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Hemauer F, Steinrück HP, Papp C. The Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Pair as Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System: Surface Science Investigations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300806. [PMID: 38375756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
For the transition to renewable energy sources, novel energy storage materials are more important than ever. This review addresses so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which appear very promising since they combine light harvesting and energy storing in one-photon one-molecule processes. The focus is on norbornadiene (NBD), a particularly interesting candidate, which is converted to the strained valence isomer quadricyclane (QC) upon irradiation. The stored energy can be released on demand. The energy-releasing cycloreversion from QC to NBD can be initiated by a thermal, catalytic, or electrochemical trigger. The reversibility of the energy storage and release cycles determines the general practicality of a MOST system. In the search for derivatives, which enable large-scale applications, fundamental surface science studies help to assess the feasibility of potential substituted NBD/QC couples. We include investigations under well-defined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as experiments in liquid phase. Next to the influence of the catalytically active surfaces on the isomerization between the two valence isomers, information on adsorption geometries, thermal stability limits, and reaction pathways of the respective molecules are discussed. Moreover, laboratory-scaled test devices demonstrate the proof of concept in various areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Eschenbacher R, Trzeciak S, Schuschke C, Schötz S, Hohner C, Blaumeiser D, Zahn D, Retzer T, Libuda J. Thermal Stability and CO Permeability of [C4C1Pyr][NTf2]/Pd(111) Model SCILLs: from UHV to Ambient Pressure. Top Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSolid catalysts with ionic liquid layers (SCILLs) are heterogeneous catalysts which benefit significantly in terms of selectivity from a thin coating of an ionic liquid (IL). In the present work, we study the interaction of CO with a Pd model SCILL consisting of a 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide ([C4C1Pyr][NTf2]) film deposited on Pd(111). We investigate the CO permeability and stability of the IL film via pressure modulation experiments by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and at ambient pressure conditions by time-resolved, temperature-programmed, and polarization-modulated (PM) IRAS experiments. In addition, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to identify adsorption motifs, their abundance, and the influence of CO. We find a strongly bound IL wetting monolayer (ML) and a potentially dewetting multilayer. Molecular reorientation of the IL at the interface and multilayer dewetting allow for the accumulation of CO at the metal/IL interface. Our results confirm that co-adsorption of CO changes the molecular structure of the IL wetting layer which confirms the importance to study model SCILL systems under in situ conditions.
Graphical abstract
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3
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Poidevin C, Duplaix-Rata G, Costuas K, Fihey A. Evaluation of tight-binding DFT performance for the description of organic photochromes properties. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:074303. [PMID: 36813718 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochromic molecules are widely studied and developed for their many potential applications. To optimize the required properties through theoretical models, a considerable chemical space is to be explored, and their environment in devices is to be accounted for.. To this end, cheap and reliable computational methods can be powerful tools to steer synthetic developments. As ab initio methods remain costly for extensive studies (in terms of the size of the system and/or number of molecules), semiempirical methods such as density functional tight-binding (TB) could offer a good compromise between accuracy computational cost. However, these approaches necessitate benchmarking on the families of compounds of interest. Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the accuracy of several key features calculated with TB methods (DFTB2, DFTB3, GFN2-xTB, and LC-DFTB2) for three sets of photochromic organic molecules: azobenzene (AZO), norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC), and dithienylethene (DTE) derivatives. The features considered here are the optimized geometries, the difference in energy between the two isomers (ΔE), and of the energies of the first relevant excited states. All the TB results are compared to those obtained with DFT methods and state-of-the-art electronic structure calculation methods: DLPNO-CCSD(T) for ground states and DLPNO-STEOM-CCSD for excited states. Our results show that, overall, DFTB3 is the TB method leading to the best results for the geometries and the ΔE values and can be used alone for these purposes for NBD/QC and DTE derivatives. Single point calculations at the r2SCAN-3c level using TB geometries allow circumventing the deficiencies of the TB methods in the AZO series. For electronic transition calculations, the range separated LC-DFTB2 method is the most accurate TB method tested for AZO and NBD/QC derivatives, in close agreement with the reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Poidevin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gwenhaël Duplaix-Rata
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Karine Costuas
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Fihey
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Zhou M, Mathew S, de Bruin B. Thermal and (Thermo-Reversible) Photochemical Cycloisomerization of 1 H-2-Benzo[ c]oxocins: From Synthetic Applications to the Development of a New T-Type Molecular Photoswitch. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:645-657. [PMID: 36548378 PMCID: PMC9837851 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel T-type molecular photoswitch based on the reversible cyclization of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromenes has been developed. The switching mechanism involves a light-triggered ring-contraction of 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to 4,6-fused O-heterocyclic dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromene ring systems, with reversion back to the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocin state accessible through heating. Both processes are unidirectional and proceed with good efficiency, with switching properties─including reversibility and half-life time─easily adjusted via structural functionalization. Our new molecular-switching platform exhibits independence from solvent polarity, originating from its neutral-charge switching mechanism, a property highly sought-after for biological applications. The photoinduced ring-contraction involves a [2+2] conjugated-diene cyclization that obeys the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. In contrast, the reverse process initiates via a thermal ring-opening (T > 60 °C) to produce the original 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins, which is thermally forbidden according to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. The thermal ring-opening is likely to proceed via an ortho-quinodimethane (o-QDM) intermediate, and the corresponding switching mechanisms are supported by experimental observations and density functional theory calculations. Other transformations of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins were found upon altering reaction conditions: prolonged heating of the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins at a significantly elevated temperature (72 h at 120 °C), with the resulting dihydronaphthalenes formed via the o-QDM intermediate. These reactions also proceed with good chemoselectivities, providing new synthetic protocols for motifs found in several bioactive molecules, but are otherwise difficult to access.
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Franz E, Krappmann D, Fromm L, Luchs T, Görling A, Hirsch A, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrocatalytic Energy Release of Norbornadiene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal Systems: Tuning the Electrochemical Stability by Molecular Design. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201483. [PMID: 36213958 PMCID: PMC10099746 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, such as the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in a simple one-photon one-molecule process. Triggering the energy release electrochemically enables high control of the process, high selectivity, and reversibility. In this work, the influence of the molecular design of the MOST couple on the electrochemically triggered back-conversion reaction was addressed for the first time. The MOST systems phenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD1/QC1) and p-methoxyphenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD2/QC2) were investigated by in-situ photoelectrochemical infrared spectroscopy, voltammetry, and density functional theory modelling. For QC1, partial decomposition (40 %) was observed upon back-conversion and along with a voltammetric peak at 0.6 Vfc , which was assigned primarily to decomposition. The back-conversion of QC2, however, occurred without detectable side products, and the corresponding peak at 0.45 Vfc was weaker by a factor of 10. It was concluded that the electrochemical stability of a NBD/QC couple is easy tunable by simple structural changes. Furthermore, the charge input and, therefore, the current for the electrochemically triggered energy release is very low, which ensures a high overall efficiency of the MOST system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Luchs
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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Franz E, Kunz A, Oberhof N, Heindl AH, Bertram M, Fusek L, Taccardi N, Wasserscheid P, Dreuw A, Wegner HA, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrochemically Triggered Energy Release from an Azothiophene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200958. [PMID: 35762102 PMCID: PMC9796447 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in simple one-photon one-molecule processes. Here, we address the electrochemically triggered energy release from an azothiophene-based MOST system by photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PEC-IRRAS) and density functional theory (DFT). Specifically, the electrochemically triggered back-reaction from the energy rich (Z)-3-cyanophenylazothiophene to its energy lean (E)-isomer using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as the working electrode was studied. Theory predicts that two reaction channels are accessible, an oxidative one (hole-catalyzed) and a reductive one (electron-catalyzed). Experimentally it was found that the photo-isomer decomposes during hole-catalyzed energy release. Electrochemically triggered back-conversion was possible, however, through the electron-catalyzed reaction channel. The reaction rate could be tuned by the electrode potential within two orders of magnitude. It was shown that the MOST system withstands 100 conversion cycles without detectable decomposition of the photoswitch. After 100 cycles, the photochemical conversion was still quantitative and the electrochemically triggered back-reaction reached 94 % of the original conversion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Nils Oberhof
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205 A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas H. Heindl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fusek
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHHelmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable EnergyEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205 A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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Pradeep A, Varadharajan R, Ramamurthy V. Reversible Photoisomerization of Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane within a Confined Capsule. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:624-636. [PMID: 35977794 DOI: 10.1111/php.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the desire to develop a sustainable green method to store and release solar energy via a chemical reaction we have examined the well investigated norbornadiene-quadricyclane (NBD-QC) system in water. In this context, we have employed octa acid (OA) as the host that forms a capsule in water. According to 1 H NMR spectra and diffusion constants OA forms a stable 2:2 complex with both NBD and QC and 1:1:2 mixed complex in presence of equal amounts of both NBD and QC. The photoconversion of NBD to QC within the OA capsule is clean without side reactions. In this case OA itself acts as a triplet sensitizer. Recognizing the disadvantage of this supramolecular approach, in the future we plan to look for visible light absorbing sensitizers to perform this conversion. The reverse reaction (QC to NBD) is achieved via electron transfer process with methylene blue as the sensitizer. This reverse reaction is also clean and no side products were detected. The preliminary results reported here provides 'proof of principle' for combining green, sustainable and supramolecular chemistries in the context of solar energy capture and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Ramkumar Varadharajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - V Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Schulte R, Ihmels H. Borylated norbornadiene derivatives: Synthesis and application in Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:368-373. [PMID: 35422884 PMCID: PMC8978913 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The photochromic norbornadiene/quadricyclane system is among the most promising candidates for molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage. As in this context there is still the need for new tailor-made derivatives, borylated norbornadienes were synthesized that may be used as versatile building blocks. Thus, the 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptadien-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was prepared and shown to be a suitable substrate for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions with selected haloarenes. It was demonstrated exemplarily that the novel monosubstituted 2-(1-naphthyl)norbornadiene, that is accessible through this route, is transformed to the corresponding quadricyclane upon irradiation, whereas the back reaction can be accomplished by thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schulte
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
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Kräuter J, Franz E, Waidhas F, Brummel O, Jörg Libuda, Al-Shamery K. The Role of Defects in the Photoconversion of 2-Propanol on Rutile Titania: Operando Spectroscopy Combined with Elementary Studies. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Sturmeit HM, Cojocariu I, Windischbacher A, Puschnig P, Piamonteze C, Jugovac M, Sala A, Africh C, Comelli G, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Stredansky M, Vesselli E, Hohner C, Kettner M, Libuda J, Schneider CM, Zamborlini G, Cinchetti M, Feyer V. Room-Temperature On-Spin-Switching and Tuning in a Porphyrin-Based Multifunctional Interface. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2104779. [PMID: 34643036 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular interfaces formed between metals and molecular compounds offer a great potential as building blocks for future opto-electronics and spintronics devices. Here, a combined theoretical and experimental spectro-microscopy approach is used to show that the charge transfer occurring at the interface between nickel tetraphenyl porphyrins and copper changes both spin and oxidation states of the Ni ion from [Ni(II), S = 0] to [Ni(I), S = 1/2]. The chemically active Ni(I), even in a buried multilayer system, can be functionalized with nitrogen dioxide, allowing a selective tuning of the electronic properties of the Ni center that is switched to a [Ni(II), S = 1] state. While Ni acts as a reversible spin switch, it is found that the electronic structure of the macrocycle backbone, where the frontier orbitals are mainly localized, remains unaffected. These findings pave the way for using the present porphyrin-based system as a platform for the realization of multifunctional devices where the magnetism and the optical/transport properties can be controlled simultaneously by independent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iulia Cojocariu
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Jülich Research Centre, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Windischbacher
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Cinthia Piamonteze
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Jugovac
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Jülich Research Centre, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sala
- CNR-IOM, TASC Laboratory, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Comelli
- CNR-IOM, TASC Laboratory, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM, TASC Laboratory, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | | | | | - Matus Stredansky
- CNR-IOM, TASC Laboratory, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Erik Vesselli
- CNR-IOM, TASC Laboratory, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Chantal Hohner
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miroslav Kettner
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claus Michael Schneider
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Jülich Research Centre, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Mirko Cinchetti
- TU Dortmund University, Experimental Physics VI, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Vitaliy Feyer
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Jülich Research Centre, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048, Duisburg, Germany
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11
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Hohner C, Fromm L, Schuschke C, Taccardi N, Xu T, Wasserscheid P, Görling A, Libuda J. Adsorption Motifs and Molecular Orientation at the Ionic Liquid/Noble Metal Interface: [C 2C 1Im][NTf 2] on Pt(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12596-12607. [PMID: 34661413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In solid catalysts with ionic liquid layers (SCILLs), ionic liquid (IL) thin films are used to modify the activity and selectivity of catalytic materials. In this work, we investigated the adsorption behavior of the IL 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C2C1Im][NTf2] on Pt(111) by combining experimental and theoretical studies. Under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, the IL was deposited onto a Pt(111) single crystal surface by physical vapor deposition (PVD) at different surface temperatures (200, 300, and 400 K). The adsorption process was monitored by in situ infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Complementary to the IRAS studies, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations and analyzed the adsorption motifs and orientation of the IL ions. In total, we calculated four different systems: (a) [C2C1Im]+ and [NTf2]- ions in the gas phase; [NTf2]- anions in (b) small (4 × 4) and (c) large (6 × 6) Pt(111) supercells; and (d) a complete ion pair of [C2C1Im][NTf2] in a (6 × 6) Pt(111) supercell. Based on DFT, we simulated IR spectra and compared them to the experimental data. Our results suggest that the binding motif and orientation of the IL is strongly dependent on the actual IL coverage. In the monolayer (ML), [NTf2]- interacts strongly with the metal surface and adopts a specific orientation in which it interacts with the Pt surface via the SO2 groups. Also the [C2C1Im]+ cations adopt a preferential orientation up to coverages of 1 ML. Upon transition to the multilayer region, the specific orientation of the ions is gradually lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Hohner
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tao Xu
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Ree N, Mikkelsen KV. Benchmark study on the optical and thermochemical properties of the norbornadiene-quadricyclane photoswitch. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Tang R, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Zheng R, Huang J. Engineering Nanostructure-Interface of Photoanode Materials Toward Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005389. [PMID: 33733537 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation based on semiconductor materials plays an important role in the production of clean fuel and value-added chemicals. Nanostructure-interface engineering has proven to be an effective way to construct highly efficient PEC water oxidation photoanodes with good light capture, carrier transport, and water oxidation kinetics. However, from theoretical and application perspectives, the relationship between the nanostructure and interface of photoanode materials and their PEC performance remains unclear. In this review, the PEC water oxidation reaction mechanism and evaluation criteria are briefly presented. The theoretical basis and research status of the nanostructure-interface engineering on constructing high-performance PEC water oxidation photoanodes are summarized and discussed. Finally, the current challenges and the future opportunities of nanostructure-interface engineering for the PEC reactions are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shujie Zhou
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Rongkun Zheng
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jun Huang
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2037, Australia
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15
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Schuster R, Wähler T, Kettner M, Agel F, Bauer T, Wasserscheid P, Libuda J. Model Studies on the Ozone-Mediated Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles from Dicobalt Octacarbonyl in Ionic Liquids. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:141-152. [PMID: 33565717 PMCID: PMC7874506 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-temperature synthesis in ionic liquids (ILs) offers an efficient route for the preparation of metal oxide nanomaterials with tailor-made properties in a water-free environment. In this work, we investigated the role of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4 C1 Pyr][NTf2 ] in the synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles from the molecular precursor Co2 (CO)8 with ozone. We performed a model study in ultra-clean, ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) using Au(111) as a substrate. Exposure of the pure precursor to ozone at low temperatures results in the oxidation of the first layers, leading to the formation of a disordered Cox Oy passivation layer. Similar protection to ozone is also achieved by deposition of an IL layer onto a precursor film prior to ozone exposure. With increasing temperature, the IL gets permeable for ozone and a cobalt oxide film forms at the IL/precursor interface. We show that the interaction with the IL mediates the oxidation and leads to a more densely packed Cox Oy film compared to a direct oxidation of the precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schuster
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Wähler
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Miroslav Kettner
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Friederike Agel
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich„Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energies“ (IEK 11)Egerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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16
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New Insight on Photoisomerization Kinetics of Photo-Switchable Thin Films Based on Azobenzene/Graphene Hybrid Additives in Polyethylene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122954. [PMID: 33322058 PMCID: PMC7763885 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we reported a new insight on the kinetics of photoisomerization and time evolution of hybrid thin films considering the azo-dye methyl red (MR) incorporated with graphene accommodated in polyethylene oxide (PEO). The kinetics of photoisomerization and time-evolution of hybrid thin films were investigated using UV-Vis s and FTIR spectroscopies, as well as appropriate models developed with new analytical methods. The existence of azo-dye MR in the complex is crucial for the resource action of the trans↔cis cycles through UV-illumination ↔ Visible-illumination relaxations. The results of the UV–Vis and the FTIR investigations prove the cyclical trans ↔ cis-states. Consequently, PEO-(MR-Graphene) hybrid composite thin films can be introduced as possible applicants for photochromic molecular switches, light-gated transistors, and molecular solar thermal energy storage media.
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17
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Drøhse Kilde M, Broløs L, Mansø M, Mogensen J, Gregers Tortzen C, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Orthogonal Photoswitching with Norbornadiene. Chemistry 2020; 26:13429-13435. [PMID: 32432796 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoswitching is a convenient but challenging way of controlling multiple functions in a system by selective photoisomerization of one unit before the other in any arbitrarily chosen sequence. Here, we present this concept for the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) photo/thermo-switch in the presence or absence of a coordinated metal ion. Thus, introducing two pyridyl ligands via ethyne-1,2-diyl bridges provides a system that by chelation of metal ions, such as PdII , has altered optical and switching properties. Mixing the PdII complex with its free ligand furnishes a four-state system where NBD-to-QC photoisomerizations for complexed and uncomplexed species are controlled by the irradiation wavelength and can occur orthogonally, that is, the sequence of photoisomerizations can be swapped. Studies on AgI and PbII complexes, being less stable than the PdII complex, are also presented; these exhibit like the PdII complex significantly red-shifted NBD absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Josefine Mogensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Gregers Tortzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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18
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Orrego-Hernández J, Dreos A, Moth-Poulsen K. Engineering of Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Photoswitches for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Applications. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1478-1487. [PMID: 32662627 PMCID: PMC7467572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusRenewable energy resources are mostly intermittent and not evenly distributed geographically; for this reason, the development of new technologies for energy storage is in high demand.Molecules that undergo photoinduced isomerization reactions that are capable of absorbing light, storing it as chemical energy, and releasing it as thermal energy on demand are referred to as molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) or solar thermal fuels (STF). Such molecules offer a promising solution for solar energy storage applications. Different molecular systems have been investigated for MOST applications, such as norbornadienes, azobenzenes, stilbenes, ruthenium derivatives, anthracenes, and dihydroazulenes. The polycyclic strained molecule norbornadiene (NBD), which photoconverts to quadricyclane (QC), is of great interest because it has a high energy storage density and the potential to store energy for a very long time. Unsubstituted norbornadiene has some limitations in this regard, such as poor solar spectrum match and low quantum yield. In the past decade, our group has developed and tested new NBD systems with improved characteristics. Moreover, we have demonstrated their function in laboratory-scale test devices for solar energy harnessing, storage, and release.This Account describes the most impactful recent findings on how to engineer key properties of the NBD/QC system (photochemistry, energy storage, heat release, stability, and synthesis) as well as examples of test devices for solar energy capture and heat release. While it was known that introducing donor-acceptor groups allows for a red-shifted absorption that better matches the solar spectrum, we managed to introduce donor and acceptor groups with very low molecular weight, which allowed for an unprecedented solar spectrum match combined with high energy density. Strategic steric hindrance in some of these systems dramatically increases the storage time of the photoisomer QC, and dimeric systems have independent energies barriers that lead to an improved solar spectrum match, prolonged storage times, and higher energy densities. These discoveries offer a toolbox of possible chemical modifications that can be used to tune the properties of NBD/QC systems and make them suitable for the desired applications, which can be useful for anyone wanting to take on the challenge of designing efficient MOST systems.Several test devices have been built, for example, a hybrid MOST device that stores sunlight energy and heat water at the same time. Moreover, we developed a device for monitoring catalyzed QC to NBD conversion resulting in the possibility to quantify a significant macroscopic heat generation. Finally, we tested different formulations of polymeric composites that can absorb light during the day and release the energy as heat during the night for possible use in future window coating applications. These lab-scale realizations are formative and contribute to pushing the field forward toward the real-life application of MOST systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Orrego-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Jacovella U, Carrascosa E, Buntine JT, Ree N, Mikkelsen KV, Jevric M, Moth-Poulsen K, Bieske EJ. Photo- and Collision-Induced Isomerization of a Charge-Tagged Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane System. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6045-6050. [PMID: 32539402 PMCID: PMC7416310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches based on the norbornadiene-quadricylane (NBD-QC) couple have been proposed as key elements of molecular solar thermal energy storage schemes. To characterize the intrinsic properties of such systems, reversible isomerization of a charge-tagged NBD-QC carboxylate couple is investigated in a tandem ion mobility mass spectrometer, using light to induce intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of NBD carboxylate to form the QC carboxylate and driving the back reaction with molecular collisions. The NBD carboxylate photoisomerization action spectrum recorded by monitoring the QC carboxylate photoisomer extends from 290 to 360 nm with a maximum at 315 nm, and in the longer wavelength region resembles the NBD carboxylate absorption spectrum recorded in solution. Key structural and photochemical properties of the NBD-QC carboxylate system, including the gas-phase absorption spectrum and the energy storage capacity, are determined through computational studies using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Jacovella
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eduardo Carrascosa
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jack T. Buntine
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Evan J. Bieske
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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20
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Gerkman MA, Gibson RSL, Calbo J, Shi Y, Fuchter MJ, Han GGD. Arylazopyrazoles for Long-Term Thermal Energy Storage and Optically Triggered Heat Release below 0 °C. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8688-8695. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihael A. Gerkman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Rosina S. L. Gibson
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46890 Paterna, Spain
| | - Yuran Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Grace G. D. Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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21
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Mansø M, Petersen AU, Moth-Poulsen K, Nielsen MB. Establishing linear-free-energy relationships for the quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2113-2119. [PMID: 32119025 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the thermal quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene (QC-to-NBD) isomerization reaction was studied for a large selection of derivatives where the one NBD double bond contains a cyano and aryl substituent of either electron-withdrawing or -donating character. While the kinetics data did not satisfy a linear-free-energy-relationship for all the derivatives based on Hammett σ values, we found individual linear relationships for derivatives containing either electron-withdrawing or electron-donating para substituents on the aryl group; with the most electron-witdrawing substituent in the one series and with the most electron-donating substituent in the other providing the fastest reaction (corresponding to opposite slopes of the Hammett plots). All data were well described, however, by a linear relationship when using Creary radical values; the correlation could be slightly improved by using a combination of σ and values (used in ratio of 0.104 : 1). The results imply a combination of polar and free radical effects for the isomerization reaction of this specific class of derivatives, with the latter playing the most significant role. The NBD derivatives were prepared by Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions between cyclopentadiene and 3-arylpropiolonitriles, and in the case of bromophenyl derivatives further cyanation and Sonogashira coupling reactions were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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22
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Bertram M, Waidhas F, Jevric M, Fromm L, Schuschke C, Kastenmeier M, Görling A, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Norbornadiene photoswitches anchored to well-defined oxide surfaces: From ultrahigh vacuum into the liquid and the electrochemical environment. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044708. [PMID: 32007072 DOI: 10.1063/1.5137897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing molecular photoswitches, we can combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in an extremely simple single molecule system. In order to release the stored energy as electricity, the photoswitch has to interact with a semiconducting electrode surface. In this work, we explore a solar-energy-storing model system, consisting of a molecular photoswitch anchored to an atomically defined oxide surface in a liquid electrolyte and under potential control. Previously, this model system has been proven to be operational under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. We used the tailor-made norbornadiene derivative 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)norbornadiene (CNBD) and characterized its photochemical and electrochemical properties in an organic electrolyte. Next, we assembled a monolayer of CNBD on a well-ordered Co3O4(111) surface by physical vapor deposition in UHV. This model interface was then transferred into the liquid electrolyte and investigated by photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy experiments. We demonstrate that the anchored monolayer of CNBD can be converted photochemically to its energy-rich counterpart 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)quadricyclane (CQC) under potential control. However, the reconversion potential of anchored CQC overlaps with the oxidation and decomposition potential of CNBD, which limits the electrochemically triggered reconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kastenmeier
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Bertram M, Schuschke C, Waidhas F, Schwarz M, Hohner C, Montero MA, Brummel O, Libuda J. Molecular anchoring to oxide surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum and in aqueous electrolytes: phosphonic acids on atomically-defined cobalt oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23364-23374. [PMID: 31637373 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03779a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the interaction of phenylphosphonic acid (PPA, C6H5PO3H2) with atomically-defined Co3O4(111) thin films, grown on Ir(100), under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions and in the electrochemical environment. In the first step, we employed infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and followed the formation of a saturated monolayer (380 K) in UHV. We observed that the binding motif changes from a chelating tridentate in the sub-monolayer regime to a chelating bidentate at full monolayer coverages. In the electrochemical environment, we analyzed the interaction of PPA with the same Co3O4(111) surface by electrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (EC-IRRAS) (0.3 VRHE-1.3 VRHE). When adsorbed at pH 10 from an ammonia buffered aqueous solution, PPA binds to the surface in form of a fully deprotonated chelating bidentate. With increasing electrode potential, we observed two fully reversible processes. At low buffer concentration, protons are released upon oxidation of surface Co2+ ions and lead to protonation of the anchored phosphonates. At high buffer concentration, most of the protons released are accepted by NH3. Simultaneously, the surface phosphonate changes its adsorption motif from bidentate to tridentate while adopting a more upright geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Lykhach Y, Piccinin S, Skála T, Bertram M, Tsud N, Brummel O, Farnesi Camellone M, Beranová K, Neitzel A, Fabris S, Prince KC, Matolín V, Libuda J. Quantitative Analysis of the Oxidation State of Cobalt Oxides by Resonant Photoemission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6129-6136. [PMID: 31553619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of the charge transfer phenomena in cobalt oxides and cobalt complexes is essential for the design of advanced catalytic materials. We propose a method for the evaluation of the oxidation state of cobalt oxides with mixed valence states using resonant photoemission spectroscopy. The method is based on the calculation of the resonant enhancement ratio (RER) from the heights of the resonant features associated with the Co3+ and Co2+ states. The nature of the corresponding states was corroborated by means of density functional calculations. We employed a well-ordered Co3O4(111) film to calibrate the RER with respect to the atomic Co3+/Co2+ ratio. The method was applied to monitor the reduction of a well-ordered Co3O4(111) film to CoO(111) upon annealing under exposure to isopropanol. We demonstrate that this method yields the stoichiometry of cobalt oxides at a level of accuracy that cannot be achieved when fitting the Co 2p core level spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Simone Piccinin
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IOM) , Via Bonomea 265 , Trieste 34136 , Italy
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Nataliya Tsud
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Matteo Farnesi Camellone
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IOM) , Via Bonomea 265 , Trieste 34136 , Italy
| | - Klára Beranová
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA , Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 , Basovizza-Trieste 34149 , Italy
| | - Armin Neitzel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Stefano Fabris
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IOM) , Via Bonomea 265 , Trieste 34136 , Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA , Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 , Basovizza-Trieste 34149 , Italy
| | - Vladimír Matolín
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
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