1
|
Zheng SJ, Ma J, Su J, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME, Li TY. Simultaneous Thermally Stimulated Delayed Phosphorescence (TSDP) and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) in a Two-Coordinated Au(I) Bimetallic Complex Featuring a Tandem Carbene Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19042-19049. [PMID: 38950194 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
A bimetallic, two-coordinated carbene-metal-amine (cMa) Au(I) complex featuring a twisted tandem carbene structure (NHC1-Au-NHC2-Au-carbazolyl) was synthesized. The molecular structure in single crystals revealed a large dihedral angle between the two carbene ligands, while the bridged carbene NHC2 and carbazolyl (Cz) ligands were coplanar. A bluish green thermally stimulated delayed phosphorescence (TSDP) was observed in crystals with an emission lifetime over 70 μs, which can be attributed to the spin allowed diabatic population of a high-lying emissive triplet state from the 3LE characterized low-lying ones. The small rotation energy barrier of Cz along the coordination bond allowed conformers with large dihedral angles between NHC2 and Cz. The ICT characterized S1 state was consequently stabilized to achieve a thermally accessible energy gap to facilitate ISC between triplets and the S1, leading to the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Simultaneous TSDP and TADF dual emission can be recorded in its doped polymer film owing to the coexistence of these different conformers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Junru Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reponen APM, Londi G, Matthews CSB, Olivier Y, Romanov AS, Greenham NC, Gillett AJ. Understanding Spin-Triplet Excited States in Carbene-Metal-Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402052. [PMID: 38705856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) are emerging delayed fluorescence materials for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications. CMAs possess fast, efficient emission owing to rapid forward and reverse intersystem crossing (ISC) rates. The resulting dynamic equilibrium between singlet and triplet spin manifolds distinguishes CMAs from most purely organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. However, direct experimental triplet characterization in CMAs is underutilized, limiting our detailed understanding of the ISC mechanism. In this work, we combine time-resolved spectroscopy with tuning of state energies through environmental polarity and metal substitution, focusing on the interplay between charge-transfer (3CT) and local exciton (3LE) triplets. Unlike previous photophysical work, we investigate evaporated host : guest films of CMAs and small-molecule hosts for increased device relevance. Transient absorption reveals an evolution in the triplet excited-state absorption (ESA) consistent with a change in orbital character between hosts with differing dielectric constants. Using quantum chemical calculations, we simulate ESAs of the lowest triplet states, highlighting the contribution of only 3CT and donor-moiety 3LE states to spectral features, with no strong evidence for a low-lying acceptor-centered 3LE. Thus, our work provides a blueprint for understanding the role of triplet excited states in CMAs which will enable further intelligent optimization of this promising class of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antti-Pekka M Reponen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Campbell S B Matthews
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Alexander J Gillett
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaplanai E, Tzouras NV, Tsoureas N, Bracho Pozsoni N, Bhandary S, Van Hecke K, Nolan SP, Vougioukalakis GC. Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-Au/Ag/Cu benzotriazolyl complexes and their catalytic activity in propargylamide cycloisomerization and carbonyl hydrosilylation reactions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11001-11008. [PMID: 38874579 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01414f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes of gold, silver, and copper have been studied extensively for their photochemical/photocatalytic properties and as potential (pre-)catalysts in organic synthesis. Herein, the design, synthesis, and characterization of five bench-stable Au-, Ag-, and Cu-NHC complexes bearing the benzotriazolyl anion as an amide donor, are reported. All complexes are synthesized in a facile and straightforward manner, using mild conditions. The catalytic activity of the Ag and Cu complexes was studied in propargylamide cycloisomerization and carbonyl hydrosilylation reactions. Both CMA-catalyzed transformations proceed under mild conditions and are highly efficient for a range of propargylamides and carbonyl compounds, respectively, affording the desired corresponding products in good to excellent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Entzy Kaplanai
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nikolaos Tsoureas
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nestor Bracho Pozsoni
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Georgios C Vougioukalakis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brannan AC, Cho HH, Reponen APM, Gorgon S, Phuoc NL, Linnolahti M, Greenham NC, Romanov AS. Deep-Blue and Fast Delayed Fluorescence from Carbene-Metal-Amides for Highly Efficient and Stable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404357. [PMID: 38727713 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Linear gold complexes of the "carbene-metal-amide" (CMA) type are prepared with a rigid benzoguanidine amide donor and various carbene ligands. These complexes emit in the deep-blue range at 424 and 466 nm with 100% quantum yields in all media. The deep-blue thermally activates delayed fluorescence originates from a charge transfer state with an excited state lifetime as low as 213 ns, resulting in fast radiative rates of 4.7 × 106 s-1. The high thermal and photo-stability of these carbene-metal-amide (CMA) materials enabled the authors to fabricate highly energy-efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) in host-guest architectures. Deep-blue OLED devices with electroluminescence at 416 and 457 nm with practical external quantum efficiencies of up to 23% at 100 cd m-2 with excellent color coordinates CIE (x; y) = 0.16; 0.07 and 0.17; 0.18 are reported. The operating stability of these OLEDs is the longest reported to date (LT50 = 1 h) for deep-blue CMA emitters, indicating a high promise for further development of blue OLED devices. These findings inform the molecular design strategy and correlation between delayed luminescence with high radiative rates and CMA OLED device operating stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Brannan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hwan-Hee Cho
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Antti-Pekka M Reponen
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sebastian Gorgon
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
| | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gu Q, Gorgon S, Romanov AS, Li F, Friend RH, Evans EW. Fast Transfer of Triplet to Doublet Excitons from Organometallic Host to Organic Radical Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402790. [PMID: 38819637 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Spin triplet exciton formation sets limits on technologies using organic semiconductors that are confined to singlet-triplet photophysics. In contrast, excitations in the spin doublet manifold in organic radical semiconductors can show efficient luminescence. Here the dynamics of the spin allowed process of intermolecular energy transfer from triplet to doublet excitons are explored. A carbene-metal-amide (CMA-CF3) is employed as a model triplet donor host, since following photoexcitation it undergoes extremely fast intersystem crossing to generate a population of triplet excitons within 4 ps. This enables a foundational study for tracking energy transfer from triplets to a model radical semiconductor, TTM-3PCz. Over 74% of all radical luminescence originates from the triplet channel in this system under photoexcitation. It is found that intermolecular triplet-to-doublet energy transfer can occur directly and rapidly, with 12% of triplet excitons transferring already on sub-ns timescales. This enhanced triplet harvesting mechanism is utilized in efficient near-infrared organic light-emitting diodes, which can be extended to other opto-electronic and -spintronic technologies by radical-based spin control in molecular semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Gu
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, 200232, P. R. China
| | - Sebastian Gorgon
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Emrys W Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li R, Ying A, Tan Y, Ai Y, Gong S. Efficient Blue Photo- and Electroluminescence from CF 3-Decorated Cu(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400817. [PMID: 38654445 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent organometallic complexes of earth-abundant copper(I) have long been studied in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). Particularly, Cu(I)-based carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes have recently emerged as promising organometallic emitters. However, blue-emitting Cu(I) CMA complexes have been rarely reported. Here we constructed two blue-emitting Cu(I) CMA emitters, MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz and MAC*-Cu-2CF3Cz, by introducing one or two CF3 substitutes into carbazole ligands. Both complexes exhibited high thermal stability and blue emission colors. Moreover, two complexes exhibited different emission origins rooting from different donor ligands: a distinct thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states for MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz or a dominant phosphorescence nature from local triplet excited state of the carbazole ligand for MAC*-Cu-2CF3Cz. Inspiringly, MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz had high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 94 % and short emission lifetimes of down to 1.2 μs in doped films, accompanied by relatively high radiative rates in the 105 s-1 order. The resultant vacuum-deposited OLEDs based on MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz delivered pure-blue electroluminescence at 462 nm together with a high external quantum efficiency of 13.0 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ao Ying
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yao Tan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuhan Ai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Avula S, Jhun BH, Jo U, Heo S, Lee JY, You Y. Achieving Long-Wavelength Electroluminescence Using Two-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes: Overcoming the Energy Gap Law. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305745. [PMID: 37953418 PMCID: PMC10767458 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-coordinate coinage metal complexes have emerged as promising emitters for highly efficient organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). However, achieving efficient long-wavelength electroluminescence emission from these complexes remains as a daunting challenge. To address this challenge, molecular design strategies aimed at bolstering the photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ) of Au(I) complex emitters in low-energy emission regions are investigated. By varying amido ligands, a series of two-coordinate Au(I) complexes is developed that exhibit photoluminescence peak wavelengths over a broad range of 533-750 nm. These complexes, in particular, maintain Φ values up to 10% even in the near-infrared emission region, overcoming the constraints imposed by an energy gap. Quantum chemical calculations and photophysical analyses reveal the action of radiative control, which serves to overcome the energy gap law, becomes more pronounced as the overlap between hole and electron distributions (Sr (r)) in the excited state increases. It is further elucidated that Sr (r) increases with the distance between the hole-distribution centroid and the nitrogen atom in an amido ligand. Finally, multilayer OLEDs involving the Au(I) complex emitters exhibit performances beyond the borderline of the electroluminescence wavelength-external quantum efficiency space set by previous devices of coinage metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Avula
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Unhyeok Jo
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Seunga Heo
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceEwha Womans UniversitySeoul03760Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ying A, Gong S. A Rising Star: Luminescent Carbene-Metal-Amide Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301885. [PMID: 37431981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Coinage metal (gold, silver, and copper) complexes are attractive candidates to substitute the widely studied noble metal complexes, such as, iridium(III) and platinum(II), as luminescent materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the development of coinage metal complexes exhibiting high emission quantum yields and short exciton lifetimes is still a formidable challenge. In the past few years, coinage metal complexes featuring a carbene-metal-amide (CMA) motif have emerged as a new class of luminescent materials in OLEDs. Thanks to the coinage metal-bridged linear geometry, coplanar conformation, and the formation of excited states with dominant ligand-to-ligand charge transfer character and reduced metal d-orbital participation, most CMA complexes have high radiative rates via thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Currently, the family of CMA complexes have rapidly evolved and remarkable progresses in CMA-based OLEDs have been made. Here, a Concept article on CMA complexes is presented, with a focus on molecular design principles, the correlation between molecular structure/conformation and optoelectronic properties, as well as OLED performance. The future prospects of CMA complexes are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Ying
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and, Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and, Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Powley SL, Riley C, Cho HH, Le Phuoc N, Linnolahti M, Greenham N, Romanov AS. Highly phosphorescent carbene-metal-carboranyl complexes of copper(I) and gold(I). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12035-12038. [PMID: 37729393 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
New phosphorescent "carbene-metal-carboranyl" (CMC) Cu(I) and Au(I) complexes based on the diamidocarbene (DAC) ligand show up to 68% photoluminescence quantum yield and microsecond range lifetimes. CMC organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit sky-blue and warm white electroluminescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Powley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Charlotte Riley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Hwan-Hee Cho
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Neil Greenham
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma J, Schaab J, Paul S, Forrest SR, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Luminescent Bimetallic Two-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes Utilizing Janus Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20097-20108. [PMID: 37642694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of bimetallic carbene-metal-amide (cMa) complexes have been prepared with bridging biscarbene ligands to serve as a model for the design of luminescent materials with large oscillator strengths and small energy differences between the singlet and triplet states (ΔEST). The complexes have a general structure (R2N)Au(:carbene─carbene:)Au(NR2). The bimetallic complexes show solvation-dependent absorption and emission that is analyzed in detail. It is found that the molar absorptivity of the bimetallic complexes is correlated with the energy barrier to rotation of the metal-ligand bond. The bimetallic cMa complexes also exhibit short emission lifetimes (τ = 200-300 ns) with high photoluminescence efficiencies (ΦPL > 95%). The radiative rates of bimetallic cMa complexes are 3-4 times faster than that of the corresponding monometallic complexes. Analysis of temperature-dependent luminescence data indicates that the lifetime for the singlet state (τS1) of bimetallic cMa complexes is near 12 ns with a ΔEST of 40-50 meV. The presented compounds provide a general design for cMa complexes to achieve small values for ΔEST while retaining high radiative rates. Solution-processed organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) made using two of the complexes as luminescent dopants show high efficiency and low roll-off at high luminance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sritoma Paul
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Muniz CN, Archer CA, Applebaum JS, Alagaratnam A, Schaab J, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Coinage Metal Complexes as Solar Photosensitizers. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37319428 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Generating sustainable fuel from sunlight plays an important role in meeting the energy demands of the modern age. Herein, we report two-coordinate carbene-metal-amide (cMa, M = Cu(I) and Au(I)) complexes that can be used as sensitizers to promote the light-driven reduction of water to hydrogen. The cMa complexes studied here absorb visible photons (εvis > 103 M-1 cm-1), maintain long excited-state lifetimes (τ ∼ 0.2-1 μs), and perform stable photoinduced charge transfer to a target substrate with high photoreducing potential (E+/* up to -2.33 V vs Fc+/0 based on a Rehm-Weller analysis). We pair these coinage metal complexes with a cobalt-glyoxime electrocatalyst to photocatalytically generate hydrogen and compare the performance of the copper- and gold-based cMa complexes. We also find that the two-coordinate complexes herein can perform photodriven hydrogen production from water without the addition of the cobalt-glyoxime electrocatalyst. In this "catalyst-free" system, the cMa sensitizer partially decomposes to give metal nanoparticles that catalyze water reduction. This work identifies two-coordinate coinage metal complexes as promising abundant metal, solar fuel photosensitizers that offer exceptional tunability and photoredox properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin N Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Claire A Archer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jack S Applebaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anushan Alagaratnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Phuoc NL, Brannan AC, Romanov AS, Linnolahti M. Tailoring Carbene-Metal-Amides for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: A Computationally Guided Study on the Effect of Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114398. [PMID: 37298874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold-centered carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) containing cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) are promising emitters for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Aiming at the design and optimization of new TADF emitters, we report a density functional theory study of over 60 CMAs with various CAAC ligands, systematically evaluating computed parameters in relation to photoluminescence properties. The CMA structures were primarily selected based on experimental synthesis prospects. We demonstrate that TADF efficiency of the CMA materials originates from a compromise between oscillator strength coefficients and exchange energy (ΔEST). The latter is governed by the overlap of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, where HOMO is localized on the amide and LUMO over the Au-carbene bond. The S0 ground and excited T1 states of the CMAs adopt approximately coplanar geometry of carbene and amide ligands, but rotate perpendicular in the excited S1 states, resulting in degeneracy or near-degeneracy of S1 and T1, accompanied by a decrease in the S1-S0 oscillator strength from its maximum at coplanar geometries to near zero at rotated geometries. Based on the computations, promising new TADF emitters are proposed and synthesized. Bright CMA complex (Et2CAAC)Au(carbazolide) is obtained and fully characterized in order to demonstrate that excellent stability and high radiative rates up to 106 s-1 can be obtained for the gold-CMA complexes with small CAAC-carbene ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Alexander C Brannan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ruduss A, Belyakov S, Stucere KA, Vembris A, Traskovskis K. Light emission mechanism in dimers of carbene-metal-amide complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3220-3231. [PMID: 36625398 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently an efficient dual electroluminescence from monomers and dimers was observed among the structural examples of the emerging emitter class of carbene-metal-amides (CMAs), allowing the preparation of simple design white organic light emitting diodes (wOLEDs). Here we investigate in detail the light emission mechanism in the dimeric species of CMA emitters on the basis of a copper(I) complex TCP bearing thiazoline carbene and 10H-phenothiazine 5,5-dioxide (Ptz) ligands. The X-ray structure for crystals with dimer-only emission was obtained, revealing that emissive aggregates consist of face-to-face stacked molecular pairs with an intermolecular distance of 3.673 Å. The close packing is aided by reduced sterical bulk at the carbene ligand, as well as by a torsional twist between the carbene and amide fragments. Experimental and computational data show that the emission mechanism in aggregates is related to the formation of a persistent dimer, not the excimer. Radiative relaxation proceeds through an intermolecular charge transfer process between the carbene and amide ligands of the neighbouring molecules. In comparison to the monomer, the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) process in the dimer is characterized with significantly higher energy gaps (ΔEST) between the lowest singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excited states. At the same time the aggregated species exhibit a significantly increased phosphorescence rate (τ = 12 μs at 10 K temperature) due to the presence of two metal atoms, resulting in a sixfold increase in the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) matrix element in comparison to the monomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armands Ruduss
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Sergey Belyakov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Kitija A Stucere
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Vembris
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Traskovskis
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Amouri H. Luminescent Complexes of Platinum, Iridium, and Coinage Metals Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Design, Structural Diversity, and Photophysical Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:230-270. [PMID: 36315851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The employment of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to design luminescent metal compounds has been the focus of recent intense investigations because of the strong σ-donor properties, which bring stability to the whole system and tend to push the d-d dark states so high in energy that they are rendered thermally inaccessible, thereby generating highly emissive complexes for useful applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), or featuring chiroptical properties, a field that is still in its infancy. Among the NHC complexes, those containing organic chromophores such as naphthalimide, pyrene, and carbazole exhibit rich emission behavior and thus have attracted extensive interest in the past five years, especially carbene coinage metal complexes with carbazolate ligands. In this review, the design strategies of NHC-based luminescent platinum and iridium complexes with large spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) are described first. Subsequent paragraphs illustrate the recent advances of luminescent coinage metal complexes with nucleophilic- and electrophilic-based carbenes based on silver, gold, and copper metal complexes that have the ability to display rich excited state emissions in particular via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The luminescence mechanism and excited state dynamics are also described. We then summarize the advance of NHC-metal complexes in the aforementioned fields in recent years. Finally, we propose the development trend of this fast-growing field of luminescent NHC-metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Amouri
- CNRS, IPCM (UMR 8232), Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gao Y, Wu S, Shan G, Cheng G. Recent Progress in Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters and Their Applications in OLEDs: Beyond Pure Organic Molecules with Twist D-π-A Structures. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2150. [PMID: 36557449 PMCID: PMC9784815 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, which can harvest all excitons and emit light without the use of noble metals, are an appealing class of functional materials emerging as next-generation organic electroluminescent materials. Triplet excitons can be upconverted to the singlet state with the aid of ambient thermal energy under the reverse inter-system crossing owing to the small singlet-triplet splitting energy (ΔEST). This results from a specific molecular design consisting of minimal overlap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, due to the spatial separation of the electron-donating and electron-releasing part. When a well-designed device structure is applied, high-performance blue-emitting TADF organic light-emitting diodes can be realized with an appropriate molecular design. Unlike the previous literature that has reviewed general blue-emitting TADF materials, in this paper, we focus on materials other than pure organic molecules with twist D-π-A structures, including multi-resonance TADF, through-space charge transfer TADF, and metal-TADF materials. Cutting-edge molecules with extremely small and even negative ΔEST values are also introduced as candidates for next-generation TADF materials. In addition, OLED structures used to exploit the merits of the abovementioned TADF emitters are also described in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Siping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guogang Shan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen 518053, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou D, Tong GSM, Cheng G, Tang YK, Liu W, Ma D, Du L, Chen JR, Che CM. Stable Tetradentate Gold(III)-TADF Emitters with Close to Unity Quantum Yield and Radiative Decay Rate Constant of up to 2 × 10 6 s -1 : High-Efficiency Green OLEDs with Operational Lifetime (LT 90 ) Longer than 1800 h at 1000 cd m -2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206598. [PMID: 36208071 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ), small efficiency roll-offs, and long operational lifetime at practical luminances are three crucial parameters for commercialization of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). To simultaneously achieve these goals, it is desirable to have the radiative decay rate constant (kr ) as large as possible, which, for a thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitter, requires both a large S1 →S0 radiative decay rate constant (kr S ) and a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST ). Here, the design of a class of tetradentate gold(III) TADF complexes for narrowing the ΔEST while keeping the kr S large is reported. The as-synthesized complexes display green emission with close to unity emission quantum yields, and kr approaching 2 × 106 s-1 in thin films. The vacuum-deposited green OLEDs based on 1 and 4 demonstrate maximum EQEs of up to 24 and 27% with efficiency roll-offs of 5.5 and 2.2% at 1000 cd m-2 , respectively; the EQEs maintain high at 10 000 cd m-2 (19% (1) and 24% (4)). A long LT90 device lifetime of 1820 h at 1000 cd m-2 for complex 1 is achieved, which is one of the longest device lifetimes of TADF-OLEDs reported in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Yu-Kan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dongge Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lili Du
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Jian-Rui Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Feng X, Yang J, Miao J, Zhong C, Yin X, Li N, Wu C, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Li K, Yang C. Au⋅⋅⋅H−C Interactions Support a Robust Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Gold(I) Complex for OLEDs with Little Efficiency Roll‐Off and Good Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209451. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Gong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Jingsheng Miao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Qizheng Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Muniz CN, Schaab J, Razgoniaev A, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. π-Extended Ligands in Two-Coordinate Coinage Metal Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17916-17928. [PMID: 36126274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-coordinate carbene-MI-amide (cMa, MI = Cu, Ag, Au) complexes have emerged as highly efficient luminescent materials for use in a variety of photonic applications due to their extremely fast radiative rates through thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from an interligand charge transfer (ICT) process. A series of cMa derivatives was prepared to examine the variables that affect the radiative rate, with the goal of understanding the parameters that control the radiative TADF process in these materials. We find that blue-emissive complexes with high photoluminescence efficiencies (ΦPL > 0.95) and fast radiative rates (kr = 4 × 106 s-1) can be achieved by selectively extending the π-system of the carbene and amide ligands. Of note is the role played by the increased separation between the hole and electron in the ICT excited state. Analysis of temperature-dependent luminescence data and theoretical calculations indicate that the hole-electron separation exerts a primary effect on the energy gap between the lowest-energy singlet and triplet states (ΔEST) while keeping the radiative rate for the singlet state relatively unchanged. This interpretation provides guidelines for the design of new cMa derivatives with even faster radiative rates in addition to those with slower radiative rates and thus extended excited state lifetimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin N Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anton Razgoniaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Demyanov YV, Sadykov EH, Rakhmanova MI, Novikov AS, Bagryanskaya IY, Artem’ev AV. Tris(2-Pyridyl)Arsine as a New Platform for Design of Luminescent Cu(I) and Ag(I) Complexes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186059. [PMID: 36144790 PMCID: PMC9503387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The coordination behavior of tris(2-pyridyl)arsine (Py3As) has been studied for the first time on the example of the reactions with CuI, CuBr and AgClO4. When treated with CuI in CH2Cl2 medium, Py3As unexpectedly affords the scorpionate complex [Cu(Py3As)I]∙CH2Cl2 only, while this reaction in MeCN selectively leads to the dimer [Cu2(Py3As)2I2]. At the same time, the interaction of CuBr with Py3As exclusively gives the dimer [Cu2(Py3As)2Br2]. It is interesting to note that the scorpionate [Cu(Py3As)I]∙CH2Cl2, upon fuming with a MeCN vapor (r.t., 1 h), undergoes quantitative dimerization into the dimer [Cu2(Py3As)2I2]. The reaction of Py3As with AgClO4 produces complex [Ag@Ag4(Py3As)4](CIO4)5 featuring a Ag-centered Ag4 tetrahedral kernel. At ambient temperature, the obtained Cu(I) complexes exhibit an unusually short-lived photoluminescence, which can be tentatively assigned to the thermally activated delayed fluorescence of (M + X) LCT type (M = Cu, L = Py3As; X = halogen). For the title Ag(I) complexes, QTAIM calculations reveal the pronounced argentophilic interactions for all short Ag∙∙∙Ag contacts (3.209–3.313 Å).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan V. Demyanov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy H. Sadykov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marianna I. Rakhmanova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Novikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Yu. Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS, 9 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Artem’ev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Artem'ev AV, Baranov AY, Berezin AS, Lapteva UA, Samsonenko DG, Bagryanskaya IY. Trigonal Planar Au@Ag
3
Clusters Showing Exceptionally Fast and Efficient Phosphorescence in Violet to Deep‐Blue Region. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201563. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Artem'ev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Yu. Baranov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
| | - Alexey S. Berezin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
| | - Ulyana A. Lapteva
- Novosibirsk State University 2, Pirogova Str. Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
| | - Denis G. Samsonenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
| | - Irina Yu. Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 630090 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ibni Hashim I, Tzouras NV, Janssens W, Scattolin T, Bourda L, Bhandary S, Van Hecke K, Nolan SP, Cazin CSJ. Synthesis of Carbene‐Metal‐Amido (CMA) Complexes and Their Use as Precatalysts for the Activator‐Free, Gold‐Catalyzed Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Alkynes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201224. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ibni Hashim
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V. Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Wim Janssens
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Laurens Bourda
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Feng X, Yang JG, Miao J, Zhong C, Yin X, Li N, Wu C, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Li K, Yang C. Au···H–C Interactions‐supported Robust TADF Gold(I) Complex for OLEDs with Extremely Small Efficiency Roll‐off and Good Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Feng
- Shenzhen University College of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Jian-Gong Yang
- Shenzhen University College of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Jingsheng Miao
- Shenzhen University College of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Wuhan University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xiaojun Yin
- Shenzhen University College of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen University College of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Chao Wu
- Shenzhen University College of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Qizheng Zhang
- Shenzhen University College of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Yong Chen
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry CAS: Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Beijing CHINA
| | - Kai Li
- Shenzhen University College of Materials Science and Engineering Xueyuan Blvd. 1066 518055 CHINA
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen University College of Materials Science and Engineering Xueyuan Avenue 518000 Shenzhen CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tang R, Xu S, Lam T, Cheng G, Du L, Wan Q, Yang J, Hung F, Low K, Phillips DL, Che C. Highly Robust Cu
I
‐TADF Emitters for Vacuum‐Deposited OLEDs with Luminance up to 222 200 cd m
−2
and Device Lifetimes (LT
90
) up to 1300 hours at an Initial Luminance of 1000 cd m
−2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry South University of Science and Technology of China Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Tsz‐Lung Lam
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited Units 909–915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited Units 909–915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong P. R. China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 P. R. China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- School of Life Science Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited Units 909–915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Faan‐Fung Hung
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited Units 909–915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kam‐Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chi‐Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited Units 909–915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong P. R. China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sun X, Peng L, Gao Y, Ye J, Cui G. Theoretical studies on
excited‐state
properties and luminescence mechanism of a
Carbene–Metal–Amide
Au(I) complex with thermally activated delayed fluorescence. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Ling‐Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Yuan‐Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Jin‐Ting Ye
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tang R, Xu S, Lam TL, Cheng G, Du L, Wan Q, Yang J, Hung FF, Low KH, Phillips DL, Che CM. Highly Robust Cu I -TADF Emitters for Vacuum-Deposited OLEDs with Luminance up to 222 200 cd m -2 and Device Lifetimes (LT 90 ) up to 1300 hours at an Initial Luminance of 1000 cd m -2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203982. [PMID: 35647660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A critical step in advancing the practical application of copper-based organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is to bridge the large gap between device efficiency and operational stability at practical luminance. Described is a panel of air- and thermally stable two-coordinate CuI emitters featuring bulky pyrazine- (PzIPr) or pyridine-fused N-heterocyclic carbene (PyIPr*) and carbazole (Cz) ligands with enhanced amide-Cu-carbene bonding interactions. These CuI emitters display thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from the 1 LL'CT(Cz→PzIPr/PyIPr*) excited states across the blue to red regions with exceptional radiative rate constants of 1.1-2.2×106 s-1 . Vapour-deposited OLEDs based on these CuI emitters showed excellent external quantum efficiencies and luminance up to 23.6 % and 222 200 cd m-2 , respectively, alongside record device lifetimes (LT90 ) up to 1300 h at 1000 cd m-2 under our laboratory conditions, highlighting the practicality of the CuI -TADF emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Tsz-Lung Lam
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Units 909-915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Units 909-915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Units 909-915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Faan-Fung Hung
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Units 909-915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Units 909-915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ma J, Kapper SC, Ponnekanti A, Schaab J, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Dynamics of rotation in two‐coordinate thiazolyl copper(I) carbazolyl complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Savannah C. Kapper
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Aamani Ponnekanti
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Peter I. Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California Los Angeles California
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ruduss A, Turovska B, Belyakov S, Stucere KA, Vembris A, Baryshnikov G, Ågren H, Lu JC, Lin WH, Chang CH, Traskovskis K. Thiazoline Carbene-Cu(I)-Amide complexes: Efficient White Electroluminescence from Combined Monomer and Excimer Emission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15478-15493. [PMID: 35345881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent carbene-metal-amide complexes bearing group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, Au) have recently attracted great attention due to their exceptional emission efficiency and high radiative decay rates (kr). These materials provide a less costly alternative to organic light-emitting diode (OLED) emitters based on more scarce metals, such as Ir and Pt. Herein, a series of eight Cu(I) complexes bearing as yet unexplored 1,3-thiazoline carbenes have been investigated and analyzed with respect to their light emission properties and OLED application. For the first time among the class of copper-based organometallic compounds the formation of efficient electroluminescent excimers is demonstrated. The prevalence of electroluminescence (EL) from either the monomer (bluish green) or the excimer (orange-red) can be adjusted in vacuum-deposited emissive layers by altering the extent of steric encumbrance of the emitter or its concentration. Optimized conditions in terms of the emitter structure and mass fraction allowed a simultaneous EL from the monomer and excimer, which laid the basis for a preparation of a single-emitter white OLED (WOLED) with external quantum efficiency of 16.5% and a maximum luminance of over 40000 cd m-2. Wide overlapping emission bands of the monomer and excimer ensure a device color rendering index (CRI) of above 80. In such a way the prospects of copper complexes as cost-effective materials for lighting devices are demonstrated, offering expense reduction through a cheaper emissive component and a simplified device architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armands Ruduss
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia
| | - Baiba Turovska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Sergey Belyakov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Kitija A Stucere
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Vembris
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jhao-Cheng Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Kaspars Traskovskis
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang JG, Song XF, Cheng G, Wu S, Feng X, Cui G, To WP, Chang X, Chen Y, Che CM, Yang C, Li K. Conformational Engineering of Two-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes: Regulation of Excited-State Dynamics for Efficient Delayed Fluorescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13539-13549. [PMID: 35286066 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbene-Au-amide (CMA) type complexes, in which the amide and carbene ligands act as an electron donor (D) and acceptor (A), respectively, can exhibit strong delayed fluorescence (DF) from a ligand to ligand charge transfer (LLCT) excited state. Although the coplanar donor-acceptor (D-A) conformation has been suggested to be a crucial factor favoring radiative decay of the charge-transfer excited state, the geometric structural factor underpinning the excited-state mechanism of CMA complexes remains an open question. We herein develop a new class of carbene-Au-carbazolate complexes by introducing large aromatic substituents onto the carbazolate ligand, the presence of which are conceived to restrict the rotation of the Au-N bond and thus confine a twisted D-A conformation in both ground and excited states. A highly twisted D-A orientation is found for the complexes in their crystal structures. Photophysical studies reveal that the twisted conformation induces a decrease in the gap (ΔEST) between the lowest singlet excited state (S1) and the triplet manifold (T1) and thus a faster reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) from T1 to S1 at the expense of oscillator strength for an S1 radiative transition. In comparison with the coplanar analogue, the twisted complexes exhibit comparable or improved DF with quantum yields of up to 94% and short emission lifetimes down to sub-microseconds. The tuning of excited-state dynamics has been well interpreted by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations, which unveil much faster RISC rates for twisted complexes. Solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on the new CMA complexes show promising performances with almost negligible efficiency rolloff at a brightness of 1000 cd m-2. This work implies that neither a coplanar ground-state D-A conformation nor a dynamic rotation of the M-N bond is the key to the realization of efficient DF for CMA complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gong Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Fang Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 123, People's Republic of China
| | - Siping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tzouras NV, Scattolin T, Gobbo A, Bhandary S, Rizzolio F, Cavarzerani E, Canzonieri V, Van Hecke K, Vougioukalakis GC, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. A Green Synthesis of Carbene-Metal-Amides (CMAs) and Carboline-Derived CMAs with Potent in vitro and ex vivo Anticancer Activity. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200135. [PMID: 35312174 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The modularity and ease of synthesis of carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes based on the coinage metals (Au, Ag, Cu) and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as ancillary ligands pave the way for the expansion of their applications beyond photochemistry and catalysis. Herein, we further improve the synthesis of such compounds by circumventing the use of toxic organic solvents which were previously required for their purification, and we expand their scope to include complexes incorporating carbolines as the amido fragments. The novel complexes are screened both in vitro and ex vivo, against several cancer cell lines and high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) tumoroids, respectively. Excellent cytotoxicity values are obtained for most complexes, while the structural variety of the CMA library screened thus far, provides promising leads for future developments. Variations of all three components (NHC, metal, amido ligand), enable the establishment of trends regarding cytotoxicity and selectivity towards cancerous over normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Alberto Gobbo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Enrico Cavarzerani
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georgios C Vougioukalakis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Song XF, Li ZW, Chen WK, Gao YJ, Cui G. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Mechanism of a Bicyclic "Carbene-Metal-Amide" Copper Compound: DFT/MRCI Studies and Roles of Excited-State Structure Relaxation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7673-7681. [PMID: 35200011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we investigated the luminescence mechanism of one "carbene-metal-amide" copper compound with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) using density functional theory (DFT)/multireference configuration interaction, DFT, and time-dependent DFT methods with the polarizable continuum model. The experimentally observed low-energy absorption and emission peaks are assigned to the S1 state, which exhibits clear interligand and partial ligand-to-metal charge-transfer character. Moreover, it was found that a three-state (S0, S1, and T1) model is sufficient to describe the TADF mechanism, and the T2 state should play a negligible role. The calculated S1-T1 energy gap of 0.10 eV and proper spin-orbit couplings facilitate the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) from T1 to S1. At 298 K, the rISC rate of T1 → S1 (∼106 s-1) is more than 3 orders of magnitude larger than the T1 phosphorescence rate (∼103 s-1), thereby enabling TADF. However, it disappears at 77 K because of a very slow rISC rate (∼101 s-1). The calculated TADF rate, lifetime, and quantum yield agree very well with the experimental data. Methodologically, the present work shows that only considering excited-state information at the Franck-Condon point is insufficient for certain emitting systems and including excited-state structure relaxation is important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mihaly JJ, Wolf SM, Phillips AT, Mam S, Yung Z, Haley JE, Zeller M, de La Harpe K, Holt E, Grusenmeyer TA, Collins S, Gray TG. Synthetically Tunable White-, Green-, and Yellow-Green-Light Emission in Dual-Luminescent Gold(I) Complexes Bearing a Diphenylamino-2,7-fluorenyl Moiety. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1228-1235. [PMID: 34982547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses and photophysical characterization of five new gold(I) complexes bearing diphenylamine-substituted fluorenyl moieties are reported; four are characterized by X-ray diffraction crystallography. Ancillary ligation on gold(I) is provided by organophosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Two complexes, Au-DPA0 and Au-DPA1, are σ-aryls, two, Au-ADPA0 and Au-ADPA1, are σ-alkynyls, and one, Au-TDPA1, is a σ-triazolyl bound through carbon. All complexes show vibronically structured absorption and luminescence bands that are assignable to π-π* transitions localized on the diphenylamine-substituted fluorenyl π system. The excited-state dynamics of all five chromophores are governed by selection of the ancillary ligand and σ attachment of the diphenylamine-substituted fluorenyl moiety. All of these chromophores are dual luminescent in a toluene solution at 298 K. The luminescence from the aryl derivatives, Au-ADPA0 and Au-DPA1, appears green. The alkynyl derivative containing a phosphine ancillary ligand, Au-ADPA0, is a white-light emitter, while the alkynyl derivative containing an N-heterocyclic carbene ancillary ligand, Au-ADPA1, is a yellow-light emitter. The luminescence from the triazolyl-linked chromophore, Au-TDPA1, appears as yellow-green. Spin-restricted density functional theory calculations support the assignments of ligand-centric optical transitions but with contributions of ligand-to-metal charge transfer involving the vacant Au 6p orbital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Mihaly
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Steven M Wolf
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States.,General Dynamics Information Technology, 5000 Springfield Pike, Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Alexis T Phillips
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States.,Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education, Dayton, Ohio 45420, United States
| | - Sokhalita Mam
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Zheng Yung
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Joy E Haley
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kimberly de La Harpe
- Department of Physics, United States Air Force Academy, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Ethan Holt
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Tod A Grusenmeyer
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Stephanie Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Thomas G Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands: Electronic structure and application as chemically- and redox-non-innocent ligands and chromophores. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
34
|
Spence KA, Chari JV, Di Niro M, Susick RB, Ukwitegetse N, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME, Garg NK. pi-Extension of Heterocycles via a Pd-Catalyzed Heterocyclic Aryne Annulation: pi-Extended Donors for TADF Emitters. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5884-5892. [PMID: 35685807 PMCID: PMC9132060 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the annulation of heterocyclic building blocks to access pi-extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The method involves the trapping of short-lived hetarynes with catalytically-generated biaryl palladium intermediates and allows...
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Spence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Jason V Chari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Mattia Di Niro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA
| | - Robert B Susick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Narcisse Ukwitegetse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wei Z, Zuo T, Jiang S, Qi F, Yang M, Meng L, Lu CZ. Theoretically elucidating high photoluminescence performance of dimethylacridan-based blue-color thermally activated delayed fluorescent materials. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on first-principles methods, we comprehensively quantify the luminous quantum efficiencies and related photophysical process rates of dimethylacridan-based blue-color TADF emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Qi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Mingxue Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Malmberg R, Venkatesan K. Recent Advances in the Development of Blue and Deep‐Blue Emitting Gold(I) and Gold(III) Molecular Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malmberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, MQ Photonics Research Centre and MQ Sustainable Energy Research Centre Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Koushik Venkatesan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, MQ Photonics Research Centre and MQ Sustainable Energy Research Centre Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wei Z, Lin S, Zuo T, Li Q, Jiang S, Qi F, Yang M, Gu J, Meng L, Lu CZ. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials with aggregation-induced emission properties: a QM/MM study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25789-25796. [PMID: 34766607 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04190h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic molecules with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties have attracted increasing research interest due to their great potential applications in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), especially for those with multicolor mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) features. Theoretical research on the luminescence characteristics of organic TADF emitters based on the aggregation states is highly desired to quantify the relationship between the TADF properties and aggregation states. In this work, we study the 4,4'-(6-(9,9-dimethylacridine-10(9H)-yl)quinoline-2,3-dibenzonitrile (DMAC-CNQ) emitter with TADF and AIE properties, and calculate the photophysical properties in gas, solid and amorphous states by using the quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method. Our simulations demonstrate that the aggregation states enhance obviously the reverse intersystem crossing rates and transition dipole moments of the DMAC-CNQ emitter, and suppress the non-radiative rates from the lowest excited singlet state (S1) to ground state (S0). Specifically, the molecular stacking of DMAC-CNQ in solid phases can mainly restrict the geometric torsion of the DMAC moiety for decreasing non-radiative decay rates, and the torsion of the CNQ moiety for increasing the reverse intersystem crossing rates. As a result, the calculated fluorescence efficiencies of the DMAC-CNQ emitter in the crystal and amorphous states are 67% and 26% respectively, and in good agreement with the experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Qikai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Mingxue Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Junjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang JG, Song XF, Wang J, Li K, Chang X, Tan LY, Liu CX, Yu FH, Cui G, Cheng G, To WP, Yang C, Che CM, Chen Y. Highly Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from Pyrazine-Fused Carbene Au(I) Emitters. Chemistry 2021; 27:17834-17842. [PMID: 34705307 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metal-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is conceived to inherit the advantages of both phosphorescent metal complexes and purely organic TADF compounds for high-performance electroluminescence. Herein a panel of new TADF Au(I) emitters has been designed and synthesized by using carbazole and pyrazine-fused nitrogen-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as the donor and acceptor ligands, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray structures show linear molecular shape and coplanar arrangement of the donor and acceptor with small dihedral angles of <6.5°. The coplanar orientation and appropriate separation of the HOMO and LUMO in this type of molecules favour the formation of charge-transfer excited state with appreciable oscillator strength. Together with a minor but essential heavy atom effect of Au ion, the complexes in doped films exhibit highly efficient (Φ∼0.9) and short-lived (<1 μs) green emissions via TADF. Computational studies on this class of emitters have been performed to decipher the key reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) pathway. In addition to a small energy splitting between the lowest singlet and triplet excited states (ΔEST ), the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effect is found to be larger at a specific torsion angle between the donor and acceptor planes which favours the RISC process the most. This work provides an alternative molecular design to TADF Au(I) carbene emitters for OLED application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials &, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Fang Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials &, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chu-Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials &, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Hu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials &, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials &, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Voloshkin VA, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP. Recent advances in the synthesis and derivatization of N-heterocyclic carbene metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12058-12068. [PMID: 34519733 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01847g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) metal complexes have gained an incredible amount of attention in the course of the last two decades and have become indispensable as an intricate part of a plethora of applications. The areas of their synthesis and derivatization are constantly evolving and bring new, more sustainable, cost-effective and simpler approaches to the design of existing and next generation catalysts and materials. This article provides an overview of the latest developments, focusing on those which have appeared during the last two years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A Voloshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li X, Xie Y, Li Z. Diversity of Luminescent Metal Complexes in OLEDs: Beyond Traditional Precious Metals. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2817-2829. [PMID: 34378344 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent properties, such as self-luminosity, high color gamut and flexibility, and potential applications in display, wearable devices and lighting. The emitters are the most important composition in OLEDs, mainly classified into fluorescent compounds (first generation), metal phosphorescent complexes (second generation), and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials (third generation). In this review, we summarize the advances of novel emitters of organic metal complexes in the last decade, focusing on coinage metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) and non-precious metals (Al, Zn, W, and alkali metal). Also, the design strategy of d10 and Au(III) complexes was discussed. We aim to provide guidance for exploring efficient metal complexes beyond traditional phosphorescent complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Xie
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
In this contribution, we provide an overview of the main avenues that have emerged in gold coordination chemistry during the last years. The unique properties of gold have motivated research in gold chemistry, and especially regarding the properties and applications of gold compounds in catalysis, medicine, and materials chemistry. The advances in the synthesis and knowledge of gold coordination compounds have been possible with the design of novel ligands becoming relevant motifs that have allowed the preparation of elusive complexes in this area of research. Strong donor ligands with easily modulable electronic and steric properties, such as stable singlet carbenes or cyclometalated ligands, have been decisive in the stabilization of gold(0) species, gold fluoride complexes, gold hydrides, unprecedented π complexes, or cluster derivatives. These new ligands have been important not only from the fundamental structure and bonding studies but also for the synthesis of sophisticated catalysts to improve activity and selectivity of organic transformations. Moreover, they have enabled the facile oxidative addition from gold(I) to gold(III) and the design of a plethora of complexes with specific properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel P Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ghosh M, Khan S. N-Heterocyclic silylenes in coinage metal chemistry: an account of recent advances. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10674-10688. [PMID: 34236058 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01955d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article intends to highlight and comprehensively summarize the recent developments in the field of silylene-coinage metal chemistry. Recent years have witnessed exponential growth in the utilization of N-heterocyclic silylenes as ligands in transition metal chemistry. Still, silylene-coinage metal complexes have only started to appear very recently. Particular attention is focused on the synthetic approaches to silylene-coinage metal complexes and their unusual properties derived from the spectroscopic and crystallographic data. Recent studies have demonstrated that silylene-coinage metal complexes exhibit catalytic efficiency towards hydrosilylation, copper-catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition (CuAAC), and glycosidation reactions. Although the chemistry of silylene-coinage metal complexes has only begun to blossom, these findings justify the need for a review at this stage of development. This article will summarize the previous work on silylene-coinage metal complexes followed by recent advances and conclude with future possibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moushakhi Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tzouras NV, Martynova EA, Ma X, Scattolin T, Hupp B, Busen H, Saab M, Zhang Z, Falivene L, Pisanò G, Van Hecke K, Cavallo L, Cazin CSJ, Steffen A, Nolan SP. Simple Synthetic Routes to Carbene-M-Amido (M=Cu, Ag, Au) Complexes for Luminescence and Photocatalysis Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:11904-11911. [PMID: 34038002 PMCID: PMC8456869 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel and operationally simple synthetic routes to carbene‐metal‐amido (CMA) complexes of copper, silver and gold relevant for photonic applications are reported. A mild base and sustainable solvents allow all reactions to be conducted in air and at room temperature, leading to high yields of the targeted compounds even on multigram scales. The effect of various mild bases on the N−H metallation was studied in silico and experimentally, while a mechanochemical, solvent‐free synthetic approach was also developed. Our photophysical studies on [M(NHC)(Cbz)] (Cbz=carbazolyl) indicate that the occurrence of fluorescent or phosphorescent states is determined primarily by the metal, providing control over the excited state properties. Consequently, we demonstrate the potential of the new CMAs beyond luminescence applications by employing a selected CMA as a photocatalyst. The exemplified synthetic ease is expected to accelerate the applications of CMAs in photocatalysis and materials chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina A Martynova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hendrik Busen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marina Saab
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gianmarco Pisanò
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Pinter P, Schüßlbauer CM, Watt FA, Dickmann N, Herbst-Irmer R, Morgenstern B, Grünwald A, Ullrich T, Zimmer M, Hohloch S, Guldi DM, Munz D. Bright luminescent lithium and magnesium carbene complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7401-7410. [PMID: 34163830 PMCID: PMC8171342 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00846c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the convenient synthesis of a CNC pincer ligand composed of carbazole and two mesoionic carbenes, as well as the corresponding lithium- and magnesium complexes. Mono-deprotonation affords a rare "naked" amide anion. In contrast to the proligand and its mono-deprotonated form, tri-deprotonated s-block complexes show bright luminescence, and their photophysical properties were therefore investigated by absorption- and luminescence spectroscopy. They reveal a quantum yield of 16% in solution at ambient temperature. Detailed quantum-chemical calculations assist in rationalizing the emissive properties based on an Intra-Ligand-Charge-Transfer (ILCT) between the carbazolido- and mesoionic carbene ligands. (Earth-)alkali metals prevent the distortion of the ligand following excitation and, thus, by avoiding non-radiative deactivation support bright luminescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piermaria Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christoph M Schüßlbauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Fabian A Watt
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 D-33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Nicole Dickmann
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 D-33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Tammannstraße 4 D-37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Saarland University Campus C4.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Annette Grünwald
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University Campus C4.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University Campus C4.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University Campus C4.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li TY, Shlian DG, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. A Luminescent Two-Coordinate Au I Bimetallic Complex with a Tandem-Carbene Structure: A Molecular Design for the Enhancement of TADF Radiative Decay Rate. Chemistry 2021; 27:6191-6197. [PMID: 33561304 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A luminescent bimetallic AuI complex comprised of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and carbazole (Cz) ligands, that is, (NHC')Au(NHC)AuCz has been synthesized and studied. Both carbene ligands in the bimetallic complex act as electron acceptors in tandem to increase the energy separation between the ground and excited state, which is higher than those found in either monometallic analogue, (NHC)AuCz and (NHC')AuCz. A coplanar geometry designed into the tandem complex ensures sufficient electronic coupling between the π-orbitals of the ligands to impart a strong oscillator strength to the singlet intra-ligand charge-transfer (1 ICT) transition. Theoretical modelling indicates that the emissive ICT excited state involves both NHC ligands. The tandem complex gives blue luminescence (λmax =480 nm) with a high photoluminescent quantum yield (ΦPL =0.80) with a short decay lifetime (τ=0.52 μs). Temperature-dependent photophysical studies indicate that emission is via thermally assisted delayed fluorescence (TADF) and give a small singlet-triplet energy difference (ΔEST =50 meV, 400 cm-1 ) consistent with the short TADF lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Daniel G Shlian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Advanced Side-Impermeability Characteristics of Fluorinated Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrid Materials for Thin Film Encapsulation. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
48
|
Lin S, Ou Q, Wang Y, Peng Q, Shuai Z. Aggregation-Enhanced Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Efficiency for Two-Coordinate Carbene-Metal-Amide Complexes: A QM/MM Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2944-2953. [PMID: 33725452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The two-coordinate carbene-metal-amide complexes have attracted a great deal of attention due to their remarkable thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties, giving them promise in organic light-emitting diode application. To reveal the inherent mechanism, we take CAAC-Cu(I)-Cz and CAAC-Au(I)-Cz as examples to investigate the photophysical properties in solution and solid phases by combining quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics approaches for the electronic structure and the thermal vibration correlation function formalism for the excited-state decay rates. We found that both intersystem crossing (ISC) and its reverse (rISC) are enhanced by 2-4 orders of magnitude upon aggregation, leading to highly efficient TADF, because (i) the metal proportion in the frontier molecular orbitals increases, leading to an enhanced spin-orbit coupling strength between S1 and T1, and (ii) the reaction barriers for ISC and rISC are much lower in solution than in aggregate phases through a decrease in energy gap ΔEST and an increase in the relative reorganization energy through bending the angle ∠C2-Cu-N1 for T1. We propose a pump-probe time-resolved infrared spectroscopy study to verify the mechanism. These findings can clarify the ongoing dispute over the understanding of the high TADF quantum efficiency for two-coordinate metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qi Ou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qian Peng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ying A, Huang YH, Lu CH, Chen Z, Lee WK, Zeng X, Chen T, Cao X, Wu CC, Gong S, Yang C. High-Efficiency Red Electroluminescence Based on a Carbene-Cu(I)-Acridine Complex. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13478-13486. [PMID: 33689279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
How to develop efficient red-emitting organometallics of earth-abundant copper(I) is a formidable challenge in the field of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) because Cu(I) complexes have weak spin-orbit coupling and a serious excited-state reorganization effect. Here, a red Cu(I) complex, MAC*-Cu-DPAC, was developed using a rigid 9,9-diphenyl-9,10-dihydroacridine donor ligand in a carbene-metal-amide motif. The Cu(I) complex achieved satisfactory red emission, a high photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 70%, and a sub-microsecond lifetime. Thanks to a linear geometry and the acceptor and donor ligands in a coplanar conformation, the complex exhibited a high horizontal dipole ratio of 77% in the host matrix, first demonstrated for coinage metal(I) complexes. The resulting OLEDs delivered high external quantum efficiencies of 21.1% at a maximum and 20.1% at 1000 nits, together with a red emission peak at ∼630 nm. These values represent the state-of-the-art performance for red-emitting OLEDs based on coinage metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Ying
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hsin Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Han Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zhanxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Kai Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chung-Chih Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shaolong Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shi X, Zuo Y, Zhai P, Shen J, Yang Y, Gao Z, Liao M, Wu J, Wang J, Xu X, Tong Q, Zhang B, Wang B, Sun X, Zhang L, Pei Q, Jin D, Chen P, Peng H. Large-area display textiles integrated with functional systems. Nature 2021; 591:240-245. [PMID: 33692559 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Displays are basic building blocks of modern electronics1,2. Integrating displays into textiles offers exciting opportunities for smart electronic textiles-the ultimate goal of wearable technology, poised to change the way in which we interact with electronic devices3-6. Display textiles serve to bridge human-machine interactions7-9, offering, for instance, a real-time communication tool for individuals with voice or speech difficulties. Electronic textiles capable of communicating10, sensing11,12 and supplying electricity13,14 have been reported previously. However, textiles with functional, large-area displays have not yet been achieved, because it is challenging to obtain small illuminating units that are both durable and easy to assemble over a wide area. Here we report a 6-metre-long, 25-centimetre-wide display textile containing 5 × 105 electroluminescent units spaced approximately 800 micrometres apart. Weaving conductive weft and luminescent warp fibres forms micrometre-scale electroluminescent units at the weft-warp contact points. The brightness between electroluminescent units deviates by less than 8 per cent and remains stable even when the textile is bent, stretched or pressed. Our display textile is flexible and breathable and withstands repeated machine-washing, making it suitable for practical applications. We show that an integrated textile system consisting of display, keyboard and power supply can serve as a communication tool, demonstrating the system's potential within the 'internet of things' in various areas, including healthcare. Our approach unifies the fabrication and function of electronic devices with textiles, and we expect that woven-fibre materials will shape the next generation of electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhai
- The Institute of AI and Robotics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyiwei Yang
- Mechanics of Functional Materials Division, Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Zhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- The Institute of AI and Robotics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, China
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peining Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|