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Edler P, Schwab LSU, Aban M, Wille M, Spirason N, Deng YM, Carlock MA, Ross TM, Juno JA, Rockman S, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Barr IG, Price DJ, Koutsakos M. Immune imprinting in early life shapes cross-reactivity to influenza B virus haemagglutinin. Nat Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41564-024-01732-8. [PMID: 38890491 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Influenza exposures early in life are believed to shape future susceptibility to influenza infections by imprinting immunological biases that affect cross-reactivity to future influenza viruses. However, direct serological evidence linked to susceptibility is limited. Here we analysed haemagglutination-inhibition titres in 1,451 cross-sectional samples collected between 1992 and 2020, from individuals born between 1917 and 2008, against influenza B virus (IBV) isolates from 1940 to 2021. We included testing of 'future' isolates that circulated after sample collection. We show that immunological biases are conferred by early life IBV infection and result in lineage-specific cross-reactivity of a birth cohort towards future IBV isolates. This translates into differential estimates of susceptibility between birth cohorts towards the B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineages, predicting lineage-specific birth-cohort distributions of observed medically attended IBV infections. Our data suggest that immunological measurements of imprinting could be important in modelling and predicting virus epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta Edler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lara S U Schwab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malet Aban
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Wille
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Pathogen Genomics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Spirason
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Centre, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Centre, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Vaccine Product Development, CSL Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Schwab LSU, Do THT, Pilapitiya D, Koutsakos M. Dissemination of influenza B virus to the lower respiratory tract of mice is restricted by the interferon response. J Virol 2024; 98:e0160423. [PMID: 38780249 PMCID: PMC11237704 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01604-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The global burden of disease caused by influenza B virus (IBV) is substantial; however, IBVs remain overlooked. Understanding host-pathogen interactions and establishing physiologically relevant models of infection are important for the development and assessment of therapeutics and vaccines against IBV. In this study, we assessed an upper respiratory tract (URT)-restricted model of mouse IBV infection, comparing it to the conventional administration of the virus to the total respiratory tract (TRT). We found that URT infections caused by different strains of IBV disseminate to the trachea but resulted in limited dissemination of IBV to the lungs. Infection of the URT did not result in weight loss or systemic inflammation even at high inoculum doses and despite robust viral replication in the nose. Dissemination of IBV to the lungs was enhanced in mice lacking functional type I IFN receptor (IFNAR2), but not IFNγ. Conversely, in mice expressing the IFN-inducible gene Mx1, we found reduced IBV replication in the lungs and reduced dissemination of IBV from the URT to the lungs. Inoculation of IBV in both the URT and TRT resulted in seroconversion against IBV. However, priming at the TRT conferred superior protection from a heterologous lethal IBV challenge compared to URT priming, as determined by improved survival rates and reduced viral replication throughout the respiratory tract. Overall, our study establishes a URT-restricted IBV infection model, highlights the critical role of IFNs in limiting dissemination of IBV to the lungs, and also demonstrates that the lack of viral replication in the lungs may impact protection from subsequent infections. IMPORTANCE Our study investigated how influenza B virus (IBV) spreads from the nose to the lungs of mice and the impact this has on disease and protection from re-infection. We found that when applied to the nose only, IBV does not spread very efficiently to the lungs in a process controlled by the interferon response. Priming immunity at the nose only resulted in less protection from re-infection than priming immunity at both the nose and lungs. These insights can guide the development of potential therapies targeting the interferon response as well as of intranasal vaccines against IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S U Schwab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi H T Do
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devaki Pilapitiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Vanderven HA, Kent SJ. Fc-mediated functions and the treatment of severe respiratory viral infections with passive immunotherapy - a balancing act. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1307398. [PMID: 38077353 PMCID: PMC10710136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1307398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunotherapies have been used to treat severe respiratory infections for over a century, with convalescent blood products from recovered individuals given to patients with influenza-related pneumonia as long ago as the Spanish flu pandemic. However, passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma or hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG) has not provided unequivocal evidence of a clinical benefit for severe respiratory infections including influenza and COVID-19. Efficacy trials, primarily conducted in late-stage disease, have demonstrated inconsistent efficacy and clinical benefit for hIVIG treatment of severe respiratory infections. To date, most serological analyses of convalescent plasma and hIVIG trial samples have focused on the measurement of neutralizing antibody titres. There is, however, increasing evidence that baseline antibody levels and extra-neutralizing antibody functions influence the outcome of passive immunotherapy in humans. In this perspective, findings from convalescent plasma and hIVIG trials for severe influenza, COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) will be described. Clinical trial results will be discussed in the context of the potential beneficial and deleterious roles of antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions, with a focus on natural killer cells and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Overall, we postulate that treating respiratory viral infections with hIVIG represents a delicate balance between protection and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A. Vanderven
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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Edgar JE, Trezise S, Anthony RM, Krammer F, Palese P, Ravetch JV, Bournazos S. Antibodies elicited in humans upon chimeric hemagglutinin-based influenza virus vaccination confer FcγR-dependent protection in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2314905120. [PMID: 37871218 PMCID: PMC10622865 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314905120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody responses against highly conserved epitopes on the stalk domain of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) confer broad protection; however, such responses are limited. To effectively induce stalk-specific immunity against conserved HA epitopes, sequential immunization strategies have been developed based on chimeric HA (cHA) constructs featuring different head domains but the same stalk regions. Immunogenicity studies in small animal models, as well as in humans, revealed that cHA immunogens elicit stalk-specific IgG responses with broad specificity against heterologous influenza virus strains. However, the mechanisms by which these antibodies confer in vivo protection and the contribution of their Fc effector function remain unclear. To characterize the role of Fc-FcγR (Fcγ receptor) interactions to the in vivo protective activity of IgG antibodies elicited in participants in a phase I trial of a cHA vaccine candidate, we performed passive transfer studies of vaccine-elicited IgG antibodies in mice humanized for all classes of FcγRs, as well as in mice deficient for FcγRs. IgG antibodies elicited upon cHA vaccination completely protected FcγR humanized mice against lethal influenza virus challenge, while no protection was evident in FcγR-deficient mice, suggesting a major role for FcγR pathways in the protective function of vaccine-elicited IgG antibodies. These findings have important implications for influenza vaccine development, guiding the design of vaccination approaches with the capacity to elicit IgG responses with optimal Fc effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Edgar
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Stephanie Trezise
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02129
| | - Robert M. Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02129
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Jeffrey V. Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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Vanderven HA, Wentworth DN, Han WM, Peck H, Barr IG, Davey RT, Beigel JH, Dwyer DE, Jain MK, Angus B, Brandt CT, Mykietiuk A, Law MG, Neaton JD, Kent SJ. Understanding the treatment benefit of hyperimmune anti-influenza intravenous immunoglobulin (Flu-IVIG) for severe human influenza. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167464. [PMID: 37289541 PMCID: PMC10443807 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDAntibody-based therapies for respiratory viruses are of increasing importance. The INSIGHT 006 trial administered anti-influenza hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin (Flu-IVIG) to patients hospitalized with influenza. Flu-IVIG treatment improved outcomes in patients with influenza B but showed no benefit for influenza A.METHODSTo probe potential mechanisms of Flu-IVIG utility, sera collected from patients hospitalized with influenza A or B viruses (IAV or IBV) were analyzed for antibody isotype/subclass and Fcγ receptor (FcγR) binding by ELISA, bead-based multiplex, and NK cell activation assays.RESULTSInfluenza-specific FcγR-binding antibodies were elevated in Flu-IVIG-infused IBV- and IAV-infected patients. In IBV-infected participants (n = 62), increased IgG3 and FcγR binding were associated with more favorable outcomes. Flu-IVIG therapy also improved the odds of a more favorable outcome in patients with low levels of anti-IBV Fc-functional antibody. Higher FcγR-binding antibody was associated with less favorable outcomes in IAV-infected patients (n = 50), and Flu-IVIG worsened the odds of a favorable outcome in participants with low levels of anti-IAV Fc-functional antibody.CONCLUSIONThese detailed serological analyses provide insights into antibody features and mechanisms required for a successful humoral response against influenza, suggesting that IBV-specific, but not IAV-specific, antibodies with Fc-mediated functions may assist in improving influenza outcome. This work will inform development of improved influenza immunotherapies.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02287467.FUNDINGFunding for this research was provided by subcontract 13XS134 under Leidos Biomedical Research Prime Contract HHSN261200800001E and HHSN261201500003I, NCI/NIAID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A. Vanderven
- Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, and
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah N. Wentworth
- Divison of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Win Min Han
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heidi Peck
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian G. Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard T. Davey
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John H. Beigel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominic E. Dwyer
- New South Wales Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | | | - Brian Angus
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian T. Brandt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Matthew G. Law
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James D. Neaton
- Divison of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Khalil AM, Piepenbrink MS, Markham I, Basu M, Martinez-Sobrido L, Kobie JJ. Fc-Effector-Independent in vivo Activity of a Potent Influenza B Neuraminidase Broadly Neutralizing Antibody. Viruses 2023; 15:1540. [PMID: 37515226 PMCID: PMC10383564 DOI: 10.3390/v15071540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) contributes to substantial influenza-mediated morbidity and mortality, particularly among children. Similar to influenza A viruses (IAV), the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of IBV undergo antigenic drift, necessitating regular reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines. NA inhibitors, such as oseltamivir, have reduced activity and clinical efficacy against IBV, while M2 channel inhibitors are only effective against IAV, highlighting the need for improved vaccine and therapeutics for the treatment of seasonal IBV infections. We have previously described a potent human monoclonal antibody (hMAb), 1092D4, that is specific for IBV NA and neutralizes a broad range of IBVs. The anti-viral activity of MAbs can include direct mechanisms such as through neutralization and/or Fc-mediated effector functions that are dependent on accessory cells expressing Fc receptors and that could be impacted by potential host-dependent variability. To discern if the in vivo efficacy of 1092D4 was dependent on Fc-effector function, 1092D4 hMAb with reduced ability to bind to Fc receptors (1092D4-LALAPG) was generated and tested. 1092D4-LALAPG had comparable in vitro binding, neutralization, and inhibition of NA activity to 1092D4. 1092D4-LALAPG was effective at protecting against a lethal challenge of IBV in mice. These results suggest that hMAb 1092D4 in vivo activity is minimally dependent on Fc-effector functions, a characteristic that may extend to other hMAbs that have potent NA inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Khalil
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Michael S Piepenbrink
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ian Markham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Madhubanti Basu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - James J Kobie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Anderson GP, Irving LB, Jarnicki A, Kedzierska K, Koutsakos M, Kent S, Hurt AC, Wheatley AK, Nguyen THO, Snape N, Upham JW. Prime-boost, double-dose influenza vaccine immunity in COPD: a pilot observational study. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00641-2021. [PMID: 36891079 PMCID: PMC9986756 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00641-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COPD patients are more susceptible to viral respiratory infections and their sequelae, and have intrinsically weaker immune responses to vaccinations against influenza and other pathogens. Prime-boost, double-dose immunisation has been suggested as a general strategy to overcome weak humoral response to vaccines, such as seasonal influenza vaccination, in susceptible populations with weak immunity. However, this strategy, which may also provide fundamental insights into the nature of weakened immunity, has not been formally studied in COPD. Methods We conducted an open-label study of seasonal influenza vaccination in 33 vaccine-experienced COPD patients recruited from established cohorts (mean age 70 (95% CI 66.9-73.2) years; mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio 53.4% (95% CI 48.0-58.8%)). Patients received two sequential standard doses of the 2018 quadrivalent influenza vaccine (15 μg haemagglutinin per strain) in a prime-boost schedule 28 days apart. We measured strain-specific antibody titres, an accepted surrogate of likely efficacy, and induction of strain-specific B-cell responses following the prime and boost immunisations. Results Whereas priming immunisation induced the expected increase in strain-specific antibody titres, a second booster dose was strikingly ineffective at further increasing antibody titres. Similarly, priming immunisation induced strain-specific B-cells, but a second booster dose did not further enhance the B-cell response. Poor antibody responses were associated with male gender and cumulative cigarette exposure. Conclusions Prime-boost, double-dose immunisation does not further improve influenza vaccine immunogenicity in previously vaccinated COPD patients. These findings underscore the need to design more effective vaccine strategies for COPD patients for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Anderson
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Louis B Irving
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew Jarnicki
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Clinic and Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Hospital, Monash University Central Clinical School, Carlton, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Natale Snape
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
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Rockman S, Laurie K, Ong C, Rajaram S, McGovern I, Tran V, Youhanna J. Cell-Based Manufacturing Technology Increases Antigenic Match of Influenza Vaccine and Results in Improved Effectiveness. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:52. [PMID: 36679895 PMCID: PMC9861528 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure that vaccination offers the best protection against an infectious disease, sequence identity between the vaccine and the circulating strain is paramount. During replication of nucleic acid, random mutations occur due to the level of polymerase fidelity. In traditional influenza vaccine manufacture, vaccine viruses are propagated in fertilized chicken eggs, which can result in egg-adaptive mutations in the antigen-encoding genes. Whilst this improves infection and replication in eggs, mutations may reduce the effectiveness of egg-based influenza vaccines against circulating human viruses. In contrast, egg-adaptive mutations are avoided when vaccine viruses are propagated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines during manufacture of cell-based inactivated influenza vaccines. The first mammalian cell-only strain was included in Flucelvax® Quadrivalent in 2017. A sequence analysis of the viruses selected for inclusion in this vaccine (n = 15 vaccine strains, containing both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) demonstrated that no mutations occur in the antigenic sites of either hemagglutinin or neuraminidase, indicating that cell adaptation does not occur during production of this cell-based vaccine. The development of this now entirely mammalian-based vaccine system, which incorporates both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, ensures that the significant protective antigens are equivalent to the strains recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in both amino acid sequence and glycosylation pattern. The inclusion of both proteins in a vaccine may provide an advantage over recombinant vaccines containing hemagglutinin alone. Findings from real world effectiveness studies support the use of cell-based influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rockman
- CSL Seqirus Ltd., Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Karen Laurie
- CSL Seqirus Ltd., Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Chi Ong
- CSL Seqirus Ltd., Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | | | | | - Vy Tran
- CSL Seqirus Ltd., Kirkland, QC H9H 4M7, Canada
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Manley HJ, Lacson EK, Aweh G, Chen Li N, Weiner DE, Miskulin DC, Hsu CM, Kapoian T, Hayney MS, Meyer KB, Johnson DS. Seroresponse to Inactivated and Recombinant Influenza Vaccines Among Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2022; 80:309-318. [PMID: 35288216 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.01.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE High-dose influenza vaccine provides better protection against influenza infection in older adults than standard-dose vaccine. We compared vaccine seroresponse among hemodialysis patients over a period of 4 months after administration of high-dose trivalent inactivated (HD-IIV3), standard-dose quadrivalent inactivated (SD-IIV4), or quadrivalent recombinant quadrivalent (RIV4) influenza vaccine. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Patients at 4 hemodialysis clinics who received influenza vaccine. EXPOSURE Type of influenza vaccine. OUTCOME Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers were measured at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after vaccination. The primary outcome was seroprotection rates at HI titers of at least 1:40 and at least 1:160 (antibody levels providing protection from infection in approximately 50% and 95% of immunocompetent individuals, respectively) at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after vaccination. ANALYTICAL APPROACH We calculated geometric mean titer as well as seroprotection and seroconversion rates. Adjusted generalized linear models with additional trend analyses were performed to evaluate the association between vaccine type and outcomes. RESULTS 254 hemodialysis patients were vaccinated against influenza with HD-IIV3 (n = 141), SD-IIV4 (n = 36), or RIV4 (n = 77). A robust initial seroresponse to influenza A strains was observed after all 3 vaccines. Geometric mean titer and seroprotection (HI titer ≥1:160) rates against influenza A strains were higher and more sustained with HD-IIV3 than SD-IIV4 or RIV4. More than 80% of patients vaccinated with HD-IIV3 were seroprotected (HI titer ≥1:160) at month 4 (P < 0.001), whereas, among patients vaccinated with SD-IIV4 or RIV4, seroprotection rates were similar to those at baseline. Seroprotection rates were lower against B strains for all vaccines. LIMITATIONS Because of the use of observational data, bias from unmeasured confounders may exist. Some age subgroups were small in number. Clinical outcome data were not available. CONCLUSIONS Hemodialysis patients exhibited high seroprotection rates after all 3 influenza vaccines. The seroresponse waned more slowly with HD-IIV3 compared with SD-IIV4 and RIV4 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J Manley
- Pharmacy Division, Dialysis Clinic, Inc, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Eduardo K Lacson
- Clinical Science & Quality Initiatives Division, Dialysis Clinic, Inc, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Medicine, Nephrology Service, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gideon Aweh
- Clinical Science & Quality Initiatives Division, Dialysis Clinic, Inc, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nien Chen Li
- Clinical Science & Quality Initiatives Division, Dialysis Clinic, Inc, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel E Weiner
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Service, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dana C Miskulin
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Service, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline M Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Service, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Toros Kapoian
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Service, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary S Hayney
- Pharmacy Practice Division, University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Klemens B Meyer
- Clinical Science & Quality Initiatives Division, Dialysis Clinic, Inc, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Medicine, Nephrology Service, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Doug S Johnson
- Clinical Science & Quality Initiatives Division, Dialysis Clinic, Inc, Nashville, Tennessee
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10
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Development of a pentavalent broadly protective nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against influenza B viruses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4677. [PMID: 35945226 PMCID: PMC9362976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines represent a new, effective vaccine platform with high capacity for rapid development. Generation of a universal influenza virus vaccine with the potential to elicit long-lasting, broadly cross-reactive immune responses is a necessity for reducing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. Here we focus on the development of a universal influenza B virus vaccine based on the lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA (mRNA-LNP) platform. We evaluate vaccine candidates based on different target antigens that afford protection against challenge with ancestral and recent influenza B viruses from both antigenic lineages. A pentavalent vaccine combining all tested antigens protects mice from morbidity at a very low dose of 50 ng per antigen after a single vaccination. These findings support the further advancement of nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNPs expressing multiple conserved antigens as universal influenza virus vaccine candidates. The public health concern caused by influenza B virus is often overlooked, yet represents a significant global burden. Here, the authors evaluate the cellular and humoral immune responses of multivalent vaccine candidates, based on the lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA platform, and demonstrate protection of mice from challenge with a broad panel of influenza B viruses.
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11
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Tsybalova LM, Stepanova LA, Ramsay ES, Vasin AV. Influenza B: Prospects for the Development of Cross-Protective Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061323. [PMID: 35746794 PMCID: PMC9228933 DOI: 10.3390/v14061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the epidemiological and ecological features of influenza B, one of the most common and severe respiratory infections. The review presents various strategies for cross-protective influenza B vaccine development, including recombinant viruses, virus-like particles, and recombinant proteins. We provide an overview of viral proteins as cross-protective vaccine targets, along with other updated broadly protective vaccine strategies. The importance of developing such vaccines lies not only in influenza B prevention, but also in the very attractive prospect of eradicating the influenza B virus in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila M. Tsybalova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Liudmila A. Stepanova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
| | - Edward S. Ramsay
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
| | - Andrey V. Vasin
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
- Research Institute of Influenza named after A.A. Smorodintsev, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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12
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A Hemagglutinin Stem Vaccine Designed Rationally by AlphaFold2 Confers Broad Protection against Influenza B Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061305. [PMID: 35746776 PMCID: PMC9229588 DOI: 10.3390/v14061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two lineages of influenza B viruses (IBV) co-circulating in human beings have been posing a significant public health burden worldwide. A substantial number of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been identified targeting conserved epitopes on hemagglutinin (HA) stem domain, posing great interest for universal influenza vaccine development. Various strategies to design immunogens that selectively present these conserved epitopes are being explored. However, it has been a challenge to retain native conformation of the HA stem region, especially for soluble expression in prokaryotic systems. Here, using a structure prediction tool AlphaFold2, we rationally designed a stable stem antigen “B60-Stem-8071”, an HA stem vaccine derived from B/Brisbane/60/2006 grafted with a CR8071 epitope as a linker. The B60-Stem-8071 exhibited better solubility and more stable expression in the E. coli system compared to the naïve HA stem antigen. Immunization with B60-Stem-8071 in mice generated cross-reactive antibodies and protected mice broadly against lethal challenge with Yamagata and Victoria lineages of influenza B virus. Notably, soluble expression of B60-stem-8071 in the E. coli system showed the potential to produce the influenza B vaccine in a low-cost way. This study represents a proof of concept for the rational design of HA stem antigen based on structure prediction and analysis.
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13
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Seo SU, Seong BL. Prospects on Repurposing a Live Attenuated Vaccine for the Control of Unrelated Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877845. [PMID: 35651619 PMCID: PMC9149153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Live vaccines use attenuated microbes to acquire immunity against pathogens in a safe way. As live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) still maintain infectivity, the vaccination stimulates diverse immune responses by mimicking natural infection. Induction of pathogen-specific antibodies or cell-mediated cytotoxicity provides means of specific protection, but LAV can also elicit unintended off-target effects, termed non-specific effects. Such mechanisms as short-lived genetic interference and non-specific innate immune response or long-lasting trained immunity and heterologous immunity allow LAVs to develop resistance to subsequent microbial infections. Based on their safety and potential for interference, LAVs may be considered as an alternative for immediate mitigation and control of unexpected pandemic outbreaks before pathogen-specific therapeutic and prophylactic measures are deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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The Thousand Polish Genomes-A Database of Polish Variant Allele Frequencies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094532. [PMID: 35562925 PMCID: PMC9104289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Slavic populations account for over 4.5% of world inhabitants, no centralised, open-source reference database of genetic variation of any Slavic population exists to date. Such data are crucial for clinical genetics, biomedical research, as well as archeological and historical studies. The Polish population, which is homogenous and sedentary in its nature but influenced by many migrations of the past, is unique and could serve as a genetic reference for the Slavic nations. In this study, we analysed whole genomes of 1222 Poles to identify and genotype a wide spectrum of genomic variation, such as small and structural variants, runs of homozygosity, mitochondrial haplogroups, and de novo variants. Common variant analyses showed that the Polish cohort is highly homogenous and shares ancestry with other European populations. In rare variant analyses, we identified 32 autosomal-recessive genes with significantly different frequencies of pathogenic alleles in the Polish population as compared to the non-Finish Europeans, including C2, TGM5, NUP93, C19orf12, and PROP1. The allele frequencies for small and structural variants, calculated for 1076 unrelated individuals, are released publicly as The Thousand Polish Genomes database, and will contribute to the worldwide genomic resources available to researchers and clinicians.
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15
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Human seasonal influenza under COVID-19 and the potential consequences of influenza lineage elimination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1721. [PMID: 35361789 PMCID: PMC8971476 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual epidemics of seasonal influenza cause hundreds of thousands of deaths, high levels of morbidity, and substantial economic loss. Yet, global influenza circulation has been heavily suppressed by public health measures and travel restrictions since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, the influenza B/Yamagata lineage has not been conclusively detected since April 2020, and A(H3N2), A(H1N1), and B/Victoria viruses have since circulated with considerably less genetic diversity. Travel restrictions have largely confined regional outbreaks of A(H3N2) to South and Southeast Asia, B/Victoria to China, and A(H1N1) to West Africa. Seasonal influenza transmission lineages continue to perish globally, except in these select hotspots, which will likely seed future epidemics. Waning population immunity and sporadic case detection will further challenge influenza vaccine strain selection and epidemic control. We offer a perspective on the potential short- and long-term evolutionary dynamics of seasonal influenza and discuss potential consequences and mitigation strategies as global travel gradually returns to pre-pandemic levels. COVID-19 control measures have suppressed circulation of other infections including influenza. Here, the authors analyse WHO global influenza sequence and case report data and describe changes in the phylogenetic and geographic distribution of influenza lineages during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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16
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Krivitskaya VZ, Kuznecova EV, Maiorova VG, Petrova ER, Sominina AA, Danilenko DM. Influenza vaccination influencing level of specific humoral immunity in healthy individuals. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-ivi-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To assess an effect of vaccination on the level of humoral anti-influenza herd immunity, 2955 sera were collected and analyzed by HIT in the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 epidemiological seasons. All sera were obtained from healthy adult donors residing in various cities of the Russian Federation. Among them, 1057 volunteers were vaccinated with seasonal influenza trivalent inactivated vaccine. Characteristics of humoral anti-influenza immunity (average geometric antibody titers and the proportion of individuals seropositive for the vaccine viruses) obtained in autumn 2019 and 2020 (1–2 months after vaccination) in vaccinated individuals vs. unvaccinated subjects were found to be markedly higher evidencing about a positive vaccination-related contribution to developing herd immunity against influenza in the preepidemic periods. After the 2019–2020 influenza epidemic, in spring 2020 (6–7 months after vaccination), the levels of antibodies to all vaccine components decreased by 2.6–3.5-fold in vaccinated donors compared to the pre-epidemic period in 2019 autumn. Antibody titers became substantially lower than the protective level (titer by HIT 1/40). At the same time, no significant differences between the groups of vaccinated vs. unvaccinated individuals were observed afterwards. This indicates instability of post-vaccination anti-influenza humoral immunity. As a result, it may decrease an influenza-resistant population cohort of working age on the eve of new epidemic season. The immunogenicity of the inactivated trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine was estimated by HIT while analyzing paired sera obtained from 295 and 112 healthy individuals of various ages vaccinated in autumn 2019 and 2020, respectively. The response to the vaccine was found to be age-related. Children aged 3–14 years vs. older subjects showed a more efficient response. Insufficient immunogenicity of influenza B virus vaccine components was shown. In all age groups, average geometric titers for influenza B virus antibodies were lower (2–8-fold) than for current A(H1N1)pdm09-like strains and influenza A(H3N2) viruses 1–1.5 months post-vaccination. Analyzing vaccine immunogenicity showed a significant inverse relationship between the level of preexisting strain-specific serum antibodies before vaccination and formation of antibodies to the corresponding vaccine virus 1–1.5 months after vaccination. Seroconversion to each vaccine component was remarkably more frequent in individuals with a low preexisting level of antibodies specific to the corresponding virus.
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17
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Noy-Porat T, Edri A, Alcalay R, Makdasi E, Gur D, Aftalion M, Evgy Y, Beth-Din A, Levy Y, Epstein E, Radinsky O, Zauberman A, Lazar S, Yitzhaki S, Marcus H, Porgador A, Rosenfeld R, Mazor O. Fc-Independent Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10040045. [PMID: 34842604 PMCID: PMC8628512 DOI: 10.3390/antib10040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of passively-administered neutralizing antibodies is a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antibody-mediated protection may involve immune system recruitment through Fc-dependent activation of effector cells and the complement system. However, the role of Fc-mediated functions in the efficacious in-vivo neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 is not yet clear, and it is of high importance to delineate the role this process plays in antibody-mediated protection. Toward this aim, we have chosen two highly potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies, MD65 and BLN1 that target distinct domains of the spike (RBD and NTD, respectively). The Fc of these antibodies was engineered to include the triple mutation N297G/S298G/T299A that eliminates glycosylation and the binding to FcγR and to the complement system activator C1q. As expected, the virus neutralization activity (in-vitro) of the engineered antibodies was retained. To study the role of Fc-mediated functions, the protective activity of these antibodies was tested against lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, when treatment was initiated either before or two days post-exposure. Antibody treatment with both Fc-variants similarly rescued the mice from death reduced viral load and prevented signs of morbidity. Taken together, this work provides important insight regarding the contribution of Fc-effector functions in MD65 and BLN1 antibody-mediated protection, which should aid in the future design of effective antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Noy-Porat
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Avishay Edri
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.E.); (O.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Ron Alcalay
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Efi Makdasi
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - David Gur
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Moshe Aftalion
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Yentl Evgy
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Yinon Levy
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Eyal Epstein
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Olga Radinsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.E.); (O.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Ayelet Zauberman
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Shirley Lazar
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.E.); (O.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Ronit Rosenfeld
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (O.M.)
| | - Ohad Mazor
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 7404800, Israel; (T.N.-P.); (R.A.); (E.M.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (Y.E.); (A.B.-D.); (Y.L.); (E.E.); (A.Z.); (S.L.); (S.Y.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (O.M.)
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18
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Vanderven HA, Esterbauer R, Jegaskanda S, Tan HX, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Poor protective potential of influenza nucleoprotein antibodies despite wide prevalence. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:49-60. [PMID: 34687553 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to influenza virus through periodic infections. Due to these repeated exposures, human populations commonly have elevated antibody titers targeting the conserved internal influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP). Despite the presence of anti-NP antibodies, humans are acutely susceptible to drifted influenza viruses with antigenically different surface proteins and the protective potential of human NP antibodies is unclear. In this study, high levels of anti-NP antibody and NP-specific B cells were detected in both adult humans and influenza-infected mice, confirming that NP is a major target of humoral immunity. Through sorting single B cells from influenza-exposed human adults, we generated a panel of 11 anti-NP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The majority of anti-NP human mAbs generated were capable of engaging cellular Fc receptors and bound NP on the surface of influenza-infected cell lines in vitro, suggesting that anti-NP mAbs have the potential to mediate downstream Fc effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent phagocytosis. However, human anti-NP mAbs were not protective in vivo when passively transferred into a murine influenza challenge model. Future in vivo studies examining the synergistic effect of anti-NP mAbs infused with other influenza-specific mAbs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Vanderven
- Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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19
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Influenza hemagglutinin-specific IgA Fc-effector functionality is restricted to stalk epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018102118. [PMID: 33593910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we utilized a panel of human immunoglobulin (Ig) IgA monoclonal antibodies isolated from the plasmablasts of eight donors after 2014/2015 influenza virus vaccination (Fluarix) to study the binding and functional specificities of this isotype. In this cohort, isolated IgA monoclonal antibodies were primarily elicited against the hemagglutinin protein of the H1N1 component of the vaccine. To compare effector functionalities, an H1-specific subset of antibodies targeting distinct epitopes were expressed as monomeric, dimeric, or secretory IgA, as well as in an IgG1 backbone. When expressed with an IgG Fc domain, all antibodies elicited Fc-effector activity in a primary polymorphonuclear cell-based assay which differs from previous observations that found only stalk-specific antibodies activate the low-affinity FcγRIIIa. However, when expressed with IgA Fc domains, only antibodies targeting the stalk domain showed Fc-effector activity in line with these previous findings. To identify the cause of this discrepancy, we then confirmed that IgG signaling through the high-affinity FcγI receptor was not restricted to stalk epitopes. Since no corresponding high-affinity Fcα receptor exists, the IgA repertoire may therefore be limited to stalk-specific epitopes in the context of Fc receptor signaling.
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20
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Rajendran M, Krammer F, McMahon M. The Human Antibody Response to the Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Following Infection or Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080846. [PMID: 34451971 PMCID: PMC8402431 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is primarily involved in the release of progeny viruses from infected cells—a critical role for virus replication. Compared to the immuno-dominant hemagglutinin, there are fewer NA subtypes, and NA experiences a slower rate of antigenic drift and reduced immune selection pressure. Furthermore, NA inhibiting antibodies prevent viral egress, thus preventing viral spread. Anti-NA immunity can lessen disease severity, reduce viral shedding, and decrease viral lung titers in humans and various animal models. As a result, there has been a concerted effort to investigate the possibilities of incorporating immunogenic forms of NA as a vaccine antigen in future vaccine formulations. In this review, we discuss NA-based immunity and describe several human NA-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that have a broad range of protection. We also review vaccine platforms that are investigating NA antigens in pre-clinical models and their potential use for next-generation influenza virus vaccines. The evidence presented here supports the inclusion of immunogenic NA in future influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (M.M.)
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21
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Anomalous influenza seasonality in the United States and the emergence of novel influenza B viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2012327118. [PMID: 33495348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012327118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019/2020 influenza season in the United States began earlier than any season since the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, with an increase in influenza-like illnesses observed as early as August. Also noteworthy was the numerical domination of influenza B cases early in this influenza season, in contrast to their typically later peak in the past. Here, we dissect the 2019/2020 influenza season not only with regard to its unusually early activity, but also with regard to the relative dynamics of type A and type B cases. We propose that the recent expansion of a novel influenza B/Victoria clade may be associated with this shift in the composition and kinetics of the influenza season in the United States. We use epidemiological transmission models to explore whether changes in the effective reproduction number or short-term cross-immunity between these viruses can explain the dynamics of influenza A and B seasonality. We find support for an increase in the effective reproduction number of influenza B, rather than support for cross-type immunity-driven dynamics. Our findings have clear implications for optimal vaccination strategies.
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22
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Sun B, Guo X, Wen X, Xie YB, Liu WH, Pang GF, Yang LY, Zhang Q. Application of weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify the hub genes in H1N1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 13:69-85. [PMID: 34336131 PMCID: PMC8310883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying the disease-associated interactions between different genes helps us to find novel therapeutic targets and predictive biomarkers. METHODS Gene expression data GSE82050 from H1N1 and control human samples were acquired from the NCBI GEO database. Highly co-expressed genes were grouped into modules. Through Person's correlation coefficient calculation between the module and clinical phenotype, notable modules were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were conducted, and the hub genes within the module of interest were identified. Also, gene expression data GSE27131 were acquired from the GEO database to verify differential key gene expression analysis. The CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the immune cells infiltration and the GSVA was performed to identify the differentially regulated pathways in H1N1. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the diagnostic values of the hub genes. RESULT The black module was shown to have the highest correlation with the clinical phenotype, mainly functioning in the signaling pathways such as the mitochondrial inner membrane, DNA conformation change, DNA repair, and cell cycle phase transition. Through analysis of the black module, we found 5 genes that were highly correlated with the H1N1 phenotype. The H1N1 project from GSE27131 confirmed an increased expression of these genes. CONCLUSION By using the WGCNA we analyzed and predicted the key genes in H1N1. BRCA1, CDC20, MAD2L1, MCM2, and UBE2C were found to be the most relevant genes, which may be therapeutic targets and predictive biomarkers for H1N1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical UniversityChengde 067000, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical UniversityChengde 067000, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical UniversityChengde 067000, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Bo Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical UniversityChengde 067000, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical UniversityChengde 067000, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Fen Pang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical UniversityChengde 067000, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Ying Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical UniversityChengde 067000, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical UniversityChengde 067000, P. R. China
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23
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Nguyen THO, Koutsakos M, van de Sandt CE, Crawford JC, Loh L, Sant S, Grzelak L, Allen EK, Brahm T, Clemens EB, Auladell M, Hensen L, Wang Z, Nüssing S, Jia X, Günther P, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Aban M, Deng YM, Laurie KL, Hurt AC, Gras S, Rossjohn J, Crowe J, Xu J, Jackson D, Brown LE, La Gruta N, Chen W, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Kotsimbos TC, Thomas PG, Cheng AC, Kedzierska K. Immune cellular networks underlying recovery from influenza virus infection in acute hospitalized patients. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2691. [PMID: 33976217 PMCID: PMC8113517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
How innate and adaptive immune responses work in concert to resolve influenza disease is yet to be fully investigated in one single study. Here, we utilize longitudinal samples from patients hospitalized with acute influenza to understand these immune responses. We report the dynamics of 18 important immune parameters, related to clinical, genetic and virological factors, in influenza patients across different severity levels. Influenza disease correlates with increases in IL-6/IL-8/MIP-1α/β cytokines and lower antibody responses. Robust activation of circulating T follicular helper cells correlates with peak antibody-secreting cells and influenza heamaglutinin-specific memory B-cell numbers, which phenotypically differs from vaccination-induced B-cell responses. Numbers of influenza-specific CD8+ or CD4+ T cells increase early in disease and retain an activated phenotype during patient recovery. We report the characterisation of immune cellular networks underlying recovery from influenza infection which are highly relevant to other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Biology Department, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Emma K Allen
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tim Brahm
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Auladell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Luca Hensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Nüssing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick Günther
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Malet Aban
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen L Laurie
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute For Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jane Crowe
- Deepdene Surgery, Deepdene, VIC, Australia
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - David Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lorena E Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole La Gruta
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute For Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tom C Kotsimbos
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Allen C Cheng
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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24
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Yang F, Nielsen SCA, Hoh RA, Röltgen K, Wirz OF, Haraguchi E, Jean GH, Lee JY, Pham TD, Jackson KJL, Roskin KM, Liu Y, Nguyen K, Ohgami RS, Osborne EM, Nadeau KC, Niemann CU, Parsonnet J, Boyd SD. Shared B cell memory to coronaviruses and other pathogens varies in human age groups and tissues. Science 2021; 372:738-741. [PMID: 33846272 PMCID: PMC8139427 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether B cell repertoires against coronaviruses and other pathogens differ between adults and children and how important these distinctions are. Yang et al. analyzed blood samples from young children and adults, as well as tissues from deceased organ donors, characterizing the B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires specific to six common pathogens and two viruses that they had not seen before: Ebola virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Children had higher frequencies of B cells with convergent BCR heavy chains against previously encountered pathogens and higher frequencies of class-switched convergent B cell clones against SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses. These findings suggest that encounters with coronaviruses in early life may produce cross-reactive memory B cell populations that contribute to divergent COVID-19 susceptibilities. Science, this issue p. 738 Vaccination and infection promote the formation, tissue distribution, and clonal evolution of B cells, which encode humoral immune memory. We evaluated pediatric and adult blood and deceased adult organ donor tissues to determine convergent antigen-specific antibody genes of similar sequences shared between individuals. B cell memory varied for different pathogens. Polysaccharide antigenspecific clones were not exclusive to the spleen. Adults had higher clone frequencies and greater class switching in lymphoid tissues than blood, while pediatric blood had abundant class-switched convergent clones. Consistent with reported serology, prepandemic children had class-switched convergent clones to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with weak cross-reactivity to other coronaviruses, while adult blood or tissues showed few such clones. These results highlight the prominence of early childhood B cell clonal expansions and cross-reactivity for future responses to novel pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | - Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Emily Haraguchi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grace H Jean
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tho D Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Blood Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Krishna M Roskin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert S Ohgami
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eleanor M Osborne
- Sarah Cannon Cancer Center, Tennessee Oncology, Smyrna, TN 37167, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Claus U Niemann
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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25
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Hartley GE, Edwards ESJ, Aui PM, Varese N, Stojanovic S, McMahon J, Peleg AY, Boo I, Drummer HE, Hogarth PM, O'Hehir RE, van Zelm MC. Rapid generation of durable B cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins in COVID-19 and convalescence. Sci Immunol 2021; 5:5/54/eabf8891. [PMID: 33443036 PMCID: PMC7877496 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf8891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lasting immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection is questioned because serum antibodies decline in convalescence. However, functional immunity is mediated by long-lived memory T and B (Bmem) cells. Therefore, we generated fluorescently-labeled tetramers of the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid protein (NCP) to determine the longevity and immunophenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific Bmem cells in COVID-19 patients. A total of 36 blood samples were obtained from 25 COVID-19 patients between 4 and 242 days post-symptom onset including 11 paired samples. While serum IgG to RBD and NCP was identified in all patients, antibody levels began declining at 20 days post-symptom onset. RBD- and NCP-specific Bmem cells predominantly expressed IgM+ or IgG1+ and continued to rise until 150 days. RBD-specific IgG+ Bmem were predominantly CD27+, and numbers significantly correlated with circulating follicular helper T cell numbers. Thus, the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response contracts in convalescence with persistence of RBD- and NCP-specific Bmem cells. Flow cytometric detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific Bmem cells enables detection of long-term immune memory following infection or vaccination for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E Hartley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily S J Edwards
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pei M Aui
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nirupama Varese
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology & Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Stojanovic
- Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Central Clinical school, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Central Clinical school, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Irene Boo
- Viral Entry and Vaccines Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Heidi E Drummer
- Viral Entry and Vaccines Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn E O'Hehir
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology & Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Allergy, Immunology & Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Jiang W, Wong J, Tan HX, Kelly HG, Whitney PG, Barr I, Layton DS, Kent SJ, Wheatley AK, Juno JA. Screening and development of monoclonal antibodies for identification of ferret T follicular helper cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1864. [PMID: 33479388 PMCID: PMC7820401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ferret is a key animal model for investigating the pathogenicity and transmissibility of important human viruses, and for the pre‐clinical assessment of vaccines. However, relatively little is known about the ferret immune system, due in part to a paucity of ferret‐reactive reagents. In particular, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical in the generation of effective humoral responses in humans, mice and other animal models but to date it has not been possible to identify Tfh in ferrets. Here, we describe the screening and development of ferret-reactive BCL6, CXCR5 and PD-1 monoclonal antibodies. We found two commercial anti-BCL6 antibodies (clone K112-91 and clone IG191E/A8) had cross-reactivity with lymph node cells from influenza-infected ferrets. We next developed two murine monoclonal antibodies against ferret CXCR5 (clone feX5-C05) and PD-1 (clone fePD-CL1) using a single B cell PCR-based method. We were able to clearly identify Tfh cells in lymph nodes from influenza infected ferrets using these antibodies. The development of ferret Tfh marker antibodies and the identification of ferret Tfh cells will assist the evaluation of vaccine-induced Tfh responses in the ferret model and the design of novel vaccines against the infection of influenza and other viruses, including SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julius Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah G Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul G Whitney
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research On Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research On Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Clinic and Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Hospital, Monash University Central Clinical School, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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27
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Koutsakos M, Kent SJ. Influenza B viruses: underestimated and overlooked. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ma21033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses circulate globally every year causing respiratory disease with significant clinical and socio-economic impacts. IBV are considered exclusive human pathogens with no established animal reservoirs, which suggests with concerted effort it may be possible to eradicate this virus from human circulation. However, this requires a deeper understanding of IBV virology and immunology and the design of vaccines that induce universal immunity to antigenic variants of IBV.
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28
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Yager EJ, Doll MK. Towards Understanding the Health and Economic Impacts of Quadrivalent and Trivalent Inactivated Vaccines Against Influenza B Infection: Additional Considerations for Future Cost-Benefit Analyses. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:3263-3264. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Yager
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Margaret K Doll
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, USA
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29
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Gaglani M, Flannery B. Reply to Yager and Doll. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:3264-3265. [PMID: 32202294 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Georgia, USA
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30
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Huang S, Zhao Q. Nanomedicine-Combined Immunotherapy for Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5716-5729. [PMID: 31250752 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190618161610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy for cancer includes Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells, CAR-natural Killer (NK) cells, PD1, and the PD-L1 inhibitor. However, the proportion of patients who respond to cancer immunotherapy is not satisfactory. Concurrently, nanotechnology has experienced a revolution in cancer diagnosis and therapy. There are few clinically approved nanoparticles that can selectively bind and target cancer cells and incorporate molecules, although many therapeutic nanocarriers have been approved for clinical use. There are no systematic reviews outlining how nanomedicine and immunotherapy are used in combination to treat cancer. OBJECTIVE This review aims to illustrate how nanomedicine and immunotherapy can be used for cancer treatment to overcome the limitations of the low proportion of patients who respond to cancer immunotherapy and the rarity of nanomaterials in clinical use. METHODS A literature review of MEDLINE, PubMed / PubMed Central, and Google Scholar was performed. We performed a structured search of literature reviews on nanoparticle drug-delivery systems, which included photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, photoacoustic therapy, and immunotherapy for cancer. Moreover, we detailed the advantages and disadvantages of the various nanoparticles incorporated with molecules to discuss the challenges and solutions associated with cancer treatment. CONCLUSION This review identified the advantages and disadvantages associated with improving health care and outcomes. The findings of this review confirmed the importance of nanomedicinecombined immunotherapy for improving the efficacy of cancer treatment. It may become a new way to develop novel cancer therapeutics using nanomaterials to achieve synergistic anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigao Huang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, P.R. China
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31
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Lau YC, Perera RAPM, Fang VJ, Luk LH, Chu DKW, Wu P, Barr IG, Peiris JSM, Cowling BJ. Variation by lineage in serum antibody responses to influenza B virus infections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241693. [PMID: 33166348 PMCID: PMC7652285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two lineages of influenza B virus currently co-circulate and have distinct antigenicity, termed Victoria and Yamagata after the B/Victoria/2/87 and B/Yamagata/16/88 strains, respectively. We analyzed antibody titer dynamics following PCR-confirmed influenza B virus infection in a longitudinal community-based cohort study conducted in Hong Kong from 2009–2014 to assess patterns in changes in antibody titers to B/Victoria and B/Yamagata viruses following infections with each lineage. Among 62 PCR-confirmed cases, almost half had undetectable hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers to the lineage of infection both pre-infection and post-infection. Among those infected with influenza B/Victoria who showed an HAI titer response after infection, we found strong rises to the lineage of infection, positive but smaller cross-lineage HAI titer boosts, a small dependence of HAI titer boosts on pre-infection titers, and a shorter half-life of HAI titers in adults. Our study is limited by the low HAI sensitivity for non-ether-treated IBV antigen and the incapacity of performing other assays with higher sensitivity, as well as the mismatch between the B/Yamagata lineage circulating strain and the assay strain in one of the study seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu Chung Lau
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vicky J. Fang
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Long Hei Luk
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel K. W. Chu
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng Wu
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ian G. Barr
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Characterization of Novel Cross-Reactive Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin Head Specific Antibodies That Lack Hemagglutination Inhibition Activity. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01185-20. [PMID: 32907980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01185-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immune responses to influenza virus vaccines in elderly individuals are poorly adapted toward new antigenically drifted influenza virus strains. Instead, older individuals respond in an original antigenic sin fashion and produce much more cross-reactive but less potent antibodies. Here, we investigated four influenza B virus hemagglutinin (HA) head specific, hemagglutination inhibition-inactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from elderly individuals. We found that they were broadly reactive within the B/Victoria/2/1987-like lineage, and two were highly cross-reactive with B/Yamagata/16/1988-like lineage viruses. The MAbs were found to be neutralizing, to utilize Fc effector functions, and to be protective against lethal viral challenge in a mouse model. In order to identify residues on the influenza B virus hemagglutinin interacting with the MAbs, we generated escape mutant viruses. Interestingly, escape from these MAbs led to numerous HA mutations within the head domain, including in the defined antigenic sites. We observed that each individual escape mutant virus was able to avoid neutralization by its respective MAb along with other MAbs in the panel, although in many cases binding activity was maintained. Point mutant viruses indicated that K90 is critical for the neutralization of two MAbs, while escape from the other two MAbs required a combination of mutations in the hemagglutinin. Three of four escape mutant viruses had increased lethality in the DBA2/J mouse model. Our work indicates that these cross-reactive antibodies have the potential to cause antigenic drift in the viral population by driving mutations that increase virus fitness. However, binding activity and cross-neutralization were maintained by a majority of antibodies in the panel, suggesting that this drift may not lead to escape from antibody-mediated protection.IMPORTANCE Understanding the immune response that older individuals mount to influenza virus vaccination and infection is critical in order to design better vaccines for this age group. Here, we show that older individuals make broadly neutralizing antibodies that have no hemagglutination-inhibiting activity and are less potent than strain-specific antibodies. These antibodies could drive viral escape from neutralization but did not result in escape from binding. Given their different mechanisms of action, they might retain protective activity even against escape variants.
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Rockman S, Laurie KL, Parkes S, Wheatley A, Barr IG. New Technologies for Influenza Vaccines. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111745. [PMID: 33172191 PMCID: PMC7694987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development has been hampered by the long lead times and the high cost required to reach the market. The 2020 pandemic, caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that was first reported in late 2019, has seen unprecedented rapid activity to generate a vaccine, which belies the traditional vaccine development cycle. Critically, much of this progress has been leveraged off existing technologies, many of which had their beginnings in influenza vaccine development. This commentary outlines the most promising of the next generation of non-egg-based influenza vaccines including new manufacturing platforms, structure-based antigen design/computational biology, protein-based vaccines including recombinant technologies, nanoparticles, gene- and vector-based technologies, as well as an update on activities around a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rockman
- Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (S.R.); (S.P.)
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (A.W.); (I.G.B.)
| | - Karen L. Laurie
- Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (S.R.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Parkes
- Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Adam Wheatley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (A.W.); (I.G.B.)
| | - Ian G. Barr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (A.W.); (I.G.B.)
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Zaraket H, Hurt AC, Clinch B, Barr I, Lee N. Burden of influenza B virus infection and considerations for clinical management. Antiviral Res 2020; 185:104970. [PMID: 33159999 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza B viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in children, but the awareness of their impact is often less than influenza A viruses partly due to their lack of pandemic potential. Here, we summarise the biology, epidemiology and disease burden of influenza B, and review existing data on available antivirals for its management. There has long been uncertainty surrounding the clinical efficacy of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) for influenza B treatment. In this article, we bring together the existing data on NAIs and discuss these alongside recent large randomised controlled trial data for the new polymerase inhibitor baloxavir in high-risk influenza B patients. Finally, we offer considerations for the clinical management of influenza B, with a focus on children and high-risk patients where disease burden is highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zaraket
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nelson Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Hartley GE, Edwards ESJ, Bosco JJ, Ojaimi S, Stirling RG, Cameron PU, Flanagan K, Plebanski M, Hogarth PM, O'Hehir RE, van Zelm MC. Influenza-specific IgG1 + memory B-cell numbers increase upon booster vaccination in healthy adults but not in patients with predominantly antibody deficiency. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1199. [PMID: 33088507 PMCID: PMC7563650 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Annual influenza vaccination is recommended to all individuals over 6 months of age, including predominantly antibody deficiency (PAD) patients. Vaccination responses are typically evaluated by serology, and because PAD patients are by definition impaired in generating IgG and receive immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT), it remains unclear whether they can mount an antigen-specific response. Objective To quantify and characterise the antigen-specific memory B (Bmem) cell compartment in healthy controls and PAD patients following an influenza booster vaccination. Methods Recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) from the A/Michigan/2015 H1N1 (AM15) strain with an AviTag was generated in a mammalian cell line, and following targeted biotinylation, was tetramerised with BUV395 or BUV737 streptavidin conjugates. Multicolour flow cytometry was applied on blood samples before and 28 days after booster influenza vaccination in 16 healthy controls and five PAD patients with circulating Bmem cells. Results Recombinant HA tetramers were specifically recognised by 0.5-1% of B cells in previously vaccinated healthy adults. HA-specific Bmem cell numbers were significantly increased following booster vaccination and predominantly expressed IgG1. Similarly, PAD patients carried HA-specific Bmem cells, predominantly expressing IgG1. However, these numbers were lower than in controls and did not increase following booster vaccination. Conclusion We have successfully identified AM15-specific Bmem cells in healthy controls and PAD patients. The presence of antigen-specific Bmem cells could offer an additional diagnostic tool to aid in the clinical diagnosis of PAD. Furthermore, alterations in the number or immunophenotype of HA-specific Bmem cells post-booster vaccination could assist in the evaluation of immune responses in individuals receiving IgRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E Hartley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Emily S J Edwards
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Julian J Bosco
- The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Central Clinical School Alfred Hospital Monash University and Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Samar Ojaimi
- The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies Melbourne VIC Australia.,Infectious Diseases Monash Health Clayton VIC Australia.,Immunology Laboratory Monash Pathology Clayton VIC Australia.,Allergy and Immunology Monash Health Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Robert G Stirling
- The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Central Clinical School Alfred Hospital Monash University and Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Central Clinical School Alfred Hospital Monash University and Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Katie Flanagan
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,School of Medicine University of Tasmania Launceston TAS Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT Bundoora VIC Australia
| | | | - Philip Mark Hogarth
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,Immune Therapies Group Burnet Institute Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Robyn E O'Hehir
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Central Clinical School Alfred Hospital Monash University and Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Central Clinical School Alfred Hospital Monash University and Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service Melbourne VIC Australia
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36
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Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, DeKosky BJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1185-1191. [PMID: 32908214 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based drugs and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are being expedited through preclinical and clinical development. Data from the study of SARS-CoV and other respiratory viruses suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could exacerbate COVID-19 through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Previous respiratory syncytial virus and dengue virus vaccine studies revealed human clinical safety risks related to ADE, resulting in failed vaccine trials. Here, we describe key ADE mechanisms and discuss mitigation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies in development. We also outline recently published data to evaluate the risks and opportunities for antibody-based protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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37
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Plant EP, Manukyan H, Laassri M, Ye Z. Insights from the comparison of genomic variants from two influenza B viruses grown in the presence of human antibodies in cell culture. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239015. [PMID: 32925936 PMCID: PMC7489522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the extent and limitation of viral genome evolution can provide insight about potential drug and vaccine targets. Influenza B Viruses (IBVs) infect humans in a seasonal manner and causes significant morbidity and mortality. IBVs are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome and can be divided into two antigenically distinct lineages. The two lineages have been circulating and further evolving for almost four decades. The immune response to IBV infection can lead to antibodies that target the strain causing the infection. Some antibodies are cross-reactive and are able to bind strains from both lineages but, because of antigenic drift and immunodominance, both lineages continue to evolve and challenge human health. Here we investigate changes in the genomes of an IBVs from each lineage after passage in tissue culture in the presence of human sera containing polyclonal antibodies directed toward antigenically and temporally distinct viruses. Our previous analysis of the fourth segment, which encodes the major surface protein HA, revealed a pattern of change in which signature sequences from one lineage mutated to the signature sequences of the other lineage. Here we analyze genes from the other genomic segments and observe that most of the quasispecies’ heterogeneity occurs at the same loci in each lineage. The nature of the variants at these loci are investigated and possible reasons for this pattern are discussed. This work expands our understanding of the extent and limitations of genomic change in IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan P. Plant
- Office of Vaccine Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hasmik Manukyan
- Office of Vaccine Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Majid Laassri
- Office of Vaccine Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Office of Vaccine Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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38
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Koutsakos M, Sekiya T, Chua BY, Nguyen THO, Wheatley AK, Juno JA, Ohno M, Nomura N, Ohara Y, Nishimura T, Endo M, Suzuki S, Ishigaki H, Nakayama M, Nguyen CT, Itoh Y, Shingai M, Ogasawara K, Kino Y, Kent SJ, Jackson DC, Brown LE, Kida H, Kedzierska K. Immune profiling of influenza-specific B- and T-cell responses in macaques using flow cytometry-based assays. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:97-106. [PMID: 32741011 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza remains a significant global public health burden, despite substantial annual vaccination efforts against circulating virus strains. As a result, novel vaccine approaches are needed to generate long-lasting and universal broadly cross-reactive immunity against distinct influenza virus strains and subtypes. Several new vaccine candidates are currently under development and/or in clinical trials. The successful development of new vaccines requires testing in animal models, other than mice, which capture the complexity of the human immune system. Importantly, following vaccination or challenge, the assessment of adaptive immunity at the antigen-specific level is particularly informative. In this study, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cynomolgus macaques, we describe detection methods and in-depth analyses of influenza virus-specific B cells by recombinant hemagglutinin probes and flow cytometry, as well as the detection of influenza virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells by stimulation with live influenza A virus and intracellular cytokine staining. We highlight the potential of these assays to be used with PBMCs from other macaque species, including rhesus macaques, pigtail macaques and African green monkeys. We also demonstrate the use of a human cytometric bead array kit in detecting inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from cynomolgus macaques to assess cytokine/chemokine milieu. Overall, the detection of influenza virus-specific B and T cells, together with inflammatory responses, as described in our study, provides useful insights for evaluating novel influenza vaccines. Our data deciphering immune responses toward influenza viruses can be also adapted to understanding immunity to other infections or vaccination approaches in macaque models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Toshiki Sekiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thi Hoang Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Marumi Ohno
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Nomura
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Saori Suzuki
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Misako Nakayama
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Cong T Nguyen
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Division of Pathogenesis and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lorena E Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Collaborating Research Centre for the Control of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Influenza B outbreak at an adult cystic fibrosis centre - Clinical impact and factors influencing spread. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:808-814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Jang YH, Seong BL. Call for a paradigm shift in the design of universal influenza vaccines by harnessing multiple correlates of protection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1441-1455. [PMID: 32783765 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1801629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic variability and diversity of influenza viruses, and the expansion of their hosts, present a significant threat to human health. The development of a universal influenza vaccine is urgently needed to tackle seasonal epidemics, pandemics, vaccine mismatch, and zoonotic transmissions to humans. AREAS COVERED Despite the identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses, designing a universal influenza vaccine that induces such broadly neutralizing antibodies at protective levels in humans has remained challenging. Besides neutralizing antibodies, multiple correlates of protection have recently emerged as crucially important for eliciting broad protection against diverse influenza viruses. This review discusses the immune responses required for broad protection against influenza viruses, and suggests a paradigm shift from an HA stalk-based approach to other approaches that can induce multiple immunological correlates of protection for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. EXPERT OPINION To develop a truly universal influenza vaccine, multiple correlates of protection should be considered, including antibody responses and T cell immunity. Balanced induction of neutralizing antibodies, antibody effector functions, and T cell immunity will contribute to the most effective vaccination strategy. Live-attenuated influenza vaccines provide an attractive platform to improve the breadth and potency of vaccines for broader protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Major in Bio-Vaccine Engineering, Andong National University , Andong, South Korea
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University , Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovation Technology Alliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University , Seoul, South Korea
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41
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Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19. Nat Med 2020; 26:1428-1434. [PMID: 32661393 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has dramatically expedited global vaccine development efforts1-3, most targeting the viral 'spike' glycoprotein (S). S localizes on the virion surface and mediates recognition of cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)4-6. Eliciting neutralizing antibodies that block S-ACE2 interaction7-9, or indirectly prevent membrane fusion10, constitute an attractive modality for vaccine-elicited protection11. However, although prototypic S-based vaccines show promise in animal models12-14, the immunogenic properties of S in humans are poorly resolved. In this study, we characterized humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell (cTFH) immunity against spike in recovered patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We found that S-specific antibodies, memory B cells and cTFH are consistently elicited after SARS-CoV-2 infection, demarking robust humoral immunity and positively associated with plasma neutralizing activity. Comparatively low frequencies of B cells or cTFH specific for the receptor binding domain of S were elicited. Notably, the phenotype of S-specific cTFH differentiated subjects with potent neutralizing responses, providing a potential biomarker of potency for S-based vaccines entering the clinic. Overall, although patients who recovered from COVID-19 displayed multiple hallmarks of effective immune recognition of S, the wide spectrum of neutralizing activity observed suggests that vaccines might require strategies to selectively target the most potent neutralizing epitopes.
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Hensen L, Kedzierska K, Koutsakos M. Innate and adaptive immunity toward influenza B viruses. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1045-1058. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite annual vaccination, influenza B viruses (IBV) cause significant disease with substantial health and socio-economic impacts. Novel vaccination strategies inducing broadly protective and long-lasting immunity across IBV lineages are needed. However, as immune responses toward IBV are largely understudied, host–virus interactions and protective immune mechanisms need to be defined to rationally design such vaccines. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of immunological mechanisms underpinning protection from IBV. We discuss how innate antiviral host factors inhibit IBV replication and the ways by which IBV escapes such restriction. We review the specificity of broadly cross-reactive antibodies and universal T cells, and the mechanisms by which they mediate protection. We highlight important knowledge gaps needing to be addressed to design improved IBV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Hensen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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43
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Plant EP, Manukyan H, Sanchez JL, Laassri M, Ye Z. Immune Pressure on Polymorphous Influenza B Populations Results in Diverse Hemagglutinin Escape Mutants and Lineage Switching. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010125. [PMID: 32168968 PMCID: PMC7157493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations arise in the genomes of progeny viruses during infection. Mutations that occur in epitopes targeted by host antibodies allow the progeny virus to escape the host adaptive, B-cell mediated antibody immune response. Major epitopes have been identified in influenza B virus (IBV) hemagglutinin (HA) protein. However, IBV strains maintain a seasonal presence in the human population and changes in IBV genomes in response to immune pressure are not well characterized. There are two lineages of IBV that have circulated in the human population since the 1980s, B-Victoria and B-Yamagata. It is hypothesized that early exposure to one influenza subtype leads to immunodominance. Subsequent seasonal vaccination or exposure to new subtypes may modify subsequent immune responses, which, in turn, results in selection of escape mutations in the viral genome. Here we show that while some mutations do occur in known epitopes suggesting antibody escape, many mutations occur in other parts of the HA protein. Analysis of mutations outside of the known epitopes revealed that these mutations occurred at the same amino acid position in viruses from each of the two IBV lineages. Interestingly, where the amino acid sequence differed between viruses from each lineage, reciprocal amino acid changes were observed. That is, the virus from the Yamagata lineage become more like the Victoria lineage virus and vice versa. Our results suggest that some IBV HA sequences are constrained to specific amino acid codons when viruses are cultured in the presence of antibodies. Some changes to the known antigenic regions may also be restricted in a lineage-dependent manner. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms underlying these results. The presence of amino acid residues that are constrained within the HA may provide a new target for universal vaccines for IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan P. Plant
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-402-7319
| | - Hasmik Manukyan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jose L. Sanchez
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Public Health Division, Assistant Director for Combat Support (AD-CS), Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD 20904, USA;
| | - Majid Laassri
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Hutchinson GB, Boyington JC, Moin SM, Gillespie RA, Tsybovsky Y, Stephens T, Vaile JR, Lederhofer J, Corbett KS, Fisher BE, Yassine HM, Andrews SF, Crank MC, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Kanekiyo M. Glycan repositioning of influenza hemagglutinin stem facilitates the elicitation of protective cross-group antibody responses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:791. [PMID: 32034141 PMCID: PMC7005838 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem has been a focus of universal influenza vaccine efforts. Influenza A group 1 HA stem-nanoparticles have been demonstrated to confer heterosubtypic protection in animals; however, the protection does not extend to group 2 viruses, due in part to differences in glycosylation between group 1 and 2 stems. Here, we show that introducing the group 2 glycan at Asn38HA1 to a group 1 stem-nanoparticle (gN38 variant) based on A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) broadens antibody responses to cross-react with group 2 HAs. Immunoglobulins elicited by the gN38 variant provide complete protection against group 2 H7N9 virus infection, while the variant loses protection against a group 1 H5N1 virus. The N38HA1 glycan thus is pivotal in directing antibody responses by controlling access to group-determining stem epitopes. Precise targeting of stem-directed antibody responses to the site of vulnerability by glycan repositioning may be a step towards achieving cross-group influenza protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Geoffrey B Hutchinson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Boyington
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Syed M Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, ATRF, 8560 Progressive Drive, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, ATRF, 8560 Progressive Drive, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - John R Vaile
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julia Lederhofer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian E Fisher
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, New Research Complex Zone 5, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarah F Andrews
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michelle C Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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45
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Rose AMC, Kissling E, Gherasim A, Casado I, Bella A, Launay O, Lazăr M, Marbus S, Kuliese M, Syrjänen R, Machado A, Kurečić Filipović S, Larrauri A, Castilla J, Alfonsi V, Galtier F, Ivanciuc A, Meijer A, Mickiene A, Ikonen N, Gómez V, Lovrić Makarić Z, Moren A, Valenciano M. Vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2) and B among laboratory-confirmed, hospitalised older adults, Europe, 2017-18: A season of B lineage mismatched to the trivalent vaccine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:302-310. [PMID: 32022450 PMCID: PMC7182608 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses co‐circulated in Europe in 2017‐18, predominated by influenza B. WHO‐recommended, trivalent vaccine components were lineage‐mismatched for B. The I‐MOVE hospital network measured 2017‐18 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against influenza A(H3N2) and B among hospitalised patients (≥65 years) in Europe. Methods Following the same generic protocol for test‐negative design, hospital teams in nine countries swabbed patients ≥65 years with recent onset (≤7 days) severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), collecting information on demographics, vaccination status and underlying conditions. Cases were RT‐PCR positive for influenza A(H3N2) or B; controls: negative for any influenza. “Vaccinated” patients had SARI onset >14 days after vaccination. We measured pooled IVE against influenza, adjusted for study site, age, sex, onset date and chronic conditions. Results We included 3483 patients: 376 influenza A(H3N2) and 928 B cases, and 2028 controls. Most (>99%) vaccinated patients received the B lineage‐mismatched trivalent vaccine. IVE against influenza A(H3N2) was 24% (95% CI: 2 to 40); 35% (95% CI: 6 to 55) in 65‐ to 79‐year‐olds and 14% (95% CI: −22 to 39) in ≥80‐year‐olds. Against influenza B, IVE was 30% (95% CI: 16 to 41); 37% (95% CI: 19 to 51) in 65‐ to 79‐year‐olds and 19% (95% CI: −7 to 38) in ≥80‐year‐olds. Conclusions IVE against influenza B was similar to A(H3N2) in hospitalised older adults, despite trivalent vaccine and circulating B lineage mismatch, suggesting some cross‐protection. IVE was lower in those ≥80 than 65‐79 years. We reinforce the importance of influenza vaccination in older adults as, even with a poorly matched vaccine, it still protects one in three to four of this population from severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alin Gherasim
- National Centre of Epidemiology, CIBERESP, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Casado
- Navarra Public Health Institute, IdiSNA-CIBERESP, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonino Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Odile Launay
- Inserm, F-CRIN, Innovative clinical research network in vaccinology (I-REIVAC), Paris, France.,CIC Cochin Pasteur, université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Mihaela Lazăr
- National Military-Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sierk Marbus
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Kuliese
- Department of Infectious diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ritva Syrjänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ausenda Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sanja Kurečić Filipović
- Division for epidemiology of communicable diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Amparo Larrauri
- National Centre of Epidemiology, CIBERESP, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Castilla
- Navarra Public Health Institute, IdiSNA-CIBERESP, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Valeria Alfonsi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Florence Galtier
- Inserm, F-CRIN, Innovative clinical research network in vaccinology (I-REIVAC), Paris, France.,CHU de Montpellier, Inserm CIC 1411, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Alina Ivanciuc
- National Military-Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aukse Mickiene
- Department of Infectious diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Verónica Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Zvjezdana Lovrić Makarić
- Division for epidemiology of communicable diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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46
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Vanderven HA, Kent SJ. The protective potential of Fc-mediated antibody functions against influenza virus and other viral pathogens. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:253-263. [PMID: 31914207 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in utilizing antibody fragment crystallizable (Fc) functions to prevent and control viral infections. The protective and therapeutic potential of Fc-mediated antibody functions have been assessed for some clinically important human viruses, including HIV, hemorrhagic fever viruses and influenza virus. There is mounting evidence that influenza-specific antibodies with Fc-mediated functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent phagocytosis, can aid in the clearance of influenza virus infection. Recent influenza challenge studies and intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy studies in humans suggest a protective role for Fc effector functions in vivo. Broadly reactive influenza antibodies with Fc-mediated functions are prevalent in the human population and could inform the development of a universally protective influenza vaccine or therapy. In this review, we explore the utility of antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions against viral infections with a focus on influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Vanderven
- Discipline of Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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47
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Chan WM, Wong LH, So CF, Chen LL, Wu WL, Ip JD, Lam AHY, Yip CCY, Yuen KY, To KKW. Development and evaluation of a conventional RT-PCR for differentiating emerging influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses with hemagglutinin amino acid deletion from B/Yamagata lineage viruses. J Med Virol 2019; 92:382-385. [PMID: 31608480 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses contain amino acid deletions at positions 162 to 164 of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. These amino acid deletions have affected the detection of B/Victoria lineage viruses by the lineage-specific conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that was recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop and evaluate a novel lineage-specific RT-PCR for rapid differentiation of the contemporary B/Victoria lineage from B/Yamagata lineage viruses. STUDY DESIGN Primers of our in-house RT-PCR were designed to avoid amino acid positions 162 to 164 and to target conserved regions of the HA gene that are specific for B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineage viruses. Our in-house RT-PCR and WHO RT-PCR were evaluated using influenza B positive clinical specimens or virus culture isolates. Influenza B virus lineage was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS A total of 105 clinical specimens or virus culture isolates were retrieved, including 83 with B/Victoria lineage and 22 with B/Yamagata lineage viruses. Our in-house RT-PCR correctly identified B/Victoria lineage viruses in all 83 samples, including 82 samples with double or triple amino acid deletion in the HA protein. Conversely, the WHO lineage-specific conventional RT-PCR failed to detect any of the 82 samples with HA amino acid deletions. For the 22 samples with B/Yamagata lineage viruses, both RT-PCR assays have correctly identified B/Yamagata lineage in all samples. CONCLUSIONS Our novel lineage-specific RT-PCR has successfully detected all contemporary B/Victoria lineage viruses with amino acid deletions in HA. This protocol is especially useful for laboratories without the equipment for real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lok-Hin Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chun-Fung So
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin-Lei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wai-Lan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jonathan D Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Athene Hoi-Ying Lam
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cyril C Y Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin K W To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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48
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Jang YH, Seong BL. The Quest for a Truly Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31649895 PMCID: PMC6795694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet public health need for a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) to provide broad and durable protection from influenza virus infections. The identification of broadly protective antibodies and cross-reactive T cells directed to influenza viral targets present a promising prospect for the development of a UIV. Multiple targets for cross-protection have been identified in the stalk and head of hemagglutinin (HA) to develop a UIV. Recently, neuraminidase (NA) has received significant attention as a critical component for increasing the breadth of protection. The HA stalk-based approaches have shown promising results of broader protection in animal studies, and their feasibility in humans are being evaluated in clinical trials. Mucosal immune responses and cross-reactive T cell immunity across influenza A and B viruses intrinsic to live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) have emerged as essential features to be incorporated into a UIV. Complementing the weakness of the stand-alone approaches, prime-boost vaccination combining HA stalk, and LAIV is under clinical evaluation, with the aim to increase the efficacy and broaden the spectrum of protection. Preexisting immunity in humans established by prior exposure to influenza viruses may affect the hierarchy and magnitude of immune responses elicited by an influenza vaccine, limiting the interpretation of preclinical data based on naive animals, necessitating human challenge studies. A consensus is yet to be achieved on the spectrum of protection, efficacy, target population, and duration of protection to define a “universal” vaccine. This review discusses the recent advancements in the development of UIVs, rationales behind cross-protection and vaccine designs, and challenges faced in obtaining balanced protection potency, a wide spectrum of protection, and safety relevant to UIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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49
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Hönemann M, Martin D, Pietsch C, Maier M, Bergs S, Bieck E, Liebert UG. Influenza B virus infections in Western Saxony, Germany in three consecutive seasons between 2015 and 2018: Analysis of molecular and clinical features. Vaccine 2019; 37:6550-6557. [PMID: 31521415 PMCID: PMC7115636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of annual influenza epidemics and prevailing strains varies worldwide and regional. The majority of vaccines used contained two influenza A strains and only one influenza B strain (trivalent vaccine). AIM The aim of the study was to compare laboratory confirmed influenza B cases during three consecutive years with respect to vaccination history, clinical symptoms and molecular virology. METHODS Partial HA gene sequences were analyzed for lineage determination and complete HA sequence in cases with reported vaccination and in fatal cases. Clinical data were retrieved from patient charts. FINDINGS During the 2015/16 season, 75 influenza B cases were retrieved; 11 in 2016/17, and 274 in 2017/18. The frequency of Yamagata-lineage strains increased from 7.6% to 100%. No difference was detected in the relative frequency of co-morbidities in season 2017/18. 37.7% of the adult patients and 4.5% of pediatric patients were vaccinated against influenza. INTERPRETATION Phylogenetically, Yamagata strains clustered similarly in 2017/2018 when compared to the previous two influenza seasons. While the relative frequency of influenza B cases differed, the clinical symptoms remained similar. CONCLUSION World Health Organization recommendations for the use of tetravalent vaccines that contain two influenza B strains (Yamagata and Victoria) in addition to the two influenza A strains (H1N1 and H3N2) should be implemented in national vaccination guidelines. FUNDING This research was partially supported by the Association of Sponsors and Friends of Leipzig University.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hönemann
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - D Martin
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Pietsch
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Maier
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Bergs
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Bieck
- Kreiskrankenhaus Torgau "J. Kentmann" gGmbH, 04860 Torgau, Germany
| | - U G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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50
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Carlock MA, Ingram JG, Clutter EF, Cecil NC, Ramgopal M, Zimmerman RK, Warren W, Kleanthous H, Ross TM. Impact of age and pre-existing immunity on the induction of human antibody responses against influenza B viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2030-2043. [PMID: 31291153 PMCID: PMC6773397 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1642056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity to influenza is dependent on a number of factors and can vary greatly within and across influenza subtypes. In this study, volunteers (aged 18–85 years) were vaccinated with split, inactivated FluzoneTM in four consecutive influenza seasons from 2013 to 2016. The impact of repeat vaccination on breadth and durability of functional antibodies was assessed for total IgG and IgA anti-hemagglutinin (HA) binding antibodies and hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) activity against both influenza B lineages. Many subjects were able to maintain high seroprotective titers to the vaccine strains in subsequent years, which resulted in low vaccine-induced seroconversion rates. This was especially evident in younger subjects who typically had higher titers and maintained these titers into the following season. In contrast, the HAI titers in elderly subjects were generally lower and more likely to decline prior to the start of the next influenza season. Immunological recall or ‘back-boosting’ to antigenically related viruses was associated with seroconversion. Overall, influenza vaccination in both younger and older people elicited broadly reactive immune responses within a lineage, as well as cross-reactive immune responses between lineages. This study exemplified the impact that age and influenza exposure history have on determining an individual’s ability to respond to future influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - John G Ingram
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Emily F Clutter
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Noah C Cecil
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Moti Ramgopal
- Clinical Research Division, Martin Health System , Stuart , FL , USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | | | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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