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Li W, Li JY. Overlaps and divergences between tauopathies and synucleinopathies: a duet of neurodegeneration. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:16. [PMID: 38528629 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteinopathy, defined as the abnormal accumulation of proteins that eventually leads to cell death, is one of the most significant pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Tauopathies, represented by Alzheimer's disease (AD), and synucleinopathies, represented by Parkinson's disease (PD), show similarities in multiple aspects. AD manifests extrapyramidal symptoms while dementia is also a major sign of advanced PD. We and other researchers have sequentially shown the cross-seeding phenomenon of α-synuclein (α-syn) and tau, reinforcing pathologies between synucleinopathies and tauopathies. The highly overlapping clinical and pathological features imply shared pathogenic mechanisms between the two groups of disease. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies seemingly appropriate for one distinct neurodegenerative disease may also apply to a broader spectrum. Therefore, a clear understanding of the overlaps and divergences between tauopathy and synucleinopathy is critical for unraveling the nature of the complicated associations among neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the shared and diverse characteristics of tauopathies and synucleinopathies from aspects of genetic causes, clinical manifestations, pathological progression and potential common therapeutic approaches targeting the pathology, in the aim to provide a timely update for setting the scheme of disease classification and provide novel insights into the therapeutic development for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
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Yamakado H, Takahashi R. Experimental Animal Models of Prodromal Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024:JPD230393. [PMID: 38427504 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
There is an estimated 35-45% loss of striatal dopamine at the time of diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and cases clinically diagnosed in the early stages may already be pathologically in advanced stages. Recent large-scale clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies (DMT) also suggest the necessity of targeting patients at earlier stages of the disease. From this perspective, the prodromal phase of PD is currently the focus of attention, emphasizing the need for a prodromal mouse model that accurately reflects the pathophysiology, along with early biomarkers. To establish prodromal animal model of PD with high face validity that reflects the disease state, the model must possess high construct validity that accurately incorporates clinical and pathological features in the prodromal phase. Furthermore, as a preclinical model of DMT, the model must possess high predictive validity to accurately evaluate the response to intervention. This review provides an overview of animal models which reflect the characteristics of prodromal PD, including alpha-synuclein (aS) accumulation and associated early non-motor symptoms, with a focus on the aS propagation model and genetic model. In addition, we discuss the challenges associated with these models. The genetic model often fails to induce motor symptoms, while aS propagation models skip the crucial step of initial aS aggregate formation, thereby not fully replicating the entire natural course of the disease. Identifying factors that induce the transition from prodromal to symptomatic phase is important as a preclinical model for DMT to prevent or delay the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Therapeutics for Multiple System Atrophy, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Li Y, Tong Q, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Geng Y, Tian T, Yuan Y, Fan Y, Lu M, Zhang K. Phosphorylated α-synuclein deposited in Schwann cells interacting with TLR2 mediates cell damage and induces Parkinson's disease autonomic dysfunction. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:52. [PMID: 38278799 PMCID: PMC10817950 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant frequency of autonomic dysfunction (AutD) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, its pathogenesis and diagnosis are challenging. Here, we aimed to further explore the mechanism of phosphorylated α-synuclein (p-α-syn) deposited in vagus nerve Schwann cells (SCs) causing SCs damage and PD AutD. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg) was administrated to C57BL/6 mice twice a week for 35 days. Following the final injection, locomotor functions, gastrointestinal symptoms, urine functions, and cardiovascular system functions were evaluated. Meanwhile, we examined p-α-syn deposited in vagus nerve SCs, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation, and SCs loss using immunofluorescence, western blot, and Luxol fast blue staining. In vitro, the rat SCs line RSC96 cells were exposed to α-synuclein preformed fibril (α-syn PFF), and cell viability was detected by CCK8. Co-IP was used to identify the interaction between p-α-syn and TLR2. Furthermore, the role of TLR2 in p-α-syn-mediated SCs damage was confirmed by the administration of CU-CPT22, a specific blocker of TLR2. In vivo, apart from dyskinesia, MPTP mice exhibited constipation, urinary dysfunction, and cardiovascular failure, which were associated with the deposition of p-α-syn in vagus nerve SCs, TLR2 activation, and vagus nerve demyelination. In vitro, stimulation of α-syn PFF induced a time-dependent loss of viability, and p-α-syn deposited in RSC96 cells induced a cellular inflammatory response by interacting with TLR2, resulting in cell dysfunction and apoptosis. However, both SCs inflammatory response and cell viability were alleviated after inhibition of TLR2. Furthermore, 1 h fecal pellets and water content, the frequency of 1 h urine, blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability of mice in the MPTP + CU-CPT22 group were also improved. Our results support the perspective that p-α-syn interacts with TLR2 induced SCs damage and is involved in PD AutD, which sheds fresh light on the mechanism of PD AutD and indicates a promising treatment for PD AutD targeting SCs p-α-syn/ TLR2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxia Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Tong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Geng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongsheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Alwani A, Maziarz K, Burda G, Jankowska-Kiełtyka M, Roman A, Łyszczarz G, Er S, Barut J, Barczyk-Woźnicka O, Pyza E, Kreiner G, Nalepa I, Chmielarz P. Investigating the potential effects of α-synuclein aggregation on susceptibility to chronic stress in a mouse Parkinson's disease model. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1474-1487. [PMID: 37725330 PMCID: PMC10661792 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, putatively due to the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies (LBs) in Substantia Nigra. PD is also associated with the formation of LBs in brain areas responsible for emotional and cognitive regulation such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, and concurrent depression prevalence in PD patients. The exact link between dopaminergic cell loss, α-syn aggregation, depression, and stress, a major depression risk factor, is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to explore the interplay between sensitivity to chronic stress and α-syn aggregation. METHODS Bilateral injections of α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of C57Bl/6 J mice were used to induce α-syn aggregation. Three months after injections, animals were exposed to chronic social defeat stress. RESULTS α-syn aggregation did not affect stress susceptibility but independently caused increased locomotor activity in the open field test, reduced anxiety in the light-dark box test, and increased active time in the tail suspension test. Ex vivo analysis revealed modest dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra and reduced dopaminergic innervation in the dorsal striatum in PFFs injected groups. α-Syn aggregates were prominent in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and substantia nigra, with minimal α-syn aggregation in the raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus. CONCLUSIONS Progressive bilateral α-syn aggregation might lead to compensatory activity increase and alterations in emotionally regulated behavior, without affecting stress susceptibility. Understanding how α-syn aggregation and degeneration in specific brain structures contribute to depression and anxiety in PD patients requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alwani
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Maziarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriela Burda
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Jankowska-Kiełtyka
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Roman
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriela Łyszczarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Safak Er
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Justyna Barut
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Barczyk-Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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5
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Liang D, Liu H, Jin R, Feng R, Wang J, Qin C, Zhang R, Chen Y, Zhang J, Teng J, Tang B, Ding X, Wang X. Escherichia coli triggers α-synuclein pathology in the LRRK2 transgenic mouse model of PD. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2276296. [PMID: 38010914 PMCID: PMC10730176 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2276296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is a major-effect risk gene for sporadic PD (sPD). However, what environmental factors may trigger the formation of α-syn pathology in carriers of LRRK2 risk variants are still unknown. Here, we report that a markedly increased abundance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the intestinal microbiota was detected in LRRK2 risk variant(R1628P or G2385R) carriers with sPD compared with carriers without sPD. Animal experiments showed that E. coli administration triggered pathological α-syn accumulation in the colon and spread to the brain via the gut-brain axis in Lrrk2 R1628P mice, due to the co-occurrence of Lrrk2 variant-induced inhibition of α-syn autophagic degradation and increased phosphorylation of α-syn caused by curli in E. coli-derived extracellular vesicles. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) effectively ameliorated motor deficits and α-syn pathology in Lrrk2 R1628P mice. Our findings elaborate on the mechanism that E. coli triggers α-syn pathology in Lrrk2 R1628P mice, and highlight a novel gene-environment interaction pattern in LRRK2 risk variants. Even more importantly, the findings reveal the interplay between the specific risk gene and the matched environmental factors triggers the initiation of α-syn pathology in sPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Liang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruoqi Jin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Renyi Feng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiuqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chi Qin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongkang Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuebing Ding
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Neurology, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Zhang Q, Duan Q, Gao Y, He P, Huang R, Huang H, Li Y, Ma G, Zhang Y, Nie K, Wang L. Cerebral Microvascular Injury Induced by Lag3-Dependent α-Synuclein Fibril Endocytosis Exacerbates Cognitive Impairment in a Mouse Model of α-Synucleinopathies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301903. [PMID: 37381656 PMCID: PMC10477873 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The pathological accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) and the transmission of misfolded α-Syn underlie α-synucleinopathies. Increased plasma α-Syn levels are associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies, but it is still unknown whether the cognitive deficits in α-synucleinopathies have a common vascular pathological origin. Here, it is reported that combined injection of α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) in the unilateral substantia nigra pars compacta, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex results in impaired spatial learning and memory abilities at 6 months post-injection and that this cognitive decline is related to cerebral microvascular injury. Moreover, insoluble α-Syn inclusions are found to form in primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) through lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag3)-dependent α-Syn PFFs endocytosis, causing poly(ADP-ribose)-driven cell death and reducing the expression of tight junction proteins in BMVECs. Knockout of Lag3 in vitro prevents α-Syn PFFs from entering BMVECs, thereby reducing the abovementioned response induced by α-Syn PFFs. Deletion of endothelial cell-specific Lag3 in vivo reverses the negative effects of α-Syn PFFs on cerebral microvessels and cognitive function. In short, this study reveals the effectiveness of targeting Lag3 to block the spread of α-Syn fibrils to endothelial cells in order to improve cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Zhang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510100China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Qingrui Duan
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yuyuan Gao
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Peikun He
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yanyi Li
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Guixian Ma
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
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Lee B, Edling C, Ahmad S, LeBeau FEN, Tse G, Jeevaratnam K. Clinical and Non-Clinical Cardiovascular Disease Associated Pathologies in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12601. [PMID: 37628780 PMCID: PMC10454288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable breakthroughs in Parkinson's disease (PD) research, understanding of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in PD remains limited. The lack of basic level models that can properly recapitulate PD NMS either in vivo or in vitro complicates matters. Even so, recent research advances have identified cardiovascular NMS as being underestimated in PD. Considering that a cardiovascular phenotype reflects sympathetic autonomic dysregulation, cardiovascular symptoms of PD can play a pivotal role in understanding the pathogenesis of PD. In this study, we have reviewed clinical and non-clinical published papers with four key parameters: cardiovascular disease risks, electrocardiograms (ECG), neurocardiac lesions in PD, and fundamental electrophysiological studies that can be linked to the heart. We have highlighted the points and limitations that the reviewed articles have in common. ECG and pathological reports suggested that PD patients may undergo alterations in neurocardiac regulation. The pathological evidence also suggested that the hearts of PD patients were involved in alpha-synucleinopathy. Finally, there is to date little research available that addresses the electrophysiology of in vitro Parkinson's disease models. For future reference, research that can integrate cardiac electrophysiology and pathological alterations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonn Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Charlotte Edling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Shiraz Ahmad
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Fiona E. N. LeBeau
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| | - Gary Tse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
- Kent and Medway Medical School, University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT2 7FS, UK
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, VSM Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7YW, UK; (B.L.); (C.E.); (S.A.); (G.T.)
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8
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Videlock EJ, Xing T, Yehya AHS, Travagli RA. Experimental models of gut-first Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14604. [PMID: 37125607 PMCID: PMC10524037 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong support from studies in humans and in animal models that Parkinson's disease (PD) may begin in the gut. This brings about a unique opportunity for researchers in the field of neurogastroenterology to contribute to advancing the field and making contributions that could lead to the ability to diagnose and treat PD in the premotor stages. Lack of familiarity with some of the aspects of the experimental approaches used in these studies may present a barrier for neurogastroenterology researchers to enter the field. Much remains to be understood about intestinal-specific components of gut-first PD pathogenesis and the field would benefit from contributions of enteric and central nervous system neuroscientists. PURPOSE To address these issues, we have conducted a systematic review of the two most frequently used experimental models of gut-first PD: transneuronal propagation of α-synuclein preformed fibrils and oral exposure to environmental toxins. We have reviewed the details of these studies and present methodological considerations for the use of these models. Our aim is that this review will serve as a framework and useful reference for neuroscientists, gastroenterologists, and neurologists interested in applying their expertise to advancing our understanding of gut-first PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Videlock
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiaosi Xing
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ashwaq Hamid Salem Yehya
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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9
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Forloni G. Alpha Synuclein: Neurodegeneration and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065914. [PMID: 36982988 PMCID: PMC10059798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn) is one of the most important molecules involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and related disorders, synucleinopathies, but also in several other neurodegenerative disorders with a more elusive role. This review analyzes the activities of α-Syn, in different conformational states, monomeric, oligomeric and fibrils, in relation to neuronal dysfunction. The neuronal damage induced by α-Syn in various conformers will be analyzed in relation to its capacity to spread the intracellular aggregation seeds with a prion-like mechanism. In view of the prominent role of inflammation in virtually all neurodegenerative disorders, the activity of α-Syn will also be illustrated considering its influence on glial reactivity. We and others have described the interaction between general inflammation and cerebral dysfunctional activity of α-Syn. Differences in microglia and astrocyte activation have also been observed when in vivo the presence of α-Syn oligomers has been combined with a lasting peripheral inflammatory effect. The reactivity of microglia was amplified, while astrocytes were damaged by the double stimulus, opening new perspectives for the control of inflammation in synucleinopathies. Starting from our studies in experimental models, we extended the perspective to find useful pointers to orient future research and potential therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
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10
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Calabresi P, Mechelli A, Natale G, Volpicelli-Daley L, Di Lazzaro G, Ghiglieri V. Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies: from overt neurodegeneration back to early synaptic dysfunction. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:176. [PMID: 36859484 PMCID: PMC9977911 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the discovery of the critical role of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is now twenty-five years old, it still represents a milestone in PD research. Abnormal forms of α-syn trigger selective and progressive neuronal death through mitochondrial impairment, lysosomal dysfunction, and alteration of calcium homeostasis not only in PD but also in other α-syn-related neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, pure autonomic failure, and REM sleep behavior disorder. Furthermore, α-syn-dependent early synaptic and plastic alterations and the underlying mechanisms preceding overt neurodegeneration have attracted great interest. In particular, the presence of early inflammation in experimental models and PD patients, occurring before deposition and spreading of α-syn, suggests a mechanistic link between inflammation and synaptic dysfunction. The knowledge of these early mechanisms is of seminal importance to support the research on reliable biomarkers to precociously identify the disease and possible disease-modifying therapies targeting α-syn. In this review, we will discuss these critical issues, providing a state of the art of the role of this protein in early PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calabresi
- Sezione di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy. .,Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mechelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Istituto di Neurologia, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Natale
- Sezione di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Laura Volpicelli-Daley
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Giulia Di Lazzaro
- Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy.,Università Telematica San Raffaele, Rome, 00166, Italy
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11
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Cheng Y, Tong Q, Yuan Y, Song X, Jiang W, Wang Y, Li W, Li Y, Zhang K. α-Synuclein induces prodromal symptoms of Parkinson's disease via activating TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in Schwann cells of vagus nerve in a rat model. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:36. [PMID: 36788559 PMCID: PMC9926693 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) present with peripheral autonomic dysfunction (AutD) that even precedes motor deficits, through which α-synuclein can spread to the central nervous system. However, the pathological mechanisms underlying AutD in prodromal PD remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of α-synuclein and its interplay with the activation of Schwann cells (SCs) of the vagus nerve in AutD. METHODS Rats were subjected to injection with adeno-associated viruses containing the human mutated A53T gene (AAV-A53T) or an empty vector into the left cervical vagus nerve and evaluated for gastrointestinal symptoms, locomotor functions, intestinal blood flow, and nerve electrophysiology. Further, we examined the impact of α-synucleinopathy on vagus nerves, SCs, and central nervous system neurons using electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and western blot. Finally, the role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in regulating the neuroinflammation in the vagus nerve via MyD88 and NF-κB pathway was determined using genetic knockdown. RESULTS We found that rats injected with AAV-A53T in the vagus nerve exhibited prominent signs of AutD, preceding the onset of motor deficits and central dopaminergic abnormalities by at least 3 months, which could serve as a model for prodromal PD. In addition, reduced intestinal blood flow and decreased nerve conduction velocity were identified in AAV-A53T-injected rats, accompanied by disrupted myelin sheaths and swollen SCs in the vagus nerve. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that p-α-synuclein was deposited in SCs but not in axons, activating the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and leading to neuroinflammatory responses. In contrast, silencing the TLR2 gene not only reduced inflammatory cytokine expression but also ameliorated vagal demyelination and secondary axonal loss, consequently improving autonomic function in rats. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that overexpression of α-synuclein in the vagus nerve can induce symptoms of AutD in prodromal PD, and provide support for a deeper understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying AutD and the emergence of effective therapeutic strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cheng
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Qing Tong
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yongsheng Yuan
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Xinna Song
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Wenwen Jiang
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yueping Wang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211116 China
| | - Wenjie Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211116 China
| | - Yangxia Li
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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12
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Levinson S, Miller M, Iftekhar A, Justo M, Arriola D, Wei W, Hazany S, Avecillas-Chasin JM, Kuhn TP, Horn A, Bari AA. A structural connectivity atlas of limbic brainstem nuclei. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2023; 1:1009399. [PMID: 37555163 PMCID: PMC10406319 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2022.1009399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding the structural connectivity of key brainstem nuclei with limbic cortical regions is essential to the development of therapeutic neuromodulation for depression, chronic pain, addiction, anxiety and movement disorders. Several brainstem nuclei have been identified as the primary central nervous system (CNS) source of important monoaminergic ascending fibers including the noradrenergic locus coeruleus, serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus, and dopaminergic ventral tegmental area. However, due to practical challenges to their study, there is limited data regarding their in vivo anatomic connectivity in humans. Objective To evaluate the structural connectivity of the following brainstem nuclei with limbic cortical areas: locus coeruleus, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal grey, dorsal raphe nucleus, and nucleus tractus solitarius. Additionally, to develop a group average atlas of these limbic brainstem structures to facilitate future analyses. Methods Each nucleus was manually masked from 197 Human Connectome Project (HCP) structural MRI images using FSL software. Probabilistic tractography was performed using FSL's FMRIB Diffusion Toolbox. Connectivity with limbic cortical regions was calculated and compared between brainstem nuclei. Results were aggregated to produce a freely available MNI structural atlas of limbic brainstem structures. Results A general trend was observed for a high probability of connectivity to the amygdala, hippocampus and DLPFC with relatively lower connectivity to the orbitofrontal cortex, NAc, hippocampus and insula. The locus coeruleus and nucleus tractus solitarius demonstrated significantly greater connectivity to the DLPFC than amygdala while the periaqueductal grey, dorsal raphe nucleus, and ventral tegmental area did not demonstrate a significant difference between these two structures. Conclusion Monoaminergic and other modulatory nuclei in the brainstem project widely to cortical limbic regions. We describe the structural connectivity across the several key brainstem nuclei theorized to influence emotion, reward, and cognitive functions. An increased understanding of the anatomic basis of the brainstem's role in emotion and other reward-related processing will support targeted neuromodulatary therapies aimed at alleviating the symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Levinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Stanford Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA, United States
| | - Michelle Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ahmed Iftekhar
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Monica Justo
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Arriola
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wenxin Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Saman Hazany
- Department of Radiology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Taylor P. Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andreas Horn
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurosurgery and Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR) at MGH Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ausaf A. Bari
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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13
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Yang Z, Wang Y, Wei M, Li S, Jia C, Cheng C, Al-Nusaif M, Zhang J, Liu C, Le W. Intrastriatal injection of Parkinson's disease intestine and vagus lysates initiates α-synucleinopathy in rat brain. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:4. [PMID: 36604420 PMCID: PMC9814765 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain and the pathological accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. A growing body of evidence suggests that the formation of misfolded α-syn and aggregation may begin in the peripheral nervous system, specifically the enteric nervous system, and then propagate to the central nervous system via the vagus nerve. However, the PD-like neuropathology induced by the intestine and vagus nerve extracts is rarely investigated. In this work, we injected lysates of the intestine and vagus obtained from a diagnosed PD patient, which contained abnormal α-syn aggregates, into the rat striatum unilaterally. Strikingly, such an injection induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and α-syn depositions in the striatum, substantia nigra, and other brain regions, including the frontal cortex, somatosensory cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Moreover, significant activation of microglia and the development of astrogliosis were observed in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the injected rats. These findings provide essential information for our understanding of PD pathogenesis, as we established for the first time that the α-syn aggregates in the intestine and vagus of a PD patient were sufficient to induce prion-like propagation of endogenous α-syn pathology in wild-type rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Min Wei
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Congcong Jia
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Murad Al-Nusaif
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China.
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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14
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Cho E, Kim K, Kim H, Cho SR. Reelin protects against pathological α-synuclein accumulation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration after environmental enrichment in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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15
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Just MK, Gram H, Theologidis V, Jensen PH, Nilsson KPR, Lindgren M, Knudsen K, Borghammer P, Van Den Berge N. Alpha-Synuclein Strain Variability in Body-First and Brain-First Synucleinopathies. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:907293. [PMID: 35693346 PMCID: PMC9178288 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.907293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic alpha-synuclein (asyn) aggregates are a defining feature of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies, which include Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. Early accurate differentiation between these synucleinopathies is challenging due to the highly heterogeneous clinical profile at early prodromal disease stages. Therefore, diagnosis is often made in late disease stages when a patient presents with a broad range of motor and non-motor symptoms easing the differentiation. Increasing data suggest the clinical heterogeneity seen in patients is explained by the presence of distinct asyn strains, which exhibit variable morphologies and pathological functions. Recently, asyn seed amplification assays (PMCA and RT-QuIC) and conformation-specific ligand assays have made promising progress in differentiating between synucleinopathies in prodromal and advanced disease stages. Importantly, the cellular environment is known to impact strain morphology. And, asyn aggregate pathology can propagate trans-synaptically along the brain-body axis, affecting multiple organs and propagating through multiple cell types. Here, we present our hypothesis that the changing cellular environments, an asyn seed may encounter during its brain-to-body or body-to-brain propagation, may influence the structure and thereby the function of the aggregate strains developing within the different cells. Additionally, we aim to review strain characteristics of the different synucleinopathies in clinical and preclinical studies. Future preclinical animal models of synucleinopathies should investigate if asyn strain morphology is altered during brain-to-body and body-to-brain spreading using these seeding amplification and conformation-specific assays. Such findings would greatly deepen our understanding of synucleinopathies and the potential link between strain and phenotypic variability, which may enable specific diagnosis of different synucleinopathies in the prodromal phase, creating a large therapeutic window with potential future applications in clinical trials and personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristine Just
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hjalte Gram
- Department of Biomedicine, DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vasileios Theologidis
- Department of Biomedicine, DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K. Peter R. Nilsson
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lindgren
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Van Den Berge
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Lin J, Ou R, Wei Q, Cao B, Li C, Hou Y, Zhang L, Liu K, Shang H. Hyperhidrosis in Parkinson's disease: a 3‐year prospective cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1104-1112. [PMID: 35279891 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Lin
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Bei Cao
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yanbing Hou
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Kuncheng Liu
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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17
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Van Den Berge N, Ulusoy A. Animal models of brain-first and body-first Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 163:105599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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18
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New approaches to treatments for sleep, pain and autonomic failure in Parkinson's disease - Pharmacological therapies. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108959. [PMID: 35051446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms (NMSs) are highly prevalent throughout the course of Parkinson's disease (PD). Pain, autonomic dysfunction and sleep disturbances remain at the forefront of the most common NMSs; their treatment is challenging and their effect on the quality of life of both patients and caregivers detrimental. Yet, the landscape of clinical trials in PD is still dominated by therapeutic strategies seeking to ameliorate motor symptoms; subsequently, effective strategies to successfully treat NMSs remain a huge unmet need. Wider awareness among industry and researchers is thus essential to give rise to development and delivery of high-quality, large-scale clinical trials in enriched populations of patients with PD-related pain, autonomic dysfunction and sleep. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the field of pharmacological treatment strategies designed or re-purposed to target three key NMSs: pain, autonomic dysfunction and sleep disturbances. We focus on emerging evidence from recent clinical trials and outline some exciting and intriguing findings that call for further investigations.
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19
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Zamunér AR, Minonzio M, Shiffer D, Fornerone R, Cairo B, Porta A, Rigo S, Furlan R, Barbic F. Relationships Between Cardiovascular Autonomic Profile and Work Ability in Patients With Pure Autonomic Failure. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:761501. [PMID: 35002654 PMCID: PMC8733607 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.761501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure autonomic failure (PAF) is a rare disorder belonging to the group of synucleinopathies, characterized by autonomic nervous system degeneration. Severe orthostatic intolerance with recurrent syncope while standing are the two most disabling manifestations. Symptoms may start at middle age, thus affecting people at their working age. The aims of this study were to evaluate the autonomic and work ability impairment of a group of PAF patients and assess the relationships between cardiovascular autonomic control and work ability in these patients. Eleven PAF patients (age 57.3 ± 6.7 years), engaged in work activity, participated in the study. They completed the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score (COMPASS-31, range 0 no symptom-100 maximum symptom intensity) and Work Ability questionnaires (Work Ability Index, WAI, range 7-49; higher values indicate better work ability and lower values indicating unsatisfactory or jeopardized work ability). Electrocardiogram, blood pressure and respiratory activity were continuously recorded for 10 min while supine and during 75° head-up tilt (HUT). Autoregressive spectral analysis of cardiac cycle length approximated as the time distance between two consecutive R-wave peaks (RR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variabilities provided the power in the high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.40 Hz) and low frequency (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz) bands of RR and SAP variabilities. Cardiac sympatho-vagal interaction was assessed by LF to HF ratio (LF/HF), while the LF power of SAP (LFSAP) quantified the vascular sympathetic modulation. Changes in cardiovascular autonomic indexes induced by HUT were calculated as the delta (Δ) between HUT and supine resting positions. Spearman correlation analysis was applied. PAF patients were characterized by a moderate autonomic dysfunction (COMPASS-31 total score 47.08 ± 20.2) and by a reduction of work ability (WAI 26.88 ± 10.72). Direct significant correlations were found between WAI and ΔLFRR (r = 0.66, p = 0.03) and ΔLF/HFRR (r = 0.70, p = 0.02). Results indicate that patients who were better able to modulate heart rate, as revealed by a greater cardiac sympathetic increase and/or vagal withdrawal during the orthostatic stimulus, were those who reported higher values of WAI. This finding could be relevant to propose new strategies in the occupational environment to prevent early retirement or to extend the working life of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R Zamunér
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Kinesiology, Department of Kinesiology, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Maura Minonzio
- Internal Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Dana Shiffer
- Internal Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Cairo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rigo
- Internal Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Furlan
- Internal Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Barbic
- Internal Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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Macdonald JA, Chen JL, Masuda-Suzukake M, Schweighauser M, Jaunmuktane Z, Warner T, Holton JL, Grossman A, Berks R, Lavenir I, Goedert M. Assembly of α-synuclein and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system of heterozygous M83 mice following the peripheral administration of α-synuclein seeds. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:189. [PMID: 34819144 PMCID: PMC8611835 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral administration (oral, intranasal, intraperitoneal, intravenous) of assembled A53T α-synuclein induced synucleinopathy in heterozygous mice transgenic for human mutant A53T α-synuclein (line M83). The same was the case when cerebellar extracts from a case of multiple system atrophy with type II α-synuclein filaments were administered intraperitoneally, intravenously or intramuscularly. We observed abundant immunoreactivity for pS129 α-synuclein in nerve cells and severe motor impairment, resulting in hindlimb paralysis and shortened lifespan. Filaments immunoreactive for pS129 α-synuclein were in evidence. A 70% loss of motor neurons was present five months after an intraperitoneal injection of assembled A53T α-synuclein or cerebellar extract with type II α-synuclein filaments from an individual with a neuropathologically confirmed diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Microglial cells changed from a predominantly ramified to a dystrophic appearance. Taken together, these findings establish a close relationship between the formation of α-synuclein inclusions in nerve cells and neurodegeneration, accompanied by a shift in microglial cell morphology. Propagation of α-synuclein inclusions depended on the characteristics of both seeds and transgenically expressed protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Macdonald
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - John L Chen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Manuel Schweighauser
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Thomas Warner
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | | | - Richard Berks
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Isabelle Lavenir
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Michel Goedert
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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21
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Haikal C, Ortigosa-Pascual L, Najarzadeh Z, Bernfur K, Svanbergsson A, Otzen DE, Linse S, Li JY. The Bacterial Amyloids Phenol Soluble Modulins from Staphylococcus aureus Catalyze Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11594. [PMID: 34769023 PMCID: PMC8584152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) is the main constituent of Lewy bodies, which are a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Environmental factors are thought to be potential triggers capable of initiating the aggregation of the otherwise monomeric α-syn. Braak's seminal work redirected attention to the intestine and recent reports of dysbiosis have highlighted the potential causative role of the microbiome in the initiation of pathology of PD. Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium carried by 30-70% of the general population. It has been shown to produce functional amyloids, called phenol soluble modulins (PSMαs). Here, we studied the kinetics of α-syn aggregation under quiescent conditions in the presence or absence of four different PSMα peptides and observed a remarkable shortening of the lag phase in their presence. Whereas pure α-syn monomer did not aggregate up to 450 h after initiation of the experiment in neither neutral nor mildly acidic buffer, the addition of different PSMα peptides resulted in an almost immediate increase in the Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence. Despite similar peptide sequences, the different PSMα peptides displayed distinct effects on the kinetics of α-syn aggregation. Kinetic analyses of the data suggest that all four peptides catalyze α-syn aggregation through heterogeneous primary nucleation. The immunogold electron microscopic analyses showed that the aggregates were fibrillar and composed of α-syn. In addition of the co-aggregated materials to a cell model expressing the A53T α-syn variant fused to GFP was found to catalyze α-syn aggregation and phosphorylation in the cells. Our results provide evidence of a potential trigger of synucleinopathies and could have implications for the prevention of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (C.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Lei Ortigosa-Pascual
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.O.-P.); (K.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Zahra Najarzadeh
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (Z.N.); (D.E.O.)
| | - Katja Bernfur
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.O.-P.); (K.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Alexander Svanbergsson
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (C.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniel E. Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (Z.N.); (D.E.O.)
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.O.-P.); (K.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (C.H.); (A.S.)
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110112, China
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22
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Malfertheiner K, Stefanova N, Heras-Garvin A. The Concept of α-Synuclein Strains and How Different Conformations May Explain Distinct Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurol 2021; 12:737195. [PMID: 34675870 PMCID: PMC8523670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.737195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, an increasing amount of studies primarily based on experimental models have investigated the existence of distinct α-synuclein strains and their different pathological effects. This novel concept could shed light on the heterogeneous nature of α-synucleinopathies, a group of disorders that includes Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, which share as their key-molecular hallmark the abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein, a process that seems pivotal in disease pathogenesis according to experimental observations. However, the etiology of α-synucleinopathies and the initial events leading to the formation of α-synuclein aggregates remains elusive. Hence, the hypothesis that structurally distinct fibrillary assemblies of α-synuclein could have a causative role in the different disease phenotypes and explain, at least to some extent, their specific neurodegenerative, disease progression, and clinical presentation patterns is very appealing. Moreover, the presence of different α-synuclein strains might represent a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of these neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, the recent use of super resolution techniques and protein aggregation assays has offered the possibility, on the one hand, to elucidate the conformation of α-synuclein pathogenic strains and, on the other hand, to cyclically amplify to detectable levels low amounts of α-synuclein strains in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral tissue from patients. Thus, the inclusion of these techniques could facilitate the differentiation between α-synucleinopathies, even at early stages, which is crucial for successful therapeutic intervention. This mini-review summarizes the current knowledge on α-synuclein strains and discusses its possible applications and potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Malfertheiner
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Parkinson's disease and the gut: Models of an emerging relationship. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:325-344. [PMID: 33857691 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of fine motor function that impacts 1-2 out of 1,000 people. PD occurs predominately late in life and lacks a definitive biomarker for early detection. Recent cross-disciplinary progress has implicated the gut as a potential origin of PD pathogenesis. The gut-origin hypothesis has motivated research on gut PD pathology and transmission to the brain, especially during the prodromal stage (10-20 years before motor symptom onset). Early findings have revealed several possible triggers for Lewy pathology - the pathological hallmark of PD - in the gut, suggesting that microbiome and epithelial interactions may play a greater than appreciated role. But the mechanisms driving Lewy pathology and gut-brain transmission in PD remain unknown. Development of artificial α-Synuclein aggregates (α-Syn preformed fibrils) and animal disease models have recapitulated features of PD progression, enabling for the first time, controlled investigation of the gut-origin hypothesis. However, the role of specific cells in PD transmission, such as neurons, remains limited and requires in vitro models for controlled evaluation and perturbation. Human cell populations, three-dimensional organoids, and microfluidics as discovery platforms inch us closer to improving existing treatment for patients by providing platforms for discovery and screening. This review includes a discussion of PD pathology, conventional treatments, in vivo and in vitro models, and future directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Parkinson's Disease remains a common neurodegenerative disease with palliative versus causal treatments. Recently, the gut-origin hypothesis, where Parkinson's disease is thought to originate and spread from the gut to the brain, has gained traction as a field of investigation. However, despite the wealth of studies and innovative approaches to accelerate the field, there remains a need for in vitro tools to enable fundamental biological understanding of disease progression, and compound screening and efficacy. In this review, we present a historical perspective of Parkinson's Disease pathogenesis, detection, and conventional therapy, animal and human models investigating the gut-origin hypothesis, in vitro models to enable controlled discovery, and future outlooks for this blossoming field.
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24
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Polinski NK. A Summary of Phenotypes Observed in the In Vivo Rodent Alpha-Synuclein Preformed Fibril Model. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:1555-1567. [PMID: 34486988 PMCID: PMC8609716 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of wildtype recombinant alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils (aSyn PFFs) to induce endogenous alpha-synuclein to form pathological phosphorylation and trigger neurodegeneration is a popular model for studying Parkinson's disease (PD) biology and testing therapeutic strategies. The strengths of this model lie in its ability to recapitulate the phosphorylation/aggregation of aSyn and nigrostriatal degeneration seen in PD, as well as its suitability for studying the progressive nature of PD and the spread of aSyn pathology. Although the model is commonly used and has been adopted by many labs, variability in observed phenotypes exists. Here we provide summaries of the study design and reported phenotypes from published reports characterizing the aSyn PFF in vivo model in rodents following injection into the brain, gut, muscle, vein, peritoneum, and eye. These summaries are designed to facilitate an introduction to the use of aSyn PFFs to generate a rodent model of PD-highlighting phenotypes observed in papers that set out to thoroughly characterize the model. This information will hopefully improve the understanding of this model and clarify when the aSyn PFF model may be an appropriate choice for one's research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Polinski
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson'sResearch, New York, NY, USA
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25
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α-Synuclein Propagation Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34043198 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1495-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is pathologically characterized by intraneuronal α-synuclein (α-Syn) inclusions called Lewy bodies (LBs) and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Autopsy studies have suggested that Lewy pathology initially occurs in the olfactory bulb and enteric nervous system, subsequently spreading in the brain stereotypically. Recent studies have demonstrated that templated fibrillization and intercellular dissemination of misfolded α-Syn underlie this pathological progression. Injection of animals with α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) can recapitulate LB-like inclusions and the subsequent intercellular transmission of α-Syn pathology. Moreover, targeting specific brain regions or body parts enables the generation of unique models depending on the injection sites. These features of α-Syn PFF-injected animal models provide a platform to explore disease mechanisms and to test disease modifying therapies in PD research. Here, we describe a methodology for the generation of α-Syn PFFs and the surgery on mice.
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26
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Van Den Berge N, Ferreira N, Mikkelsen TW, Alstrup AKO, Tamgüney G, Karlsson P, Terkelsen AJ, Nyengaard JR, Jensen PH, Borghammer P. Ageing promotes pathological alpha-synuclein propagation and autonomic dysfunction in wild-type rats. Brain 2021; 144:1853-1868. [PMID: 33880502 PMCID: PMC8320301 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal aggregates of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein are found in the brain and periphery of patients with Parkinson's disease. Braak and colleagues have hypothesized that the initial formation of misfolded alpha-synuclein may start in the gut, and then spread to the brain via peripheral autonomic nerves hereby affecting several organs, including the heart and intestine. Age is considered the greatest risk factor for Parkinson's disease, but the effect of age on the formation of pathology and its propagation has not been studied in detail. We aimed to investigate whether propagation of alpha-synuclein pathology from the gut to the brain is more efficient in old versus young wild-type rats, upon gastrointestinal injection of aggregated alpha-synuclein. Our results demonstrate a robust age-dependent gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut spread of alpha-synuclein pathology along the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, resulting in age-dependent dysfunction of the heart and stomach, as observed in patients with Parkinson's disease. Moreover, alpha-synuclein pathology is more densely packed and resistant to enzymatic digestion in old rats, indicating an age-dependent maturation of alpha-synuclein aggregates. Our study is the first to provide a detailed investigation of alpha-synuclein pathology in several organs within one animal model, including the brain, skin, heart, intestine, spinal cord and autonomic ganglia. Taken together, our findings suggest that age is a crucial factor for alpha-synuclein aggregation and complete propagation to heart, stomach and skin, similar to patients. Given that age is the greatest risk factor for human Parkinson's disease, it seems likely that older experimental animals will yield the most relevant and reliable findings. These results have important implications for future research to optimize diagnostics and therapeutics in Parkinson's disease and other age-associated synucleinopathies. Increased emphasis should be placed on using aged animals in preclinical studies and to elucidate the nature of age-dependent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Van Den Berge
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nelson Ferreira
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gültekin Tamgüney
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Páll Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Astrid Juhl Terkelsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Choi S, Baudot M, Vivas O, Moreno CM. Slowing down as we age: aging of the cardiac pacemaker's neural control. GeroScience 2021; 44:1-17. [PMID: 34292477 PMCID: PMC8811107 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac pacemaker ignites and coordinates the contraction of the whole heart, uninterruptedly, throughout our entire life. Pacemaker rate is constantly tuned by the autonomous nervous system to maintain body homeostasis. Sympathetic and parasympathetic terminals act over the pacemaker cells as the accelerator and the brake pedals, increasing or reducing the firing rate of pacemaker cells to match physiological demands. Despite the remarkable reliability of this tissue, the pacemaker is not exempt from the detrimental effects of aging. Mammals experience a natural and continuous decrease in the pacemaker rate throughout the entire lifespan. Why the pacemaker rhythm slows with age is poorly understood. Neural control of the pacemaker is remodeled from birth to adulthood, with strong evidence of age-related dysfunction that leads to a downshift of the pacemaker. Such evidence includes remodeling of pacemaker tissue architecture, alterations in the innervation, changes in the sympathetic acceleration and the parasympathetic deceleration, and alterations in the responsiveness of pacemaker cells to adrenergic and cholinergic modulation. In this review, we revisit the main evidence on the neural control of the pacemaker at the tissue and cellular level and the effects of aging on shaping this neural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Choi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matthias Baudot
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Oscar Vivas
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Claudia M Moreno
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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28
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Liu D, Guo JJ, Su JH, Svanbergsson A, Yuan L, Haikal C, Li W, Gouras G, Li JY. Differential seeding and propagating efficiency of α-synuclein strains generated in different conditions. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:20. [PMID: 34148543 PMCID: PMC8215826 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a main pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s and related diseases, which are collectively known as synucleinopathies. Growing evidence has supported that the same protein can induce remarkably distinct pathological progresses and disease phenotypes, suggesting the existence of strain difference among α-syn fibrils. Previous studies have shown that α-syn pathology can propagate from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the central nervous system (CNS) in a “prion-like” manner. However, the difference of the propagation potency from the periphery to CNS among different α-syn strains remains unknown and the effect of different generation processes of these strains on the potency of seeding and propagation remains to be revealed in more detail. Methods Three strains of preformed α-syn fibrils (PFFs) were generated in different buffer conditions which varied in pH and ionic concentrations. The α-syn PFFs were intramuscularly (IM) injected into a novel bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mouse line that expresses wild-type human α-syn, and the efficiency of seeding and propagation of these PFFs from the PNS to the CNS was evaluated. Results The three strains of α-syn PFFs triggered distinct propagation patterns. The fibrils generated in mildly acidic buffer led to the most severe α-syn pathology, degeneration of motor neurons and microgliosis in the spinal cord. Conclusions The different α-syn conformers generated in different conditions exhibited strain-specific pathology and propagation patterns from the periphery to the CNS, which further supports the view that α-syn strains may be responsible for the heterogeneity of pathological features and disease progresses among synucleinopathies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-021-00242-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.,Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Experimental Dementia Research, Lund University, BMC B11, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jian-Jun Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Ji-Hui Su
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Alexander Svanbergsson
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lin Yuan
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Gunnar Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research, Lund University, BMC B11, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China. .,Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184, Lund, Sweden. .,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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29
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Cui H, Wang W, Zheng X, Xia D, Liu H, Qin C, Tian H, Teng J. Decreased AQP4 Expression Aggravates ɑ-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease Mice, Possibly via Impaired Glymphatic Clearance. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2500-2513. [PMID: 33772424 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, are the selective loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in the form of Lewy bodies/Lewy neurites (LBs/LNs) in neurons. Recent studies have indicated that aquaporin 4 (AQP4), as a predominant water channel protein in the brain, is involved in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it remains unclear whether AQP4 expression affects α-syn pathology in Parkinson's disease. In this study, we established a progressive PD model by subjecting AQP4 null (AQP4+/-) mice to bilateral intrastriatal injection of α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) and investigated the effect of decreased AQP4 expression on the development of PD. We found that decreased expression of AQP4 accelerated pathologic deposition of α-syn and facilitated the loss of dopamine neurons and behavioral disorders. Draining of macromolecules from the brain via the glymphatic pathway was slowed due to decreased AQP4 expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that decreased AQP4 expression may aggravate PD-like pathology, possibly via impairment of the glymphatic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenkang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xinhui Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Danhao Xia
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chi Qin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyan Tian
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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30
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Sabino-Carvalho JL, Fisher JP, Vianna LC. Autonomic Function in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: From Rest to Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:626640. [PMID: 33815139 PMCID: PMC8017184 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.626640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder classically characterized by symptoms of motor impairment (e.g., tremor and rigidity), but also presenting with important non-motor impairments. There is evidence for the reduced activity of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic limbs of the autonomic nervous system at rest in PD. Moreover, inappropriate autonomic adjustments accompany exercise, which can lead to inadequate hemodynamic responses, the failure to match the metabolic demands of working skeletal muscle and exercise intolerance. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, but relevant alterations in several discrete central regions (e.g., dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, intermediolateral cell column) have been identified. Herein, we critically evaluate the clinically significant and complex associations between the autonomic dysfunction, fatigue and exercise capacity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - James P Fisher
- Manaaki Mānawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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31
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Ding XB, Wang XX, Xia DH, Liu H, Tian HY, Fu Y, Chen YK, Qin C, Wang JQ, Xiang Z, Zhang ZX, Cao QC, Wang W, Li JY, Wu E, Tang BS, Ma MM, Teng JF, Wang XJ. Impaired meningeal lymphatic drainage in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Nat Med 2021; 27:411-418. [PMID: 33462448 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-01198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies implicate meningeal lymphatic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is no direct evidence in humans to support this role1-5. In this study, we used dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to assess meningeal lymphatic flow in cognitively normal controls and patients with idiopathic PD (iPD) or atypical Parkinsonian (AP) disorders. We found that patients with iPD exhibited significantly reduced flow through the meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs) along the superior sagittal sinus and sigmoid sinus, as well as a notable delay in deep cervical lymph node perfusion, compared to patients with AP. There was no significant difference in the size (cross-sectional area) of mLVs in patients with iPD or AP versus controls. In mice injected with α-synuclein (α-syn) preformed fibrils, we showed that the emergence of α-syn pathology was followed by delayed meningeal lymphatic drainage, loss of tight junctions among meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells and increased inflammation of the meninges. Finally, blocking flow through the mLVs in mice treated with α-syn preformed fibrils increased α-syn pathology and exacerbated motor and memory deficits. These results suggest that meningeal lymphatic drainage dysfunction aggravates α-syn pathology and contributes to the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bing Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Hao Xia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong-Kang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chi Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiu-Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi Xiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Xian Zhang
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qin-Chen Cao
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Henan Medical Association, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Erxi Wu
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA.,Texas A & M University Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, College Station, TX, USA.,Livestrong Cancer Institutes and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jun-Fang Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. .,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xue-Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. .,Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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32
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Sabino-Carvalho JL, Falquetto B, Takakura AC, Vianna LC. Baroreflex dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: integration of central and peripheral mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1425-1439. [PMID: 33625931 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00548.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing worldwide. Although the PD hallmark is the motor impairments, nonmotor dysfunctions are now becoming more recognized. Recently, studies have suggested that baroreflex dysfunction is one of the underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular dysregulation observed in patients with PD. However, the large body of literature on baroreflex function in PD is unclear. The baroreflex system plays a major role in the autonomic, and ultimately blood pressure and heart rate, adjustments that accompany acute cardiovascular stressors on a daily basis. Therefore, impaired baroreflex function (i.e., decreased sensitivity or gain) can lead to altered neural cardiovascular responses. Since PD affects parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and both are orchestrated by the baroreflex system, understanding of this crucial mechanism in PD is necessary. In the present review, we summarize the potential altered central and peripheral mechanisms affecting the feedback-controlled loops that comprise the reflex arc in patients with PD. Major factors including arterial stiffness, reduced number of C1 and activation of non-C1 neurons, presence of central α-synuclein aggregation, cardiac sympathetic denervation, attenuated muscle sympathetic nerve activity, and lower norepinephrine release could compromise baroreflex function in PD. Results from patients with PD and from animal models of PD provide the reader with a clearer picture of baroreflex function in this clinical condition. By doing so, our intent is to stimulate future studies to evaluate several unanswered questions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇-Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Barbara Falquetto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇-Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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33
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Tong Q, Chen L. Lack of Association of Locus Coeruleus Pathology with Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:233-237. [PMID: 33104044 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is linked with increased mortality risk among the elderly. Although the locus coeruleus (LC) is the major source of noradrenaline (NA) modulation in the brain, its role in the pathogenesis of OH in PD remains largely elusive. Here we examined 44 well characterized postmortem brains of PD patients and available clinical data to explore the relationship between OH and LC pathology in PD. Our results failed to indicate that the LC pathology as well as the substantia nigra pathology were robustly associated with the presence of OH in PD patients, suggesting targeting LC norepinephrinergic system alone may not be sufficient to treat OH in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huaian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liam Chen
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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34
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Jeon YM, Kwon Y, Jo M, Lee S, Kim S, Kim HJ. The Role of Glial Mitochondria in α-Synuclein Toxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:548283. [PMID: 33262983 PMCID: PMC7686475 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.548283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in neurons and glial cells is widely known to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons and glia is known as a key feature of α-syn toxicity. Studies aimed at understanding α-syn-induced toxicity and its role in neurodegenerative diseases have primarily focused on neurons. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes have been implicated in the initial pathogenesis and the progression of α-Synucleinopathy. Glial cells are important for supporting neuronal survival, synaptic functions, and local immunity. Furthermore, recent studies highlight the role of mitochondrial metabolism in the normal function of glial cells. In this work, we review the complex relationship between glial mitochondria and α-syn-mediated neurodegeneration, which may provide novel insights into the roles of glial cells in α-syn-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
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35
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Heras-Garvin A, Stefanova N. From Synaptic Protein to Prion: The Long and Controversial Journey of α-Synuclein. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:584536. [PMID: 33071772 PMCID: PMC7536368 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.584536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery 30 years ago, α-synuclein (α-syn) has been one of the most studied proteins in the field of neuroscience. Dozens of groups worldwide have tried to reveal not only its role in the CNS but also in other organs. α-syn has been linked to several processes essential in brain homeostasis such as neurotransmitter release, synaptic function, and plasticity. However, despite the efforts made in this direction, the main function of α-syn is still unknown. Moreover, α-syn became a protein of interest for neurologists and neuroscientists when mutations in its gene were found associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and even more when α-syn protein deposits were observed in the brain of PD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients. At present, the abnormal accumulation of α-syn constitutes one of the pathological hallmarks of these disorders, also referred to as α-synucleinopathies, and it is used for post-mortem diagnostic criteria. Whether α-syn aggregation is cause or consequence of the pathogenic events underlying α-synucleinopathies remains unclear and under discussion. Recently, different in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the ability of pathogenic α-syn to spread between cells, not only within the CNS but also from peripheral locations such as the gut, salivary glands, and through the olfactory network into the CNS, inducing abnormal misfolding of endogenous α-syn and leading to neurodegeneration and motor and cognitive impairment in animal models. Thus, it has been suggested that α-syn should be considered a prion protein. Here we present an update of what we know about α-syn function, aggregation and spreading, and its role in neurodegeneration. We also discuss the rationale and findings supporting the hypothetical prion nature of α-syn, its weaknesses, and future perspectives for research and the development of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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36
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Sabino-Carvalho JL, Cartafina RA, Guimarães GM, Brandão PRP, Lang JA, Vianna LC. Baroreflex function in Parkinson's disease: insights from the modified-Oxford technique. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1144-1151. [PMID: 32877297 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00443.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmotor symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and they include dysregulation of cardiovascular system, which adversely affects quality of life. Recent studies provide indirect evidence that baroreflex dysfunction may be one of the mechanisms of cardiovascular dysregulation in PD. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that the baroreflex gain, assessed across an extensive range of the reflex arc by eliciting rapid changes in blood pressure (BP) induced by sequential boluses of vasoactive drugs (modified-Oxford technique) would be attenuated in middle-aged patients with PD. Beat-to-beat heart rate (electrocardiography) and BP (finger photoplethysmography) were obtained during 10 min of supine rest preceding the modified-Oxford (bolus of nitroprusside followed by phenylephrine 1 min afterward) in 11 patients with PD (51 ± 6 yr) and 7 age-matched controls (47 ± 6 yr). The resulting systolic BP and R-R interval responses were plotted and fitted with segmental linear regression and symmetric sigmoid model. Spontaneous indices obtained via sequence technique were also used to estimate baroreflex gain. Compared with controls, the estimated gains measured by segmental linear regression (patients: 3.83 ± 2.6 ms/mmHg versus controls: 7.78 ± 1.7 ms/mmHg; P = 0.003) and symmetric sigmoid model (patients: 12.36 ± 6.9 ms/mmHg versus controls: 32.02 ± 19.0 ms/mmHg; P = 0.009) were lower in patients with PD. The operating range of BP was larger in patients with PD compared with controls (13 ± 7 mmHg versus controls: 7 ± 3 mmHg; P = 0.032). Of note, the gain obtained from spontaneous indices was similar between groups. These data indicate that baroreflex gain was reduced by >50% in PD, thereby providing clear and direct evidence that cardiovagal baroreflex dysfunction occurs in PD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Attenuated baroreflex gain may contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including orthostatic intolerance symptoms typically observed in patients with Parkinson's disease. We found that the baroreflex gain (assessed by the modified-Oxford technique) is attenuated and accompanied by an increased operating range in patients with Parkinson's disease. These findings highlight that cardiovascular perturbations are required to detect baroreflex impairments and that spontaneous indices do not reveal cardiovagal-baroreflex dysfunction in a middle-aged group of patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta A Cartafina
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M Guimarães
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Pedro R P Brandão
- Neuroscience & Behavior Laboratory, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - James A Lang
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brazil
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37
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Zheng H, Shi C, Luo H, Fan L, Yang Z, Hu X, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Hu Z, Fan Y, Yang J, Mao C, Xu Y. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: Does a Prion-Like Mechanism of Propagation from Periphery to the Brain Play a Role? Neuroscientist 2020; 27:367-387. [PMID: 32729773 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, defined as motor and non-motor symptoms associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons and a decreased release of dopamine (DA). Currently, PD patients are believed to have a neuropathological basis denoted by the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) or Lewy neurites (LNs), which mostly comprise α-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions. Remarkably, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that the inclusions undergo template-directed aggregation and propagation via template-directed among the brain and peripheral organs, mainly in a prion-like manner. Interestingly, some studies reported that an integral loop was reminiscent of the mechanism of Parkinson's disease, denoting that α-syn as prionoid was transmitted from the periphery to the brain via specific pathways. Also the systematic life cycle of α-syn in the cellular level is illustrated. In this review, we critically assess landmark evidence in the field of Parkinson's disease with a focus on the genesis and prion-like propagation of the α-syn pathology. The anatomical and cell-to-cell evidences are discussed to depict the theory behind the propagation and transferred pathways. Furthermore, we highlight effective therapeutic perspectives and clinical trials targeting prion-like mechanisms. Major controversies surrounding this topic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Pharmacology of Liver Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinchao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhengwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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38
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Miglis MG, Muppidi S. Synuclein in red blood cells: a potential biomarker for multiple system atrophy, and other updates on recent autonomic research. Clin Auton Res 2020; 30:107-109. [PMID: 32189166 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-020-00680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Miglis
- Stanford Neurosciences Health Center, Stanford Medical Center, 213 Quarry Road, 2nd Floor, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Srikanth Muppidi
- Stanford Neurosciences Health Center, Stanford Medical Center, 213 Quarry Road, 2nd Floor, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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