1
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Yang S, Jiang X. Nanoscale Strategies for Enhancing the Performance of Adhesive Dry Electrodes for the Skin. ACS NANO 2024; 18:27107-27125. [PMID: 39327802 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
High-quality electrophysiological monitoring requires electrodes to maintain a compliant and stable skin contact. This necessitates low impedance, good skin compliance, and strong adhesion to ensure continuous and stable contact under dynamic conditions. In this context, adhesive epidermal dry electrodes are advancing rapidly, which is promising for long-term applications in clinical diagnosis, wearable health monitoring, and human-machine interfaces. However, challenges persist, as conventional technologies usually fall short of meeting the high standards required for electrophysiological electrodes. This Perspective discusses four key aspects for high-performance epidermal electrodes from an adhesive perspective: initial adhesion, water resistance, dynamic stability, and removal simplicity. We review recent nanoscale strategies addressing these issues, providing a comprehensive guideline to enhance the application performance of epidermal dry electrodes. Additionally, we explore key nanoscale strategies and their associated functions, future technology roadmaps, and prospects for dry adhesive epidermal electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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2
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Cao P, Wang Y, Yang J, Niu S, Pan X, Lu W, Li L, Xu Y, Cui J, Ho GW, Wang XQ. Scalable Layered Heterogeneous Hydrogel Fibers with Strain-Induced Crystallization for Tough, Resilient, and Highly Conductive Soft Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2409632. [PMID: 39377318 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202409632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of soft bioelectronics hinges critically on the electromechanical properties of hydrogels. Despite ongoing research into diverse material and structural strategies to enhance these properties, producing hydrogels that are simultaneously tough, resilient, and highly conductive for long-term, dynamic physiological monitoring remains a formidable challenge. Here, a strategy utilizing scalable layered heterogeneous hydrogel fibers (LHHFs) is introduced that enables synergistic electromechanical modulation of hydrogels. High toughness (1.4 MJ m-3) and resilience (over 92% recovery from 200% strain) of LHHFs are achieved through a damage-free toughening mechanism that involves dense long-chain entanglements and reversible strain-induced crystallization of sodium polyacrylate. The unique symmetrical layered structure of LHHFs, featuring distinct electrical and mechanical functional layers, facilitates the mixing of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to significantly enhance electrical conductivity (192.7 S m-1) without compromising toughness and resilience. Furthermore, high-performance LHHF capacitive iontronic strain/pressure sensors and epidermal electrodes are developed, capable of accurately and stably capturing biomechanical and bioelectrical signals from the human body under long-term, dynamic conditions. The LHHF offers a promising route for developing hydrogels with uniquely integrated electromechanical attributes, advancing practical wearable healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengle Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xinglong Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Wanheng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Luhong Li
- PPM Institute of Functional Materials, Poly Plastic Masterbatch (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215144, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Xu
- PPM Institute of Functional Materials, Poly Plastic Masterbatch (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215144, P. R. China
| | - Jiabin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ghim Wei Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Qiao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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3
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Lee S, Ho DH, Jekal J, Cho SY, Choi YJ, Oh S, Choi YY, Lee T, Jang KI, Cho JH. Fabric-based lamina emergent MXene-based electrode for electrophysiological monitoring. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5974. [PMID: 39358330 PMCID: PMC11446925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Commercial wearable biosignal sensing technologies encounter challenges associated with irritation or discomfort caused by unwanted objects in direct contact with the skin, which can discourage the widespread adoption of wearable devices. To address this issue, we propose a fabric-based lamina emergent MXene-based electrode, a lightweight and flexible shape-morphing wearable bioelectrode. This work offers an innovative approach to biosignal sensing by harnessing the high electrical conductivity and low skin-to-electrode contact impedance of MXene-based dry electrodes. Its design, inspired by Nesler's pneumatic interference actuator, ensures stable skin-to-electrode contact, enabling robust biosignal detection in diverse situations. Extensive research is conducted on key design parameters, such as the width and number of multiple semicircular legs, the radius of the anchoring frame, and pneumatic pressure, to accommodate a wide range of applications. Furthermore, a real-time wireless electrophysiological monitoring system has been developed, with a signal-to-noise ratio and accuracy comparable to those of commercial bioelectrodes. This work excels in recognizing various hand gestures through a convolutional neural network, ultimately introducing a shape-morphing electrode that provides reliable, high-performance biosignal sensing for dynamic users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hae Ho
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Janghwan Jekal
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Saehyuck Oh
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Choi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Taeyoon Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-In Jang
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Ruiz-Mateos Serrano R, Aguzin A, Mitoudi-Vagourdi E, Tao X, Naegele TE, Jin AT, Lopez-Larrea N, Picchio ML, Vinicio Alban-Paccha M, Minari RJ, Mecerreyes D, Dominguez-Alfaro A, Malliaras GG. 3D printed PEDOT:PSS-based conducting and patternable eutectogel electrodes for machine learning on textiles. Biomaterials 2024; 310:122624. [PMID: 38805956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of medical wearables necessitates the development of novel electrodes for cutaneous electrophysiology. In this work, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is combined with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) to develop printable and biocompatible electrodes for long-term cutaneous electrophysiology recordings. The impact of printing parameters on the conducting properties, morphological characteristics, mechanical stability and biocompatibility of the material were investigated. The optimised eutectogel formulations were fabricated in four different patterns -flat, pyramidal, striped and wavy- to explore the influence of electrode geometry on skin conformability and mechanical contact. These electrodes were employed for impedance and forearm EMG measurements. Furthermore, arrays of twenty electrodes were embedded into a textile and used to generate body surface potential maps (BSPMs) of the forearm, where different finger movements were recorded and analysed. Finally, BSPMs for three different letters (B, I, O) in sign-language were recorded and used to train a logistic regressor classifier able to reliably identify each letter. This novel cutaneous electrode fabrication approach offers new opportunities for long-term electrophysiological recordings, online sign-language translation and brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Ruiz-Mateos Serrano
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ana Aguzin
- Group of Polymers and Polymerization Reactors, INTEC, National University of the Litoral - CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Eleni Mitoudi-Vagourdi
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Xudong Tao
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Tobias E Naegele
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Amy T Jin
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Naroa Lopez-Larrea
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Matías L Picchio
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain; Group of Polymers and Polymerization Reactors, INTEC, National University of the Litoral - CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Marco Vinicio Alban-Paccha
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK; Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roque J Minari
- Group of Polymers and Polymerization Reactors, INTEC, National University of the Litoral - CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
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5
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Mirzajani H, Kraft M. Soft Bioelectronics for Heart Monitoring. ACS Sens 2024; 9:4328-4363. [PMID: 39239948 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a predominant global health concern, accounting for over 17.9 million deaths in 2019, representing approximately 32% of all global fatalities. In North America and Europe, over a million adults undergo cardiac surgeries annually. Despite the benefits, such surgeries pose risks and require precise postsurgery monitoring. However, during the postdischarge period, where monitoring infrastructures are limited, continuous monitoring of vital signals is hindered. In this area, the introduction of implantable electronics is altering medical practices by enabling real-time and out-of-hospital monitoring of physiological signals and biological information postsurgery. The multimodal implantable bioelectronic platforms have the capability of continuous heart sensing and stimulation, in both postsurgery and out-of-hospital settings. Furthermore, with the emergence of machine learning algorithms into healthcare devices, next-generation implantables will benefit artificial intelligence (AI) and connectivity with skin-interfaced electronics to provide more precise and user-specific results. This Review outlines recent advancements in implantable bioelectronics and their utilization in cardiovascular health monitoring, highlighting their transformative deployment in sensing and stimulation to the heart toward reaching truly personalized healthcare platforms compatible with the Sustainable Development Goal 3.4 of the WHO 2030 observatory roadmap. This Review also discusses the challenges and future prospects of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mirzajani
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey
| | - Michael Kraft
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-MNS), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Micro- and Nanoscale Integration (LIMNI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Wan C, Feng Z, Gao Y, Yu J, Wu Z, Yang Z, Mao S, Guo R, Huo W, Huang X. Self-Healing and Shear-Stiffening Electrodes for Wearable Biopotential Sensing and Gesture Recognition. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 39329366 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The achievement of flexible skin electrodes for dynamic monitoring of biopotential is one of the challenging issues in flexible electronics due to the interference of large acceleration and heavy sweat that influence the stability of skin-electrode interfaces. This work presents materials and techniques to achieve self-healing and shear-stiffening electrodes and an associated flexible system that can be used for multichannel biopotential measurement on the skin. The electrode that is based on a composite of silver (Ag) flakes, Ag nanowires, and polyborosiloxane offers an electrical conductivity of 9.71 × 104 S/m and a rheological characteristic that ensures stable and fully conformal contact with skin and easy removal under different shear rates. The electrode can maintain its conductivity even after being stretched by more than 60% and becomes self-healed after mechanical damage. The combination of the electrodes with a screen-printed multichannel flexible sensor allows stable monitoring of both static and dynamic electromyography signals, leading to the acquisition of high-quality multilead biopotential signals that can be readily extracted to yield gesture recognition results with over 97.42% accuracy. The conductive self-healing materials and flexible sensors may be utilized in various daily biopotential sensing applications, allowing highly stable dynamic measurement to facilitate artificial intelligence-enabled health condition diagnosis and human-computer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Wan
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhijie Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072 ,China
| | - Yu Gao
- Flexible Wearable Technology Research Center, Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, 906 Yatai Road, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Jingxian Yu
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ziyue Wu
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sui Mao
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenxing Huo
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xian Huang
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- Institute of Wearable Technology and Bioelectronics, Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center, 1002 23rd Street, Hangzhou 310018, China
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7
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Zhang T, Wang Y, Feng X, Zuo Y, Yu H, Bao H, Jiang F, Jiang S. Flexible electronics for cardiovascular monitoring on complex physiological skins. iScience 2024; 27:110707. [PMID: 39262772 PMCID: PMC11387687 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant global health threat, responsible for a considerable portion of worldwide mortality. Flexible electronics enable continuous, noninvasive, real-time, and portable monitoring, providing an ideal platform for personalized healthcare. Nevertheless, challenges persist in sustaining stable adherence across diverse and intricate skin environments, hindering further advancement toward clinical applications. Strategies such as structural design and chemical modification can significantly enhance the environmental adaptability and monitoring performance of flexible electronics. This review delineates processing techniques, including structural design and chemical modification, to mitigate signal interference from sebaceous skin, motion artifacts from the skin in motion, and infection risks from fragile skin, thereby enabling the accurate monitoring of key cardiovascular indicators in complex physiological environments. Moreover, it delves into the potential for the strategic development and improvement of flexible electronics to ensure their alignment with complex physiological environment requirements, facilitating their transition to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Yunshen Wang
- Department of Pneumology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300204, China
| | - Xingdong Feng
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Yizhou Zuo
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Hannong Yu
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipments, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Geriatric Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipments, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
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8
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Fu X, Cheng W, Wan G, Yang Z, Tee BCK. Toward an AI Era: Advances in Electronic Skins. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9899-9948. [PMID: 39198214 PMCID: PMC11397144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) have seen intense research and rapid development in the past two decades. To mimic the capabilities of human skin, a multitude of flexible/stretchable sensors that detect physiological and environmental signals have been designed and integrated into functional systems. Recently, researchers have increasingly deployed machine learning and other artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to mimic the human neural system for the processing and analysis of sensory data collected by e-skins. Integrating AI has the potential to enable advanced applications in robotics, healthcare, and human-machine interfaces but also presents challenges such as data diversity and AI model robustness. In this review, we first summarize the functions and features of e-skins, followed by feature extraction of sensory data and different AI models. Next, we discuss the utilization of AI in the design of e-skin sensors and address the key topic of AI implementation in data processing and analysis of e-skins to accomplish a range of different tasks. Subsequently, we explore hardware-layer in-skin intelligence before concluding with an analysis of the challenges and opportunities in the various aspects of AI-enabled e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Guanxiang Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Zijie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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9
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Li W, Li Y, Song Z, Wang YX, Hu W. PEDOT-based stretchable optoelectronic materials and devices for bioelectronic interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39254255 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00541d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of wearable and implantable electronics has enabled the real-time transmission of electrophysiological signals in situ, thus allowing the precise monitoring and regulation of biological functions. Devices based on organic materials tend to have low moduli and intrinsic stretchability, making them ideal choices for the construction of seamless bioelectronic interfaces. In this case, as an organic ionic-electronic conductor, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has low impedance to offer a high signal-to-noise ratio for monitoring bioelectrical signals, which has become one of the most promising conductive polymers. However, the initial conductivity and stretchability of pristine PEDOT:PSS are insufficient to meet the application requirements, and there is a trade-off between their improvement. In addition, PEDOT:PSS has poor stability in aqueous environments due to the hygroscopicity of the PSS chains, which severely limits its long-term applications in water-rich bioelectronic interfaces. Considering the growing demands of multi-function integration, the high-resolution fabrication of electronic devices is urgent. It is a great challenge to maintain both electrical and mechanical performance after miniaturization, particularly at feature sizes below 100 μm. In this review, we focus on the combined improvement in the conductivity and stretchability of PEDOT:PSS, as well as the corresponding mechanisms in detail. Also, we summarize the effective strategies to improve the stability of PEDOT:PSS in aqueous environments, which plays a vital role in long-term applications. Finally, we introduce the reliable micropatterning technologies and PEDOT:PSS-based stretchable optoelectronic devices applied at bio-interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ziyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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10
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Cuttaz EA, Bailey ZK, Chapman CAR, Goding JA, Green RA. Polymer Bioelectronics: A Solution for Both Stimulating and Recording Electrodes. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304447. [PMID: 38775757 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The advent of closed-loop bionics has created a demand for electrode materials that are ideal for both stimulating and recording applications. The growing complexity and diminishing size of implantable devices for neural interfaces have moved beyond what can be achieved with conventional metallic electrode materials. Polymeric electrode materials are a recent development based on polymer composites of organic conductors such as conductive polymers. These materials present exciting new opportunities in the design and fabrication of next-generation electrode arrays which can overcome the electrochemical and mechanical limitations of conventional electrode materials. This review will examine the recent developments in polymeric electrode materials, their application as stimulating and recording electrodes in bionic devices, and their impact on the development of soft, conformal, and high-density neural interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle A Cuttaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Zachary K Bailey
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Christopher A R Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, UK
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Josef A Goding
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Rylie A Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, UK
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11
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Li J, Dai Q, Wang Z, Yi Y, Shen Y, Yao Z, Niu S, Han Z, Ren L. Highly Robust and Self-Adhesive Soft Strain Gauge via Interface Design Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406432. [PMID: 39081104 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Highly robust soft strain gauges are rapidly emerging as a promising candidate in the fields of vital signs and machine conditions monitoring. However, it is still a key challenge to achieve high-performance strain sensing in these sensors with mechanical/electrical robustness for long-term usage. The multilayer structural design of sensors enhances sensing performance while the interfacial connection of heterogeneous materials between different layers is weak. Herein, inspired by the efficient perception mechanism of scorpion slit sensilla with tough interface interconnections, the synergy of ultra-high electrical performance and mechanical robustness is successfully achieved via interface design engineering. The developed multilayer soft strain gauge (MSSG) exhibits a strain sensitivity beyond 105, a lower detection limit of 8.3 µm, a frequency resolution within 0.1 Hz, and cyclic stability over 63 000 strain cycles. Also, the tough interface improves the level of heterogeneous integration in the MSSG which allows to endure different stresses. Furthermore, an MSSG-based wireless strain monitoring system is developed that enables applications on different complex dynamic surfaces, including accurate identification of human throat activity and monitoring of rolling bearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Qingqing Dai
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yaozhen Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhongwen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110167, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110167, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
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12
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Yang S, Liu C, Tang L, Shang J, Zhang J, Jiang X. Highly Adhesive and Stretchable Epidermal Electrode for Bimodal Recording Patch. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43880-43891. [PMID: 39133011 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
For numerous biological and human-machine applications, it is critical to have a stable electrophysiological interface to obtain reliable signals. To achieve this, epidermal electrodes should possess conductivity, stretchability, and adhesiveness. However, limited types of materials can simultaneously satisfy these requirements to provide satisfying recording performance. Here, we present a dry electromyography (EMG) electrode based on conductive polymers and tea polyphenol (CPT), which offers adhesiveness (0.51 N/cm), stretchability (157%), and low impedance (14 kΩ cm2 at 100 Hz). The adhesiveness of the electrode is attributed to the interaction between catechol groups and hydroxyls in the polymer blend. This adhesive electrode ensures stable EMG recording even in the presence of vibrations and provides signals with a high signal-to-noise ratio (>25 dB) for over 72 h. By integrating the CPT electrode with a liquid metal strain sensor, we have developed a bimodal rehabilitation monitoring patch (BRMP) for sports injuries. The patch utilizes Kinesio Tape as a substrate, which serves to accelerate rehabilitation. It also tackles the challenge of recording with knee braces by fitting snugly between the brace and the skin, due to its thin and stretchable design. CPT electrodes not only enable BRMP to assist clinicians in formulating effective rehabilitation plans and offer patients a more comfortable rehabilitation experience, but also hold promise for future applications in biological and human-machine interface domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chenqi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lixue Tang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Junrui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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13
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Li Y, Veronica A, Ma J, Nyein HYY. Materials, Structure, and Interface of Stretchable Interconnects for Wearable Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2408456. [PMID: 39139019 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Since wearable technologies for telemedicine have emerged to tackle global health concerns, the demand for well-attested wearable healthcare devices with high user comfort also arises. Skin-wearables for health monitoring require mechanical flexibility and stretchability for not only high compatibility with the skin's dynamic nature but also a robust collection of fine health signals from within. Stretchable electrical interconnects, which determine the device's overall integrity, are one of the fundamental units being understated in wearable bioelectronics. In this review, a broad class of materials and engineering methodologies recently researched and developed are presented, and their respective attributes, limitations, and opportunities in designing stretchable interconnects for wearable bioelectronics are offered. Specifically, the electrical and mechanical characteristics of various materials (metals, polymers, carbons, and their composites) are highlighted, along with their compatibility with diverse geometric configurations. Detailed insights into fabrication techniques that are compatible with soft substrates are also provided. Importantly, successful examples of establishing reliable interfacial connections between soft and rigid elements using novel interconnects are reviewed. Lastly, some perspectives and prospects of remaining research challenges and potential pathways for practical utilization of interconnects in wearables are laid out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| | - Asmita Veronica
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| | - Jiahao Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| | - Hnin Yin Yin Nyein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
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14
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Yang X, Chen W, Fan Q, Chen J, Chen Y, Lai F, Liu H. Electronic Skin for Health Monitoring Systems: Properties, Functions, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402542. [PMID: 38754914 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), a skin-like wearable electronic device, holds great promise in the fields of telemedicine and personalized healthcare because of its good flexibility, biocompatibility, skin conformability, and sensing performance. E-skin can monitor various health indicators of the human body in real time and over the long term, including physical indicators (exercise, respiration, blood pressure, etc.) and chemical indicators (saliva, sweat, urine, etc.). In recent years, the development of various materials, analysis, and manufacturing technologies has promoted significant development of e-skin, laying the foundation for the application of next-generation wearable medical technologies and devices. Herein, the properties required for e-skin health monitoring devices to achieve long-term and precise monitoring and summarize several detectable indicators in the health monitoring field are discussed. Subsequently, the applications of integrated e-skin health monitoring systems are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future development directions in this field are discussed. This review is expected to generate great interest and inspiration for the development and improvement of e-skin and health monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Yang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Qunfu Fan
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Feili Lai
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Hezhou Liu
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Dee-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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15
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Hu R, Yao B, Geng Y, Zhou S, Li M, Zhong W, Sun F, Zhao H, Wang J, Ge J, Wei R, Liu T, Jin J, Xu J, Fu J. High-Fidelity Bioelectrodes with Bidirectional Ion-Electron Transduction Capability by Integrating Multiple Charge-Transfer Processes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403111. [PMID: 38934213 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics is an exciting field that bridges the gap between physiological activities and external electronic devices, striving for high resolution, high conformability, scalability, and ease of integration. One crucial component in bioelectronics is bioelectrodes, designed to convert neural activity into electronic signals or vice versa. Previously reported bioelectrodes have struggled to meet several essential requirements simultaneously: high-fidelity signal transduction, high charge injection capability, strain resistance, and multifunctionality. This work introduces a novel strategy for fabricating superior bioelectrodes by merging multiple charge-transfer processes. The resulting bioelectrodes offer accurate ion-to-electron transduction for capturing electrophysiological signals, dependable charge injection capability for neuromodulation, consistent electrode potential for artifact rejection and biomolecule sensing, and high transparency for seamless integration with optoelectronics. Furthermore, the bioelectrode can be designed to be strain-insensitive by isolating signal transduction from electron transportation. The innovative concept presented in this work holds great promise for extending to other electrode materials and paves the way for the advancement of multimodal bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjian Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Geng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300132, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Fuyao Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300132, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300132, P. R. China
| | - Ran Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300132, P. R. China
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
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16
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Lan T, Tian H, Chen X, Li X, Wang C, Wang D, Li S, Liu G, Zhu X, Shao J. Treefrog-Inspired Flexible Electrode with High Permeability, Stable Adhesion, and Robust Durability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404761. [PMID: 38796773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Long-term continuous monitoring (LTCM) of physiological electrical signals is an effective means for detecting several cardiovascular diseases. However, the integrated challenges of stable adhesion, low impedance, and robust durability under different skin conditions significantly hinder the application of flexible electrodes in LTCM. This paper proposes a structured electrode inspired by the treefrog web, comprising dispersed pillars at the bottom and asymmetric cone holes at the top. Attachment structures with a dispersed pillar improve the contact stability (adhesion increases 2.79/13.16 times in dry/wet conditions compared to an electrode without structure). Improved permeable duct structure provides high permeability (12 times compared to cotton). Due to high adhesion and permeability, the electrode's durability is 40 times larger than commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes. The treefrog web-like electrode has great advantages in permeability, adhesion, and durability, resulting in prospects for application in physiological electrical signal detection and a new design idea for LTCM wearable dry electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 YanXiang Road, West 5th building, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 YanXiang Road, West 5th building, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Duorui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Gangqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xinkai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 YanXiang Road, West 5th building, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
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17
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Liu Z, Shen K, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Lv Z, Shang Q, Li R, Zhou C, Cheng Y. Tough and elastic hydrogels based on robust hydrophobicity-assisted metal ion coordination for flexible wearable devices. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:6605-6616. [PMID: 38895790 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Flexible wearable sensors that combine excellent flexibility, high elasticity, sensing capabilities, and outstanding biocompatibility are gaining increasing attention. In this study, we successfully develop a robust and elastic hydrogel-based flexible wearable sensor by modulating molecular structures combined with metal ion coordination. We leverage three N-acryloyl amino acid monomers, including N-acryloyl glycine (AG), N-acryloyl alanine (AA), and N-acryloyl valine (AV) with different hydrophobic groups adjacent to the carboxyl group, to copolymerize with acrylamide (AM) in the presence of Zr4+ for hydrogel preparation in one step (P(AM3-AG/AA/AV0.06)-Zr0.034+ hydrogels). Our investigation reveals that the P(AM3-AV0.06)-Zr0.034+ hydrogel with the most hydrophobic side group demonstrates superior mechanical properties (1.1 MPa tensile stress, 3566 kJ m-3 toughness and 1.3 kJ m-2 fracture energy) and resilience to multiple tensile (30% strain, 500 cycles) and compression cycling (50% strain, 500 cycles). Moreover, the P(AM3-AV0.06)-Zr0.034+ hydrogel exhibits good biocompatibility and high conductivity (1.1 S m-1) and responsivity (GF = 16.21), and is proved to be suitable as a flexible wearable sensor for comprehensive human activity monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Kaixiang Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhuting Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qinghua Shang
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Renjie Li
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Can Zhou
- Breast Surgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yilong Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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18
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Tie Y, Li Y, Xiao X, Li W, Zhao Y, Yang R, Wang YX, Hu W. Conjugation Linked PEDOT:PSS with Low Impedance and High Stretchability for Epidermal Electrophysiology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404432. [PMID: 38973075 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Long-term epidermal recording of bioelectricity is of paramount importance for personal health monitoring. It requires stretchable and dry film electrodes that can be seamlessly integrated with skin. The simultaneous achievement of high conductivity and skin-like ductility of conducting materials is a prerequisite for reliable signal transduction at the dynamic interface, which is also the bottleneck of epidermal electrophysiology. Here, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are introduced as "conjugation linkers" into a topologically plasticized conducting polymer (PEDOT:PSS). A thin-film electrode with high conductivity (≈3250 S cm-1) and high stretchability (crack-onset strain>100%) is obtained. In particular, the conjugation linker enables the high volumetric capacitance and the low film resistance, both of which synergically reduce the interfacial impedance. The capabilities of this electrode is further demonstrated in the precise recording of various electrophysiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tie
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xixi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Weizhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ruhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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19
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Serrano RR, Velasco‐Bosom S, Dominguez‐Alfaro A, Picchio ML, Mantione D, Mecerreyes D, Malliaras GG. High Density Body Surface Potential Mapping with Conducting Polymer-Eutectogel Electrode Arrays for ECG imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2301176. [PMID: 37203308 PMCID: PMC11251564 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrocardiography imaging (ECGi) is a non-invasive inverse reconstruction procedure which employs body surface potential maps (BSPM) obtained from surface electrode array measurements to improve the spatial resolution and interpretability of conventional electrocardiography (ECG) for the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction. ECGi currently lacks precision, which has prevented its adoption in clinical setups. The introduction of high-density electrode arrays could increase ECGi reconstruction accuracy but is not attempted before due to manufacturing and processing limitations. Advances in multiple fields have now enabled the implementation of such arrays which poses questions on optimal array design parameters for ECGi. In this work, a novel conducting polymer electrode manufacturing process on flexible substrates is proposed to achieve high-density, mm-sized, conformable, long-term, and easily attachable electrode arrays for BSPM with parameters optimally selected for ECGi applications. Temporal, spectral, and correlation analysis are performed on a prototype array demonstrating the validity of the chosen parameters and the feasibility of high-density BSPM, paving the way for ECGi devices fit for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Dominguez‐Alfaro
- Electrical Engineering DivisionUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvda. Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastianGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Matias L. Picchio
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvda. Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastianGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvda. Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastianGipuzkoa20018Spain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao48009Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvda. Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastianGipuzkoa20018Spain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao48009Spain
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20
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Gong M, Wang X, Wu Z, Yue L, Chen Q, Li H, Lin X, Zhang L, Wang D. Nature-Inspired Molecular-Crowding Enabling Wide-Humidity Range Applicable, Anti-Freezing, and Robust Zwitterionic Hydrogels for On-Skin Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400161. [PMID: 38431936 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels are currently in the limelight for applications in soft electronics but they suffer from the tendency to lose water or freeze when exposed to dry environments or low temperatures. Molecular crowding is a prevalent occurrence in living cells, in which molecular crowding agents modify the hydrogen bonding structure, causing a significant reduction in water activity. Here, a wide-humidity range applicable, anti-freezing, and robust hydrogel is developed through the incorporation of natural amino acid proline (Pro) and conductive MXene into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel networks. Theoretical calculations reveal that Pro can transform "free water" into "locked water" via the molecular-crowding effect, thereby suppressing water evaporation and ice forming. Accordingly, the prepared hydrogel exhibits high water retention capability, with 77% and 55% being preserved after exposure to 20 °C, 28% relative humidity (RH) and 35 °C, 90% RH for 12 h. Meanwhile, Pro lowers the freezing temperature of the hydrogel to 34 °C and enhances its stretchability and strength. Finally, the PVA/Pro/MXene hydrogels are assembled as multifunctional on-skin strain sensors and conductive electrodes to monitor human motions and detect tiny electrophysiological signals. Collectively, this work provides a molecular crowding strategy that will motivate researchers to develop more advanced hydrogels for versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liancong Yue
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiuji Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hejian Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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21
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Li J, Zhang F, Lyu H, Yin P, Shi L, Li Z, Zhang L, Di CA, Tang P. Evolution of Musculoskeletal Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2303311. [PMID: 38561020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system, constituting the largest human physiological system, plays a critical role in providing structural support to the body, facilitating intricate movements, and safeguarding internal organs. By virtue of advancements in revolutionized materials and devices, particularly in the realms of motion capture, health monitoring, and postoperative rehabilitation, "musculoskeletal electronics" has actually emerged as an infancy area, but has not yet been explicitly proposed. In this review, the concept of musculoskeletal electronics is elucidated, and the evolution history, representative progress, and key strategies of the involved materials and state-of-the-art devices are summarized. Therefore, the fundamentals of musculoskeletal electronics and key functionality categories are introduced. Subsequently, recent advances in musculoskeletal electronics are presented from the perspectives of "in vitro" to "in vivo" signal detection, interactive modulation, and therapeutic interventions for healing and recovery. Additionally, nine strategy avenues for the development of advanced musculoskeletal electronic materials and devices are proposed. Finally, concise summaries and perspectives are proposed to highlight the directions that deserve focused attention in this booming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Houchen Lyu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Pengbin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
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22
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Seufert L, Elmahmoudy M, Theunis C, Lienemann S, Li Y, Mohammadi M, Boda U, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Kroon R, Persson POÅ, Rahmanudin A, Donahue MJ, Farnebo S, Tybrandt K. Stretchable Tissue-Like Gold Nanowire Composites with Long-Term Stability for Neural Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402214. [PMID: 38944890 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Soft and stretchable nanocomposites can match the mechanical properties of neural tissue, thereby minimizing foreign body reactions to provide optimal stimulation and recording specificity. Soft materials for neural interfaces should simultaneously fulfill a wide range of requirements, including low Young's modulus (<<1 MPa), stretchability (≥30%), high conductivity (>> 1000 S cm-1), biocompatibility, and chronic stability (>> 1 year). Current nanocomposites do not fulfill the above requirements, in particular not the combination of softness and high conductivity. Here, this challenge is addressed by developing a scalable and robust synthesis route based on polymeric reducing agents for smooth, high-aspect ratio gold nanowires (AuNWs) of controllable dimensions with excellent biocompatibility. AuNW-silicone composites show outstanding performance with nerve-like softness (250 kPa), high conductivity (16 000 S cm-1), and reversible stretchability. Soft multielectrode cuffs based on the composite achieve selective functional stimulation, recordings of sensory stimuli in rat sciatic nerves, and show an accelerated lifetime stability of >3 years. The scalable synthesis method provides a chemically stable alternative to the widely used AgNWs, thereby enabling new applications within electronics, biomedical devices, and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Seufert
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Elmahmoudy
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Theunis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
| | - Samuel Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
| | - Yuyang Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Boda
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Printed, Bio- and Organic Electronics, Södra Grytsgatan 4, Norrköping, SE-602 33, Sweden
| | | | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
| | - Per O Å Persson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, 581 83, Sweden
| | - Aiman Rahmanudin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
| | - Mary J Donahue
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, 581 85, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, 581 85, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden
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23
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Du Y, Kim JH, Kong H, Li AA, Jin ML, Kim DH, Wang Y. Biocompatible Electronic Skins for Cardiovascular Health Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303461. [PMID: 38569196 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent a significant threat to the overall well-being of the global population. Continuous monitoring of vital signs related to cardiovascular health is essential for improving daily health management. Currently, there has been remarkable proliferation of technology focused on collecting data related to cardiovascular diseases through daily electronic skin monitoring. However, concerns have arisen regarding potential skin irritation and inflammation due to the necessity for prolonged wear of wearable devices. To ensure comfortable and uninterrupted cardiovascular health monitoring, the concept of biocompatible electronic skin has gained substantial attention. In this review, biocompatible electronic skins for cardiovascular health monitoring are comprehensively summarized and discussed. The recent achievements of biocompatible electronic skin in cardiovascular health monitoring are introduced. Their working principles, fabrication processes, and performances in sensing technologies, materials, and integration systems are highlighted, and comparisons are made with other electronic skins used for cardiovascular monitoring. In addition, the significance of integrating sensing systems and the updating wireless communication for the development of the smart medical field is explored. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for wearable electronic skin are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Du
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ji Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Clean-Energy Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Kong
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Anne Ailina Li
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ming Liang Jin
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Clean-Energy Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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24
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Li Z, Zhong X, Gao L, Hu J, Peng W, Wang X, Zhou G, Xu B. Asymmetric Coordination of Bimetallic Fe-Co Single-Atom Pairs toward Enhanced Bifunctional Activity for Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13006-13018. [PMID: 38736197 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of rechargeable zinc-air batteries (RZABs) faces challenges from the pronounced polarization and sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER). Single-atom catalysts offer an effective solution, yet their insufficient or singular catalytic activity hinders their development. In this work, a dual single-atom catalyst, FeCo-SAs, was fabricated, featuring atomically dispersed N3-Fe-Co-N4 sites on N-doped graphene nanosheets for bifunctional activity. Introducing Co into Fe single-atoms and secondary pyrolysis altered Fe coordination with N, creating an asymmetric environment that promoted charge transfer and increased the density of states near the Fermi level. This catalyst achieved a narrow potential gap of 0.616 V, with a half-wave potential of 0.884 V for ORR (vs the reversible hydrogen electrode) and a low OER overpotential of 270 mV at 10 mA cm-2. Owing to the superior activity of FeCo-SAs, RZABs exhibited a peak power density of 203.36 mW cm-2 and an extended cycle life of over 550 h, exceeding the commercial Pt/C + IrO2 catalyst. Furthermore, flexible RZABs with FeCo-SAs demonstrated the promising future of bimetallic pairs in wearable energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiongwei Zhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Leyi Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenbo Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xingzhu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baomin Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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25
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Zhuo S, Zhang A, Tessier A, Williams C, Kabiri Ameri S. Solvent-Free and Cost-Efficient Fabrication of a High-Performance Nanocomposite Sensor for Recording of Electrophysiological Signals. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:188. [PMID: 38667181 PMCID: PMC11048393 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nanocomposites have found applications in making sensors for various types of physiological sensing. However, the sensors' fabrication process is usually complex, multistep, and requires longtime mixing and hazardous solvents that can be harmful to the environment. Here, we report a flexible dry silver (Ag)/CNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite-based sensor made by a solvent-free, low-temperature, time-effective, and simple approach for electrophysiological recording. By mechanical compression and thermal treatment of Ag/CNT, a connected conductive network of the fillers was formed, after which the PDMS was added as a polymer matrix. The CNTs make a continuous network for electrons transport, endowing the nanocomposite with high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and durability. This process is solvent-free and does not require a high temperature or complex mixing procedure. The sensor shows high flexibility and good conductivity. High-quality electroencephalography (EEG) and electrooculography (EOG) were performed using fabricated dry sensors. Our results show that the Ag/CNT/PDMS sensor has comparable skin-sensor interface impedance with commercial Ag/AgCl-coated dry electrodes, better performance for noninvasive electrophysiological signal recording, and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) even after 8 months of storage. The SNR of electrophysiological signal recording was measured to be 26.83 dB for our developed sensors versus 25.23 dB for commercial Ag/AgCl-coated dry electrodes. Our process of compress-heating the functional fillers provides a universal approach to fabricate various types of nanocomposites with different nanofillers and desired electrical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Zhuo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Anan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alexandre Tessier
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chris Williams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Shideh Kabiri Ameri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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26
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Rauf S, Bilal RM, Li J, Vaseem M, Ahmad AN, Shamim A. Fully Screen-Printed and Gentle-to-Skin Wet ECG Electrodes with Compact Wireless Readout for Cardiac Diagnosis and Remote Monitoring. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10074-10087. [PMID: 38526458 PMCID: PMC11022287 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis and monitoring have triggered a demand for smart and wearable ECG electrodes and readout systems. Here, we report the development of a fully screen-printed gentle-to-skin wet ECG electrode integrated with a scaled-down printed circuit board (PCB) packaged inside a 3D-printed antenna-on-package (AoP). All three components of the wet ECG electrode (i.e., silver nanowire-based conductive part, electrode gel, and adhesive gel) are screen-printed on a flexible plastic substrate and only require 265 times less metal for the conductive part and 176 times less ECG electrode gel than the standard commercial wet ECG electrodes. In addition, our electrically small AoP achieved a maximum read range of 142 m and offers a 4 times larger wireless communication range than the typical commercial chip antenna. The adult volunteers' study results indicated that our system recorded ECG data that correlated well with data from a commercial ECG system and electrodes. Furthermore, in the context of a 12-lead ECG diagnostic system, the fully printed wet ECG electrodes demonstrated a performance similar to that of commercially available wet ECG electrodes while being gentle on the skin. This was confirmed through a blind review method by two cardiology consultants and one family medicine consultant, validating the consistency of the diagnostic information obtained from both electrodes. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of fully screen-printed wet ECG electrodes for both monitoring and diagnostic purposes. These electrodes could serve as potential candidates for clinical practice, and the screen-printing method has the capability to facilitate industrial mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakandar Rauf
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, CEMSE, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana M. Bilal
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, CEMSE, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiajun Li
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, CEMSE, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Vaseem
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, CEMSE, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel N. Ahmad
- School
of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Atif Shamim
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, CEMSE, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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27
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Li H, Tan P, Rao Y, Bhattacharya S, Wang Z, Kim S, Gangopadhyay S, Shi H, Jankovic M, Huh H, Li Z, Maharjan P, Wells J, Jeong H, Jia Y, Lu N. E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3220-3283. [PMID: 38465831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Philip Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yifan Rao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarnab Bhattacharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zheliang Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sangjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Susmita Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hongyang Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Matija Jankovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heeyong Huh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pukar Maharjan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Wells
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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28
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Qi J, Yang S, Jiang Y, Cheng J, Wang S, Rao Q, Jiang X. Liquid Metal-Polymer Conductor-Based Conformal Cyborg Devices. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2081-2137. [PMID: 38393351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal (LM) exhibits exceptional properties such as high conductivity and biocompatibility, rendering it highly valuable for the development of conformal bioelectronics. When combined with polymers, liquid metal-polymer conductors (MPC) offer a versatile platform for fabricating conformal cyborg devices, enabling functions such as sensing, restoration, and augmentation within the human body. This review focuses on the synthesis, fabrication, and application of MPC-based cyborg devices. The synthesis of functional materials based on LM and the fabrication techniques for MPC-based devices are elucidated. The review provides a comprehensive overview of MPC-based cyborg devices, encompassing their applications in sensing diverse signals, therapeutic interventions, and augmentation. The objective of this review is to serve as a valuable resource that bridges the gap between the fabrication of MPC-based conformal devices and their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P. R. China
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Saijie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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Li HN, Zhang C, Yang HC, Liang HQ, Wang Z, Xu ZK. Solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers: rising-star platforms for flexible intelligent devices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1152-1176. [PMID: 38165799 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Soft ionic conductors have emerged as a powerful toolkit to engineer transparent flexible intelligent devices that go beyond their conventional counterparts. Particularly, due to their superior capacities of eliminating the evaporation, freezing and leakage issues of the liquid phase encountered with hydrogels, organohydrogels and ionogels, the emerging solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers have been largely recognized as ideal candidates for intelligent flexible devices. However, despite their extensive development, a comprehensive and timely review in this emerging field is lacking, particularly from the perspective of design principles, advanced manufacturing, and distinctive applications. Herein, we present (1) the design principles and intriguing merits of solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers; (2) the methods to manufacture solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers with preferential architectures and functions using advanced technologies such as 3D printing; (3) how to leverage solid-state, liquid-free ion-conducting elastomers in exploiting advanced applications, especially in the fields of flexible wearable sensors, bioelectronics and energy harvesting; (4) what are the unsolved scientific and technical challenges and future opportunities in this multidisciplinary field. We envision that this review will provide a paradigm shift to trigger insightful thinking and innovation in the development of intelligent flexible devices and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hao-Cheng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hong-Qing Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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30
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Lee J, Miri S, Bayro A, Kim M, Jeong H, Yeo WH. Biosignal-integrated robotic systems with emerging trends in visual interfaces: A systematic review. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:011301. [PMID: 38510371 PMCID: PMC10903439 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Human-machine interfaces (HMI) are currently a trendy and rapidly expanding area of research. Interestingly, the human user does not readily observe the interface between humans and machines. Instead, interactions between the machine and electrical signals from the user's body are obscured by complex control algorithms. The result is effectively a one-way street, wherein data is only transmitted from human to machine. Thus, a gap remains in the literature: how can information be effectively conveyed to the user to enable mutual understanding between humans and machines? Here, this paper reviews recent advancements in biosignal-integrated wearable robotics, with a particular emphasis on "visualization"-the presentation of relevant data, statistics, and visual feedback to the user. This review article covers various signals of interest, such as electroencephalograms and electromyograms, and explores novel sensor architectures and key materials. Recent developments in wearable robotics are examined from control and mechanical design perspectives. Additionally, we discuss current visualization methods and outline the field's future direction. While much of the HMI field focuses on biomedical and healthcare applications, such as rehabilitation of spinal cord injury and stroke patients, this paper also covers less common applications in manufacturing, defense, and other domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Miri
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Allison Bayro
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Heejin Jeong
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
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31
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Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
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Hsieh JC, He W, Venkatraghavan D, Koptelova VB, Ahmad ZJ, Pyatnitskiy I, Wang W, Jeong J, Tang KKW, Harmeier C, Li C, Rana M, Iyer S, Nayak E, Ding H, Modur P, Mysliwiec V, Schnyer DM, Baird B, Wang H. Design of an injectable, self-adhesive, and highly stable hydrogel electrode for sleep recording. DEVICE 2024; 2:100182. [PMID: 39239460 PMCID: PMC11376683 DOI: 10.1016/j.device.2023.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
High-quality and continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring is desirable for sleep research, sleep monitoring, and the evaluation and treatment of sleep disorders. Existing continuous EEG monitoring technologies suffer from fragile connections, long-term stability, and complex preparation for electrodes under real-life conditions. Here, we report an injectable and spontaneously cross-linked hydrogel electrode for long-term EEG applications. Specifically, our electrodes have a long-term low impedance on hairy scalp regions of 17.53 kΩ for more than 8 h of recording, high adhesiveness on the skin of 0.92 N cm-1 with repeated attachment capability, and long-term wearability during daily activities and overnight sleep. In addition, our electrodes demonstrate a superior signal-to-noise-ratio of 23.97 decibels (dB) in comparison with commercial wet electrodes of 17.98 dB and share a high agreement of sleep stage classification with commercial wet electrodes during multichannel recording. These results exhibit the potential of our on-site-formed electrodes for high-quality, prolonged EEG monitoring in various scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Weilong He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Dhivya Venkatraghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Victoria B Koptelova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zoya J Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ilya Pyatnitskiy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jinmo Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kevin Kai Wing Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Cody Harmeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Conrad Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Manini Rana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sruti Iyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eesha Nayak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Pradeep Modur
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Vincent Mysliwiec
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David M Schnyer
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Benjamin Baird
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Lead contact
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Zhang P, Zhu B, Du P, Travas-Sejdic J. Electrochemical and Electrical Biosensors for Wearable and Implantable Electronics Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon-Based Materials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:722-767. [PMID: 38157565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices are designed to translate biological information into electrical signals and vice versa, thereby bridging the gap between the living biological world and electronic systems. Among different types of bioelectronics devices, wearable and implantable biosensors are particularly important as they offer access to the physiological and biochemical activities of tissues and organs, which is significant in diagnosing and researching various medical conditions. Organic conducting and semiconducting materials, including conducting polymers (CPs) and graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are some of the most promising candidates for wearable and implantable biosensors. Their unique electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties bring new possibilities to bioelectronics that could not be realized by utilizing metals- or silicon-based analogues. The use of organic- and carbon-based conductors in the development of wearable and implantable biosensors has emerged as a rapidly growing research field, with remarkable progress being made in recent years. The use of such materials addresses the issue of mismatched properties between biological tissues and electronic devices, as well as the improvement in the accuracy and fidelity of the transferred information. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in this field and provide insights into organic and carbon-based (semi)conducting materials' properties and relate these to their applications in wearable/implantable biosensors. We also provide a perspective on the promising potential and exciting future developments of wearable/implantable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peikai Zhang
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bicheng Zhu
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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Luo J, Zhang H, Sun C, Jing Y, Li K, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang H, Luo Y, Hou C. Topological MXene Network Enabled Mixed Ion-Electron Conductive Hydrogel Bioelectronics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4008-4018. [PMID: 38277229 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Mixed ion-electron conductive (MIEC) bioelectronics has emerged as a state-of-the-art type of bioelectronics for bioelectrical signal monitoring. However, existing MIEC bioelectronics is limited by delamination and transmission defects in bioelectrical signals. Herein, a topological MXene network enhanced MIEC hydrogel bioelectronics that simultaneously exhibits both electrical and mechanical property enhancement while maintaining adhesion and biocompatibility, providing an ideal MIEC bioelectronics for electrophysiological signal monitoring, is introduced. Compared with nontopology hydrogel bioelectronics, the MXene topology increases the dynamic stability of bioelectronics by a factor of 8.4 and the electrical signal by a factor of 10.1 and reduces the energy dissipation by a factor of 20.2. Besides, the topology-enhanced hydrogel bioelectronics exhibits low impedance (<25 Ω) at physiologically relevant frequencies and negligible impedance fluctuation after 5000 stretch cycles. The creation of multichannel bioelectronics with high-fidelity muscle action mapping and gait recognition was made possible by achieving such performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 250033 Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangmin Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Kerui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaogang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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Shin JW, Kim DJ, Jang TM, Han WB, Lee JH, Ko GJ, Yang SM, Rajaram K, Han S, Kang H, Lim JH, Eom CH, Bandodkar AJ, Min H, Hwang SW. Highly Elastic, Bioresorbable Polymeric Materials for Stretchable, Transient Electronic Systems. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:102. [PMID: 38300387 PMCID: PMC10834929 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Substrates or encapsulants in soft and stretchable formats are key components for transient, bioresorbable electronic systems; however, elastomeric polymers with desired mechanical and biochemical properties are very limited compared to non-transient counterparts. Here, we introduce a bioresorbable elastomer, poly(glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PGCL), that contains excellent material properties including high elongation-at-break (< 1300%), resilience and toughness, and tunable dissolution behaviors. Exploitation of PGCLs as polymer matrices, in combination with conducing polymers, yields stretchable, conductive composites for degradable interconnects, sensors, and actuators, which can reliably function under external strains. Integration of device components with wireless modules demonstrates elastic, transient electronic suture system with on-demand drug delivery for rapid recovery of post-surgical wounds in soft, time-dynamic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Woong Shin
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Je Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Min Jang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bae Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Hoon Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- SK Hynix, 2091, Gyeongchung-daero, Bubal-eup, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17336, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan-Jin Ko
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Yang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Hanwha Systems Co., Ltd., 188, Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13524, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaveti Rajaram
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Sungkeun Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeseok Kang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hwi Eom
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Amay J Bandodkar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Hanul Min
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suk-Won Hwang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Oh J, Nam KW, Kim WJ, Kang BH, Park SH. Flexible Dry Electrode Based on a Wrinkled Surface That Uses Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites for Recording Electroencephalograms. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:668. [PMID: 38591516 PMCID: PMC10856397 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) captures minute electrical signals emanating from the brain. These signals are vulnerable to interference from external noise and dynamic artifacts; hence, accurately recording such signals is challenging. Although dry electrodes are convenient, their signals are of limited quality; consequently, wet electrodes are predominantly used in EEG. Therefore, developing dry electrodes for accurately and stably recording EEG signals is crucial. In this study, we developed flexible dry electrodes using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/carbon-nanotube (CNT) composites with isotropically wrinkled surfaces that effectively combine the advantages of wet and dry electrodes. Adjusting the PDMS crosslinker ratio led to good adhesion, resulting in a highly adhesive CNT/PDMS composite with a low Young's modulus that exhibited excellent electrical and mechanical properties owing to its ability to conformally contact skin. The isotropically wrinkled surface also effectively controls dynamic artifacts during EEG signal detection and ensures accurate signal analysis. The results of this study demonstrate that dry electrodes based on flexible CNT/PDMS composites and corrugated structures can outperform wet electrodes. The introduction of such electrodes is expected to enable the accurate analysis and monitoring of EEG signals in various scenarios, including clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sung-Hoon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.O.); (K.-W.N.); (W.-J.K.); (B.-H.K.)
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37
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Xia M, Liu J, Kim BJ, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Cao D, Zhao S, Li Y, Ahn J. Kirigami-Structured, Low-Impedance, and Skin-Conformal Electronics for Long-Term Biopotential Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304871. [PMID: 37984876 PMCID: PMC10767437 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal dry electrodes with high skin-compliant stretchability, low bioelectric interfacial impedance, and long-term reliability are crucial for biopotential signal recording and human-machine interaction. However, incorporating these essential characteristics into dry electrodes remains a challenge. Here, a skin-conformal dry electrode is developed by encapsulating kirigami-structured poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/silver nanowires (Ag NWs) film with ultrathin polyurethane (PU) tape. This Kirigami-structured PEDOT:PSS/PVA/Ag NWs/PU epidermal electrode exhibits a low sheet resistance (≈3.9 Ω sq-1 ), large skin-compliant stretchability (>100%), low interfacial impedance (≈27.41 kΩ at 100 Hz and ≈59.76 kΩ at 10 Hz), and sufficient mechanoelectrical stability. This enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of ionic/electronic current from PEDOT:PSS/Ag NWs dual conductive network, Kirigami structure, and unique encapsulation. Compared with the existing dry electrodes or standard gel electrodes, the as-prepared electrodes possess lower interfacial impedance and noise in various conditions (e.g., sweat, wet, and movement), indicating superior water/motion-interference resistance. Moreover, they can acquire high-quality biopotential signals even after water rinsing and ultrasonic cleaning. These outstanding advantages enable the Kirigami-structured PEDOT:PSS/PVA/Ag NWs/PU electrodes to effectively monitor human motions in real-time and record epidermal biopotential signals, such as electrocardiogram, electromyogram, and electrooculogram under various conditions, and control external electronics, thereby facilitating human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Xia
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- School of Information Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Gao
- Shandong Zhongke Advanced Technology Co., LtdJinan250000China
| | - Yunlong Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Yongjing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Duxia Cao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Songfang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Information Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
- School of MicroelectronicsShandong UniversityJinan250101China
| | - Jong‐Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
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Zhao S, Zhao Y, Li C, Wang W, Liu HY, Cui L, Li X, Yang Z, Zhang A, Wang Y, Lin Y, Hao T, Yin J, Kang J, Zhu J. Aramid Nanodielectrics for Ultraconformal Transparent Electronic Skins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305479. [PMID: 37705254 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electronics require minimal thicknesses and decent transparency for conformal contact, imperceptible wearing, and visual aesthetics. It is challenging to search for advanced ultrathin dielectrics capable of supporting the active components while maintaining bending softness, easy handling, and wafer-scale processability. Here, self-delaminated aramid nanodielectrics (ANDs) are demonstrated, enabling any skin-like electronics easily exfoliated from the processing substrates after complicated nanofabrication. In addition, ANDs are mechanically strong, chemically and thermally stable, transparent and breathable, therefore are ideal substrates for soft electronics. As demonstrated, compliant epidermal electrodes comprising silver nanowires and ANDs can successfully record high-quality electromyogram signals with low motion artifacts and satisfying sweat and water resistance. Furthermore, ANDs can serve as both substrates and dielectrics in single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (FETs) with a merely 160-nm thickness, which can be operated within 4 V with on/off ratios of 1.4 ± 0.5 × 105 , mobilities of 39.9 ± 2.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 , and negligible hysteresis. The ultraconformal FETs can function properly when wrapped around human hair without any degradation in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingtao Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chenning Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Anni Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yurou Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Tailang Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Joohoon Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Nguyen DV, Mills D, Tran CD, Nguyen T, Nguyen H, Tran TL, Song P, Phan HP, Nguyen NT, Dao DV, Bell J, Dinh T. Facile Fabrication of "Tacky", Stretchable, and Aligned Carbon Nanotube Sheet-Based Electronics for On-Skin Health Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58746-58760. [PMID: 38051258 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care monitoring of physiological signals such as electrocardiogram, electromyogram, and electroencephalogram is essential for prompt disease diagnosis and quick treatment, which can be realized through advanced skin-worn electronics. However, it is still challenging to design an intimate and nonrestrictive skin-contact device for physiological measurements with high fidelity and artifact tolerance. This research presents a facile method using a "tacky" surface to produce a tight interface between the ACNT skin-like electronic and the skin. The method provides the skin-worn electronic with a stretchability of up to 70% strain, greater than that of most common epidermal electrodes. Low-density ACNT bundles facilitate the infiltration of adhesive and improve the conformal contact between the ACNT sheet and the skin, while dense ACNT bundles lessen this effect. The stretchability and conformal contact allow the ACNT sheet-based electronics to create a tight interface with the skin, which enables the high-fidelity measurement of physiological signals (the Pearson's coefficient of 0.98) and tolerance for motion artifacts. In addition, our method allows the use of degradable substrates to enable reusability and degradability of the electronics based on ACNT sheets, integrating "green" properties into on-skin electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Van Nguyen
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dean Mills
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4305, Queensland, Australia
| | - Canh-Dung Tran
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hung Nguyen
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thi Lap Tran
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 1466, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dzung Viet Dao
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4125, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Bell
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
| | - Toan Dinh
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, Queensland, Australia
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40
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Zhao Y, Zhong W. Recent Progress in Advanced Polyester Elastomers for Tissue Engineering and Bioelectronics. Molecules 2023; 28:8025. [PMID: 38138515 PMCID: PMC10745526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyester elastomers are highly flexible and elastic materials that have demonstrated considerable potential in various biomedical applications including cardiac, vascular, neural, and bone tissue engineering and bioelectronics. Polyesters are desirable candidates for future commercial implants due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, tunable mechanical properties, and facile synthesis and fabrication methods. The incorporation of bioactive components further improves the therapeutic effects of polyester elastomers in biomedical applications. In this review, novel structural modification methods that contribute to outstanding mechanical behaviors of polyester elastomers are discussed. Recent advances in the application of polyester elastomers in tissue engineering and bioelectronics are outlined and analyzed. A prospective of the future research and development on polyester elastomers is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhao
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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41
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Monaghan MG, Borah R, Thomsen C, Browne S. Thou shall not heal: Overcoming the non-healing behaviour of diabetic foot ulcers by engineering the inflammatory microenvironment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115120. [PMID: 37884128 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a devastating complication for diabetic patients that have debilitating effects and can ultimately lead to limb amputation. Healthy wounds progress through the phases of healing leading to tissue regeneration and restoration of the barrier function of the skin. In contrast, in diabetic patients dysregulation of these phases leads to chronic, non-healing wounds. In particular, unresolved inflammation in the DFU microenvironment has been identified as a key facet of chronic wounds in hyperglyceamic patients, as DFUs fail to progress beyond the inflammatory phase and towards resolution. Thus, control over and modulation of the inflammatory response is a promising therapeutic avenue for DFU treatment. This review discusses the current state-of-the art regarding control of the inflammatory response in the DFU microenvironment, with a specific focus on the development of biomaterials-based delivery strategies and their cargos to direct tissue regeneration in the DFU microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Monaghan
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER), Centre at Trinity College Dublin and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rajiv Borah
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER), Centre at Trinity College Dublin and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Charlotte Thomsen
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Browne
- CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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Song Y, Ren W, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Peng Z, Wu X, Wang Z. Synergetic Monitoring of both Physiological Pressure and Epidermal Biopotential Based on a Simplified on-Skin-Printed Sensor Modality. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303301. [PMID: 37423977 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic sensors show great potential for health monitoring but are usually limited to single sensing functionality. To enrich their functions, complicated device configurations, sophisticated material systems, and preparation processes are typically involved, obstructing their large-scale deployment and widespread application. Herein, to achieve a good balance between simplicity and multifunctionality, a new paradigm of sensor modality for both mechanical sensing and bioelectrical sensing is presented based on a single material system and a simple solution processing approach. The whole multifunctional sensors are constructed with a pair of highly conductive ultrathin electrodes (WPU/MXene-1) and an elastic micro-structured mechanical sensing layer (WPU/MXene-2), with the human skin serving as the substrate for the whole sensors. The resultant sensors show high pressure sensitivity and low skin-electrode interfacial impedance, enabling to synergetically monitor both physiological pressure (e.g., arterial pulse signals) and epidermal bioelectrical signals (including electrocardiograph and electromyography). The universality and extensibility of this methodology to construct multifunctional sensors with different material systems are also verified. This simplified sensor modality with enhanced multifunctionality provides a novel design concept to construct future smart wearables for health monitoring and medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenjuan Ren
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhuqing Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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43
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Schmoigl-Tonis M, Schranz C, Müller-Putz GR. Methods for motion artifact reduction in online brain-computer interface experiments: a systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1251690. [PMID: 37920561 PMCID: PMC10619676 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1251690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as a promising technology for enhancing communication between the human brain and external devices. Electroencephalography (EEG) is particularly promising in this regard because it has high temporal resolution and can be easily worn on the head in everyday life. However, motion artifacts caused by muscle activity, fasciculation, cable swings, or magnetic induction pose significant challenges in real-world BCI applications. In this paper, we present a systematic review of methods for motion artifact reduction in online BCI experiments. Using the PRISMA filter method, we conducted a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, focusing on open access publications from 1966 to 2022. We evaluated 2,333 publications based on predefined filtering rules to identify existing methods and pipelines for motion artifact reduction in EEG data. We present a lookup table of all papers that passed the defined filters, all used methods, and pipelines and compare their overall performance and suitability for online BCI experiments. We summarize suitable methods, algorithms, and concepts for motion artifact reduction in online BCI applications, highlight potential research gaps, and discuss existing community consensus. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field and guide researchers in selecting appropriate methods for motion artifact reduction in online BCI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmoigl-Tonis
- Laboratory of Collaborative Robotics, Department of Human Motion Analytics, Salzburg Research GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Schranz
- Laboratory of Collaborative Robotics, Department of Human Motion Analytics, Salzburg Research GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gernot R. Müller-Putz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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44
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Yang S, Cheng J, Shang J, Hang C, Qi J, Zhong L, Rao Q, He L, Liu C, Ding L, Zhang M, Chakrabarty S, Jiang X. Stretchable surface electromyography electrode array patch for tendon location and muscle injury prevention. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6494. [PMID: 37838683 PMCID: PMC10576757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) can provide multiplexed information about muscle performance. If current sEMG electrodes are stretchable, arrayed, and able to be used multiple times, they would offer adequate high-quality data for continuous monitoring. The lack of these properties delays the widespread use of sEMG in clinics and in everyday life. Here, we address these constraints by design of an adhesive dry electrode using tannic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, and PEDOT:PSS (TPP). The TPP electrode offers superior stretchability (~200%) and adhesiveness (0.58 N/cm) compared to current electrodes, ensuring stable and long-term contact with the skin for recording (>20 dB; >5 days). In addition, we developed a metal-polymer electrode array patch (MEAP) comprising liquid metal (LM) circuits and TPP electrodes. The MEAP demonstrated better conformability than commercial arrays, resulting in higher signal-to-noise ratio and more stable recordings during muscle movements. Manufactured using scalable screen-printing, these MEAPs feature a completely stretchable material and array architecture, enabling real-time monitoring of muscle stress, fatigue, and tendon displacement. Their potential to reduce muscle and tendon injuries and enhance performance in daily exercise and professional sports holds great promise.
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Grants
- We thank the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFF1200800, 2021YFF1200100, 2022YFB3804700, and 2018YFA0902600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22234004), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (JCYJ20200109141231365 and KQTD 20190929172743294), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering (ZDSYS20200811144003009), Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (2019ZT08Y191), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials (2022B1212010003), Tencent Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE, Guangdong Major Talent Introduction Project (2019CX01Y196). We also acknowledge the assistance of SUSTech Core Research Facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijian Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jinhao Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jin Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chen Hang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Leni Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lei He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chenqi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Li Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Samit Chakrabarty
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China.
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Yu X, Yang H, Ye Z, Chen K, Yuan T, Dong Y, Xiao R, Wang Z. Ultra-Tough Waterborne Polyurethane-Based Graft-Copolymerized Piezoresistive Composite Designed for Rehabilitation Training Monitoring Pressure Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303095. [PMID: 37340575 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Effective training is crucial for patients who need rehabilitation for achieving optimal recovery and reducing complications. Herein, a wireless rehabilitation training monitoring band with a highly sensitive pressure sensor is proposed and designed. It utilizes polyaniline@waterborne polyurethane (PANI@WPU) as a piezoresistive composite material, which is prepared via the in situ grafting polymerization of PANI on the WPU surface. WPU is designed and synthesized with tunable glass transition temperatures ranging from -60 to 0 °C. Dipentaerythritol (Di-PE) and ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) groups are introduced, endowing the material with good tensile strength (14.2 MPa), toughness (62 MJ-1 m-3 ), and great elasticity (low permanent deformation: 2%). Di-PE and UPy enhance the mechanical properties of WPU by increasing the cross-linking density and crystallinity. Combining the toughness of WPU and the high-density microstructure derived by hot embossing technology, the pressure sensor exhibits high sensitivity (168.1 kPa-1 ), fast response time (32 ms), and excellent stability (10 000 cycles with 3.5% decay). In addition, the rehabilitation training monitoring band is equipped with a wireless Bluetooth module, which can be easily applied to monitor the rehabilitation training effect of patients using an applet. Therefore, this work has the potential to significantly broaden the application of WPU-based pressure sensors for rehabilitation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Zhihao Ye
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Kaifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yabo Dong
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Zongrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and SmartDevices of Zhejiang Province, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Huanjiang Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
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46
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Li W, Xiao Z, Zhao J, Aono K, Pizzella S, Wen Z, Wang Y, Wang C, Chakrabartty S. A Portable and a Scalable Multi-Channel Wireless Recording System for Wearable Electromyometrial Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2023; 17:916-927. [PMID: 37204963 PMCID: PMC10871545 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3278104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electromyometrial imaging (EMMI) technology has emerged as one of the promising technology that can be used for non-invasive pregnancy risk stratification and for preventing complications due to pre-term birth. Current EMMI systems are bulky and require a tethered connection to desktop instrumentation, as a result, the system cannot be used in non-clinical and ambulatory settings. In this article, we propose an approach for designing a scalable, portable wireless EMMI recording system that can be used for in-home and remote monitoring. The wearable system uses a non-equilibrium differential electrode multiplexing approach to enhance signal acquisition bandwidth and to reduce the artifacts due to electrode drifts, amplifier 1/f noise, and bio-potential amplifier saturation. A combination of active shielding, a passive filter network, and a high-end instrumentation amplifier ensures sufficient input dynamic range ([Formula: see text]) such that the system can simultaneously acquire different bio-potential signals like maternal electrocardiogram (ECG) in addition to the EMMI electromyogram (EMG) signals. We show that the switching artifacts and the channel cross-talk introduced due to non-equilibrium sampling can be reduced using a compensation technique. This enables the system to be potentially scaled to a large number of channels without significantly increasing the system power dissipation. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach in a clinical setting using an 8-channel battery-powered prototype which dissipates less than 8 μW per channel for a signal bandwidth of 1 KHz.
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47
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Lee H, Jang J, Lee J, Shin M, Lee JS, Son D. Stretchable Gold Nanomembrane Electrode with Ionic Hydrogel Skin-Adhesive Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3852. [PMID: 37765706 PMCID: PMC10537659 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin has a dynamic surface and offers essential information through biological signals originating from internal organs, blood vessels, and muscles. Soft and stretchable bioelectronics can be used in wearable machines for long-term stability and to continuously obtain distinct bio-signals in conjunction with repeated expansion and contraction with physical activities. While monitoring bio-signals, the electrode and skin must be firmly attached for high signal quality. Furthermore, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) should be high enough, and accordingly, the ionic conductivity of an adhesive hydrogel needs to be improved. Here, we used a chitosan-alginate-chitosan (CAC) triple hydrogel layer as an interface between the electrodes and the skin to enhance ionic conductivity and skin adhesiveness and to minimize the mechanical mismatch. For development, thermoplastic elastomer Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene (SEBS) dissolved in toluene was used as a substrate, and gold nanomembranes were thermally evaporated on SEBS. Subsequently, CAC triple layers were drop-casted onto the gold surface one by one and dried successively. Lastly, to demonstrate the performance of our electrodes, a human electrocardiogram signal was monitored. The electrodes coupled with our CAC triple hydrogel layer showed high SNR with clear PQRST peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelim Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaepyo Jang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seung Lee
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
- Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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48
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Choi SB, Lee H, Lee J, Kim JW. Static electricity-based motion artifact-free electrocardiography with novel Ti 3C 2T x MXene/Ag nanowire/polymer hybrid dry electrodes. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8754-8764. [PMID: 37656424 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01301d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
With wearable devices featuring electrocardiogram (ECG) capabilities increasingly common, demand for accurate, simple ECG measurements has escalated. Although single-lead ECGs, which capture real-time heart rate and rhythm, are typically used in such devices, they encounter challenges related to the device-skin contact state, complicating serious heart disease prediction. While 12-lead ECGs provide superior measurements, they require wet electrodes, which are unsuitable for long-term use due to skin irritation and signal degradation over time. Dry electrodes have been explored as a potential resolution to this issue, yet they necessitate a substantial conductive surface area coupled with a stable contact to achieve low contact impedance with the skin. For the first time, we hereby propose a novel approach that simultaneously addresses the exigencies for substantial conductive surface coverage and remarkable contact stability, facilitating an ECG free from motion artifacts. The electrodes we propose are constituted by silver nanowires (AgNWs) entrenched beneath the surface of a polymer film, thereby displaying superior mechanical flexibility and lateral electrical conductivity. To counterbalance the restricted surface coverage of the embedded AgNW electrode, we integrated Ti3C2-based MXene nanosheets on the surface, thereby significantly enhancing the conductive coverage of the electrode surface. The electrostatic interaction between the functional groups on the MXene nanosheets' surface and the positively charged human skin facilitates spontaneous contact, yielding stable contact and diminished vulnerability to motion artifacts. This novel electrode design holds considerable potential for the long-term monitoring of cardiac health, offering signal quality superior to that of existing wet and dry electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Bin Choi
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hooseok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinseok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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49
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Tao Q, Liu S, Zhang J, Jiang J, Jin Z, Huang Y, Liu X, Lin S, Zeng X, Li X, Tao G, Chen H. Clinical applications of smart wearable sensors. iScience 2023; 26:107485. [PMID: 37636055 PMCID: PMC10448028 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart wearable sensors are electronic devices worn on the body that collect, process, and transmit various physiological data. Compared to traditional devices, their advantages in terms of portability and comfort have made them increasingly important in the medical field. This review takes a unique clinical physician's standpoint, diverging from conventional sensor-type-based classifications, and provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse clinical applications of wearable sensors in recent years. In this review, we categorize these applications according to different diseases, encompassing skin diseases and injuries, cardiovascular diseases, abnormal human motion, as well as endocrine and metabolic disorders. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and perspectives hindering the development of sensors for clinical use, emphasizing the critical need for interdisciplinary collaboration between medical and engineering professionals. Overall, this review would serve as an important reference for the future direction of sensor devices in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiao Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Suwen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zilin Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuqiong Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shiying Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Guangming Tao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
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50
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Steenbergen N, Busha I, Morgan A, Mattathil C, Levy Pinto A, Spyridakos F, Sokolovskiy I, Tahirbegi B, Chapman C, Cuttaz E, Litvinova K, Goding J, Green R. Surface electromyography using dry polymeric electrodes. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:036115. [PMID: 37705891 PMCID: PMC10497318 DOI: 10.1063/5.0148101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional wet Ag/AgCl electrodes are widely used in electrocardiography, electromyography (EMG), and electroencephalography (EEG) and are considered the gold standard for biopotential measurements. However, these electrodes require substantial skin preparation, are single use, and cannot be used for continuous monitoring (>24 h). For these reasons, dry electrodes are preferable during surface electromyography (sEMG) due to their convenience, durability, and longevity. Dry conductive elastomers (CEs) combine conductivity, flexibility, and stretchability. In this study, CEs combining poly(3,4-ehtylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) in polyurethane are explored as dry, skin contacting EMG electrodes. This study compares these CE electrodes to commercial wet Ag/AgCl electrodes in five subjects, classifying four movements: open hand, fist, wrist extension, and wrist flexion. Classification accuracy is tested using a backpropagation artificial neural network. The control Ag/AgCl electrodes have a 98.7% classification accuracy, while the dry conductive elastomer electrodes have a classification accuracy of 99.5%. As a conclusion, PEDOT based dry CEs were shown to successfully function as on-skin electrodes for EMG recording, matching the performance of Ag/AgCl electrodes, while addressing the need for minimal skin prep, no gel, and wearable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Steenbergen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Busha
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Morgan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Collin Mattathil
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Arieh Levy Pinto
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Fotios Spyridakos
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Sokolovskiy
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Bogachan Tahirbegi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Estelle Cuttaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Karina Litvinova
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Josef Goding
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Rylie Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
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