1
|
He Y, Cheng L, Wang H, Zhang Y, Meade R, Vahala K, Zhang M, Li J. Chip-scale high-performance photonic microwave oscillator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado9570. [PMID: 39141728 PMCID: PMC11323879 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado9570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Optical frequency division based on bulk or fiber optics provides unprecedented spectral purity for microwave oscillators. To extend the applications of this approach, the challenges are to develop miniaturized oscillators without trading off phase noise performance. Here, we report a chip-scale high-performance photonic microwave oscillator based on integrated electro-optical frequency division. Dual distributed-feedback lasers are co-self-injection locked to a single silicon nitride spiral resonator to provide a record-high-stability, fully on-chip optical reference. An integrated electro-optical frequency comb based on a thin-film lithium niobate phase modulator chip is leveraged to perform optical-to-microwave frequency division. The resulting integrated photonic microwave oscillator achieves a record-low phase noise for chip-scale oscillators. The results represent a major advance in high-performance, integrated photonic microwave oscillators for applications including signal processing, radar, timing, and coherent communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- hQphotonics Inc., 2500 E Colorado Blvd Suite 330, Pasadena CA 91107, USA
| | - Long Cheng
- hQphotonics Inc., 2500 E Colorado Blvd Suite 330, Pasadena CA 91107, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- hQphotonics Inc., 2500 E Colorado Blvd Suite 330, Pasadena CA 91107, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- HyperLight Corporation, 1 Bow Street, Suite 420, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Roy Meade
- HyperLight Corporation, 1 Bow Street, Suite 420, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kerry Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mian Zhang
- HyperLight Corporation, 1 Bow Street, Suite 420, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- hQphotonics Inc., 2500 E Colorado Blvd Suite 330, Pasadena CA 91107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo J, Xiang C, Jin W, Peters J, Li M, Morin T, Xia Y, Bowers JE. Investigation of Q degradation in low-loss Si 3N 4 from heterogeneous laser integration. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:4613-4616. [PMID: 39146118 DOI: 10.1364/ol.530161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
High-performance, high-volume-manufacturing Si3N4 photonics requires extremely low waveguide losses augmented with heterogeneously integrated lasers for applications beyond traditional markets of high-capacity interconnects. State-of-the-art quality factors (Q) over 200 million at 1550 nm have been shown previously; however, maintaining high Qs throughout laser fabrication has not been shown. Here, Si3N4 resonator intrinsic Qs over 100 million are demonstrated on a fully integrated heterogeneous laser platform. Qi is measured throughout laser processing steps, showing degradation down to 50 million from dry etching, metal evaporation, and ion implant steps, and controllable recovery to over 100 million from annealing at 250 ∘C-350 ∘C.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bose D, Harrington MW, Isichenko A, Liu K, Wang J, Chauhan N, Newman ZL, Blumenthal DJ. Anneal-free ultra-low loss silicon nitride integrated photonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:156. [PMID: 38977674 PMCID: PMC11231177 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneous and monolithic integration of the versatile low-loss silicon nitride platform with low-temperature materials such as silicon electronics and photonics, III-V compound semiconductors, lithium niobate, organics, and glasses has been inhibited by the need for high-temperature annealing as well as the need for different process flows for thin and thick waveguides. New techniques are needed to maintain the state-of-the-art losses, nonlinear properties, and CMOS-compatible processes while enabling this next generation of 3D silicon nitride integration. We report a significant advance in silicon nitride integrated photonics, demonstrating the lowest losses to date for an anneal-free process at a maximum temperature 250 °C, with the same deuterated silane based fabrication flow, for nitride and oxide, for an order of magnitude range in nitride thickness without requiring stress mitigation or polishing. We report record low anneal-free losses for both nitride core and oxide cladding, enabling 1.77 dB m-1 loss and 14.9 million Q for 80 nm nitride core waveguides, more than half an order magnitude lower loss than previously reported sub 300 °C process. For 800 nm-thick nitride, we achieve as good as 8.66 dB m-1 loss and 4.03 million Q, the highest reported Q for a low temperature processed resonator with equivalent device area, with a median of loss and Q of 13.9 dB m-1 and 2.59 million each respectively. We demonstrate laser stabilization with over 4 orders of magnitude frequency noise reduction using a thin nitride reference cavity, and using a thick nitride micro-resonator we demonstrate OPO, over two octave supercontinuum generation, and four-wave mixing and parametric gain with the lowest reported optical parametric oscillation threshold per unit resonator length. These results represent a significant step towards a uniform ultra-low loss silicon nitride homogeneous and heterogeneous platform for both thin and thick waveguides capable of linear and nonlinear photonic circuits and integration with low-temperature materials and processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debapam Bose
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Mark W Harrington
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Andrei Isichenko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kaikai Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Nitesh Chauhan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Blumenthal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Xie H, Tang HX. Heterogeneous sapphire-supported low-loss photonic platform. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:20146-20152. [PMID: 38859131 DOI: 10.1364/oe.526147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Sapphire is a promising wideband substrate material for visible photonics. It is a common growth substrate for III-nitride light-emitting diodes and laser structures. Doped sapphires are important gain media foundational to the development of titanium-sapphire and ruby lasers. For lasers operating at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, a photonic platform that minimizes loss while maximizing gain material overlap is crucial. Here, we introduce a novel low-loss waveguiding strategy that establishes high-performance integrated photonics on sapphire substrates. This platform achieves a high intrinsic quality factor of 5.6 million near 780 nm and features direct compatibility with a range of solid-state laser gain media.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin WK, Liu S, Lee S, Zhang Z, Wang X, Xu G, Guo LJ. High Q-factor Polymer Microring Resonators Realized by Versatile Damascene Soft Nanoimprinting Lithography. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2024; 34:2312229. [PMID: 39022395 PMCID: PMC11251712 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202312229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
High-quality-factor microring resonators are highly desirable in many applications. Fabricating a microring resonator typically requires delicate instruments to ensure a smooth side wall of waveguides and 100-nm critical feature size in the coupling region. In this work, we demonstrate a new method "damascene soft nanoimprinting lithography" that can create high-fidelity waveguide by simply backfill an imprinted cladding template with a high refractive index polymer core. This method can easily realize high Q-factor polymer microring resonators (e.g., ~5 x 105 around 770 nm wavelength) without the use of any expensive instruments and can be conducted in a normal lab environment. The high Q-factors can be attributed to the residual layer-free feature and controllable meniscus cross-section profile of the filled polymer core. Furthermore, the new method is compatible with different polymers, yields low fabrication defects, enables new functionalities, and allows flexible substrate. These benefits can broaden the applicability of the fabricated microring resonator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kuan Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Sungho Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dong-A University, South Korea
| | - Zhesheng Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Guan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, USA
| | - L. Jay Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geng Z, Cheng W, Yan Z, Yi Q, Liu Z, You M, Yu X, Wu P, Ding N, Tang X, Wang M, Shen L, Zhao Q. Low-loss tantalum pentoxide photonics with a CMOS-compatible process. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:12291-12302. [PMID: 38571056 DOI: 10.1364/oe.518545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We report a Ta2O5 photonic platform with a propagation loss of 0.49 dB/cm at 1550 nm, of 0.86 dB/cm at 780 nm, and of 3.76 dB/cm at 2000 nm. The thermal bistability measurement is conducted in the entire C-band for the first time to reveal the absorption loss of Ta2O5 waveguides, offering guidelines for further reduction of the waveguide loss. We also characterize the Ta2O5 waveguide temperature response, which shows favorable thermal stability. The fabrication process temperature is below 350°C, which is friendly to integration with active optoelectronic components.
Collapse
|
7
|
Suebka S, McLeod E, Su J. Ultra-high-Q free-space coupling to microtoroid resonators. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:75. [PMID: 38490984 PMCID: PMC10942989 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microtoroid resonators are one of the most sensitive biochemical sensors in existence, capable of detecting single molecules. The main barrier for translating these devices out of the laboratory is that light is evanescently coupled into these devices though a tapered optical fiber. This hinders translation of these devices as the taper is fragile, suffers from mechanical vibration, and requires precise positioning. Here, we eliminate the need for an optical fiber by coupling light into and out from a toroid via free-space coupling and monitoring the scattered resonant light. A single long working distance objective lens combined with a digital micromirror device (DMD) was used for light injection, scattered light collection, and imaging. We obtain Q-factors as high as 1.6 × 10 8 with this approach. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like and Fano resonances were observed in a single cavity due to indirect coupling in free space. This enables improved sensing sensitivity. The large effective coupling area (~10 μm in diameter for numerical aperture = 0.14) removes the need for precise positioning. Sensing performance was verified by combining the system with the frequency locked whispering evanescent resonator (FLOWER) approach to perform temperature sensing experiments. A thermal nonlinear optical effect was examined by tracking the resonance through FLOWER while adjusting the input power. We believe that this work will be a foundation for expanding the implementation of WGM microtoroid resonators to real-world applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sartanee Suebka
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Euan McLeod
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Judith Su
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Piao X, Yu S, Park N. Programmable Photonic Time Circuits for Highly Scalable Universal Unitaries. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:103801. [PMID: 38518334 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Programmable photonic circuits (PPCs) have garnered substantial interest for their potential in facilitating deep learning accelerations and universal quantum computations. Although photonic computation using PPCs offers ultrafast operation, energy-efficient matrix calculations, and room-temperature quantum states, its poor scalability hinders integration. This challenge arises from the temporally one-shot operation of propagating light in conventional PPCs, resulting in a light-speed increase in device footprints. Here we propose the concept of programmable photonic time circuits, utilizing time-cycle-based computations analogous to gate cycling in the von Neumann architecture and quantum computation. Our building block is a reconfigurable SU(2) time gate, consisting of two resonators with tunable resonances, and coupled via time-coded dual-channel gauge fields. We demonstrate universal U(N) operations with high fidelity using an assembly of the SU(2) time gates, substantially improving scalability from O(N^{2}) to O(N) in terms of both the footprint and the number of gates. This result paves the way for PPC implementation in very large-scale integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianji Piao
- Wave Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Sunkyu Yu
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Namkyoo Park
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun S, Wang B, Liu K, Harrington MW, Tabatabaei F, Liu R, Wang J, Hanifi S, Morgan JS, Jahanbozorgi M, Yang Z, Bowers SM, Morton PA, Nelson KD, Beling A, Blumenthal DJ, Yi X. Integrated optical frequency division for microwave and mmWave generation. Nature 2024; 627:540-545. [PMID: 38448598 PMCID: PMC10954543 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The generation of ultra-low-noise microwave and mmWave in miniaturized, chip-based platforms can transform communication, radar and sensing systems1-3. Optical frequency division that leverages optical references and optical frequency combs has emerged as a powerful technique to generate microwaves with superior spectral purity than any other approaches4-7. Here we demonstrate a miniaturized optical frequency division system that can potentially transfer the approach to a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible integrated photonic platform. Phase stability is provided by a large mode volume, planar-waveguide-based optical reference coil cavity8,9 and is divided down from optical to mmWave frequency by using soliton microcombs generated in a waveguide-coupled microresonator10-12. Besides achieving record-low phase noise for integrated photonic mmWave oscillators, these devices can be heterogeneously integrated with semiconductor lasers, amplifiers and photodiodes, holding the potential of large-volume, low-cost manufacturing for fundamental and mass-market applications13.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuman Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Beichen Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kaikai Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Harrington
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Fatemehsadat Tabatabaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ruxuan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Samin Hanifi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jesse S Morgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mandana Jahanbozorgi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zijiao Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Steven M Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas Beling
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel J Blumenthal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Xu Yi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suh J, Kim G, Park H, Fan S, Park N, Yu S. Photonic Topological Spin Pump in Synthetic Frequency Dimensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:033803. [PMID: 38307059 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.033803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Reducing geometrical complexity while preserving desired wave properties is critical for proof-of-concept studies in wave physics, as evidenced by recent efforts to realize photonic synthetic dimensions, isospectrality, and hyperbolic lattices. Laughlin's topological pump, which elucidates quantum Hall states in cylindrical geometry with a radial magnetic field and a time-varying axial magnetic flux, is a prime example of these efforts. Here we propose a two-dimensional dynamical photonic system for the topological pumping of pseudospin modes by exploiting synthetic frequency dimensions. The system provides the independent control of pseudomagnetic fields and electromotive forces achieved by the interplay between mode-dependent and mode-independent gauge fields. To address the axial open boundaries and azimuthal periodicity of the system, we define the adjusted local Chern marker with rotating azimuthal coordinates, proving the nontrivial topology of the system. We demonstrate the adiabatic pumping for crosstalk-free frequency conversion with wave front molding. Our approach allows for reproducing Laughlin's thought experiment at room temperature with a scalable setup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Suh
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gyunghun Kim
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyungchul Park
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Namkyoo Park
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sunkyu Yu
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cui S, Yu Y, Cao K, Pan Z, Gao X, Zhang X. Integrated waveguide coupled ultralow-loss multimode waveguides based on silicon nitride resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:2179-2187. [PMID: 38297753 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
On-chip micro-ring resonators (MRRs) with low loss and large free spectral ranges (FSRs) are important for photonic devices. So far, ultra-low-loss silicon-nitride (Si3N4) waveguides are primarily fabricated in laboratories, as they often demand special processes to reduce transmission losses. While, Si3N4 waveguides fabricated by the standard multi-project wafer (MPW)-based processes often suffer from significant sidewall scattering, resulting in high scattering losses. Here, we present an innovative approach to photonics by introducing a compact and multi-mode structure. This approach significantly reduces the contact between the optical field and the rough sidewalls in the high-confinement Si3N4 waveguide. By incorporating modified Euler bends, and a weakly tapered gap directional coupler, adiabatic transmission with simultaneous ultra-low loss and compact size is achieved even in 7-µm wide waveguide. Results show that the intrinsic quality factor Qi of MRR is (6.8 ± 0.4) × 106 at the wavelength of 1550 nm, which is approximately four times higher than the previously reported by the same fabrication process. An ultra-low loss of 0.051 ± 0.003 dB/cm is achieved based on the standard LIGENTEC-AN800 technology. This accomplishment addresses a critical challenge in high-confinement waveguides. Our work provides new insights into the low propagation loss in Si3N4 waveguides and provides a broader prospect for integrated photonics in the ultra-high-Q regime.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu K, Wang J, Chauhan N, Harrington MW, Nelson KD, Blumenthal DJ. Integrated photonic molecule Brillouin laser with a high-power sub-100-mHz fundamental linewidth. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:45-48. [PMID: 38134148 DOI: 10.1364/ol.503126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated lasers with an ultra-low fundamental linewidth and a high output power are important for precision atomic and quantum applications, high-capacity communications, and fiber sensing, yet wafer-scale solutions have remained elusive. Here we report an integrated stimulated Brillouin laser (SBL), based on a photonic molecule coupled resonator design, that achieves a sub-100-mHz fundamental linewidth with greater than 10-mW output power in the C band, fabricated on a 200-mm silicon nitride (Si3N4) CMOS-foundry compatible wafer-scale platform. The photonic molecule design is used to suppress the second-order Stokes (S2) emission, allowing the primary lasing mode to increase with the pump power without phase noise feedback from higher Stokes orders. The nested waveguide resonators have a 184 million intrinsic and 92 million loaded Q, over an order of magnitude improvement over prior photonic molecules, enabling precision resonance splitting of 198 MHz at the S2 frequency. We demonstrate S2-suppressed single-mode SBL with a minimum fundamental linewidth of 71±18 mHz, corresponding to a 23±6-mHz2/Hz white-frequency-noise floor, over an order of magnitude lower than prior integrated SBLs, with an ∼11-mW output power and 2.3-mW threshold power. The frequency noise reaches the resonator-intrinsic thermo-refractive noise from 2-kHz to 1-MHz offset. The laser phase noise reaches -155 dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset. The performance of this chip-scale SBL shows promise not only to improve the reliability and reduce size and cost but also to enable new precision experiments that require the high-speed manipulation, control, and interrogation of atoms and qubits. Realization in the silicon nitride ultra-low loss platform is adaptable to a wide range of wavelengths from the visible to infrared and enables integration with other components for systems-on-chip solutions for a wide range of precision scientific and engineering applications including quantum sensing, gravitometers, atom interferometers, precision metrology, optical atomic clocks, and ultra-low noise microwave generation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang D, Zhao L, Cheng J, Chen M, Liu H, Wang J, Han C, Sun Y. Unveiling sub-bandgap energy-level structures on machined optical surfaces based on weak photo-luminescence. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18250-18264. [PMID: 37800341 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03488g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Sub-bandgap defect energy levels (SDELs) introduced by the point defects located in surface defect areas are considered the main factors in decreasing laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs). The suppression of SDELs could greatly increase LIDTs. However, no available method could detect SDELs, limiting the characterization and suppression of SDELs. Herein, a self-designed photo-luminescence detection system is developed to explore the weak transient-steady photo-luminescence properties of machined surfaces. Based on the excitation laser wavelength dependence of photo-luminescence properties, a sub-bandgap energy-level structure (SELS) containing SDELs is unveiled for the first time. Based on the developed mathematical model for predicting LIDTs, the feasibility of the detection method was verified. In summary, this work provides a novel approach to characterize SDELs on machined surfaces. This work could construct electronic structures and explore the transition behaviors of electrons, which is vital to laser-induced damage. Besides, this work could predict the LIDTs of the machined surfaces based on their PL properties, which provides convenience for evaluating the LIDTs of various optical elements in industrial production. Moreover, this work provides a convenient method for raising the LIDTs of various optical elements through monitoring and suppressing the SDELs on machined surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinghuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Linjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Mingjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Henan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jinghe Wang
- Center for Precision Engineering, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chengshun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yazhou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Veilleux S, Dagenais M. Fabry-Perot Bragg grating nanoresonator with ultrahigh intrinsic Q based on low-loss silicon nitride. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:34688-34696. [PMID: 37859219 DOI: 10.1364/oe.499930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits based on ultralow loss silicon nitride waveguides have shown significant promise for realizing high-performance optical systems in a compact and scalable form factor. For the first time, we have developed a Fabry-Perot Bragg grating nanoresonator based on silicon nitride on silicon dioxide platform with an ultra-high intrinsic quality factor of 19.3 million. By combining the introduction of tapered grating between cavity and periodic Bragg grating, increasing the width of cavity to multi-mode region and optimized annealing strategy for Si3N4 film, the propagation loss is reduced to around 0.014 dB/cm. Fabry-Perot Bragg grating nanoresonator can be easily implemented in a simple straight waveguide occupying a minimal amount of space. Therefore, it is a key component to build a high performance photonic integrated circuit for many applications.
Collapse
|
15
|
Meng Y, Zhong H, Xu Z, He T, Kim JS, Han S, Kim S, Park S, Shen Y, Gong M, Xiao Q, Bae SH. Functionalizing nanophotonic structures with 2D van der Waals materials. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:1345-1365. [PMID: 37608742 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00246b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The integration of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials with nanostructures has triggered a wide spectrum of optical and optoelectronic applications. Photonic structures of conventional materials typically lack efficient reconfigurability or multifunctionality. Atomically thin 2D materials can thus generate new functionality and reconfigurability for a well-established library of photonic structures such as integrated waveguides, optical fibers, photonic crystals, and metasurfaces, to name a few. Meanwhile, the interaction between light and van der Waals materials can be drastically enhanced as well by leveraging micro-cavities or resonators with high optical confinement. The unique van der Waals surfaces of the 2D materials enable handiness in transfer and mixing with various prefabricated photonic templates with high degrees of freedom, functionalizing as the optical gain, modulation, sensing, or plasmonic media for diverse applications. Here, we review recent advances in synergizing 2D materials to nanophotonic structures for prototyping novel functionality or performance enhancements. Challenges in scalable 2D materials preparations and transfer, as well as emerging opportunities in integrating van der Waals building blocks beyond 2D materials are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Hongkun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tiantian He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Justin S Kim
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sangmoon Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Sunok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Seoungwoong Park
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yijie Shen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Sang-Hoon Bae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kohli M, Chelladurai D, Vukovic B, Moor D, Bisang D, Keller K, Messner A, Buriakova T, Zervas M, Fedoryshyn Y, Koch U, Leuthold J. C- and O-Band Dual-Polarization Fiber-to-Chip Grating Couplers for Silicon Nitride Photonics. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3366-3373. [PMID: 37743947 PMCID: PMC10515627 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient coupling of light from an optical fiber to silicon nitride (SiN) photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is experimentally demonstrated with simple and fabrication-tolerant grating couplers (GC). Fully etched amorphous silicon gratings are formed on top of foundry-produced SiN PICs in a back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) process, which is compatible with 248 nm deep UV lithography. Metallic back reflectors are introduced to enhance the coupling efficiency (CE) from -1.11 to -0.44 dB in simulation and from -2.2 to -1.4 dB in experiments for the TE polarization in the C-band. Furthermore, these gratings can be optimized to couple both TE and TM polarizations with a CE below -3 dB and polarization-dependent losses under 1 dB over a wavelength range of 40 nm in the O-band. This elegant approach offers a simple solution for the realization of compact and, at the same time, highly efficient coupling schemes in SiN PICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kohli
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic
Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Chelladurai
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic
Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Boris Vukovic
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic
Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Moor
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic
Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Bisang
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic
Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Killian Keller
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic
Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Messner
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic
Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Yuriy Fedoryshyn
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic
Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Koch
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Electromagnetic
Fields (IEF), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Feng C, Wang X, Miao B, Gu Z, Li J. Real-time free spectral range measurement based on a correlated resonance-tracking technology. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:30604-30614. [PMID: 37710600 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a real-time measurement technology for the free spectral range (FSR) of an ultrahigh-aspect-ratio silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguide ring resonator (WRR). Two different correlated resonant modes were tracked by two optical single-sideband frequency-shifted lights to eliminate interference noise in the Pound-Drever-Hall error signals. A relative precision of 0.1474 ppm was achieved for a 35 mm WRR with FSR = 1,844,944.5 kHz and finesse (F) = 13.2. Furthermore, a cross-correlation of 0.913 between FSR-calculated and thermistor-measured temperatures indicated a high correlation between the real-time FSR and room temperature. We believe this technology is currently the best way to realize low-finesse (F < 50) real-time FSR measurements in the GHz range.
Collapse
|
18
|
Xiang C, Jin W, Terra O, Dong B, Wang H, Wu L, Guo J, Morin TJ, Hughes E, Peters J, Ji QX, Feshali A, Paniccia M, Vahala KJ, Bowers JE. 3D integration enables ultralow-noise isolator-free lasers in silicon photonics. Nature 2023; 620:78-85. [PMID: 37532812 PMCID: PMC10396957 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits are widely used in applications such as telecommunications and data-centre interconnects1-5. However, in optical systems such as microwave synthesizers6, optical gyroscopes7 and atomic clocks8, photonic integrated circuits are still considered inferior solutions despite their advantages in size, weight, power consumption and cost. Such high-precision and highly coherent applications favour ultralow-noise laser sources to be integrated with other photonic components in a compact and robustly aligned format-that is, on a single chip-for photonic integrated circuits to replace bulk optics and fibres. There are two major issues preventing the realization of such envisioned photonic integrated circuits: the high phase noise of semiconductor lasers and the difficulty of integrating optical isolators directly on-chip. Here we challenge this convention by leveraging three-dimensional integration that results in ultralow-noise lasers with isolator-free operation for silicon photonics. Through multiple monolithic and heterogeneous processing sequences, direct on-chip integration of III-V gain medium and ultralow-loss silicon nitride waveguides with optical loss around 0.5 decibels per metre are demonstrated. Consequently, the demonstrated photonic integrated circuit enters a regime that gives rise to ultralow-noise lasers and microwave synthesizers without the need for optical isolators, owing to the ultrahigh-quality-factor cavity. Such photonic integrated circuits also offer superior scalability for complex functionalities and volume production, as well as improved stability and reliability over time. The three-dimensional integration on ultralow-loss photonic integrated circuits thus marks a critical step towards complex systems and networks on silicon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Warren Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Anello Photonics, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Osama Terra
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Primary Length and Laser Technology Lab, National Institute of Standards, Giza, Egypt
| | - Bozhang Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lue Wu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joel Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Theodore J Morin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Eamonn Hughes
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Peters
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Qing-Xin Ji
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kerry J Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John E Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu L, Gao M, Liu JY, Chen HJ, Colburn K, Blauvelt HA, Vahala KJ. Hydroxyl ion absorption in on-chip high-Q resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3511-3514. [PMID: 37390168 DOI: 10.1364/ol.492067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermal silica is a common dielectric used in all-silicon photonic circuits. Additionally, bound hydroxyl ions (Si-OH) can provide a significant component of optical loss in this material on account of the wet nature of the thermal oxidation process. A convenient way to quantify this loss relative to other mechanisms is through OH absorption at 1380 nm. Here, using ultra-high-quality factor (Q-factor) thermal-silica wedge microresonators, the OH absorption loss peak is measured and distinguished from the scattering loss baseline over a wavelength range from 680 nm to 1550 nm. Record-high on-chip resonator Q-factors are observed for near-visible and visible wavelengths, and the absorption limited Q-factor is as high as 8 billion in the telecom band. Hydroxyl ion content level around 2.4 ppm (weight) is inferred from both Q measurements and by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profiling.
Collapse
|
20
|
Buzaverov KA, Baburin AS, Sergeev EV, Avdeev SS, Lotkov ES, Andronik M, Stukalova VE, Baklykov DA, Dyakonov IV, Skryabin NN, Saygin MY, Kulik SP, Ryzhikov IA, Rodionov IA. Low-loss silicon nitride photonic ICs for near-infrared wavelength bandwidth. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:16227-16242. [PMID: 37157706 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Low-loss photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are the key elements in future quantum technologies, nonlinear photonics and neural networks. The low-loss photonic circuits technology targeting C-band application is well established across multi-project wafer (MPW) fabs, whereas near-infrared (NIR) PICs suitable for the state-of-the-art single-photon sources are still underdeveloped. Here, we report the labs-scale process optimization and optical characterization of low-loss tunable photonic integrated circuits for single-photon applications. We demonstrate the lowest propagation losses to the date (as low as 0.55 dB/cm at 925 nm wavelength) in single-mode silicon nitride submicron waveguides (220×550 nm). This performance is achieved due to advanced e-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching steps which yields waveguides vertical sidewalls with down to 0.85 nm sidewall roughness. These results provide a chip-scale low-loss PIC platform that could be even further improved with high quality SiO2 cladding, chemical-mechanical polishing and multistep annealing for extra-strict single-photon applications.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang J, Liu K, Isichenko A, Rudy RQ, Blumenthal DJ. Integrated programmable strongly coupled three-ring resonator photonic molecule with ultralow-power piezoelectric control. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2373-2376. [PMID: 37126277 DOI: 10.1364/ol.482567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photonic molecules can realize complex optical energy modes that simulate states of matter and have application to quantum, linear, and nonlinear optical systems. To achieve their full potential, it is critical to scale the photonic molecule energy state complexity and provide flexible, controllable, stable, high-resolution energy state engineering with low power tuning mechanisms. In this work, we demonstrate a controllable, silicon nitride integrated photonic molecule, with three high-quality factor ring resonators strongly coupled to each other and individually actuated using ultralow-power thin-film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) tuning. The resulting six tunable supermodes can be fully controlled, including their degeneracy, location, and degree of splitting, and the PZT actuator design yields narrow PM energy state linewidths below 58 MHz without degradation as the resonance shifts, with over an order of magnitude improvement in resonance splitting-to-width ratio of 58, and power consumption of 90 nW per actuator, with a 1-dB photonic molecule loss. The strongly coupled PZT-controlled resonator design provides a high-degree of resolution and controllability in accessing the supermodes. Given the low loss of the silicon nitride platform from the visible to infrared and the three individual bus, six-port design, these results open the door to novel device designs and a wide range of applications including tunable lasers, high-order suppression ultranarrow-linewidth lasers, dispersion engineering, optical parametric oscillators, physics simulations, and atomic and quantum photonics.
Collapse
|
22
|
Belsley A. Quantum-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy with Bright Squeezed Frequency Combs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:133602. [PMID: 37067300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Absorption spectroscopy is a widely used technique that permits the detection and characterization of gas species at low concentrations. We propose a sensing strategy combining the advantages of frequency modulation spectroscopy with the reduced noise properties accessible by squeezing the probe state. A homodyne detection scheme allows the simultaneous measurement of the absorption at multiple frequencies and is robust against dispersion across the absorption profile. We predict a significant enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio that scales exponentially with the squeezing factor. An order of magnitude improvement beyond the standard quantum limit is possible with state-of-the-art squeezing levels facilitating high precision gas sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Belsley
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom and Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Snigirev V, Riedhauser A, Lihachev G, Churaev M, Riemensberger J, Wang RN, Siddharth A, Huang G, Möhl C, Popoff Y, Drechsler U, Caimi D, Hönl S, Liu J, Seidler P, Kippenberg TJ. Ultrafast tunable lasers using lithium niobate integrated photonics. Nature 2023; 615:411-417. [PMID: 36922611 PMCID: PMC10017507 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Early works1 and recent advances in thin-film lithium niobate (LiNbO3) on insulator have enabled low-loss photonic integrated circuits2,3, modulators with improved half-wave voltage4,5, electro-optic frequency combs6 and on-chip electro-optic devices, with applications ranging from microwave photonics to microwave-to-optical quantum interfaces7. Although recent advances have demonstrated tunable integrated lasers based on LiNbO3 (refs. 8,9), the full potential of this platform to demonstrate frequency-agile, narrow-linewidth integrated lasers has not been achieved. Here we report such a laser with a fast tuning rate based on a hybrid silicon nitride (Si3N4)-LiNbO3 photonic platform and demonstrate its use for coherent laser ranging. Our platform is based on heterogeneous integration of ultralow-loss Si3N4 photonic integrated circuits with thin-film LiNbO3 through direct bonding at the wafer level, in contrast to previously demonstrated chiplet-level integration10, featuring low propagation loss of 8.5 decibels per metre, enabling narrow-linewidth lasing (intrinsic linewidth of 3 kilohertz) by self-injection locking to a laser diode. The hybrid mode of the resonator allows electro-optic laser frequency tuning at a speed of 12 × 1015 hertz per second with high linearity and low hysteresis while retaining the narrow linewidth. Using a hybrid integrated laser, we perform a proof-of-concept coherent optical ranging (FMCW LiDAR) experiment. Endowing Si3N4 photonic integrated circuits with LiNbO3 creates a platform that combines the individual advantages of thin-film LiNbO3 with those of Si3N4, which show precise lithographic control, mature manufacturing and ultralow loss11,12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Snigirev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Grigory Lihachev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Churaev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johann Riemensberger
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Deep Light SA
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anat Siddharth
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Möhl
- IBM Research - Europe, Zurich, Ruschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Youri Popoff
- IBM Research - Europe, Zurich, Ruschlikon, Switzerland
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Drechsler
- IBM Research - Europe, Zurich, Ruschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Caimi
- IBM Research - Europe, Zurich, Ruschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Simon Hönl
- IBM Research - Europe, Zurich, Ruschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Seidler
- IBM Research - Europe, Zurich, Ruschlikon, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang ZY, Wang PY, Wan S, Wang Z, Song Q, Guo GC, Dong CH. Thermal oscillation in the hybrid Si 3N 4 - TiO 2 microring. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4569-4579. [PMID: 36785421 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid microcavity composed of different materials shows unique thermal-optical properties such as resonance frequency shift and small thermal noise fluctuations with the temperature variation. Here, we have fabricated the hybrid Si3N4 - TiO2 microring, which decreases the effective thermo-optical coefficients (TOC) from 23.2pm/K to 11.05pm/K due to the opposite TOC of these two materials. In this hybrid microring, we experimentally study the thermal dynamic with different input powers and scanning speeds. The distorted transmission and thermal oscillation are observed, which results from the non-uniform scanning speed and the different thermal relaxation times of the Si3N4 and the TiO2. We calibrate the distorted transmission spectrum for the resonance measurement at the reverse scanning direction and explain the thermal oscillation with a thermal-optical coupled model. Finally, we analyse the thermal oscillation condition and give the diagram about the oscillation region, which has significant guidance for the occurrence and avoidance of the thermal oscillation in practical applications.
Collapse
|
25
|
Aldhafeeri A, Yerebakan T, Jang YS, Tran MA, Komljenovic T, Wong CW. Frequency noise metrology of SiN microresonators with Qs of 100 million at the thermodynamical bounds. CLEO 2023 2023. [DOI: 10.1364/cleo_si.2023.sw4l.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The thermorefractive noise of a high-quality factor silicon nitride resonator is measured in a vacuum chamber using Hz-linewidth laser. This scheme allows noise measurement without being concerned about laser frequency noise or environmental effects
Collapse
|
26
|
Parto K, Azzam SI, Lewis N, Patel SD, Umezawa S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Moody G. Cavity-Enhanced 2D Material Quantum Emitters Deterministically Integrated with Silicon Nitride Microresonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9748-9756. [PMID: 36318636 PMCID: PMC9756340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optically active defects in 2D materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are an attractive class of single-photon emitters with high brightness, operation up to room temperature, site-specific engineering of emitter arrays with strain and irradiation techniques, and tunability with external electric fields. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach to precisely align and embed hBN and TMDs within background-free silicon nitride microring resonators. Through the Purcell effect, high-purity hBN emitters exhibit a cavity-enhanced spectral coupling efficiency of up to 46% at room temperature, exceeding the theoretical limit (up to 40%) for cavity-free waveguide-emitter coupling and demonstrating nearly a 1 order of magnitude improvement over previous work. The devices are fabricated with a CMOS-compatible process and exhibit no degradation of the 2D material optical properties, robustness to thermal annealing, and 100 nm positioning accuracy of quantum emitters within single-mode waveguides, opening a path for scalable quantum photonic chips with on-demand single-photon sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Parto
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - S. I. Azzam
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
- California
Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - N. Lewis
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - S. D. Patel
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - S. Umezawa
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - K. Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - T. Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectures, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - G. Moody
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California93106, United States
- California
Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chanana A, Larocque H, Moreira R, Carolan J, Guha B, Melo EG, Anant V, Song J, Englund D, Blumenthal DJ, Srinivasan K, Davanco M. Ultra-low loss quantum photonic circuits integrated with single quantum emitters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7693. [PMID: 36509782 PMCID: PMC9744872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaling of many photonic quantum information processing systems is ultimately limited by the flux of quantum light throughout an integrated photonic circuit. Source brightness and waveguide loss set basic limits on the on-chip photon flux. While substantial progress has been made, separately, towards ultra-low loss chip-scale photonic circuits and high brightness single-photon sources, integration of these technologies has remained elusive. Here, we report the integration of a quantum emitter single-photon source with a wafer-scale, ultra-low loss silicon nitride photonic circuit. We demonstrate triggered and pure single-photon emission into a Si3N4 photonic circuit with ≈ 1 dB/m propagation loss at a wavelength of ≈ 930 nm. We also observe resonance fluorescence in the strong drive regime, showing promise towards coherent control of quantum emitters. These results are a step forward towards scaled chip-integrated photonic quantum information systems in which storing, time-demultiplexing or buffering of deterministically generated single-photons is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Chanana
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ,grid.421663.40000 0004 7432 9327Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Hugo Larocque
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Renan Moreira
- grid.133342.40000 0004 1936 9676Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Jacques Carolan
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Present Address: Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Biswarup Guha
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA ,grid.94225.38000000012158463XJoint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Emerson G. Melo
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Materials Engineering Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP Brazil
| | - Vikas Anant
- grid.505023.1Photon Spot, Inc., Monrovia, CA USA
| | - Jindong Song
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Dirk Englund
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Daniel J. Blumenthal
- grid.133342.40000 0004 1936 9676Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA ,grid.94225.38000000012158463XJoint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Song L, Li Q, Zhao W, Zhang T, He X. Research of Frequency Splitting Caused by Uneven Mass of Micro-Hemispherical Resonator Gyro. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2015. [PMID: 36422443 PMCID: PMC9696708 DOI: 10.3390/mi13112015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In practical engineering, the frequency splitting of Hemispherical Resonator Gyro (HRG) caused by uneven mass distribution seriously affects the precision of HRG. So, the inherent frequency is an important parameter of micro-Hemispherical Resonator Gyro (m-HRG). In the processing of hemispherical resonator, there are some morphological errors and internal defects in the hemispherical resonator, which affect the inherent frequency and the working mode of m-HRG, and reduce the precision and performance of m-HRG. In order to improve the precision and performance of m-HRG, the partial differential equation of the hemispherical resonator is solved, and the three-dimensional model using ANSYS software accurately reflected the actual shape is established in this paper. Then, the mode of hemispherical resonator in ideal state and uneven mass distribution state are simulated and analyzed. The frequency splitting mechanism of the hemispherical resonator is determined by calculation and demonstration, and the frequency splitting of the hemispherical resonator is suppressed by partial mass elimination. The results show that the absolute balance of energy can ensure the high-quality factor and the minimum frequency splitting of the hemispherical resonator. Therefore, during the processing of hemispherical resonator, the balance of mass should be achieved as much as possible to avoid various surface damage, internal defects and uneven mass distribution to guarantee the high-quality factor Q and minimum frequency splitting of hemispherical resonator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Song
- School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Qingru Li
- School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Wanliang Zhao
- Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Institute, Shanghai 201109, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Institute, Shanghai 201109, China
| | - Xing He
- School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xiong J, Yang K, Xia T, Li J, Jia Y, Tao Y, Pan Y, Luo H. A High-Precision Method of Stiffness Axes Identification for Axisymmetric Resonator Gyroscopes. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1793. [PMID: 36296146 PMCID: PMC9611523 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Axisymmetric resonators are key elements of Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes (CVGs). The performance of a CVG is closely related to the stiffness and damping symmetry of its resonator. The stiffness symmetry of a resonator can be effectively improved by electrostatic tuning or mechanical trimming, both of which need an accurate knowledge of the azimuth angles of the two stiffness axes of the resonator. Considering that the motion of a non-ideal axisymmetric resonator can be decomposed as two principal oscillations with two different natural frequencies along two orthogonal stiffness axes, this paper introduces a novel high-precision method of stiffness axes identification. The method is based on measurements of the phase difference between the signals detected at two orthogonal sensing electrodes when an axisymmetric resonator is released from all the control forces of the force-to-rebalance mode and from different initial pattern angles. Except for simplicity, our method works with the eight-electrodes configuration, in no need of additional electrodes or detectors. Furthermore, the method is insensitive to the variation of natural frequencies and operates properly in the cases of either large or small frequency splits. The introduced method is tested on a resonator gyroscope, and two stiffness axes azimuth angles are obtained with a resolution better than 0.1°. A comparison of the experimental results and theoretical model simulations confirmed the validity of our method.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang H, Wu Y, Yang H, Ju Z, Kang Z, He J, Pan S. Third-harmonic-assisted four-wave mixing in a chip-based microresonator frequency comb generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:37379-37393. [PMID: 36258327 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcombs generated in photonic integrated circuits can provide broadband and coherent optical frequency combs with a high repetition rate from microwave to terahertz. Coherent microcombs formed in normal group velocity dispersion microresonators usually have a flat-top temporal profile, called platicon. Here, we propose a novel scheme to generate platicon in Si3N4 microresonator with the assistance of third-harmonic generation. The nonlinear coupling between the fundamental and the third-harmonic waves that draws support from third-order sum/difference frequency generation provides a new mechanism to achieve the phase matching of four-wave mixing in normal dispersion microresonators. We show that single or multiple platicons can be obtained by changing the third-harmonic nonlinear coupling strength and phase matching condition for third-order sum/difference frequency generation. Our work provides a promising solution to facilitate coherent and visible microcomb generation in a pure χ(3) microresonator, which is potential for self-referencing combs and optical clock stabilization.
Collapse
|
31
|
Botter R, Ye K, Klaver Y, Suryadharma R, Daulay O, Liu G, van den Hoogen J, Kanger L, van der Slot P, Klein E, Hoekman M, Roeloffzen C, Liu Y, Marpaung D. Guided-acoustic stimulated Brillouin scattering in silicon nitride photonic circuits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2196. [PMID: 36206345 PMCID: PMC9544327 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coherent optomechanical interaction known as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) can enable ultrahigh resolution signal processing and narrow-linewidth lasers. SBS has recently been studied extensively in integrated waveguides; however, many implementations rely on complicated fabrication schemes. The absence of SBS in standard and mature fabrication platforms prevents its large-scale circuit integration. Notably, SBS in the emerging silicon nitride (Si3N4) photonic integration platform is currently out of reach because of the lack of acoustic guidance. Here, we demonstrate advanced control of backward SBS in multilayer Si3N4 waveguides. By optimizing the separation between two Si3N4 layers, we unlock acoustic waveguiding in this platform, potentially leading up to 15× higher Brillouin gain coefficient than previously possible in Si3N4 waveguides. We use the enhanced SBS gain to demonstrate a high-rejection microwave photonic notch filter. This demonstration opens a path to achieving Brillouin-based photonic circuits in a standard, low-loss Si3N4 platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roel Botter
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Kaixuan Ye
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Yvan Klaver
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Radius Suryadharma
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Okky Daulay
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Gaojian Liu
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jasper van den Hoogen
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Lou Kanger
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Slot
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Marpaung
- Nonlinear Nanophotonics, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tran MA, Zhang C, Morin TJ, Chang L, Barik S, Yuan Z, Lee W, Kim G, Malik A, Zhang Z, Guo J, Wang H, Shen B, Wu L, Vahala K, Bowers JE, Park H, Komljenovic T. Extending the spectrum of fully integrated photonics to submicrometre wavelengths. Nature 2022; 610:54-60. [PMID: 36171286 PMCID: PMC9534754 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Integrated photonics has profoundly affected a wide range of technologies underpinning modern society1-4. The ability to fabricate a complete optical system on a chip offers unrivalled scalability, weight, cost and power efficiency5,6. Over the last decade, the progression from pure III-V materials platforms to silicon photonics has significantly broadened the scope of integrated photonics, by combining integrated lasers with the high-volume, advanced fabrication capabilities of the commercial electronics industry7,8. Yet, despite remarkable manufacturing advantages, reliance on silicon-based waveguides currently limits the spectral window available to photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Here, we present a new generation of integrated photonics by directly uniting III-V materials with silicon nitride waveguides on Si wafers. Using this technology, we present a fully integrated PIC at photon energies greater than the bandgap of silicon, demonstrating essential photonic building blocks, including lasers, amplifiers, photodetectors, modulators and passives, all operating at submicrometre wavelengths. Using this platform, we achieve unprecedented coherence and tunability in an integrated laser at short wavelength. Furthermore, by making use of this higher photon energy, we demonstrate superb high-temperature performance and kHz-level fundamental linewidths at elevated temperatures. Given the many potential applications at short wavelengths, the success of this integration strategy unlocks a broad range of new integrated photonics applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodore J Morin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | | | - Zhiquan Yuan
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joel Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Boqiang Shen
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lue Wu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kerry Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John E Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang J, Liu K, Harrington MW, Rudy RQ, Blumenthal DJ. Silicon nitride stress-optic microresonator modulator for optical control applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:31816-31827. [PMID: 36242256 DOI: 10.1364/oe.467721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Modulation-based control and locking of lasers, filters and other photonic components is a ubiquitous function across many applications that span the visible to infrared (IR), including atomic, molecular and optical (AMO), quantum sciences, fiber communications, metrology, and microwave photonics. Today, modulators used to realize these control functions consist of high-power bulk-optic components for tuning, sideband modulation, and phase and frequency shifting, while providing low optical insertion loss and operation from DC to 10s of MHz. In order to reduce the size, weight and cost of these applications and improve their scalability and reliability, modulation control functions need to be implemented in a low loss, wafer-scale CMOS-compatible photonic integration platform. The silicon nitride integration platform has been successful at realizing extremely low waveguide losses across the visible to infrared and components including high performance lasers, filters, resonators, stabilization cavities, and optical frequency combs. Yet, progress towards implementing low loss, low power modulators in the silicon nitride platform, while maintaining wafer-scale process compatibility has been limited. Here we report a significant advance in integration of a piezo-electric (PZT, lead zirconate titanate) actuated micro-ring modulation in a fully-planar, wafer-scale silicon nitride platform, that maintains low optical loss (0.03 dB/cm in a 625 µm resonator) at 1550 nm, with an order of magnitude increase in bandwidth (DC - 15 MHz 3-dB and DC - 25 MHz 6-dB) and order of magnitude lower power consumption of 20 nW improvement over prior PZT modulators. The modulator provides a >14 dB extinction ratio (ER) and 7.1 million quality-factor (Q) over the entire 4 GHz tuning range, a tuning efficiency of 162 MHz/V, and delivers the linearity required for control applications with 65.1 dB·Hz2/3 and 73.8 dB·Hz2/3 third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) at 1 MHz and 10 MHz respectively. We demonstrate two control applications, laser stabilization in a Pound-Drever Hall (PDH) lock loop, reducing laser frequency noise by 40 dB, and as a laser carrier tracking filter. This PZT modulator design can be extended to the visible in the ultra-low loss silicon nitride platform with minor waveguide design changes. This integration of PZT modulation in the ultra-low loss silicon nitride waveguide platform enables modulator control functions in a wide range of visible to IR applications such as atomic and molecular transition locking for cooling, trapping and probing, controllable optical frequency combs, low-power external cavity tunable lasers, quantum computers, sensors and communications, atomic clocks, and tunable ultra-low linewidth lasers and ultra-low phase noise microwave synthesizers.
Collapse
|
34
|
Grayson M, Xu B, Shanavas T, Zohrabi M, Bae K, Gopinath JT, Park W. Fabrication and characterization of high quality GeSbSe reflowed and etched ring resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:31107-31121. [PMID: 36242200 DOI: 10.1364/oe.468249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of high Q Ge28Sb12Se60 ring resonators in an all chalcogenide platform through electron-beam lithography, lift-off and thermal reflow. We achieve a Q factor of (3.9 ± 0.2) × 105 in the reflowed ring resonators and (2.5 ± 0.2) × 105 in the reactive ion etched ring resonators at 1550 nm. We measure the line roughness of these devices to estimate the scattering loss. We determine the material and scattering losses of the waveguide and find an additional 1.1 dB/cm excess loss from surface absorption. We fabricate Ge23Sb7S70 waveguides with 0.6 dB/cm of losses and show that Ge23Sb7S70 waveguides do not experience the same kind of excess loss when fabricated under the same conditions. This indicates the excess loss is related to the chemical composition of Ge28Sb12Se60 compound.
Collapse
|
35
|
Zeng D, Liu Q, Mei C, Li H, Huang Q, Zhang X. Demonstration of Ultra-High-Q Silicon Microring Resonators for Nonlinear Integrated Photonics. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071155. [PMID: 35888971 PMCID: PMC9322067 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A reflowing photoresist and oxidation smoothing process is used to fabricate ultra-high-Q silicon microring resonators based on multimode rib waveguides. Over a wide range of wavelengths near 1550 nm, the average Q-factor of a ring with 1.2-μm-wide waveguides reaches up to 1.17 × 106, with a waveguide loss of approximately 0.28 dB/cm. For a resonator with 1.5-μm-wide waveguides, the average Q-factor reaches 1.20 × 106, and the waveguide loss is 0.27 dB/cm. Moreover, we theoretically and experimentally show that a reduction in the waveguide loss significantly improves the conversion efficiency of four-wave mixing. A high four-wave mixing conversion efficiency of −17.0 dB is achieved at a pump power of 6.50 dBm.
Collapse
|
36
|
Hou F, Zhan Y, Feng S, Ye J, Wang X, Sun W, Zhang Y. Smart grating coupled whispering-gallery-mode microcavity on tip of multicore optical fiber with response enhancement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:25277-25289. [PMID: 36237061 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The potential of whispering-gallery-modes (WGMs) microcavities in sensing applications has been being released continuously with improvements from various aspects. Introducing smart materials and structures into the WGMs microcavities based sensing systems are an effective approach to promote their applications in real world. Here, we propose a smart grating as the coupling setup to a WGMs microcavity of polystyrene microsphere to enhance the responses to chemical and thermal stimulations. The changes of the coupling distance due to the deformation of the smart grating induce additional increments to the intrinsic wavelength shifts of the WGMs of the microcavity, which is proved to be the mechanism of the response enhancements. We use two-photon lithography based "lab on fiber" technology to realize the device and the demonstration of the response enhancements. Our results may be of great significance to the design of the WGMs microcavity based chemical and temperature sensors.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lihachev G, Riemensberger J, Weng W, Liu J, Tian H, Siddharth A, Snigirev V, Shadymov V, Voloshin A, Wang RN, He J, Bhave SA, Kippenberg TJ. Low-noise frequency-agile photonic integrated lasers for coherent ranging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3522. [PMID: 35725718 PMCID: PMC9209488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency modulated continuous wave laser ranging (FMCW LiDAR) enables distance mapping with simultaneous position and velocity information, is immune to stray light, can achieve long range, operate in the eye-safe region of 1550 nm and achieve high sensitivity. Despite its advantages, it is compounded by the simultaneous requirement of both narrow linewidth low noise lasers that can be precisely chirped. While integrated silicon-based lasers, compatible with wafer scale manufacturing in large volumes at low cost, have experienced major advances and are now employed on a commercial scale in data centers, and impressive progress has led to integrated lasers with (ultra) narrow sub-100 Hz-level intrinsic linewidth based on optical feedback from photonic circuits, these lasers presently lack fast nonthermal tuning, i.e. frequency agility as required for coherent ranging. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid photonic integrated laser that exhibits very narrow intrinsic linewidth of 25 Hz while offering linear, hysteresis-free, and mode-hop-free-tuning beyond 1 GHz with up to megahertz actuation bandwidth constituting 1.6 × 1015 Hz/s tuning speed. Our approach uses foundry-based technologies - ultralow-loss (1 dB/m) Si3N4 photonic microresonators, combined with aluminium nitride (AlN) or lead zirconium titanate (PZT) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based stress-optic actuation. Electrically driven low-phase-noise lasing is attained by self-injection locking of an Indium Phosphide (InP) laser chip and only limited by fundamental thermo-refractive noise at mid-range offsets. By utilizing difference-drive and apodization of the photonic chip to suppress mechanical vibrations of the chip, a flat actuation response up to 10 MHz is achieved. We leverage this capability to demonstrate a compact coherent LiDAR engine that can generate up to 800 kHz FMCW triangular optical chirp signals, requiring neither any active linearization nor predistortion compensation, and perform a 10 m optical ranging experiment, with a resolution of 12.5 cm. Our results constitute a photonic integrated laser system for scenarios where high compactness, fast frequency actuation, and high spectral purity are required. Stable and tunable integrated lasers are fundamental building blocks for applications from spectroscopy to imaging and communication. Here the authors present a narrow linewidth hybrid photonic integrated laser with low frequency noise and fast linear wavelength tuning. They then provide an efficient FMCW LIDAR demonstration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Lihachev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johann Riemensberger
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wenle Weng
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), and School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hao Tian
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anat Siddharth
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viacheslav Snigirev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Shadymov
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Voloshin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jijun He
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sunil A Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gao M, Yang QF, Ji QX, Wang H, Wu L, Shen B, Liu J, Huang G, Chang L, Xie W, Yu SP, Papp SB, Bowers JE, Kippenberg TJ, Vahala KJ. Probing material absorption and optical nonlinearity of integrated photonic materials. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3323. [PMID: 35680923 PMCID: PMC9184588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical microresonators with high quality (Q) factors are essential to a wide range of integrated photonic devices. Steady efforts have been directed towards increasing microresonator Q factors across a variety of platforms. With success in reducing microfabrication process-related optical loss as a limitation of Q, the ultimate attainable Q, as determined solely by the constituent microresonator material absorption, has come into focus. Here, we report measurements of the material-limited Q factors in several photonic material platforms. High-Q microresonators are fabricated from thin films of SiO2, Si3N4, Al0.2Ga0.8As, and Ta2O5. By using cavity-enhanced photothermal spectroscopy, the material-limited Q is determined. The method simultaneously measures the Kerr nonlinearity in each material and reveals how material nonlinearity and ultimate Q vary in a complementary fashion across photonic materials. Besides guiding microresonator design and material development in four material platforms, the results help establish performance limits in future photonic integrated systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maodong Gao
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Qi-Fan Yang
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Qing-Xin Ji
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lue Wu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Boqiang Shen
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Lin Chang
- ECE Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Weiqiang Xie
- ECE Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Su-Peng Yu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Scott B Papp
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
| | - John E Bowers
- ECE Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Kerry J Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu K, Jin N, Cheng H, Chauhan N, Puckett MW, Nelson KD, Behunin RO, Rakich PT, Blumenthal DJ. Ultralow 0.034 dB/m loss wafer-scale integrated photonics realizing 720 million Q and 380 μW threshold Brillouin lasing. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1855-1858. [PMID: 35363753 DOI: 10.1364/ol.454392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate 0.034 dB/m loss waveguides in a 200-mm wafer-scale, silicon nitride (Si3N4) CMOS-foundry-compatible integration platform. We fabricate resonators that measure up to a 720 million intrinsic Q resonator at 1615 nm wavelength with a 258 kHz intrinsic linewidth. This resonator is used to realize a Brillouin laser with an energy-efficient 380 µW threshold power. The performance is achieved by reducing scattering losses through a combination of single-mode TM waveguide design and an etched blanket-layer low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) 80 nm Si3N4 waveguide core combined with thermal oxide lower and tetraethoxysilane plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (TEOS-PECVD) upper oxide cladding. This level of performance will enable photon preservation and energy-efficient generation of the spectrally pure light needed for photonic integration of a wide range of future precision scientific applications, including quantum, precision metrology, and optical atomic clocks.
Collapse
|
40
|
Chauhan N, Wang J, Bose D, Liu K, Compton RL, Fertig C, Hoyt CW, Blumenthal DJ. Ultra-low loss visible light waveguides for integrated atomic, molecular, and quantum photonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:6960-6969. [PMID: 35299469 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic, molecular and optical (AMO) visible light systems are the heart of precision applications including quantum, atomic clocks and precision metrology. As these systems scale in terms of number of lasers, wavelengths, and optical components, their reliability, space occupied, and power consumption will push the limits of using traditional laboratory-scale lasers and optics. Visible light photonic integration is critical to advancing AMO based sciences and applications, yet key performance aspects remain to be addressed, most notably waveguide losses and laser phase noise and stability. Additionally, a visible light integrated solution needs to be wafer-scale CMOS compatible and capable of supporting a wide array of photonic components. While the regime of ultra-low loss has been achieved at telecommunication wavelengths, progress at visible wavelengths has been limited. Here, we report the lowest waveguide losses and highest resonator Qs to date in the visible range, to the best of our knowledge. We report waveguide losses at wavelengths associated with strontium transitions in the 461 nm to 802 nm wavelength range, of 0.01 dB/cm to 0.09 dB/cm and associated intrinsic resonator Q of 60 Million to 9.5 Million, a decrease in loss by factors of 6x to 2x and increase in Q by factors of 10x to 1.5x over this visible wavelength range. Additionally, we measure an absorption limited loss and Q of 0.17 dB/m and 340 million at 674 nm. This level of performance is achieved in a wafer-scale foundry compatible Si3N4 platform with a 20 nm thick core and TEOS-PECVD deposited upper cladding oxide, and enables waveguides for different wavelengths to be fabricated on the same wafer with mask-only changes per wavelength. These results represent a significant step forward in waveguide platforms that operate in the visible, opening up a wide range of integrated applications that utilize atoms, ions and molecules including sensing, navigation, metrology and clocks.
Collapse
|
41
|
Lüpken NM, Becker D, Würthwein T, Boller KJ, Fallnich C. Toward integrated synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillators in silicon nitride. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:39895-39903. [PMID: 34809344 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a tunable, hybrid waveguide-fiber optical parametric oscillator (OPO) synchronously pumped by an ultra-fast fiber laser exploiting four-wave mixing (FWM) generated in silicon nitride waveguides. Parametric oscillation results in a 35 dB enhancement of the idler spectral power density in comparison to spontaneous FWM, with the ability of wide wavelength tuning over 86 nm in the O-band. Measurements of the oscillation threshold and the efficiency of the feedback loop reveal how an integration of the OPO on a single silicon nitride chip can be accomplished at standard repetition rates of pump lasers in the order of 100 MHz.
Collapse
|
42
|
Wu Z, Zhang Y, Zeng S, Li J, Xie Y, Chen Y, Yu S. Low-noise Kerr frequency comb generation with low temperature deuterated silicon nitride waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:29557-29566. [PMID: 34615064 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report very low-loss deuterated silicon nitride (SiNx:D) micro-ring resonators fabricated by back-end CMOS compatible low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) without annealing. Strong confinement micro-ring resonators with a quality factor of > 2 million are achieved, corresponding to a propagation loss in the 1460-1610 nm wavelength range of ∼ 0.17 dB/cm. We further report the generation of low-noise coherent Kerr microcomb states including different perfect soliton crystals (PSC) in PECVD SiNx:D micro-ring resonators. These results manifest the promising potential of the back-end CMOS compatible SiNx:D platform for linear and nonlinear photonic circuits that can be co-integrated with electronics.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Narrow linewidth visible light lasers are critical for atomic, molecular and optical (AMO) physics including atomic clocks, quantum computing, atomic and molecular spectroscopy, and sensing. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is a promising approach to realize highly coherent on-chip visible light laser emission. Here we report demonstration of a visible light photonic integrated Brillouin laser, with emission at 674 nm, a 14.7 mW optical threshold, corresponding to a threshold density of 4.92 mW μm-2, and a 269 Hz linewidth. Significant advances in visible light silicon nitride/silica all-waveguide resonators are achieved to overcome barriers to SBS in the visible, including 1 dB/meter waveguide losses, 55.4 million quality factor (Q), and measurement of the 25.110 GHz Stokes frequency shift and 290 MHz gain bandwidth. This advancement in integrated ultra-narrow linewidth visible wavelength SBS lasers opens the door to compact quantum and atomic systems and implementation of increasingly complex AMO based physics and experiments.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
A high-Q-factor tunable silica-based microring resonator (MRR) is demonstrated. To meet the critical-coupling condition, a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) as the tunable coupler was integrated with a racetrack resonator. Then, 40 mW electronic power was applied on the microheater on the arm of MZI, and a maximal notch depth of about 13.84 dB and a loaded Q factor of 4.47 × 106 were obtained. The proposed MRR shows great potential in practical application for optical communications and integrated optics.
Collapse
|