1
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Bradley D, Tian R, Bhadbhade MM, Macreadie LK, Sarowar CH, Peeks MD. Probing the Antiaromaticity and Coordination Chemistry of Bowl-Shaped Zinc(II) Norcorrole. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10103-10107. [PMID: 38780238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Zinc norcorrole was prepared as its pyridine complex (ZnNc·pyridine) by metalation of freebase norcorrole. The ZnNc·pyridine complex is distinctly bowl-shaped, as demonstrated by both X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy showed characteristic ring current deshielding effects, with different magnitudes on either face of the bowl-shaped complex. Exchanging the pyridine ligand with the bidentate ligand DABCO results in the formation of a stable (ZnNc)2·DABCO sandwich complex, which was also characterized by crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The NMR resonances of the axial ligands in all of the complexes demonstrate that the paratropic ring current in zinc norcorrole is approximately 40 nA/T, which is comparable in magnitude to the diatropic ring current in porphyrin. Analysis of the ligand-exchange processes on addition of DABCO to ZnNc·pyridine showed that ZnNc coordinates to axial nitrogen-containing ligands with approximately 1000-fold higher binding constants than analogous zinc porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bradley
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ruoming Tian
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohan M Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | | | - Chowdhury Hasan Sarowar
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martin D Peeks
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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2
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Ishikawa S, Yamasumi K, Sugiura S, Sato S, Watanabe G, Koo YH, Seki S, Bando Y, Haketa Y, Shinokubo H, Maeda H. Norcorroles as antiaromatic π-electronic systems that form dimension-controlled assemblies. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7603-7609. [PMID: 38784757 PMCID: PMC11110129 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Norcorrole derivatives with 3,4,5-trialkoxyphenyl moieties at the meso positions were synthesized to form various stacking assemblies in single crystals and thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) depending on aliphatic chain lengths. Triple-decker stacking structures were formed via the interactions between the antiaromatic systems formed for the butoxy and dodecyloxy derivatives in the single-crystal and LC states, respectively. In particular, the LC state exhibited discotic columnar structures comprising triple deckers to exhibit high electric conductivity, as supported by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu 525-8577 Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamasumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu 525-8577 Japan
| | - Shinya Sugiura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu 525-8577 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sato
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University Sagamihara 252-0373 Japan
| | - Go Watanabe
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University Sagamihara 252-0373 Japan
- Department of Data Science, School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University Sagamihara 252-0373 Japan
| | - Yun Hee Koo
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuya Bando
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yohei Haketa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu 525-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu 525-8577 Japan
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3
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Wang Q, Sundholm D, Gauss J, Nottoli T, Lipparini F, Kino S, Ukai S, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Changing aromatic properties through stacking: the face-to-face dimer of Ni(II) bis(pentafluorophenyl)norcorrole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14777-14786. [PMID: 38716819 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00968a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shielding constants have been calculated for Ni(II) bis(pentafluorophenyl)norcorrole and its face-to-face stacked dimer at the Hartree-Fock (HF), second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), complete-active-space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) levels as well as at density functional theory (DFT) levels using several functionals. The calculated 1H NMR shielding constants agree rather well with the experimental ones. The shielding constants of N and Ni calculated at DFT, HF, and MP2 levels differ from those obtained in the CASSCF calculations due to near-degeneracy effects at the Ni atom. The calculated magnetically induced current densities show that the monomer is antiaromatic, sustaining a strong global paratropic ring current, and the dimer is aromatic, sustaining a strong diatropic ring current. Qualitatively the same current density is obtained at the employed levels of theory. The most accurate ring-current strengths are probably obtained at the MP2 level. The aromatic dimer has a short intermolecular distance of less than 3 Å. The intermolecular interaction changes the nature of the frontier orbitals leading to a formal double bond between the norcorrole macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014, Finland.
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014, Finland.
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tommaso Nottoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Shota Kino
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, 2JST PRESTO, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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4
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Liu SY, Li S, Ukai S, Nozawa R, Fukui N, Sugimori R, Kishi R, Shinokubo H. Homochiral and Heterochiral Self-Sorting Assemblies of Antiaromatic Ni(II) Norcorrole Dimers. Chemistry 2024:e202400292. [PMID: 38769938 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, π-π stacked antiaromatic π-systems have received considerable attention because they can exhibit stacked-ring aromaticity due to substantial intermolecular orbital interactions. Here, we report three antiaromatic norcorrole dimers that self-assemble to form supramolecular architectures through chiral self-sorting. A 2,2'-linked norcorrole dimer with 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl groups forms a π-stacked dimer both in solid and solution states via homochiral self-sorting. Its association constant in solution is (3.6±1.7)×105 M-1 at 20 °C. In the solid state, 3,3'-linked norcorrole dimers with 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl and phenyl groups afford macrocyclic and helical supramolecular assemblies via heterochiral and homochiral self-sorting, respectively. Notably, the subtle modification in the substituent resulted in a complete change in the structure of the aggregates and the chiral self-sorting mode. The present findings demonstrate that structural manipulation in antiaromatic monomer units leads to the formation of various supramolecular assemblies on the basis of the attractive interactions between antiaromatic π-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Liu
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Sugimori
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, 560-8531, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, 560-8531, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
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5
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Kino S, Ukai S, Fukui N, Haruki R, Kumai R, Wang Q, Horike S, Phung QM, Sundholm D, Shinokubo H. Close Stacking of Antiaromatic Ni(II) Norcorrole Originating from a Four-Electron Multicentered Bonding Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9311-9317. [PMID: 38502926 PMCID: PMC10996016 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A π-conjugated molecule with one electronic spin often forms a π-stacked dimer through molecular orbital interactions between two unpaired electrons. The bonding is recognized as a multicentered two-electron interaction between the two π-conjugated molecules. Here, we disclose a multicentered bonding interaction between two antiaromatic molecules involving four electrons. We have synthesized an antiaromatic porphyrin analogue, Ni(II) bis(pentafluorophenyl)norcorrole. Its dimer adopts a face-to-face stacked structure with an extremely short stacking distance of 2.97 Å. The close stacking originates from a multicenter four-electron bonding interaction between the two molecules. The bonding electrons were experimentally observed via synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis and corroborated by theoretical calculations. The intermolecular interaction of the molecular orbitals imparts the stacked dimer with aromatic character that is distinctly different from that of its monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Kino
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Rie Haruki
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure
Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Reiji Kumai
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure
Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Qian Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Quan Manh Phung
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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6
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Wu S, Han Y, Ni Y, Hou X, Wei H, Li Z, Wu J. Unveiling Möbius/Hückel Topology and Aromaticity in A Core-Expanded [10]Annulene at Different Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320144. [PMID: 38243691 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of annulene's conformation, electronic properties and aromaticity has generated enduring interest over the years, yet it continues to present formidable challenges for annulenes with more than ten carbon atoms. In this study, we present the synthesis of a stable [10]cyclo-para-phenylmethine derivative (1), which bears a resemblance to [10]annulene. 1 can be readily oxidized into its respective cations, wherein electrons are effectively delocalized along the backbone, resulting in different conformations and aromaticity. Both 1 and its tetracation (14+ ⋅ 4SbF6 - ) exhibit a nearly planar conformation with a rectangular shape, akin to the E,Z,E,Z,Z-[10]annulene. In contrast, the radical cation (1⋅+ ⋅ SbCl6 - ) possesses a doubly twisted Hückel topology. Furthermore, the dication (12+ ⋅ 2SbCl6 - ) displays conformational flexibility in solution and crystalizes with the simultaneous presence of Möbius-twisted (1a2+ ⋅ 2SbCl6 - ) and Hückel-planar (1b2+ ⋅ 2SbCl6 - ) isomers in its unit cell. Detailed experimental measurements and theoretical calculations reveal that: (1) 1 demonstrates localized aromaticity with an alternating benzenoid/quinoid structure; (2) 1a2+ ⋅ 2SbCl6 - and 1b2+ ⋅ 2SbCl6 - with 48π electrons are weakly Möbius aromatic and Hückel antiaromatic, respectively; (3) 14+ ⋅ 4SbF6 - exhibits Hückel aromaticity (46π) and open-shell diradical character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, 32400, P. R. China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Xu Y, Zhu B, Zhang L, Baryshnikov G, Sha F, Nishimoto E, Takano H, Li C, Wu X, Ågren H, Shinokubo H, Xie Y, Li Q. Syntheses of Thiophene-Thiophene-Linked Corrorin Dimers with Tunable Near-Infrared Absorption and Distinctive Reactivity. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38190656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Thiahexaphyrinone 1 and thia-dipyrrin-appended corrorin 2 have been synthesized. Surprisingly, further oxidation of compound 2 with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in dichloromethane afforded dimer 3 with two molecules of compound 2 linked at the α-carbon atoms of the thienyl units. Treatment of compound 3 with DDQ in MeOH and SnCl2 in tetrahydrofuran/H2O afforded the dimethoxy-attached dimer 4 and hydrogenated dihydroxy-attached dimer 5, respectively. These results provide the first examples for synthesizing thiophene-linked porphyrinoid dimers with tunable near-infrared absorption and chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Feng Sha
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Emiko Nishimoto
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takano
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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8
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Liu Y, Xu L, Rao Y, Kim J, Yin B, Zhou M, Oh J, Kim D, Song J, Osuka A. Stable Antiaromatic [24]Hexaphyrin(1.1.0.0.1.0) and Its Metal Complexes. Org Lett 2023; 25:8121-8126. [PMID: 37930089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
5,10,23-Trimesityl-substituted [24]hexaphyrin(1.1.0.0.1.0) was synthesized as a stable antiaromatic molecule by base-catalyzed twofold SNAr reaction and was reduced to the corresponding [26]hexaphyrin, which was an unstable aromatic molecule because it easily oxidized to the [24]hexaphyrin. The [24]hexaphyrin served as a ligand to give the bis-PdII complex and tris-RhI complex with unique structures. The former complex has two square-planar-coordinated PdII ions bridged by an acetate anion and shows a strong paratropic ring current, while the latter complex has three RhI ions coordinated with two pyrrolic nitrogen atoms and two carbonyl groups, but one carbonyl group is shared with two RhI ions in a unique manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yutao Rao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Korea
| | - Bangshao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Korea
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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9
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Tsuji Y, Okazawa K, Yoshizawa K. Hückel Molecular Orbital Analysis for Stability and Instability of Stacked Aromatic and Stacked Antiaromatic Systems. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14887-14898. [PMID: 37846097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Face-to-face stacking of aromatic compounds leads to stacked antiaromaticity, while that of antiaromatic compounds leads to stacked aromaticity. This is a prediction with a long history; in the late 2000s, the prediction was confirmed by high-precision quantum chemical calculations, and finally, in 2016, a π-conjugated system with stacked aromaticity was synthesized. Several variations have since been reported, but essentially, they are all the same molecule. To realize stacked aromaticity in a completely new and different molecular system and to trigger an extension of the concept of stacked aromaticity, it is important to understand the origin of stacked aromaticity. The Hückel method, which has been successful in giving qualitatively correct results for π-conjugated systems despite its bold assumptions, is well suited for the analysis of stacked aromaticity. We use this method to model the face-to-face stacking systems of benzene and cyclobutadiene molecules and discuss their stacked antiaromaticity and stacked aromaticity on the basis of their π-electron energies. By further developing the discussion, we search for clues to realize stacked aromaticity in synthesizable molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okazawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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10
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Lee S, Wang Y, Dutta R, Lee CH, Sessler JL, Kim D. Xanthene-Separated 24 π-Electron Antiaromatic Rosarin Dimer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301501. [PMID: 37205632 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Antiaromatic molecules have recently received attention because of their intrinsic properties, such as high reactivity and their narrow HOMO-LUMO gaps. Stacking of antiaromatic molecules has been predicted to induce three-dimensional aromaticity via frontier orbital interactions. Here, we report a covalently linked π-π stacked rosarin dimer that has been examined experimentally by steady-state absorption and transient absorption measurements and theoretically by quantum chemical calculations, including time-dependent density functional theory, anisotropy of induced current density, and nucleus-independent chemical shift calculations. Relative to the corresponding monomer, the dimer exhibits diminished antiaromaticity upon lowering the temperature to 77 K, a finding ascribed to intramolecular interactions between the macrocyclic rosarin subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, 721657, India
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun Cheon, 200-701, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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11
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Xie R, Hu Y, Lee SL. A Paradigm Shift from 2D to 3D: Surface Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Electronic Properties Explored by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300413. [PMID: 36922729 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring supramolecular architectures at surfaces plays an increasingly important role in contemporary science, especially for molecular electronics. A paradigm of research interest in this context is shifting from 2D to 3D that is expanding from monolayer, bilayers, to multilayers. Taking advantage of its high-resolution insight into monolayers and a few layers, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) turns out a powerful tool for analyzing such thin films on a solid surface. This review summarizes the representative efforts of STM/STS studies of layered supramolecular assemblies and their unique electronic properties, especially at the liquid-solid interface. The superiority of the 3D molecular networks at surfaces is elucidated and an outlook on the challenges that still lie ahead is provided. This review not only highlights the profound progress in 3D supramolecular assemblies but also provides researchers with unusual concepts to design surface supramolecular structures with increasing complexity and desired functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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12
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Okazawa K, Tsuji Y, Yoshizawa K. Frontier Orbital Views of Stacked Aromaticity. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37243683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that antiaromatic molecules with 4n π electrons exhibit stacked aromaticity according to π-π stacking when arranged in a face-to-face manner. However, the mechanism of its occurrence has not been clearly studied. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of stacked aromaticity using cyclobutadiene. When the antiaromatic molecules are stacked in a face-to-face manner, the orbital interactions between the degenerate singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) of the monomer unit cause a larger energy gap between the degenerate highest-occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of the dimer. However, the antiaromatic molecules are more stable in less symmetric conformations, mainly because of pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortions. In the case of cyclobutadiene, the two SOMOs of the monomer unit split into HOMO and LUMO because of the bond alternation. When the molecules are stacked in a face-to-face manner, the HOMO-LUMO gap of the dimer is smaller than that of the monomer due to the interactions between the HOMOs and LUMOs of the two monomer units. When the monomer units are within a specific distance of each other, the HOMO and LUMO of the dimer, which correspond to antibonding and bonding between the units, respectively, are interchanged. This alternation of molecular orbitals may result in an increase in the bond strength between the monomer units, exhibiting stacked aromaticity. We demonstrated that it is possible to control the distance exhibited by stacked aromaticity by engineering the HOMO-LUMO gap of the monomer units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Okazawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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13
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Orozco-Ic M, Sundholm D. On the antiaromatic-aromatic-antiaromatic transition of the stacked cyclobutadiene dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12777-12782. [PMID: 37128984 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01350b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the changes in the aromatic nature of two cyclobutadiene (C4H4) molecules on decreasing the intermolecular distance and approaching the cubane structure in a face-to-face fashion. The analysis based on the calculations of the magnetically induced current density and the induced magnetic field shows that the aromaticity of the two C4H4 rings changes from a strongly antiaromatic character at long distances to an aromatic transition state of stacked C4H4 rings at intermediate internuclear distances when approaching the antiaromatic state of cubane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Karadakov PB, Riley T. The Effect of Hydrogenation on the Contest between Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Norcorrole. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203400. [PMID: 36436122 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic shielding studies demonstrate that successive hydrogenation of NiII norcorrole (NiNc), a stable molecule combining aromatic and antiaromatic features, first weakens and then eliminates the central antiaromatic region, even though the NiNc antiaromatic "core", a 14-membered conjugated cycle with 16 π electrons, is formally preserved throughout the H2 NiNc-H8 NiNc series. The differences between aromatic and non-aromatic isotropic shielding distributions and nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) values in these hydrogenated porphyrin analogues are highlighted by comparing the results for the members of the H2 NiNc-H8 NiNc series to those for the aromatic NiII porphyrin complex. The results strongly support the unexpected and counterintuitive conclusion that H8 NiNc will be nonaromatic, without even a trace of antiaromaticity. Based on these findings, H8 NiNc is predicted to be the most stable member of the H2 NiNc-H8 NiNc series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Karadakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tom Riley
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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15
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Bradley D, Jirásek M, Anderson HL, Peeks MD. Disentangling global and local ring currents. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1762-1768. [PMID: 36819862 PMCID: PMC9930925 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic field-induced ring currents in aromatic and antiaromatic molecules cause characteristic shielding and deshielding effects in the molecules' NMR spectra. However, it is difficult to analyze (anti)aromaticity directly from experimental NMR data if a molecule has multiple ring current pathways. Here we present a method for using the Biot-Savart law to deconvolute the contributions of different ring currents to the experimental NMR spectra of polycyclic compounds. This method accurately quantifies local and global ring current susceptibilities in porphyrin nanorings, as well as in a bicyclic dithienothiophene-bridged [34]octaphyrin. There is excellent agreement between ring current susceptibilities derived from both experimental and computationally-predicted chemical shifts, and with ring currents calculated by the GIMIC method. Our method can be applied to any polycyclic system, with any number of ring currents, provided that appropriate NMR data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | | | - Martin D. Peeks
- School of Chemistry, University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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16
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Sprachmann J, Wachsmuth T, Bhosale M, Burmeister D, Smales GJ, Schmidt M, Kochovski Z, Grabicki N, Wessling R, List-Kratochvil EJW, Esser B, Dumele O. Antiaromatic Covalent Organic Frameworks Based on Dibenzopentalenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2840-2851. [PMID: 36701177 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their inherent instability, 4n π systems have recently received significant attention due to their unique optical and electronic properties. In dibenzopentalene (DBP), benzanellation stabilizes the highly antiaromatic pentalene core, without compromising its amphoteric redox behavior or small HOMO-LUMO energy gap. However, incorporating such molecules in organic devices as discrete small molecules or amorphous polymers can limit the performance (e.g., due to solubility in the battery electrolyte solution or low internal surface area). Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), on the contrary, are highly ordered, porous, and crystalline materials that can provide a platform to align molecules with specific properties in a well-defined, ordered environment. We synthesized the first antiaromatic framework materials and obtained a series of three highly crystalline and porous COFs based on DBP. Potential applications of such antiaromatic bulk materials were explored: COF films show a conductivity of 4 × 10-8 S cm-1 upon doping and exhibit photoconductivity upon irradiation with visible light. Application as positive electrode materials in Li-organic batteries demonstrates a significant enhancement of performance when the antiaromaticity of the DBP unit in the COF is exploited in its redox activity with a discharge capacity of 26 mA h g-1 at a potential of 3.9 V vs. Li/Li+. This work showcases antiaromaticity as a new design principle for functional framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Sprachmann
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tommy Wachsmuth
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manik Bhosale
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - David Burmeister
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRIS Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Glen J Smales
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Grabicki
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Wessling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRIS Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Haensch VG, Görls H, Hertweck C. A Photochemical Macrocyclization Route to Asymmetric Strained [3.2] Paracyclophanes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202577. [PMID: 36094023 PMCID: PMC10092696 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intricate frameworks of paracyclophanes are an important target for synthesis since they are found in various chiral auxiliaries, solar cells, high-performance plastics, pharmaceuticals, and molecular machines. Whereas numerous methods exist for the preparation of symmetric paracyclophanes, protocols for the efficient synthesis of strained asymmetric scaffolds are limited. Here we report a remarkably simple photochemical route to strained [3.2]paracyclophanes starting from readily available educts. By way of NMR and X-ray analyses, we discovered that UV-irradiation of an aromatic carboxylic ester tethered to a toluene moiety leads to the intramolecular formation of a new C-C bond, with loss of an alcohol. A systematic evaluation of the reaction conditions and substituents, as well as radical starter and triplet quenching experiments, point to a reaction mechanism involving an excited triplet state and hydrogen atom transfer. The new method proved to be robust and versatile enabling the synthesis of a range of cyclophanes with different substitutions, including an unusual diastereoisomer with two planar chiral centers, and thus proved to be a valuable addition to the synthetic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
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18
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Chen TM, Tanaka Y, Kametani Y, Cheng K, Lin C, Lin YR, Hsu T, Chen Z, Hao J, Mori S, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Furuta H, Shimizu S, Chen C. Spontaneous Assembly and Three‐Dimensional Stacking of Antiaromatic 5,15‐Dioxaporphyrin on HOPG. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212726. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsang‐Wei Matt Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yohei Kametani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kum‐Yi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsun Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yi Rick Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ting‐Rong Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Zuqian Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Jiping Hao
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Center (ADRES) Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Chun‐hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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19
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Nishiuchi T, Makihara Y, Kishi R, Sato H, Kubo T. Stacked antiaromaticity in the π‐congested space between the aromatic rings in the anthracene dimer. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, (ICS‐OTRI) Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Yuta Makihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, (ICS‐OTRI) Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC) and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB) Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | | | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, (ICS‐OTRI) Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan
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20
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Zhang XX, Li J, Niu YY. A Review of Crystalline Multibridged Cyclophane Cages: Synthesis, Their Conformational Behavior, and Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207083. [PMID: 36296675 PMCID: PMC9607443 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the most stable conformation of crystalline three-dimensional cyclophane (CP) achieved by self-assembling based on changing the type of aromatic compound or regulating the type and number of bridging groups. [3n]cyclophanes (CPs) were reported to form supramolecular compounds with bind organic, inorganic anions, or neutral molecules selectively. [3n]cyclophanes ([3n]CPs) have stronger donor capability relative to compound [2n]cyclophanes ([2n]CPs), and it is expected to be a new type of electron donor for the progress of fresh electron conductive materials. The synthesis, conformational behavior, and properties of crystalline multi-bridge rings are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yun-Yin Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence:
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21
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Liu SY, Kishida N, Kim J, Fukui N, Haruki R, Niwa Y, Kumai R, Kim D, Yoshizawa M, Shinokubo H. Realization of Stacked-Ring Aromaticity in a Water-Soluble Micellar Capsule. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:2135-2141. [PMID: 36210512 PMCID: PMC9896547 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stacked-ring aromaticity arising from the close stacking of antiaromatic π-systems has recently received considerable attention. Here, we realize stacked-ring aromaticity via a rational supramolecular approach. A nanocapsule composed of bent polyaromatic amphiphiles was employed to encapsulate several antiaromatic norcorrole Ni(II) complexes (NCs) in water. The resulting micellar capsules display high stability toward heating and concentration change. The encapsulation resulted in the appearance of a broad absorption band in the near-infrared region, which is characteristic of norcorroles with close face-to-face stacking. Importantly, a meso-isopropyl NC, which does not exhibit π-stacking even in a concentrated solution or the crystalline phase, adopted π-stacking with stacked-ring aromaticity in the supramolecular micellar capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Liu
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kishida
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute
of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan,PRESTO,
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Rie Haruki
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Niwa
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Reiji Kumai
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea,
| | - Michito Yoshizawa
- Laboratory
for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute
of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan,
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan,
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22
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Xin S, Han Y, Fan W, Wang X, Ni Y, Wu J. Enhanced Aromaticity and Open‐Shell Diradical Character in the Dianions of 9‐Fluorenylidene‐Substituted Expanded Radialenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209448. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xin
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350507 China
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350507 China
- Department of chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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23
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Xin S, Han Y, Fan W, Wang X, Ni Y, Wu J. Enhanced Aromaticity and Open‐shell Diradical Character in The Dianions of 9‐Fluorenylidene Substituted Expanded Radialenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xin
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Yi Han
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Wei Fan
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Xuhui Wang
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Yong Ni
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Jishan Wu
- National University of Singapore Chemistry 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore SINGAPORE
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24
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Wypych K, Dimitrova M, Sundholm D, Pawlicki M. Diagnosing Ring Current(s) in Figure-Eight Skeletons: A 3D Through-Space Conjugation in the Two-Loops Crossing. Org Lett 2022; 24:4876-4880. [PMID: 35796415 PMCID: PMC9348834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The macrocyclic structures
with local conjugation readily undergo
a redox-triggered change in the diatropic character, leading to a
global current–density pathway of the doubly charged systems.
The figure-eight geometry of the neutral dimer does not significantly
change upon oxidation according to the spectroscopic and computational
data. The oxidation leads to 3D cross-conjugation at the intersection
of the two ethylene bridges resulting in a global ring current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wypych
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 503833 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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25
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Yang SY, Qu YK, Liao LS, Jiang ZQ, Lee ST. Research Progress of Intramolecular π-Stacked Small Molecules for Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104125. [PMID: 34595783 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors can be designed and constructed in π-stacked structures instead of the conventional π-conjugated structures. Through-space interaction (TSI) occurs in π-stacked optoelectronic materials. Thus, unlike electronic coupling along the conjugated chain, the functional groups can stack closely to facilitate spatial electron communication. Using π-stacked motifs, chemists and materials scientists can find new ways for constructing materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE), thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), as well as enhanced molecular conductance. Organic optoelectronic devices based on π-stacked molecules have exhibited very promising performance, with some of them exceeding π-conjugated analogues. Recently, reports on various organic π-stacked structures have grown rapidly, prompting this review. Representative molecular scaffolds and newly developed π-stacked systems could stimulate more attention on through-space charge transfer the well-known through-bond charge transfer. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for utilizing and improving particular materials are discussed. The previous achievements and upcoming prospects may provide new insights into the theory, materials, and devices in the field of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Kun Qu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Zuo-Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shuit-Tong Lee
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, P. R. China
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26
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El Bakouri O, Szczepanik DW, Jorner K, Ayub R, Bultinck P, Solà M, Ottosson H. Three-Dimensional Fully π-Conjugated Macrocycles: When 3D-Aromatic and When 2D-Aromatic-in-3D? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8560-8575. [PMID: 35523019 PMCID: PMC9121391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Several fully π-conjugated
macrocycles with puckered or cage-type
structures were recently found to exhibit aromatic character according
to both experiments and computations. We examine their electronic
structures and put them in relation to 3D-aromatic molecules (e.g., closo-boranes) and to 2D-aromatic
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Using qualitative theory combined
with quantum chemical calculations, we find that the macrocycles explored
hitherto should be described as 2D-aromatic with three-dimensional
molecular structures (abbr. 2D-aromatic-in-3D) and not as truly 3D-aromatic.
3D-aromatic molecules have highly symmetric structures (or nearly
so), leading to (at least) triply degenerate molecular orbitals, and
for tetrahedral or octahedral molecules, an aromatic closed-shell
electronic structure with 6n + 2 electrons. Conversely,
2D-aromatic-in-3D structures exhibit aromaticity that results from
the fulfillment of Hückel’s 4n + 2
rule for each macrocyclic path, yet their π-electron counts
are coincidentally 6n + 2 numbers for macrocycles
with three tethers of equal lengths. It is notable that 2D-aromatic-in-3D
macrocyclic cages can be aromatic with tethers of different lengths, i.e., with π-electron counts different from 6n + 2, and they are related to naphthalene. Finally, we
identify tetrahedral and cubic π-conjugated molecules that fulfill
the 6n + 2 rule and exhibit significant electron
delocalization. Yet, their properties resemble those of analogous
compounds with electron counts that differ from 6n + 2. Thus, despite the fact that these molecules show substantial
π-electron delocalization, they cannot be classified as true
3D-aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S3, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
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27
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Sadowski B, Mierzwa D, Kang S, Grzybowski M, Poronik YM, Sobolewski AL, Kim D, Gryko DT. Tuning the aromatic backbone twist in dipyrrolonaphthyridinediones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3697-3700. [PMID: 35225999 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06863f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the photophysical behavior of three analogs of cyclophane bearing the dipyrrolonaphthyridinedione (DPND) core. In these molecules, intersystem crossing (ISC) can be successfully induced by distinct changes in the deviation from planarity within the DPND core, allowing at the same time the emission maximum to shift from the green to red region of the visible spectrum without any synthetic modifications of the chromophore structure. This finding may build the foundation for a new paradigm for inducing ISC-type transitions within other centrosymmetric and planar cross-conjugated chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Dominik Mierzwa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Marek Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Yevgen M Poronik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | | | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
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28
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Ukai S, Takamatsu A, Nobuoka M, Tsutsui Y, Fukui N, Ogi S, Seki S, Yamaguchi S, Shinokubo H. A Supramolecular Polymer Constituted of Antiaromatic Ni
II
Norcorroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Aiko Takamatsu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Masaki Nobuoka
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of, Engineering Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of, Engineering Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of, Engineering Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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29
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Wu S, Ni Y, Han Y, Hou X, Wang C, Hu W, Wu J. Hückel‐ and Baird‐Type Global Aromaticity in a 3D Fully Conjugated Molecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Congyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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30
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Li S, Sun Y, Meng Y, Li X, Zhang S. Progress in the Synthesis and Derivatization of Norcorrole. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202202039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Wu S, Ni Y, Han Y, Hou X, Wang C, Hu W, Wu J. Hückel- and Baird-type 3D Global Aromaticity in a Fully Conjugated Molecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115571. [PMID: 34958520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Global aromaticity in 3D π-conjugated molecular cages remains largely unexplored. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of a fully conjugated molecular cage ( 1 ) containing two bridged triphenylamine units and three quinoidal bithiophene arms. X-ray crystallographic analysis, NMR/ESR measurements and theoretical calculations reveal that: ( 1 ) its dication ( 1 2+ ) has an open-shell singlet ground state and is 3D globally aromatic, with individual macrocycles being 2D Hückel aromatic; (2) its tetracation ( 1 4+ ) has a triplet ground state and is also 3D globally aromatic, with individual macrocycles being 2D Baird aromatic; and (3) its hexacation ( 1 6+ ) has a closed-shell nature and shows local aromaticity. The study revealed a close relationship between 2D Hückel/Baird aromaticity and 3D global π-aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Yong Ni
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Yi Han
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Xudong Hou
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Congyong Wang
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin University, College of Science, CHINA
| | - Jishan Wu
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, SINGAPORE
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32
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Nishiuchi T, Sotome H, Shimizu K, Miyasaka H, Kubo T. 1,2,3-Tri(9-anthryl)benzene: Photophysical Properties and Solid State Intermolecular Interactions of Radially Arranged, Congested Aromatic π-Planes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104245. [PMID: 34910331 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the Negishi coupling based synthesis of 1,2,3-tri(9-anthryl)benzene derivatives, containing three radially arranged anthracenes in a π-cluster. In the crystalline state of the unsubstituted derivative, intermolecular π-π and CH-π interactions between the anthracene units drive the formation of a two-dimensional packing structure. Owing to though-space π-conjugation between anthracene units, the substances have unique electronic properties. The excited state dynamic behavior occurring between the three radially arranged anthracene moieties, such as exciton localization/delocalization, was elucidated by means of transient absorption measurements and quantum chemical calculations. Interestingly, even though the three anthracenes are closely oriented with a ca. 3.0 Å distances between their C-9 positions, exciton localization on two anthracene units is energetically favorable because of the flexible nature of the radially arranged aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Osaka University, Department of Chemistry, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Osaka, JAPAN
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Osaka University: Osaka Daigaku, Graduate School of Engineering Science, 1-3 Machikaneyama, 560-8531, Toyonaka, JAPAN
| | - Kazuto Shimizu
- Osaka University School of Science Graduate School of Science: Osaka Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu, Chemistry, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, JAPAN
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Osaka University - Toyonaka Campus: Osaka Daigaku - Toyonaka Campus, Graduate School of Engineering Science, 560-8531, Toyonaka, JAPAN
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Osaka University School of Science Graduate School of Science: Osaka Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu, Chemistry, 1-1 Machikaneyama, 560-0043, Toyonaka, JAPAN
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33
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Nakai A, Kim J, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. Tetrabromo[36]octaphyrin: A Promising Precursor of Directly Fused Porphyrin(2.1.1.1) Dimer and
meso‐α
Fused N‐Confused Porphyrin Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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34
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Nakai A, Kim J, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. Tetrabromo[36]octaphyrin: A Promising Precursor of Directly Fused Porphyrin(2.1.1.1) Dimer and meso-α Fused N-Confused Porphyrin Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26540-26544. [PMID: 34609777 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
3,7,23,27-Tetrabromo[36]octaphyrin 2 was synthesized as a novel octaphyrin bearing two meso-free positions. Surprisingly, its ZnII and NiII complexation reactions produced a directly fused porphyrin(2.1.1.1) dimer 6, and a meso-α fused N-confused porphyrin (NCP) dimer 7, as the first example of NCP tape, respectively, via transannular C-C bond formation. While 6 exhibits a diatropic ring-current effect owing to the global 36π Möbius aromaticity, 7 shows a paratropic ring-current effect due to the global Hückel 36π antiaromaticity. In addition, the oxidation of 7 with PbO2 allowed for formation of its two-electron oxidized species 9 that exhibited a diatropic ring-current effect due to the global Hückel 34π aromaticity. This work has demonstrated that meso-free large expanded porphyrins can be a promising platform to produce novel fused porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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35
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Ukai S, Takamatsu A, Nobuoka M, Tsutsui Y, Fukui N, Ogi S, Seki S, Yamaguchi S, Shinokubo H. A Supramolecular Polymer Constituted of Antiaromatic Ni II Norcorroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114230. [PMID: 34862699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
For the creation of next-generation organic electronic materials, the integration of π-systems has recently become a central theme. Such functional materials can be assembled by supramolecular polymerization when aromatic π-systems are used as monomers, and the properties of the resulting supramolecular polymer strongly depend on the electronic structure of the monomers. Here, we demonstrate the construction of a supramolecular polymer consisting of an antiaromatic π-system as the monomer. An amide-functionalized NiII norcorrole derivative formed a one-dimensional supramolecular polymer through π-π stacking and hydrogen-bonding interactions, ensuring the persistency of the conducting pathway against thermal perturbation, which results in higher charge mobility along the tightly bound linear aggregates than that of the aromatic analogue composed of ZnII porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Aiko Takamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masaki Nobuoka
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of, Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of, Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of, Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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36
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37
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Sundholm D, Dimitrova M, Berger RJF. Current density and molecular magnetic properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12362-12378. [PMID: 34726205 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03350f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We give an overview of the molecular response to an external magnetic field perturbing quantum mechanical systems. We present state-of-the-art methods for calculating magnetically-induced current-density susceptibilities. We discuss the essence and properties of current-density susceptibilities and how molecular magnetic properties can be calculated from them. We also review the theory of spin-current densities, how relativity affects current densities and magnetic properties. An overview of the magnetic ring-current criterion for aromaticity is given, which has implications on theoretical and experimental research. The recently reported theory of antiaromaticity and how molecular symmetry affects the magnetic response are discussed and applied to closed-shell paramagnetic molecules. The topology of magnetically induced current densities and its consequences for molecular magnetic properties are also presented with twisted and toroidal molecules as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, Finland.
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, Finland. .,Chemistry of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstr. 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raphael J F Berger
- Chemistry of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstr. 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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38
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Usuba J, Fukazawa A. Thiophene-Fused 1,4-Diazapentalene: A Stable C=N-Containing π-Conjugated System with Restored Antiaromaticity. Chemistry 2021; 27:16127-16134. [PMID: 34605567 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A thiophene-fused 1,4-diazapentalene (TAP) was rationally designed and synthesized as a C=N-containing 4n π-electron system that exhibits restored antiaromaticity impaired by the doping with C=N bonds. X-ray crystallographic analysis and quantum chemical calculations revealed that the annulation of thiophene rings with the 1,4-diazapentalene moiety resulted in a much higher antiaromaticity than the pristine 1,4-diazapentalene. These effects can be ascribed to the reduced bond alternation of the eight-membered-ring periphery caused by stabilization of the less-stable bond-shifted resonance structure upon increasing the degree of substitution of imine moieties. Consequently, TAP underwent facile hydrogenation even under mild conditions because of its pronounced antiaromaticity and the high aromaticity of the corresponding hydrogenated product H2 -TAP. In addition, the electrophilic C=N moieties in TAP led to the formation of a dense π-stacked structure. These results highlight the effect of partial replacement of C=C bonds with C=N bonds in antiaromatic π-electron systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Usuba
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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39
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Chen Z, Gai Y, Xie W, Guo H, Deng W, Li F, Jiang F. A rapid and effective synthetic route to functional cuboctahedron nanospheres. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Abstract
A recently developed methodology for calculating, analyzing, and visualizing nuclear magnetic shielding densities is used for studying spatial contributions including ring-current contributions to 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of aromatic and anti-aromatic free-base porphyrinoids. Our approach allows a visual inspection of the spatial origin of the positive (shielding) and negative (deshielding) contributions to the nuclear magnetic shielding constants. Diatropic and paratropic current-density fluxes yield both shielding and deshielding contributions implying that not merely the tropicity of the current density determines whether the contribution has a shielding or deshielding character. Instead the shielding or deshielding contribution is determined by the direction of the current-density flux with respect to the studied nucleus.
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41
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Rauhalahti M, Sundholm D, Johansson MP. Magnetically induced ring currents in naphthalene-fused heteroporphyrinoids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16629-16634. [PMID: 34338707 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The magnetically induced current density of an intriguing naphthalene-fused heteroporphyrin has been studied, using the quantum-chemical, gauge-including magnetically induced currents (GIMIC) method. The ring-current strengths and current-density pathways for the heteroporphyrin, its Pd complex, and the analogous quinoline-fused heteroporphyrin provide detailed information about their aromatic properties. The three porphyrinoids have similar current-density pathways and are almost as aromatic as free-base porphyrin. Notably, we show that the global ring current makes a branch at three specific points. Thus, the global current is composed of a total of eight pathways that include 22 π-electrons, with no contributions from 18-electron pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rauhalahti
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens Plats 1), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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42
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Kawashima H, Ukai S, Nozawa R, Fukui N, Fitzsimmons G, Kowalczyk T, Fliegl H, Shinokubo H. Determinant Factors of Three-Dimensional Aromaticity in Antiaromatic Cyclophanes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10676-10685. [PMID: 34170675 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional aromaticity arising from the close stacking of two antiaromatic π-conjugated macrocycles has recently received considerable attention. Here, a cyclophane consisting of two antiaromatic Ni(II) norcorrole units tethered with two flexible alkyl chains was synthesized. The norcorrole cyclophane showed crystal polymorphism providing three different solid-state structures. Surprisingly, one of them adopted an aligned face-to-face stacking arrangement with negligible displacement along the slipping axis. Although the exchange repulsion between two π-clouds should be maximized in this orientation, the π-π distance is remarkably close (3.258 Å). Three-dimensional aromaticity in this conformation has been supported experimentally and theoretically as evidenced by small bond length alternations as well as the presence of a diatropic ring current. An analogous cyclophane with two aromatic Ni(II) porphyrin units was prepared for comparison. The porphyrin cyclophane exhibited a slipped-stacking conformation with a larger displacement (2.9 Å) and a larger interplanar distance (3.402 Å) without noticeable change of the aromaticity of each porphyrin unit. In solution, the norcorrole cyclophane forms a twist stacking arrangement with effective interplanar orbital overlap and exists in an equilibrium between stacked and nonstacked structures. Thermodynamic parameters of the stacking process were estimated, revealing an inherently large attractive interaction operating between two norcorrole units, which has been further supported by energy decomposition analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Garrett Fitzsimmons
- Department of Chemistry, Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Center and Institute for Energy Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98229, United States
| | - Tim Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Center and Institute for Energy Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98229, United States
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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43
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Hu X, Schulz A, Lindner JO, Grüne M, Bialas D, Würthner F. Folding and fluorescence enhancement with strong odd-even effect for a series of merocyanine dye oligomers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8342-8352. [PMID: 34221315 PMCID: PMC8221066 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01678d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of merocyanine (MC) oligomers with a varying number of chromophores from two to six has been synthesized via a peptide synthesis strategy. Solvent-dependent UV/vis spectroscopic studies reveal folding processes for the MC oligomers driven by strong dipole–dipole interactions resulting in well-defined π-stacks with antiparallel orientation of the dyes. Whilst even-numbered tetramer 4 and hexamer 6 only show partial folding into dimeric units, odd-numbered trimer 3 and pentamer 5 fold into π-stacks of three and five MC units upon decreasing solvent polarity. In-depth 2D NMR studies provided insight into the supramolecular structure. For trimer 3, an NMR structure could be generated revealing the presence of a well-defined triple π-stack in the folded state. Concomitant with folding, the fluorescence quantum yield is increased for all MC oligomers in comparison to the single chromophore. Based on radiative and non-radiative decay rates, this fluorescence enhancement can be attributed to the rigidification of the chromophores within the π-stacks that affords a pronounced decrease of the non-radiative decay rates. Theoretical investigations for the double and triple dye stacks based on time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations indicate for trimer 3 a pronounced mixing of Frenkel and charge transfer (CT) states. This leads to significant deviations from the predictions obtained by the molecular exciton theory which only accounts for the Coulomb interaction between the transition dipole moments of the chromophores. A series of merocyanine (MC) oligomers with a varying number of chromophores from two to six has been synthesized via a peptide synthesis strategy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Hu
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Joachim O Lindner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Grüne
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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44
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Ueta K, Kim J, Ooi S, Oh J, Shin J, Nakai A, Lim M, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. meso-Oxoisocorroles: Tunable Antiaromaticity by Metalation and Coordination of Lewis Acids as Well as Aromaticity Reversal in the Triplet Excited State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7958-7967. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ueta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Shota Ooi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea
| | - Juhyang Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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45
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Plasser F, Glöcklhofer F. Visualisation of Chemical Shielding Tensors (VIST) to Elucidate Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:2529-2539. [PMID: 34248413 PMCID: PMC8251739 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a central concept in chemistry, pervading areas from biochemistry to materials science. Recently, chemists also started to exploit intricate phenomena such as the interplay of local and global (anti)aromaticity or aromaticity in non-planar systems and three dimensions. These phenomena pose new challenges in terms of our fundamental understanding and the practical visualisation of aromaticity. To overcome these challenges, a method for the visualisation of chemical shielding tensors (VIST) is developed here that allows for a 3D visualisation with quantitative information about the local variations and anisotropy of the chemical shielding. After exemplifying the method in different planar hydrocarbons, we study two non-planar macrocycles to show the unique benefits of the VIST method for molecules with competing π-conjugated systems and conclude with a norcorrole dimer showing clear evidence of through-space aromaticity. We believe that the VIST method will be a highly valuable addition to the computational toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Plasser
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLE11 3TUUnited Kingdom
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry andCentre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubLondonW12 0BZUnited Kingdom
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46
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Nagami T, Sugimori R, Sakai R, Okada K, Nakano M. Theoretical Study on Singlet Fission in Aromatic Diaza s-Indacene Dimers. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3257-3267. [PMID: 33834780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically show that diaza (N2)-substitution to s-indacene with 4n π-electrons, by which the number of π-electrons in N2-s-indacene amounts to 4n+2, is a new strategy to design efficient singlet fission (SF) molecules. By N2-substitution, the diradical character and the exchange integral are found to be tuned moderately, leading to satisfying the excitation energy level matching condition for SF with a large triplet excitation energy. On the basis of the effective electronic coupling related to the SF rate, we explore the optimal slip-stack dimer packings for fast SF. Their underlying mechanisms are well understood from the odd-electron density, resonance structure, and frontier orbital distribution, as the functions of the N2-substituted positions. Furthermore, aromaticities of N2-s-indacenes are evaluated explicitly on the basis of the magnetically induced current. Although N2-s-indacenes display strengths of aromaticities similar to that of anthracene, a local decrease in aromaticity is found to correlate to the spatial feature of diradical character, i.e., odd-electron density. The present findings not only newly propose N2-s-indacenes as feasible SF molecules but also contribute to comprehending the interplay between aromaticity and diradical electronic structures contributing to SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryota Sugimori
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakai
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology Division (QIQB), Institute for International Advanced Research Institute (IARI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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47
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Yoshida T, Shafie SA, Kawashima H, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Synthesis and Properties of an 18π Aromatic Norcorrole P(V) Complex. Org Lett 2021; 23:2826-2830. [PMID: 33751894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[16]Norcorrole is an antiaromatic ring-contracted porphyrinoid. Here, we show that the phosphorus insertion of the free-base [16]norcorrole switches its antiaromaticity to aromaticity. The treatment of a free-base meso-dimesityl[16]norcorrole with phosphorus tribromide in pyridine afforded an [18]norcorrole P(V) complex, which exhibited porphyrin-like absorption and fluorescence spectra. The phosphorus center adopted a distorted tetragonal pyramidal coordination geometry. The distinct aromatic nature of the [18]norcorrole P(V) complex was corroborated both experimentally and theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Siham Asyiqin Shafie
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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48
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Wu F, Xu J, Gao H, Li C, Xu S, Uno H, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Shen Z. A cationic benzocorrole Cu(ii) complex as a highly stable antiaromatic system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:383-386. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06703b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A highly stable 16π-electron antiaromatic system based on a monocationic tetrabenzocorrole Cu(ii) complex is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Hu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Chenhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Shuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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49
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Usuba J, Hayakawa M, Yamaguchi S, Fukazawa A. Dithieno[
a
,
e
]pentalenes: Highly Antiaromatic Yet Stable π‐Electron Systems without Bulky Substituents. Chemistry 2020; 27:1638-1647. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Usuba
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
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50
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Kim G, Dutta R, Cha WY, Hong SJ, Oh J, Firmansyah D, Jo H, Ok KM, Lee CH, Kim D. Noncovalent Intermolecular Interaction in Cofacially Stacked 24π Antiaromatic Hexaphyrin Dimer. Chemistry 2020; 26:16434-16440. [PMID: 32557895 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
π-π Stacking is omnipresent not only in nature but in a wide variety of practical fields applied to our lives. Because of its importance in a performance of natural and artificial systems, such as light harvesting system and working layer in device, many researchers have put intensive effort into identifying its underlying nature. However, for the case of π-π stacked systems composed of antiaromatic units, the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms is still unclear. Herein, we synthesized a new type of planar β,β'-phenylene-bridged hexaphyrin (1.0.1.0.1.0), referred as naphthorosarin which possesses the 24π-electron conjugated pathway. Especially, the corresponding antiaromatic porphyrinoid shows the unique property to form dimeric species adopting the face-to-face geometry which is unprecedented in cases of known annulated naphthorosarins. In order to elucidate the intriguing properties derived from the stacked dimer, the current study focuses on the experimental support to rationalize the observed π-π interactions between the two subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gakhyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 200-701, Korea
| | - Won-Young Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 200-701, Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dikhi Firmansyah
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 200-701, Korea
| | - Hongil Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Kang Min Ok
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 200-701, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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