimer’s germ,” instead, AD is a general reaction of the CNS to chronic infections, in the milieu of an aged immune system. The pathology may become self-sustained even without continuous presence of microbes in the brain. Importantly, the infectious hypothesis leads to testable predictions. Targeting amyloid beta should be ineffective, unless the triggering pathogen and inflammatory response are addressed as well. Meticulous control of selected infections might be the best near-term strategy for AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Vojtechova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: , (IV); , (TP)
| | - Tomas Machacek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ales Stuchlik
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Petrasek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: , (IV); , (TP)
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20
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Yan C, Wang C, Shao X, Teng Y, Chen P, Hu X, Guan P, Wu H. Multifunctional Carbon-Dot-Photosensitizer Nanoassemblies for Inhibiting Amyloid Aggregates, Suppressing Microbial Infection, and Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47432-47444. [PMID: 36254877 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation, microbial infection, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are considered critical obstructions for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). At present, existing treatment strategies are rarely able to overcome these critical factors. Herein, we propose an innovative treatment strategy and design multifunctional nanoassemblies (yCDs-Ce6) from coassembling photosensitizers (chlorine e6) and yellow fluorescent carbon dots, which endow yCDs-Ce6 with the functions for photodynamic and photothermal therapy (PDT and PTT). Compared with reported inhibitors, yCDs-Ce6 can suppress amyloid aggregation for 7 days, disaggregate aggregates, reduce amyloid aggregation-induced cytotoxicity, and prevent microbial growth by PDT and PTT. Moreover, yCDs-Ce6 can specifically target amyloid aggregates and visually label amyloid aggregates. yCDs-Ce6 can also cross the BBB upon near-infrared light irradiation and clear amyloid deposition in APP/PS1 mice by PDT and PTT. Meanwhile, yCDs-Ce6 did not cause significant negative effects on normal cells or tissues. Based on the methods of PPT and PTT treatment, the research deeply explores the effect of the novel nanoassemblies on two hypotheses of AD, opening a novel therapeutic paradigm for research amyloid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoren Yan
- School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chaoli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xu Shao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yonggang Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ping Guan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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21
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Jo KW, Lee D, Cha DG, Oh E, Choi YH, Kim S, Park ES, Kim JK, Kim KT. Gossypetin ameliorates 5xFAD spatial learning and memory through enhanced phagocytosis against Aβ. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:158. [PMID: 36271414 PMCID: PMC9585741 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immune cells found in our brain. They have a critical role in brain maintenance. Microglia constantly scavenge various waste materials in the brain including damaged or apoptotic neurons and Aβ. Through phagocytosis of Aβ, microglia prevent the accumulation of Aβ plaque in the brain. However, in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, chronic exposure to Aβ makes microglia to become exhausted, which reduces their phagocytic activity against Aβ. Since microglia play an important role in Aβ clearance, enhancing microglial phagocytic activity against Aβ is a promising target for AD treatment. Therefore, there is a great need for therapeutic candidate that enhances microglial Aβ clearance while inhibiting microglia's pathogenic properties. METHODS In vivo studies were conducted with 5xFAD AD model mice by treating gossypetin for 13 weeks through intragastric administration. Their spatial learning and memory were evaluated through behavior tests such as Y-maze and Morris Water Maze test. Hippocampus and cortex were acquired from the sacrificed mice, and they were used for histological and biochemical analysis. Also, mouse tissues were dissociated into single cells for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. Transcriptome of microglial population was analyzed. Mouse primary microglia and BV2 mouse microglial cell line were cultured and treated with fluorescent recombinant Aβ to evaluate whether their phagocytic activity is affected by gossypetin. RESULTS Gossypetin treatment improved the spatial learning and memory of 5xFAD by decreasing Aβ deposition in the hippocampus and cortex of 5xFAD. Gossypetin induced transcriptomic modulations in various microglial subpopulations, including disease-associated microglia. Gossypetin enhanced phagocytic activity of microglia while decreasing their gliosis. Gossypetin also increased MHC II+ microglial population. CONCLUSIONS Gossypetin showed protective effects against AD by enhancing microglial Aβ phagocytosis. Gossypetin appears to be a novel promising therapeutic candidate against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Jo
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- R&D Center, NovMetaPharma Co., Ltd, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37668 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gon Cha
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Oh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ha Choi
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seo Park
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
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22
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Reyes EY, Shinohara ML. Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:50-74. [PMID: 35672656 PMCID: PMC9489659 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections in the central nervous system (CNS) cause high morbidity and mortality. The frequency of CNS mycosis has increased over the last two decades as more individuals go through immunocompromised conditions for various reasons. Nevertheless, options for clinical interventions for CNS mycoses are still limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms in CNS mycoses for developing novel treatments. Although the CNS has been regarded as an immune-privileged site, recent studies demonstrate the critical involvement of immune responses elicited by CNS-resident and CNS-infiltrated cells during fungal infections. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of fungal invasion in the CNS, fungal pathogen detection by CNS-resident cells (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons), roles of CNS-infiltrated leukocytes, and host immune responses. We consider that understanding host immune responses in the CNS is crucial for endeavors to develop treatments for CNS mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany Y. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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23
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Xie Y, Zhou X, Zhang J, Yu H, Song Z. Immunomodulatory responses of differentially polarized macrophages to fungal infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109089. [PMID: 35964406 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, the first line of defense against invasive fungi in the innate immune system, are widely distributed in the blood and tissues of the body. In response to various internal and external stimulators, macrophages can polarize into classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). These two types of polarized macrophages play different roles in antifungal activity and in maintaining the steady-state balance between inflammation and tissue repair. However, the antifungal mechanisms of M1- and M2-type macrophages have not been fully described. In this review, the immune regulatory mechanisms against pathogenic fungi of these two classical types of macrophages in various tissues are summarized. The effects of antifungal factors on macrophage differentiation are also highlighted. The description of these data, on the one hand provides valuable insight for future investigations and also highlights new strategies for the treatment of pathogenic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Jinping Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; The Public Platform of Molecular Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; The Public Platform of Cell Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; The Public Platform of Molecular Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Tran VTA, Lee LP, Cho H. Neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration via microbial infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907804. [PMID: 36052093 PMCID: PMC9425114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies show a noticeable correlation between chronic microbial infections and neurological disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear due to the biological complexity of multicellular and multiorgan interactions upon microbial infections. In this review, we show the infection leading to neurodegeneration mediated by multiorgan interconnections and neuroinflammation. Firstly, we highlight three inter-organ communications as possible routes from infection sites to the brain: nose-brain axis, lung-brain axis, and gut-brain axis. Next, we described the biological crosstalk between microglia and astrocytes upon pathogenic infection. Finally, our study indicates how neuroinflammation is a critical player in pathogen-mediated neurodegeneration. Taken together, we envision that antibiotics targeting neuro-pathogens could be a potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Thi Ai Tran
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Luke P. Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hansang Cho, ; Luke P. Lee,
| | - Hansang Cho
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hansang Cho, ; Luke P. Lee,
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25
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Ye T, Yuan S, Kong Y, Yang H, Wei H, Zhang Y, Jin H, Yu Q, Liu J, Chen S, Sun J. Effect of Probiotic Fungi against Cognitive Impairment in Mice via Regulation of the Fungal Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9026-9038. [PMID: 35833673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fungal microbiota may be involved in the regulation of cognition and behavior, while the role of probiotic fungi against cognitive impairment is unclear. Here, we explored the idea that probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii could participate in the regulation of microglia-induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice. Cognitive deficits, deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylation of tau, synaptic plasticity, microglia activation, and neuroinflammatory reactions were observed. The expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) pathway-related proteins were detected. Meanwhile, intestinal barrier integrity and fungal microbiota composition were evaluated. Our results showed fungal microbiota dysbiosis in APP/PS1 mice, which might result in the neuroinflammation of AD. The increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b) were observed in APP/PS1 mice, which were associated with activation of microglia, indicative of a broader recognition of neuroinflammation mediated by fungal microbiota compared to hitherto appreciated. Probiotic S. boulardii treatment improved dysbiosis, alleviated the neuroinflammation as well as synaptic injury, and ultimately improved cognitive impairment. Moreover, S. boulardii therapy could inhibit microglia activation and the TLRs pathway, which were reversed by antifungal treatment. These findings revealed that S. boulardii actively participated in regulating the TLRs pathway to inhibit the neuroinflammation via the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shushu Yuan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Huiqun Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hongming Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yuhe Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hangqi Jin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qingxia Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Songfang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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26
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Parker A, James SA, Purse C, Brion A, Goldson A, Telatin A, Baker D, Carding SR. Absence of Bacteria Permits Fungal Gut-To-Brain Translocation and Invasion in Germfree Mice but Ageing Alone Does Not Drive Pathobiont Expansion in Conventionally Raised Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:828429. [PMID: 35923548 PMCID: PMC9339909 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.828429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated changes in the structure of the intestinal microbiome and in its interaction with the brain via the gut-brain axis are increasingly being implicated in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Intestinal microbial dysbiosis and translocation of microbes and microbial products including fungal species into the brain have been implicated in the development of dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. Using germ-free mice, we investigated if the fungal gut commensal, Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, can traverse the gastrointestinal barrier and disseminate to brain tissue and whether ageing impacts on the gut mycobiome as a pre-disposing factor in fungal brain infection. C. albicans was detected in different regions of the brain of colonised germ-free mice in both yeast and hyphal cell forms, often in close association with activated (Iba-1+) microglial cells. Using high-throughput ITS1 amplicon sequencing to characterise the faecal gut fungal composition of aged and young SPF mice, we identified several putative gut commensal fungal species with pathobiont potential although their abundance was not significantly different between young and aged mice. Collectively, these results suggest that although some fungal species can travel from the gut to brain where they can induce an inflammatory response, ageing alone is not correlated with significant changes in gut mycobiota composition which could predispose to these events. These results are consistent with a scenario in which significant disruptions to the gut microbiota or intestinal barrier, beyond those which occur with natural ageing, are required to allow fungal escape and brain infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steve A. James
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Purse
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Arlaine Brion
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Goldson
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Telatin
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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27
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Severance EG. Fungal Forces in Mental Health: Microbial Meddlers or Function Fixers? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:163-179. [PMID: 35543867 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the mental health field, the gut-brain axis and associated pathways represent putative mechanisms by which gastrointestinal (GI) microbes and their gene products and metabolites can access and influence the central nervous system (CNS). These GI-centered investigations focus on bacteria, with significant information gaps existing for other microbial community members, such as fungi. Fungi are part of a complex and functionally diverse taxonomic kingdom whose interactions with hosts can be conversely deadly and beneficial. As serious sources of morbidity and mortality, fungal pathogens can quickly turn healthy microbiomes into toxic cycles of inflammation, gut permeability, and dysbiosis. Fungal commensals are also important human symbionts that provide a rich source of physiological functions to the host, such as protection against intestinal injuries, maintenance of epithelial structural integrities, and immune system development and regulation. Promising treatment compounds derived from fungi include antibiotics, probiotics, and antidepressants. Here I aim to illuminate the many attributes of fungi as they are applicable to overall improving our understanding of the mechanisms at work in psychiatric disorders. Healing the gut and its complex ecosystem is currently achievable through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and other strategies, yet it is critical to recognize that the success of these interventions relies on a more precisely defined role of the fungal and other non-bacterial components of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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28
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Pseudomonas Synergizes with Fluconazole against Candida during Treatment of Polymicrobial Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0062621. [PMID: 35289633 PMCID: PMC9022521 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00626-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections are challenging to treat because we don’t fully understand how pathogens interact during infection and how these interactions affect drug efficacy. Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are opportunistic pathogens that can be found in similar sites of infection such as in burn wounds and most importantly in the lungs of CF and mechanically ventilated patients. C. albicans is particularly difficult to treat because of the paucity of antifungal agents, some of which lack fungicidal activity. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of anti-fungal treatment during C. albicans-P. aeruginosa coculture in vitro and co-infection in the mucosal zebrafish infection model analogous to the lung. We find that P. aeruginosa enhances the activity of fluconazole (FLC), an anti-fungal drug that is fungistatic in vitro, to promote both clearance of C. albicans during co-infection in vivo and fungal killing in vitro. This synergy between FLC treatment and bacterial antagonism is partly due to iron piracy, as it is reduced upon iron supplementation and knockout of bacterial siderophores. Our work demonstrates that FLC has enhanced activity in clinically relevant contexts and highlights the need to understand antimicrobial effectiveness in the complex environment of the host with its associated microbial communities.
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29
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Phuna ZX, Madhavan P. A CLOSER LOOK AT THE MYCOBIOME IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: FUNGAL SPECIES, PATHOGENESIS AND TRANSMISSION. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1291-1321. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University Malaysia Subang Jaya Selangor
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University Malaysia Subang Jaya Selangor
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30
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Gao D, Zhao H, Yin Z, Han C, Wang Y, Luo G, Gao X. Rheum tanguticum Alleviates Cognitive Impairment in APP/PS1 Mice by Regulating Drug-Responsive Bacteria and Their Corresponding Microbial Metabolites. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:766120. [PMID: 34975476 PMCID: PMC8715007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.766120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting intestinal bacteria have shown great efficacy for alleviating symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and microbial metabolites are important messengers. Our previous work indicated that Rheum tanguticum effectively improved cognitive function and reshaped the gut microbial homeostasis in AD rats. However, its therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, this study aimed to elaborate the mechanisms of rhubarb for the treatment of AD by identifying effective metabolites associated with rhubarb-responsive bacteria. The results found that rhubarb reduced hippocampal inflammation and neuronal damage in APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice. 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomic analysis revealed that gut microbiota and their metabolism in Tg mice were disturbed in an age-dependent manner. Rhubarb-responsive bacteria were further identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) sequencing. Four different metabolites reversed by rhubarb were found in the position of the important nodes on rhubarb-responsive bacteria and their corresponding metabolites combined with pathological indicators co-network. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated o-tyrosine not only inhibited the viabilities of primary neurons as well as BV-2 cells, but also increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. In the end, the results suggest that rhubarb ameliorates cognitive impairment in Tg mice through decreasing the abundance of o-tyrosine in the gut owing to the regulation of rhubarb-responsive bacteria. Our study provides a promising strategy for elaborating therapeutic mechanisms of bacteria-targeted drugs for AD.
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31
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Chen P, Chen F, Lei J, Wang G, Zhou B. The Gut Microbiota Metabolite Urolithin B Improves Cognitive Deficits by Inhibiting Cyt C-Mediated Apoptosis and Promoting the Survival of Neurons Through the PI3K Pathway in Aging Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:768097. [PMID: 34867396 PMCID: PMC8634731 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.768097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite considerable advances in pharmacotherapy, more effective therapeutic interventions for aging-related neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), remain limited. Urolithin B (UB), one of the major subcategories of urolithins (microbiota metabolites) found in various tissues after ellagitannin consumption, has been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. However, the neuroprotective effect of UB on brain aging in mice and its potential mechanisms were still unknown. Methods: In the current research, we first assessed the ameliorative effects of UB on oxidative injury and apoptosis induced by H2O2 in neuro-2a cells. Then a subcutaneous injection of D-galactose in mice for 8 weeks was used to establish the aging model to evaluate the protective effects of UB. The capacity of memory and learning, alterations of hippocampus histology and corresponding molecular mechanisms were all evaluated. Results: The D-gal-induced accelerated aging model in vivo demonstrated that UB could significantly ameliorate deficits in learning and memory by inhibiting the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and elevating the expression and activity of Cu, Zn-SOD and CAT. Furthermore, UB downregulated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway and prevented cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria, thereby inhibiting neuronal apoptosis during the aging process. More importantly, UB stimulation of aging mice activated ERK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), leading to neuronal survival along with Akt and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and activation. Conclusion: In summary, UB effectively alleviated cognitive deficits and ameliorated brain aging-related conditions and could be considered a healthcare product to prevent aging-associated NDs such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuchao Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Shiyan, China
| | - Jiexin Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Benhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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32
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Wu Y, Zeng Z, Guo Y, Song L, Weatherhead JE, Huang X, Zeng Y, Bimler L, Chang CY, Knight JM, Valladolid C, Sun H, Cruz MA, Hube B, Naglik JR, Luong AU, Kheradmand F, Corry DB. Candida albicans elicits protective allergic responses via platelet mediated T helper 2 and T helper 17 cell polarization. Immunity 2021; 54:2595-2610.e7. [PMID: 34506733 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal airway infection (airway mycosis) is an important cause of allergic airway diseases such as asthma, but the mechanisms by which fungi trigger asthmatic reactions are poorly understood. Here, we leverage wild-type and mutant Candida albicans to determine how this common fungus elicits characteristic Th2 and Th17 cell-dependent allergic airway disease in mice. We demonstrate that rather than proteinases that are essential virulence factors for molds, C. albicans instead promoted allergic airway disease through the peptide toxin candidalysin. Candidalysin activated platelets through the Von Willebrand factor (VWF) receptor GP1bα to release the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) to drive Th2 and Th17 cell responses that correlated with reduced lung fungal burdens. Platelets simultaneously precluded lethal pulmonary hemorrhage resulting from fungal lung invasion. Thus, in addition to hemostasis, platelets promoted protection against C. albicans airway mycosis through an antifungal pathway involving candidalysin, GP1bα, and Dkk-1 that promotes Th2 and Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhimin Zeng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yubiao Guo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lizhen Song
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jill E Weatherhead
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xinyan Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuying Zeng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lynn Bimler
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cheng-Yen Chang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John M Knight
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christian Valladolid
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miguel A Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena 07745, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07737, Germany
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Amber U Luong
- Department of Otolaryngology, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston Texas, 77030, USA
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston Texas, 77030, USA.
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Gervasi T, Ginestra G, Mancuso F, Barreca D, De Luca L, Mandalari G. The In Vitro Potential of 1-(1 H-indol-3-yl) Derivatives against Candida spp. and Aspergillus niger as Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102070. [PMID: 34683392 PMCID: PMC8538185 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increased antimicrobial resistance, global effort is currently focused on the identification of novel compounds, both of natural and chemical origin. The present study reports on the antifungal potential of 1-(1H-indol-3-yl) derivatives, previously known as tyrosinase inhibitors. The effect of seven compounds (indicated as 3a-g) was determined against Candida albicans ATCC 10531, three clinical isolates of Candida albicans, two clinical isolates of Candida glabrata, two clinical isolates of Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. The effect of these derivatives on tyrosinase enzymatic activity was also evaluated. Results showed a fungicidal activity of compounds 3b, 3c and 3e against all tested strains at concentrations ranging between 0.250 and 1 mg/mL. Furthermore, the association between 3c and fluconazole and between 3b and caspofungin showed a trend of indifference tending toward synergism. Compound 3c was also able to inhibit microbial tyrosinase up to ~28% at the concentration of 0.250 mg/mL. These data could help provide novel therapeutics for topical use to treat fungal infections and increase the potential effectiveness of the association between novel compounds and commercial antifungals in order to combat drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Ginestra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Francesca Mancuso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.M.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.L.); (G.M.); Tel.: +39-090-6766410 (L.D.L.); +39-090-6766593 (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.M.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.L.); (G.M.); Tel.: +39-090-6766410 (L.D.L.); +39-090-6766593 (G.M.)
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Wei Y, Gao J, Xu F, Shi J, Yu C, Gong Q. A network pharmacological approach to investigate the pharmacological effects of CZ2HF decoction on Alzheimer's disease. IBRAIN 2021; 7:153-170. [PMID: 37786799 PMCID: PMC10529192 DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2021.tb00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, which brings tremendous burden to the sufferers and society. However, ideal tactics are unavailable for AD. Our previous study has shown that CZ2HF, a Chinese herb preparation, mitigates cognitive impairment in AD rats; whereas, its detailed mechanism has not been elucidated. Methods Public databases were applied to collect and identify the chemical ingredients of eight herbs in CZ2HF. Criteria of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion was used to screen oral bio-availability and drug-likeness. STITCH database and Therapeutic Target Database were applied to decipher the relationship between compounds and genes related to AD. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology term analyses were used to identify the involved signaling pathways. Cytoscape was adopted to establish the networks The molecular docking was used to validate the interactions between the candidate compounds and their potential targets. Results 914 compounds were identified in eight herbal medicines of CZ2HF. Among them, 9 compounds and 28 genes were highly involved in the pathologic process of AD. Furthermore, the mechanism of CZ2HF to AD was based on its anti-inflammatory effects mainly through lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. Core genes in this network were TNF, ICAM1, MMP9 and IL-10. Conclusion This study predicts the active compounds in CZ2HF and uncovers their protein targets using holistic network pharmacology methods. It will provide a insight into the underlying mechanism of CZ2HF to AD from a multi-scale perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei
- Department of Pharmacythe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Jian‐Mei Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics of School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Fan Xu
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and MedicineAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgBaden‐WürttembergGermany
| | - Jing‐Shan Shi
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Chang‐Yin Yu
- Department of Neurologythe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Qi‐Hai Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics of School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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Yan C, Wang C, Shao X, Shu Q, Hu X, Guan P, Teng Y, Cheng Y. Dual-targeted carbon-dot-drugs nanoassemblies for modulating Alzheimer's related amyloid- β aggregation and inhibiting fungal infection. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100167. [PMID: 34901820 PMCID: PMC8639470 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation and fungal infection, especially amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and Candida albicans are considered as two of the crucial pathogenic agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this work, we propose an innovative treatment strategy for AD, targeting at not only Aβ aggregation but also Candida albicans infection. Here, a high-performance nanomaterial, namely gCDs-E, have been prepared by self-assembled of glycosylated carbon dots (gCDs) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Surprisingly, gCDs-E can not only suppress the fibrillation of Aβ and disaggregate Aβ fibrils, but also effectively inhibit the activity of Candida albicans. More importantly, the prepared gCDs-E can effectively cut down the cytotoxicity of amyloid aggregations, and the cell viability reached to 99.2%. In addition, the capability of the gCDs-E for blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration was also observed using a normal mice model. Above all, the gCDs-E greatly cleaned Aβ deposition and improved memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic AD model mice, confirming its potential as therapeutic agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoren Yan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Chaoli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Xu Shao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Qi Shu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Ping Guan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Yonggang Teng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, 3800, Melbourne, Australia
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Hai X, Zhou J, Liu G. Construction of immune/Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-related gene coexpression network to predict biomarkers. Eur J Neurol 2021; 29:47-58. [PMID: 34390074 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy characterized by rapid onset and high mortality. Despite considerable progress in the treatment and diagnosis of CJD, patient prognosis remains poor. Many studies have found that the immune response is associated with the pathophysiology of CJD. However, few studies have reported coexpression correlations between genes associated with CJD and the immune response. This study was undertaken to construct a network of coexpressed immune- and CJD-related genes that may reveal new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CJD. METHODS Gene expression data from 11 CJD patients and 10 nonneurological controls were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. High-confidence protein-protein interaction (PPI) data were downloaded from the Human Protein Reference Database, and gene expression data of immune- and CJD-associated genes were downloaded from the AmiGo16 and DisGeNET databases, respectively. An immune/CJD-related expression network was constructed based on Pearson correlation coefficients and PPI networks, and a CJD-directed neighbour coexpression network was extracted, in which we compared the gene expression patterns and correlations between different groups. The samples were classified using CJD-specific modules, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the CJD and nonneurological controls groups were identified within the CJD-specific modules. Further functional analysis was performed using Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of genes in each CJD-specific module. RESULTS We constructed an immune/CJD-related coexpression gene network comprising 2007 nodes and 5268 edges, with immune-associated genes occupying important positions in the network. In the CJD-directed neighbour coexpression network, immune-associated genes exhibited the highest coexpression level with their interacting genes. Results from Pearson correlation analysis showed that most of the CJD-associated genes were positively correlated with immune-associated genes. Screening for CJD-specific modules identified MAPK1, CASP3, APP, MAPT, SNCA, and YWHAH, indicating a close connection between CJD and the immune response. Analyses of coexpression status and expression level of CJD-specific genes revealed a very high coexpression pattern for any two genes, with most genes being DEGs. Finally, KEGG enrichment analyses of all CJD-specific genes showed that the pathophysiology of CJD is closely related to infection and the immune response. CONCLUSIONS Our coexpression network analysis revealed a close connection between CJD- and immune-associated genes, and we identified six CJD-specific modules. Biological function analysis of CJD-specific module genes revealed that immune responses are associated with CJD pathophysiology and may provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Hai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaming Zhou
- Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
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Xu Y, Propson NE, Du S, Xiong W, Zheng H. Autophagy deficiency modulates microglial lipid homeostasis and aggravates tau pathology and spreading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023418118. [PMID: 34187889 PMCID: PMC8271658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023418118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway plays a critical role in intracellular clearance and metabolic homeostasis. While neuronal autophagy is known to participate in the degradation of neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated and misfolded tau protein in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, how microglial-specific autophagy regulates microglial intrinsic properties and neuronal tau pathology is not well understood. We report here that Atg7, a key mediator of autophagosome biogenesis, plays an essential role in the regulation of microglial lipid metabolism and neuroinflammation. Microglia-specific deletion of Atg7 leads to the transition of microglia to a proinflammatory status in vivo and to inflammasome activation in vitro. Activation of ApoE and lipid efflux attenuates the lipid droplets accumulation and inhibits cytokine production in microglial cells with Atg7 deficiency. Functionally, we show that the absence of microglial Atg7 enhances intraneuronal tau pathology and its spreading. Our results reveal an essential role for microglial autophagy in regulating lipid homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
| | - Nicholas E Propson
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shuqi Du
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wen Xiong
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Xue T, Li C, Zhang H, Han Y, Wu J. Effects of Aster B-mediated intracellular accumulation of cholesterol on inflammatory process and myocardial cells in acute myocardial infarction. Hellenic J Cardiol 2021; 63:32-39. [PMID: 34147675 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of cholesterol accumulation in cells on the inflammatory process of acute myocardial infarction and cardiomyocytes and its mechanism. METHODS Blood samples of 15 patients with myocardial infarction were clinically collected to detect enzyme levels of cholesterol and related myocardial parameters in the serum. Correlation analysis was carried out. At the cellular level, simulation of cholesterol entry and exit from cells was conducted by a liposome-loaded cholesterol model in this study, and BNP and inflammatory factors were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, to investigate the molecular mechanism of myocardial damage caused by cholesterol, Gramd1b and Prkaca of HL-1 were knocked down with small interference RNA technique. Then, inhibitor C3 was used to weaken RhoA activity to explore the level of cardiac muscle cell BNP in order to identify key protein target sites that may be involved in the process of cholesterol damage to cardiac muscle cells. RESULTS Serum cholesterol concentration showed a significantly positive correlation with the levels of AST, CK, and LD in serum of patients with myocardial infarction. Cholesterol accumulation in cardiac muscle cells significantly increased the levels of BNP, inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL-2) in cardiac muscle cells, which exacerbated cardiomyocyte damage. Conversely, cholesterol excretion caused significant downregulation of BNP and inflammatory factors. Moreover, after knocking down Gramd1b, the accumulation of cholesterol in myocardial cells decreased, the levels of BNP and inflammatory factors significantly reduced, and the degree of myocardial cell damage was weakened. Knockdown of Prkaca inhibited RhoA activity and reversed cholesterol-induced elevation of BNP and inflammatory factors. CONCLUSION ASTER B-mediated intracellular accumulation of cholesterol in cardiac muscle cells may cause cardiomyocyte damage and inflammatory factor infiltration through PKA-Ca2+-RhoA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Xue
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yunfeng Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
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Health Potential of Clery Strawberries: Enzymatic Inhibition and Anti- Candida Activity Evaluation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061731. [PMID: 33808822 PMCID: PMC8003815 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberries, belonging to cultivar Clery (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Weston) and to a graft obtained by crossing Clery and Fragaria vesca L., were chosen for a study on their health potential, with regard to the prevention of chronic and degenerative diseases. Selected samples, coming from fresh and defrosted berries, submitted to different homogenization techniques combined with thermal and microwave treatments, had been previously analyzed in their polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity. In the present work, these homogenates were evaluated in relation to their enzymatic inhibition activity towards acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase. All these enzymes, involved in the onset of diabetes, and neurodegenerative and other chronic diseases, were modulated by the tested samples. The inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and cholinesterase was the most valuable. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans, recently shown to play a crucial role in human gut diseases as well as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s disease, was also shown in vitro and confirmed by the in vivo text on Galleria mellonella. Overall, the obtained results confirm once again the health potential of strawberries; however, the efficacy is dependent on high quality products submitted to correct processing flow charts.
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Seo DO, Holtzman DM. Gut Microbiota: From the Forgotten Organ to a Potential Key Player in the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1232-1241. [PMID: 31738402 PMCID: PMC7302187 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 300 years ago, Antony van Leewenhoeck first described observing single-celled microorganisms, which he termed “animalcules,” examining his saliva under a microscope. Although the idea of the coexistence of microorganisms in our body is not new, we have only recently been able to investigate their ecological relationship to our body, with the development of high-throughput molecular techniques. The diverse microorganism communities residing in our guts are established and maintained by complex interactions among microorganisms and their host. Notably, their alteration has been implicated in influencing various diseases including neurological diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia characterized by a progressive decline in memory and thinking severe enough to interfere with daily life. Despite the great progress in linking genetic risk factors with AD pathogenesis, treatments targeted at AD pathology and its modifiers have not yet resulted in a disease-modifying therapy. There is mounting evidence that the gut microbiota interacts with AD pathogenesis by disrupting neuroinflammation and metabolic homeostasis—the gut microbiota has gone from being the forgotten organ to a potential key player in the AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Seo
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Li F, Hearn M, Bennett LE. The role of microbial infection in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and the opportunity for protection by anti-microbial peptides. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:240-253. [PMID: 33555958 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1876630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Its pathology is primarily characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid β peptide and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Current rationales to explain the pathogenesis of AD include amyloid cascade, inflammation, infection defense and anti-microbial protection hypotheses. This review focuses on recent advances in the infection hypothesis, in particular on those pathogenic microbes that act systemically, via periodontal and gastro-intestinal infection routes. It is proposed that the evidence convincingly supports that pathogenic microbial infection is associated with, and is likely a causative trigger for, AD pathology. Microbes can drive AD pathology by two main pathways: either by directly infecting the brain and stimulating amyloid-mediated defence (causative trigger) or indirectly, by stimulating the pro-inflammatory effects of infection. In this context, it follows that anti-microbial/anti-infection therapies could be effective for regulating the pathology and symptoms of AD, depending on the stage of disease. As long-term administration of traditional antibiotic therapy is not recommended, alternative antibiotic agents such as anti-microbial peptides (AMPs), could be preferred for intervention and disease management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feijie Li
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milton Hearn
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise E Bennett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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lncRNA SNHG14 Plays a Role in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Regulating miR-93. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5318369. [PMID: 33505213 PMCID: PMC7806393 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5318369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common organ injury in sepsis, which leads to poor prognosis. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolus RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) was recognized to induce cell injury in LPS-induced acute lung injury and Parkinson's disease. We want to investigate the functions and mechanisms of SNHG14 in sepsis-induced AKI. Increased expression of SNHG14 was observed in LPS-induced HK-2 cells, and this was due to the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In vitro studies showed that SNHG14 was involved in the oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of LPS-induced HK-2 cells. Further investigations confirmed that SNHG14 exerted the functions via miR-93 which could regulate the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling by targeting IRAK4 and IL-6R. We also found that silencing SNHG14 also alleviated cellular injury processes of IL-1β and IL-6 in HK-2 cells via miR-93. We demonstrate that SNHG14 accelerates cellular injury in sepsis-induced AKI by activating IRAK4/NF-κB and IL-6R/STAT3 signaling via miR-93.
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Nara PL, Sindelar D, Penn MS, Potempa J, Griffin WST. Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles as the Major Driver of and Explanation for Neuropathogenesis, the Cholinergic Hypothesis, Iron Dyshomeostasis, and Salivary Lactoferrin in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1417-1450. [PMID: 34275903 PMCID: PMC8461682 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is a primary oral pathogen in the widespread biofilm-induced "chronic" multi-systems inflammatory disease(s) including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is possibly the only second identified unique example of a biological extremophile in the human body. Having a better understanding of the key microbiological and genetic mechanisms of its pathogenesis and disease induction are central to its future diagnosis, treatment, and possible prevention. The published literature around the role of Pg in AD highlights the bacteria's direct role within the brain to cause disease. The available evidence, although somewhat adopted, does not fully support this as the major process. There are alternative pathogenic/virulence features associated with Pg that have been overlooked and may better explain the pathogenic processes found in the "infection hypothesis" of AD. A better explanation is offered here for the discrepancy in the relatively low amounts of "Pg bacteria" residing in the brain compared to the rather florid amounts and broad distribution of one or more of its major bacterial protein toxins. Related to this, the "Gingipains Hypothesis", AD-related iron dyshomeostasis, and the early reduced salivary lactoferrin, along with the resurrection of the Cholinergic Hypothesis may now be integrated into one working model. The current paper suggests the highly evolved and developed Type IX secretory cargo system of Pg producing outer membrane vesicles may better explain the observed diseases. Thus it is hoped this paper can provide a unifying model for the sporadic form of AD and guide the direction of research, treatment, and possible prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc S. Penn
- Summa Heart Health and Vascular Institute, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases in the School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - W. Sue T. Griffin
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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OʼShea TM, Wollenberg AL, Kim JH, Ao Y, Deming TJ, Sofroniew MV. Foreign body responses in mouse central nervous system mimic natural wound responses and alter biomaterial functions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6203. [PMID: 33277474 PMCID: PMC7718896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials hold promise for therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). Little is known about molecular factors that determine CNS foreign body responses (FBRs) in vivo, or about how such responses influence biomaterial function. Here, we probed these factors in mice using a platform of injectable hydrogels readily modified to present interfaces with different physiochemical properties to host cells. We found that biomaterial FBRs mimic specialized multicellular CNS wound responses not present in peripheral tissues, which serve to isolate damaged neural tissue and restore barrier functions. We show that the nature and intensity of CNS FBRs are determined by definable properties that significantly influence hydrogel functions, including resorption and molecular delivery when injected into healthy brain or stroke injuries. Cationic interfaces elicit stromal cell infiltration, peripherally derived inflammation, neural damage and amyloid production. Nonionic and anionic formulations show minimal levels of these responses, which contributes to superior bioactive molecular delivery. Our results identify specific molecular mechanisms that drive FBRs in the CNS and have important implications for developing effective biomaterials for CNS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M OʼShea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1763, USA
| | - Alexander L Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1600, USA
| | - Jae H Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1763, USA
| | - Yan Ao
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1763, USA
| | - Timothy J Deming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1600, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1600, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1763, USA.
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Snarr BD, Drummond RA, Lionakis MS. It's all in your head: antifungal immunity in the brain. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:41-46. [PMID: 32828989 PMCID: PMC7438209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As the incidence rate of invasive fungal infections has increased with the use of modern medical interventions, so too has the occurrence of fungi invading the brain. Fungi such as Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus often infect immunocompromised individuals, and can use several strategies to invade the central nervous system (CNS) by penetrating the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain parenchyma the specialized resident immune cells need to effectively recognize the fungus and mount an appropriate immune response to clear the infection, without causing debilitating immune-mediated toxicity and neuronal damage. Here we review the current knowledge pertaining to the antifungal response of the CNS and highlight areas where future research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan D Snarr
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca A Drummond
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology & Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Ha JY, Choi SY, Lee JH, Hong SH, Lee HJ. Delivery of Periodontopathogenic Extracellular Vesicles to Brain Monocytes and Microglial IL-6 Promotion by RNA Cargo. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:596366. [PMID: 33330627 PMCID: PMC7732644 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.596366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs), also known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), are secreted from bacterial cells and have attracted research attention due to their role in cell-to-cell communication. During OMV secretion, a variety of cargo such as extracellular RNA (exRNA) is loaded into the OMV. The involvement of exRNAs from a range of bacteria has been identified in several diseases, however, their mechanism of action has not been elucidated. We have recently demonstrated that OMVs secreted by the periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and that its exRNA cargo could promote the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain. However, it was unclear whether the brain immune cells could actually take up bacterial OMVs, which originate outside of the brain, in an appropriate immune response. In the present study, using monocyte-specific live CX3CR1-GFP mice, we visualized OMV-colocalized meningeal macrophages and microglial cells into which bacterial OMVs had been loaded and intravenously injected through tail veins. Our results suggested that meningeal macrophages uptake BBB-crossed OMVs earlier than do cortex microglia. BV2 cells (a murine microglia cell line) and exRNAs were also visualized after OMV treatment and their proinflammatory cytokine levels were observed. Interleukin (IL)-6 and NF-κB of BV2 cells were activated by A. actinomycetemcomitans exRNAs but not by OMV DNA cargo. Altogether, these findings indicate that OMVs can successfully deliver exRNAs into brain monocyte/microglial cells and cause neuroinflammation, implicating a novel pathogenic mechanism in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeong Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Song-Yi Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Heon-Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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González-Sanmiguel J, Schuh CMAP, Muñoz-Montesino C, Contreras-Kallens P, Aguayo LG, Aguayo S. Complex Interaction between Resident Microbiota and Misfolded Proteins: Role in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2020; 9:E2476. [PMID: 33203002 PMCID: PMC7697492 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are brain conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. These diseases are associated with the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ), alpha synuclein (α-Syn) and prion protein (PrP) depositions in the brain, respectively, which lead to synaptic disconnection and subsequent progressive neuronal death. Although considerable progress has been made in elucidating the pathogenesis of these diseases, the specific mechanisms of their origins remain largely unknown. A body of research suggests a potential association between host microbiota, neuroinflammation and dementia, either directly due to bacterial brain invasion because of barrier leakage and production of toxins and inflammation, or indirectly by modulating the immune response. In the present review, we focus on the emerging topics of neuroinflammation and the association between components of the human microbiota and the deposition of Aβ, α-Syn and PrP in the brain. Special focus is given to gut and oral bacteria and biofilms and to the potential mechanisms associating microbiome dysbiosis and toxin production with neurodegeneration. The roles of neuroinflammation, protein misfolding and cellular mediators in membrane damage and increased permeability are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina M. A. P. Schuh
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile; (C.M.A.P.S.); (P.C.-K.)
| | - Carola Muñoz-Montesino
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (J.G.-S.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Pamina Contreras-Kallens
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile; (C.M.A.P.S.); (P.C.-K.)
| | - Luis G. Aguayo
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (J.G.-S.); (C.M.-M.)
- Program on Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Sebastian Aguayo
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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Sun B, Dong Y, An Y, Liu M, Han J, Zhao L, Liu X. Design, synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of novel arylalkene-amide derivatives as dual-target antifungal inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Cao J, Wang M, Gong C, Amakye WK, Sun X, Ren J. Identification of Microbiota within Aβ Plaque in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:953-962. [PMID: 33098544 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbes like viruses, bacteria, and fungi have all been reported in the brain of Alzheimer's postmortem patients and/or AD mouse model; however, the relationship between brain microbes and Aβ plaque deposition remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we first analyzed bacteria populations in the brain of 4-, 5-, and 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice and then examined the Aβ-positive loads of APP/PS1 mouse at 9 months old to identify bacteria in the brain by 16S rDNA sequencing. Finally, blood-brain barrier permeability was measured by injecting dextrans through the tail vein. Surprisingly, the diversity of microbial community gradually decreased in APP/PS1 mouse while wild-type mouse showed no obvious regularity. Moreover, Aβ-positive deposits in the brain showed a significantly higher relative abundance of microbiota than Aβ-negative tissues and age-matched wild-type mouse brain tissues. In addition, an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability was also observed in APP/PS1 mouse. The present study revealed the exact location of microbes within the Aβ plaques in the brain and suggested the potential antimicrobial effect of the Aβ peptide. We strongly recommend that future research on microbiota-related AD pathology should focus on the migration route of microbiota into the brain and how the microbiota enhance AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Gong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - William Kwame Amakye
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, People's Republic of China. .,, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
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50
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Javed I, Zhang Z, Adamcik J, Andrikopoulos N, Li Y, Otzen DE, Lin S, Mezzenga R, Davis TP, Ding F, Ke PC. Accelerated Amyloid Beta Pathogenesis by Bacterial Amyloid FapC. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001299. [PMID: 32999841 PMCID: PMC7509637 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis has attracted increasing attention in recent years, fueled by accumulating symptomatic, physiological, and pathological findings. In this study, the aggregation and toxicity of amyloid beta (Aβ), the pathogenic peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), seeded by FapC amyloid fragments (FapCS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that colonizes the gut microbiome through infections are examined. FapCS display favorable binding with Aβ and a catalytic capacity in seeding the peptide amyloidosis. Upon seeding, twisted Aβ fibrils assume a much-shortened periodicity approximating that of FapC fibrils, accompanied by a 37% sharp rise in the fibrillar diameter, compared with the control. The robust seeding capacity for Aβ by FapCS and the biofilm fragments derived from P. aeruginosa entail abnormal behavior pathology and immunohistology, as well as impaired cognitive function of zebrafish. Together, the data offer the first concrete evidence of structural integration and inheritance in peptide cross-seeding, a crucial knowledge gap in understanding the pathological correlations between different amyloid diseases. The catalytic role of infectious bacteria in promoting Aβ amyloidosis may be exploited as a potential therapeutic target, while the altered mesoscopic signatures of Aβ fibrils may serve as a prototype for molecular assembly and a biomarker for screening bacterial infections in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Javed
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Physics and AstronomyClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - Jozef Adamcik
- Food & Soft MaterialsDepartment of Health Science & TechnologyETH ZurichSchmelzbergstrasse 9, LFO, E23Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Andrikopoulos
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Yuhuan Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Daniel E. Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)University of AarhusAarhus CAarhus8000Denmark
| | - Sijie Lin
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringBiomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research InstituteShanghai East HospitalShanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological SecurityTongji University1239 Siping RoadShanghai200092China
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Food & Soft MaterialsDepartment of Health Science & TechnologyETH ZurichSchmelzbergstrasse 9, LFO, E23Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Physics and AstronomyClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - Pu Chun Ke
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Zhongshan HospitalFudan University111 Yixueyuan Rd, Xuhui DistrictShanghai200032China
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